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href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-背景" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#背景"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>背景</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-背景-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关背景子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-背景-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-美国内战" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国内战"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>美国内战</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-美国内战-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-非裔美国人社会的斗争" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#非裔美国人社会的斗争"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>非裔美国人社会的斗争</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-非裔美国人社会的斗争-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关非裔美国人社会的斗争子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-非裔美国人社会的斗争-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-战后平等" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#战后平等"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>战后平等</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-战后平等-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-健康" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#健康"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>健康</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-健康-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-个人" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#个人"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>个人</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-个人-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关个人子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-个人-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-小马丁·路德·金" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#小马丁·路德·金"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>小马丁·路德·金</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-小马丁·路德·金-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-罗莎·帕克斯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#罗莎·帕克斯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>罗莎·帕克斯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-罗莎·帕克斯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-团体和组织" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#团体和组织"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>团体和组织</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-团体和组织-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关团体和组织子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-团体和组织-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-种族平等大会" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#种族平等大会"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>种族平等大会</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-种族平等大会-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CORE和NAACP的成就" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CORE和NAACP的成就"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>CORE和NAACP的成就</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CORE和NAACP的成就-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>方法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发展" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发展"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.2</span> <span>发展</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发展-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主要目标" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主要目标"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.3</span> <span>主要目标</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主要目标-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-抗议方式" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#抗议方式"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>抗议方式</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-抗议方式-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关抗议方式子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-抗议方式-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-静坐（Sit-ins）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#静坐（Sit-ins）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>静坐（Sit-ins）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-静坐（Sit-ins）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-站" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#站"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>站</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-站-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-在二十一世纪" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#在二十一世纪"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>在二十一世纪</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-在二十一世纪-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关在二十一世纪子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-在二十一世纪-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-态度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#态度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>态度</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-态度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-美国法律" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#美国法律"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>美国法律</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-美国法律-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关美国法律子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-美国法律-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-第十三修正案" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第十三修正案"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>第十三修正案</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第十三修正案-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第十四修正案" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第十四修正案"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>第十四修正案</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第十四修正案-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-第十五修正案" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#第十五修正案"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>第十五修正案</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-第十五修正案-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1866年《民权法》" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1866年《民权法》"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>1866年《民权法》</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1866年《民权法》-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-吉姆·克劳法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#吉姆·克劳法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>吉姆·克劳法</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-吉姆·克劳法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">种族平等</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。6种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-6" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">6种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مساواة عرقية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مساواة عرقية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_equality" title="Racial equality – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Racial equality" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdad_racial" title="Igualdad racial – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Igualdad racial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%86%DA%98%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="برابری نژادی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برابری نژادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igualdade_racial" title="Igualdade racial – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Igualdade racial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irksal_e%C5%9Fitlik" title="Irksal eşitlik – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Irksal eşitlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit">協助補充內容</a></span>以<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%81%BF%E5%85%8D%E5%9C%B0%E5%9F%9F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="Wikipedia:避免地域中心">避免偏頗</a>，或<a href="/wiki/Talk:%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" title="Talk:种族平等">討論</a>本文的問題。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Rough_translation plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="翻譯標記"><img alt="翻譯標記" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_zh_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="Wikipedia:翻譯指引">翻譯</a>品質不佳。</b><span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2020年3月15日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>翻譯者可能不熟悉中文或原文語言，也可能使用了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="机器翻译">機器翻譯</a>。請<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit">協助翻譯</a>本條目或重新編寫，并注意避免<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TNESE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TNESE">翻译腔</a>的问题。<b>明顯拙劣</b>的翻譯請改掛<code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:D" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:D">d</a>|<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CSD#G13" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CSD">G13</a>}}</code>提交刪除。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>种族平等</b>出现时译为给予<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>的机会给所有的人的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="种族">种族</a>。换句话说，无论<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%A4%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="肤色">肤色</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="机构">机构</a>等身体特征如何，都应赋予个人<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>上的平等<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在当今的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="西方社会">西方社会</a>中，种族之间的多样性和融合继续成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="规范">规范</a>。最初，对于非洲人，亚洲人和拉丁美洲人，尤其是在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="学校">学校</a>里，实现<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>一直很困难<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。但是，在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a>种族平等已成为一项<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律">法律</a>，无论个人是什么<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="种族">种族</a>，他们都将得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>的待遇，机会，<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="教育">教育</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%B1%E4%B8%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="就业">就业</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>待遇<sup id="cite_ref-:3_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="背景"><span id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF"></span>背景</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：背景"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="美国内战"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E5.86.85.E6.88.98"></span>美国内战</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：美国内战"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>奴隶制是开始美国历史上最血腥，最痛苦的战争的关键。美国内战是从1861年到1865年进行的。到1860年，南部各州中有三分之一的人属于另一人。在1200万人口中，有400万是奴隶。1862年9月，林肯发表了《解放宣言》，宣布解放同盟中的奴隶，并宣布废除北方的中央战争目标之一<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。北方取得了胜利。战争的结束代表了国家的得失？战争是对自由的失败，对于继承的财富的受益者或更喜欢生活在社会边缘的人们来说，更不用说自由了，但是对于那些需要从欧洲来的移民和刚解放的黑人来说，则是一场胜利。政府为追求幸福提供了必要的条件<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="非裔美国人社会的斗争"><span id=".E9.9D.9E.E8.A3.94.E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E4.BA.BA.E7.A4.BE.E4.BC.9A.E7.9A.84.E6.96.97.E4.BA.89"></span>非裔美国人社会的斗争</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：非裔美国人社会的斗争"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="战后平等"><span id=".E6.88.98.E5.90.8E.E5.B9.B3.E7.AD.89"></span>战后平等</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：战后平等"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>美国内战使三百万奴隶获释。几年后，南方的白人精英再次得到控制。经济实力是主要原因。黑人被剥夺了对谋生手段的控制，黑人被迫依赖白人土地所有者。黑人在农作制度下担任农场工人或租户。最大的问题是黑人受白人老板的摆布，白人老板会告诉他们如何投票<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。南部学校，医疗保健和住房的隔离变得根深蒂固，黑人被贬为二等公民<sup id="cite_ref-:9_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="健康"><span id=".E5.81.A5.E5.BA.B7"></span>健康</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：健康"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>许多居民的健康状况取决于他们居住的地方。贫穷的城市中心地区缺少或未提供其他地区所需的必要医疗保健。位置是造成此问题的主要原因。内城区与社会其他地区的隔离是造成居民健康不良的重要原因。此外，人满为患的生活条件由于传染病的传播而加剧了居民的不良健康。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="个人"><span id=".E4.B8.AA.E4.BA.BA"></span>个人</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：个人"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="小马丁·路德·金"><span id=".E5.B0.8F.E9.A9.AC.E4.B8.81.C2.B7.E8.B7.AF.E5.BE.B7.C2.B7.E9.87.91"></span>小马丁·路德·金</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：小马丁·路德·金"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King Jr.）是美国种族平等方面的民权领袖。小马丁·路德·金成为最伟大的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A2%86%E5%AF%BC%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="领导人">领导人</a>之一，原因是他对南方遭受各种虐待的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="非裔美国人">非裔美国人</a>的立场<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。此外，他在社会中扮演了许多角色，并因他的运动而获奖。小马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King Jr.）不仅参加了<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利">蒙哥马利</a>（Montgomery）巴士抵制活动，在华盛顿三月游行中成为重要发言人，而且是获得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%92%8C%E5%B9%B3%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔和平奖">诺贝尔和平奖</a>（Nobel Peace Prize）的最年轻的人之一，而且他也以和平的方式处理了他的意见。金对种族隔离的思想保持愤怒给他自己; 但是，他在讲话和和平<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E8%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="抗议">抗议</a>中确实表现出了对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>的热情。 </p><p>金通过自愿抵制蒙哥马利公车抵制来展示他的第一个<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%AC%8A%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="人權運動">人权运动</a>。罗莎·帕克斯（Rosa Parks）拒绝公车，是在经过漫长而累人的一天工作后，她拒绝放弃她的座位。因此，在被捕后，金聚集了黑人社区<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。希望通过减少交通工具的使用来抵制公共汽车。抵制持续了382天。尽管金不得不克服许多对他的攻击，例如逮捕和暴力骚扰，但结果却是他们（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="非裔美国人">非裔美国人</a>）的第一场胜利：黑人和白人被允许与白人一样乘坐<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利">蒙哥马利</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%B1%BD%E8%BD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="公共汽车">公共汽车</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="罗莎·帕克斯"><span id=".E7.BD.97.E8.8E.8E.C2.B7.E5.B8.95.E5.85.8B.E6.96.AF"></span>罗莎·帕克斯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：罗莎·帕克斯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>罗莎·帕克斯（Rosa Parks）于1913年2月4日出生于<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉巴马州">阿拉巴马州</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利">蒙哥马利</a>。她上了全黑的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A6%AC%E5%B7%9E%E7%AB%8B%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="阿拉巴馬州立大學">阿拉巴马州立大学</a>，不久就在全国有色人种促进协会（NAACP）担任秘书<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。罗莎·帕克斯（Rosa Parks）通过引发其他事件的事件而成为<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BF%80%E8%BF%9B%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="激进主义者（页面不存在）">激进主义者</a>。1955年12月1日，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="帕克斯">帕克斯</a>（Parks）下班回家的时候，突然她被迫放弃了白人男性的座位。罗莎·帕克斯（Rosa Parks）对<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BA%BA" title="黑人">黑人</a>的待遇感到沮丧。因此，她拒绝了，并被<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%AE%E6%8D%95" title="逮捕">逮捕</a>并<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%9A%E6%AC%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="罚款">罚款</a>14美元<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>帕克斯的拒绝和逮捕给白人带来了两难境地，尤其是那些拥有公交车业务的人。<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利">蒙哥马利</a>的公共汽车抵制已经开始使公共交通分离。此外，小马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King Jr.）不仅参与激励受虐待的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%A3%94%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="非裔美国人">非裔美国人</a>，而且分享了他对<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89" class="mw-disambig" title="平等">平等</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%83%85" class="mw-redirect" title="热情">热情</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这次抵制持续了382天，并于1956年12月21日结束<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在公共汽车抵制结束时，罗莎·帕克斯和小马丁·路德·金都成为了民族英雄。此外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="最高法院">最高法院</a>宣布，在<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%93%A5%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%A9" class="mw-disambig" title="蒙哥马利">蒙哥马利</a>公车上进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-disambig" title="隔離">隔离</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%9D%E5%AE%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="违宪">违宪</a>的<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="团体和组织"><span id=".E5.9B.A2.E4.BD.93.E5.92.8C.E7.BB.84.E7.BB.87"></span>团体和组织</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：团体和组织"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）"><span id=".E5.8D.97.E9.83.A8.E5.9F.BA.E7.9D.A3.E6.95.99.E9.A2.86.E8.A2.96.E4.BC.9A.E8.AE.AE.EF.BC.88SCLC.EF.BC.89"></span>南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：南部基督教领袖会议（SCLC）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>小马丁·路德·金（Martin Luther King Jr.）是SCLC的创始人，于1957年召集了许多黑人领导人<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他成为这个激进组织的主席，并决定通过管理和平抗议和抵制歧视的社会道德原则来改善社区。种族之间的隔离<sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）"><span id=".E5.85.A8.E5.9B.BD.E6.9C.89.E8.89.B2.E4.BA.BA.E7.A7.8D.E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95.E5.8D.8F.E4.BC.9A.EF.BC.88NAACP.EF.BC.89"></span>全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：全国有色人种发展协会（NAACP）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>最初于1909年2月12日在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德创建。这个团体反对针对非裔美国人的暴力行为。他们的目标是消除种族不平等，并保障公民的政治，教育，社会和经济平等<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。他们的办公室位于纽约<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。Moorfield Storey被任命为总裁，而Du Bois是唯一的非洲裔美国出版总监<sup id="cite_ref-:7_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="种族平等大会"><span id=".E7.A7.8D.E6.97.8F.E5.B9.B3.E7.AD.89.E5.A4.A7.E4.BC.9A"></span>种族平等大会</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：种族平等大会"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有一个名为种族平等大会”（CORE）的民权组织聚集在一起，以非暴力方式打击腐败和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="种族隔离">种族隔离</a>。1950年代后，CORE有了长足的发展，最初是詹姆斯·法默（James Farmer），他后来成为该组织的负责人和民权活动家。他回到了自己的“原住民南方”，并参观了当地的电影院，在那里他看到了“乌鸦的巢穴”，这是为黑人保留的区域。他反对<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="吉姆·克劳法">吉姆·克劳法</a>。他意识到自己的朋友和他本人通过日常行为来支持这些法律。他很快写了一份<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%87%E5%BF%98%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="备忘录">备忘录</a>，并召集了一个由身心强大的个体组成的个体，他们能够采取个人非暴力行动来结束歧视.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>CORE于1942年在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥">芝加哥</a>成立。它是“和平恋人”组织的一个分支，被称为和解<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%8E%E5%AD%B8%E9%87%91" title="獎學金">奖学金</a>。CORE使用了涉及静坐的非暴力行动程序，该程序在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5" title="芝加哥">芝加哥</a>的午餐柜台进行。到1947年，CORE做出了横跨南部上部的跨种族巴士之旅。他们正在测试由<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E6%9C%80%E9%AB%98%E6%B3%95%E9%99%A2" title="美国最高法院">美国最高法院</a>下令解散的州公共汽车，这是1946年Morgan诉Virginia案的判决。这导致了正在测试发出的命令的设施取得了一些成功，但并没有抓住尤其是在国家一级，这是他们的主要目标。到1960年，出现了新一波的非暴力直接行动通过学生静坐运动发起的抗议。CORE的国家总监詹姆斯·法默（James Farmer）重复了和解之旅。最高法院的另一项裁定是博因顿诉弗吉尼亚州（1960），下令在州际巴士总站隔离。那就是自由骑行。在自由乘车者深行驶到南，沿<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%B4%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉巴马州">阿拉巴马州</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="种族隔离">种族隔离</a>遭到袭击.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>CORE从北部开始，主要集中在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E5%8D%80%E5%9F%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="公共區域">公共区域</a>。大约二十年前，北部地区隔离了不允许黑人进入的地点。例如，这些地方是饭店，保龄球馆，溜冰场和理发店。更成功的努力是在工作环境中进行了一些针对异族工人和住房合作社的实验。CORE的主要重点是提高北部地区的公众知名度。在1940年代末和1950年代初，CORE移至<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E8%8B%8F%E9%87%8C%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="密苏里州">密苏里州</a>，马里兰州和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B7%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄克拉荷马州">俄克拉荷马州</a>的边界州<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CORE和NAACP的成就"><span id="CORE.E5.92.8CNAACP.E7.9A.84.E6.88.90.E5.B0.B1"></span>CORE和NAACP的成就</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：CORE和NAACP的成就"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在4月的前几周，CORE和NAACP两组联合起来改变了种族平等。两组抗议者都在市长詹姆斯·泰特（James Tate）的北费城联排别墅前行进，制定了一项关闭该市市政大楼建设的计划。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此外，许多抗议者参加了包括警察和白人工会分子在内的各种战斗。<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而且，这两个团体引起了许多关于种族政治，歧视和就业的辩论<sup id="cite_ref-:4_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="方法"><span id=".E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>方法</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>作为对抗种族不公的方法，CORE的方法始终都是非暴力的。CORE是第一个使用非暴力行动来制止影响黑人社区的问题的组织。学生的静坐活动始于1960年2月。一年之内，南部社区开设了130个就餐场所。他们对CORE如何处理隔离问题感兴趣。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="发展"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E5.B1.95"></span>发展</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：发展"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>CORE在1940年代初期有所发展，但仍由小组组成。由于组织中的学生，他们坚持要小。学生将毕业并离开。另外，其他人正在为特定原因而战，一旦解决了该问题，他们便消失了。CORE只是一个自愿组织。没有带薪工作人员。<sup id="cite_ref-:0_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="主要目标"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E8.A6.81.E7.9B.AE.E6.A0.87"></span>主要目标</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：主要目标"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在南方各州: </p> <ul><li>反<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E9%9A%94%E7%A6%BB" title="种族隔离">种族隔离</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%89%E6%B0%91%E7%99%BB%E8%AE%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="选民登记">选民登记</a></li></ul> <p>在北方各州: </p> <ul><li>更好的工作</li> <li>更好的住房</li> <li>学校整合</li></ul> <p><br /> 许多局外人开始注意到该小组的努力。他们支持他们并开始了自由骑行。1960年代中期左右，CORE参与了黑人力量运动。然后，事情转向整合和采取非暴力行动来实现社区组织，人民隔离和黑人权力。另外，随着白人和黑人开始共同努力解决种族隔离的困境，白人自由主义者不喜欢他们一起努力的想法。CORE的问题随着时间而改变，因此他们采取了不同的行动。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="抗议方式"><span id=".E6.8A.97.E8.AE.AE.E6.96.B9.E5.BC.8F"></span>抗议方式</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：抗议方式"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="静坐（Sit-ins）"><span id=".E9.9D.99.E5.9D.90.EF.BC.88Sit-ins.EF.BC.89"></span>静坐（Sit-ins）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：静坐（Sit-ins）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>静坐（Sit-ins）是最古老的技术，CORE使用最多的技术。CORE将人分为三个不同的组：一组全是黑人，一组全是白人，另一组是异族。这三个不同的小组将在最繁忙的时段之前去一个隔离的就餐区，然后静静地等待他们的到来。它曾被用来开餐馆，后来又被用于其他地方。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="站"><span id=".E7.AB.99"></span>站</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：站"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>它被用于自助餐厅，售票亭和其他排队的地方。如果有人被拒绝，可能在他/她之前排队的CORE成员也将拒绝退出排队并中断服务。CORE在肯塔基州的电影院和新泽西州的Palisades游乐园的游泳池里做到了这一点。该技术对于停止隔离也很重要。<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="在二十一世纪"><span id=".E5.9C.A8.E4.BA.8C.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.80.E4.B8.96.E7.BA.AA"></span>在二十一世纪</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：在二十一世纪"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="态度"><span id=".E6.80.81.E5.BA.A6"></span>态度</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：态度"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>自1942年以来，种族平等问题发展了两个。一种是处理黑人以确保平等，这受到了白人社区的青睐，另一种是南方人与非南方人之间的差异。国家意见研究中心（NORC）观察到了这两个问题。他们提出的问题勾勒出当时针对黑人的五个主要主题。在1965-1980年期间影响种族平等的五个要点是年，地区，队列和教育。<sup id="cite_ref-Case_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 南部和非南部地区的许多教育系统都赞成黑人之间实行隔离的教育机构。他们也不希望附近有黑人或异族通婚。<sup id="cite_ref-Case_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Case-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="美国法律"><span id=".E7.BE.8E.E5.9B.BD.E6.B3.95.E5.BE.8B"></span>美国法律</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：美国法律"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第十三修正案"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.8D.81.E4.B8.89.E4.BF.AE.E6.AD.A3.E6.A1.88"></span>第十三修正案</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：第十三修正案"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><small>主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%AA%E6%B3%95%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%89%E4%BF%AE%E6%AD%A3%E6%A1%88" title="美国宪法第十三修正案">美国宪法第十三修正案</a></small></i> </p> <dl><dd>《美国宪法第十三修正案》在所有州废除了奴隶制和非自愿奴役，但对罪行的惩罚除外 <sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第十四修正案"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.8D.81.E5.9B.9B.E4.BF.AE.E6.AD.A3.E6.A1.88"></span>第十四修正案</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：第十四修正案"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>允许美国出生的个人（例如，美洲原住民和非裔美国人）获得公民身份。它还阻止任何其他州通过自己的法律，这将违反该修正案<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 。禁止各州反对任何人的“生命，自由或财产，而没有对个人提出法律”或“在其职权范围内拒绝任何人平等地保护法律”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="第十五修正案"><span id=".E7.AC.AC.E5.8D.81.E4.BA.94.E4.BF.AE.E6.AD.A3.E6.A1.88"></span>第十五修正案</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：第十五修正案"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>允许非裔美国人投票<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1866年《民权法》"><span id="1866.E5.B9.B4.E3.80.8A.E6.B0.91.E6.9D.83.E6.B3.95.E3.80.8B"></span>1866年《民权法》</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：1866年《民权法》"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>授予个人公民身份，而不会歧视或查看种族，肤色或以前做奴隶的行为<sup id="cite_ref-:5_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="吉姆·克劳法"><span id=".E5.90.89.E5.A7.86.C2.B7.E5.85.8B.E5.8A.B3.E6.B3.95"></span>吉姆·克劳法</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：吉姆·克劳法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在南部各州，该法律强制将黑人与白人与公共设施（例如就业，住房，教育，政治，兵役，体育和商业）分开<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。换句话说，非裔美国人获得了单独但平等的地位，但几乎没有任何规定允许对设施的“平等”进行监督；同样，该法律也没有与其他任何有关公民身份或法律平等的法律相抵触<sup id="cite_ref-:6_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:3-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/racial-equality">Racial Equality - Dictionary definition of Racial Equality</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia.com" title="Encyclopedia.com">Encyclopedia.com</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-12-09</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202120651/http://www.encyclopedia.com/history/dictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases/racial-equality">存档</a>于2016-12-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.btitle=Racial+Equality+-+Dictionary+definition+of+Racial+Equality&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Fhistory%2Fdictionaries-thesauruses-pictures-and-press-releases%2Fracial-equality&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Landauro, Victor. Racial Equality. Junior Scholastic. 26 April 2004: 10–1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.aulast=Landauro&rft.btitle=Racial+Equality&rft.date=2004-04-26&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=10-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-0"><sup><b>3.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-1"><sup><b>3.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-2"><sup><b>3.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_3-3"><sup><b>3.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Davies, Phil. American Civil War. Pocket Essentials. 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.btitle=American+Civil+War&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Pocket+Essentials&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><b>4.00</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><b>4.01</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-2"><sup><b>4.02</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-3"><sup><b>4.03</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-4"><sup><b>4.04</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-5"><sup><b>4.05</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-6"><sup><b>4.06</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-7"><sup><b>4.07</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-8"><sup><b>4.08</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-9"><sup><b>4.09</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Carney, Jessie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000brac/page/45">African American Almanac : 400 Years of Triumph, Courage and Excellence</a>. Visible Ink Press. 2011: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000brac/page/45">45–50</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781578593231" title="Special:网络书源/9781578593231"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781578593231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.aufirst=Jessie&rft.aulast=Carney&rft.btitle=African+American+Almanac+%3A+400+Years+of+Triumph%2C+Courage+and+Excellence&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781578593231&rft.pages=45-50&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanamericana0000brac%2Fpage%2F45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_5-2"><sup><b>5.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128105611/http://www.naacp.org/oldest-and-boldest/">NAACP | Oldest and Boldest</a>. NAACP. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-12-09</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naacp.org/oldest-and-boldest/">原始内容</a>存档于2016-11-28） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=NAACP+%7C+Oldest+and+Boldest&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NAACP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naacp.org%2Foldest-and-boldest%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Rich, Marvin. The Congress of Racial Equality and Its Strategy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. 1965, <b>357</b>: 113–118. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/1035898"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 1035898</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000271626535700114"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1177/000271626535700114</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=The+Congress+of+Racial+Equality+and+Its+Strategy&rft.aufirst=Marvin&rft.aulast=Rich&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Annals+of+the+American+Academy+of+Political+and+Social+Science&rft.pages=113-118&rft.volume=357&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1035898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000271626535700114&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KIRK, JOHN A. "Please Help Us": The Fort Smith Congress Of Racial Equality Chapter, 1962-1965." Arkansas Historical Quarterly 73.3 (2014): 293-317. Academic Search Complete. Web. 5 Apr. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rich, Marvin. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000271626535700114">The Congress of Racial Equality and Its Strategy</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181227183839/http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/000271626535700114">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）". <i>The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science</i> 357 (1965): 113–118. Web.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-0"><sup><b>9.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-1"><sup><b>9.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_9-2"><sup><b>9.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sugrue, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-american-history_2004-06_91_1/page/145">Affirmative Action from Below: Civil Rights, the Building Trades, and the Politics of Racial Equality in the Urban North, 1945-1969</a>. The Journal of American History. 2004, <b>91</b> (1): 145–173. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3659618"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3659618</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3659618"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3659618</span></a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/224893942">224893942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=Affirmative+Action+from+Below%3A+Civil+Rights%2C+the+Building+Trades%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Racial+Equality+in+the+Urban+North%2C+1945-1969&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.aulast=Sugrue&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.pages=145-173&rft.volume=91&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3659618&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-american-history_2004-06_91_1%2Fpage%2F145&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3659618&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-0"><sup><b>10.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-1"><sup><b>10.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_10-2"><sup><b>10.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%253A4978">This is CORE. | ucf.digital.flvc.org</a>. ucf.digital.flvc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2016-05-04</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050624/http://ucf.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%253A4978">存档</a>于2016-11-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=This+is+CORE.+%7C+ucf.digital.flvc.org&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ucf.digital.flvc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fucf.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fucf%25253A4978&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Case-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Case_11-0"><sup><b>11.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Case_11-1"><sup><b>11.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Case, Charles E.; Greeley, Andrew M. Attitudes Toward Racial Equality. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations. 1990, <b>16</b> (1): 67–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/24003023"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 24003023</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=Attitudes+Toward+Racial+Equality&rft.au=Greeley%2C+Andrew+M.&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rft.aulast=Case&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Humboldt+Journal+of+Social+Relations&rft.pages=67-94&rft.volume=16&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24003023&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-0"><sup><b>12.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-1"><sup><b>12.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-2"><sup><b>12.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_12-3"><sup><b>12.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">White, Edward. THE ORIGINS OF CIVIL RIGHTS IN AMERICA. Case Western Reserve Law Review. 2014, <b>64</b>: 755–816 –通过EBSCO host.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=THE+ORIGINS+OF+CIVIL+RIGHTS+IN+AMERICA&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.aulast=White&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Case+Western+Reserve+Law+Review&rft.pages=755-816&rft.volume=64&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-0"><sup><b>13.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_13-1"><sup><b>13.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Higginbotham, Michael. SAVING THE DREAM FOR ALL. 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/1691151968">1691151968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&rft.atitle=SAVING+THE+DREAM+FOR+ALL&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.date=2014&rft.genre=article&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%8D%E6%97%8F%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a 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