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<ul id="toc-Causes_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutionality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutionality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Constitutionality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutionality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Georgia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Georgia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thailand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thailand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Thailand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Thailand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lesotho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lesotho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Lesotho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lesotho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.6</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.7</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lithuania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithuania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.8</span> <span>Lithuania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithuania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.10</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.11</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.12</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.13</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.14</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.15</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.16</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Political party centered on its leader</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANO_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ANO_Logo.svg/220px-ANO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ANO_Logo.svg/330px-ANO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/ANO_Logo.svg/440px-ANO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a> has been described as "an extreme form of a business-firm party".<sup id="cite_ref-extreme_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extreme-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">Party politics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centre</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_centrism" title="Radical centrism">Radical centre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0.1em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre-right_politics" title="Centre-right politics">Centre-right</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressivism" title="Progressivism">Progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_radicalism" title="Classical radicalism">Classical radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bloc_party" title="Bloc party">Bloc party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">Elite party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartel_party_theory" title="Cartel party theory">Cartel party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Competitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">Catch-all party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Entrepreneurial party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_party" title="Ethnic party">Ethnic party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major party</a> / <a href="/wiki/Minor_party" title="Minor party">Minor party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">Mass party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_party" title="Ruling party">Ruling party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">Opposition party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_opposition" title="Parliamentary opposition">Parliamentary opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_power" title="Party of power">Party of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_party_status" title="Official party status">Official party status</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-issue_politics#Single-issue_parties" title="Single-issue politics">Single-issue party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_political_party" title="Transnational political party">Transnational</a> / <a href="/wiki/Political_international" title="Political international">International</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Leaders and organization</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backbencher" title="Backbencher">Backbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_chair" title="Caucus chair">Caucus chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbencher" title="Frontbencher">Frontbencher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_candidate" title="Lead candidate">Lead candidate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition" title="Leader of the Opposition">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_leader" title="Majority leader">Majority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_leader" title="Minority leader">Minority leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_faction" title="Political faction">Political faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_leader" title="Parliamentary leader">Parliamentary leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_chair" title="Party chair">Party chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">Party leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_spokesperson" title="Party spokesperson">Party spokesperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_(title)" title="Secretary (title)">Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_cabinet" title="Shadow cabinet">Shadow cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Internal elections</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partisan_primary" class="mw-redirect" title="Partisan primary">Primary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_election" title="Leadership election">Leadership election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_list" title="Open list">Open list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_conference" title="Party conference">Party convention/conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_convention" title="Leadership convention">Leadership convention</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscience_vote" title="Conscience vote">Conscience vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_the_floor" title="Crossing the floor">Crossing the floor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">Party discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_line_(politics)" title="Party line (politics)">Party line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">Party-line vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_switching" title="Party switching">Party switching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip_(politics)" title="Whip (politics)">Whip</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Party_system" title="Party system">Party systems</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Two-party_system" title="Two-party system">Two-party</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multi-party</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalitions</a> between parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_group" title="Parliamentary group">Parliamentary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divided_government" title="Divided government">Divided government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_government" title="Coalition government">Coalition government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_supply" title="Confidence and supply">Confidence and supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coalition" title="Grand coalition">Grand coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_parliament" title="Hung parliament">Hung parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_government" title="Majority government">Majority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_government" title="Minority government">Minority government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_unity_government" title="National unity government">National unity government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotation_government" title="Rotation government">Rotation government</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_political_parties" title="Lists of political parties">Lists of political parties</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ruling_political_parties_by_country" title="List of ruling political parties by country">Ruling parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_region" title="List of political parties by region">Political parties by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_political_parties" title="List of banned political parties">Banned political parties</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Party_politics" title="Template:Party politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Party_politics" title="Template talk:Party politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Party_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Party politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>business-firm party</b>, <b>entrepreneurial party</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kosowska_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosowska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>personal party</b><sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Romania_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smrek_240–259-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Political_party" title="Political party">political party</a> that is centered on a charismatic <a href="/wiki/Political_entrepreneur" title="Political entrepreneur">political entrepreneur</a>, most often created by that person to further their own interests.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-2"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It can be considered "the most extreme case of party personalization, consisting in the full control by an individual leader of the party he has himself created", in the words of political scientist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mauro_Calise&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mauro Calise (page does not exist)">Mauro Calise</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A business-firm party is modeled off the top-down organizational structure of a <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">corporation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mazzo_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as opposed to operating on the basis of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internal_party_democracy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internal party democracy (page does not exist)">internal party democracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-personalist_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personalist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party structure is related to the older type of <a href="/wiki/Elite_party" title="Elite party">elite party</a>, but is even more strongly <a href="/wiki/Oligarchic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oligarchic">oligarchic</a> in form, as the political entrepreneur maintains complete control of the party's assets.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entrepreneur controls all aspects of the party's platform and campaigning, plays the ultimate role in selecting candidates to run in elections, managing the party's resources, and wielding <a href="/wiki/Party_discipline" title="Party discipline">party discipline</a> over other politicians in the party.<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One characteristic distinguishing them from other parties is that the party organization is either dormant or limited outside of campaign seasons, and members are actively discouraged from becoming more involved in the party, therefore leading entrepreneurial parties to lack <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrepreneurial parties may have only one member, the party leader (as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ticino_League" title="Ticino League">Ticino League</a>), or very few aside from politicians. The Party for Freedom initially did not recruit members out of fear of infiltration by the far-right; later, deputy leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bosma" title="Martin Bosma">Martin Bosma</a> said that a party membership structure interfered with direct accountability between party leadership and voters. In a completely memberless business-firm party, volunteers, donors, and officeholders invest time, money, and their reputation (if the party is controversial) without any formal say in the party's operations.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzo_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes_and_effects">Causes and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Causes and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More <a href="/wiki/Monocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monocratic">monocratic</a> systems of government, such as <a href="/wiki/Presidential_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential systems">presidential systems</a>, tend to encourage the formation of personal parties while the personalization of politics fuels the centralization of power.<sup id="cite_ref-Musella_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musella-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9">: 9 </span></sup> Entrepreneurial parties tend to be short-lived and rarely outlast their founders, except where the entrepreneur is successful in using his charisma to build a <a href="/wiki/Mass_politics" title="Mass politics">mass-membership party</a>, as in the case of the <a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the lack of grassroots mobilization, leader-oriented parties may be less successful in <a href="/wiki/Local_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Local politics">local</a> and regional politics, which are more distant from the charismatic leader, as occurred with <a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hlousek_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlousek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Entrepreneurial parties are commonly <a href="/wiki/Far-right" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right">far-right</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist">nationalist</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, another tendency is not to have a firm <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> and instead closely follow <a href="/wiki/Opinion_polls" class="mw-redirect" title="Opinion polls">opinion polls</a> while being vague or self-contradictory on the party's standpoint.<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatiana Kostadinova and Barry Levitt argue that in a personalist party, "interactions between the leader and other politicians are driven mainly by loyalty to that leader rather than, for example, organizational rules, ideological affinities, or programmatic commitments".<sup id="cite_ref-personalist_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-personalist-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Business-firm parties are likely to emerge in <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_democracies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New democracies (page does not exist)">new democracies</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in situations of high electoral volatility.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may also result from declines in <a href="/wiki/Political_participation" class="mw-redirect" title="Political participation">political participation</a> and membership in traditional parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzo_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In central Europe, entrepreneurial parties have formed as a type of <a href="/wiki/State_capture" title="State capture">state capture</a> where state powers are used for private benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Entrepreneurial parties are especially common in Latin America.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Slovakia, the personal Freedom and Solidarity party has a market-liberal ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smrek_240–259-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constitutionality">Constitutionality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Constitutionality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany</a> requires that political parties "conform to democratic principles" in their internal organization.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mersel_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a> was banned in 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court" title="Federal Constitutional Court">Federal Constitutional Court</a>'s judgement stated: "If a party's internal organization does not correspond to democratic principles, one may generally conclude that the party seeks to impose upon the state the structural principles that it has implemented within its own organization."<sup id="cite_ref-Mersel_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The constitutions of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Portugal" title="Constitution of Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Spain" title="Constitution of Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Argentina" title="Constitution of Argentina">Argentina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Turkey" title="Constitution of Turkey">Turkey</a> include similar provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mersel_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli jurist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yigal_Mersel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yigal Mersel (page does not exist)">Yigal Mersel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%92%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C" class="extiw" title="he:יגאל מרזל">he</a>]</span> argues that non-democratically organized parties are undesirable because "There is a greater likelihood of the pursuit of nondemocratic goals in parties that have a nondemocratic structure."<sup id="cite_ref-Mersel_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersel-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Georgia">Georgia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Georgia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Dream" title="Georgian Dream">Georgian Dream</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bidzina_Ivanishvili" title="Bidzina Ivanishvili">Bidzina Ivanishvili</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perindo" class="mw-redirect" title="Perindo">Perindo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hary_Tanoesoedibjo" title="Hary Tanoesoedibjo">Hary Tanoesoedibjo</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Israel">Israel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatnua" title="Hatnua">Hatnua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayamin_Hahadash&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayamin Hahadash (page does not exist)">Hayamin Hahadash</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamina" title="Yamina">Yamina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naftali_Bennett" title="Naftali Bennett">Naftali Bennett</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachol_Lavan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kachol Lavan">Kachol Lavan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Resilience_Party" title="Israel Resilience Party">Israel Resilience Party</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamachane_Hamamlachti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamachane Hamamlachti (page does not exist)">Hamachane Hamamlachti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Benny_Gantz" title="Benny Gantz">Benny Gantz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulanu" title="Kulanu">Kulanu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moshe_Kahlon" title="Moshe Kahlon">Moshe Kahlon</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yesh_Atid" title="Yesh Atid">Yesh Atid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yair_Lapid" title="Yair Lapid">Yair Lapid</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yisrael_Beiteinu" title="Yisrael Beiteinu">Yisrael Beiteinu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avigdor_Lieberman" title="Avigdor Lieberman">Avigdor Lieberman</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Thailand">Thailand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Thailand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party" title="Thai Rak Thai Party">Thai Rak Thai Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra" title="Thaksin Shinawatra">Thaksin Shinawatra</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkey">Turkey</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rights_and_Equality_Party" title="Rights and Equality Party">Rights and Equality Party</a> (Osman Pamukoğlu)<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Party" title="Young Party">Young Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cem_Uzan" title="Cem Uzan">Cem Uzan</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Turkey_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turkey-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lesotho">Lesotho</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lesotho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_for_Prosperity" title="Revolution for Prosperity">Revolution for Prosperity</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sam_Matekane" title="Sam Matekane">Sam Matekane</a>'s leadership<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Austria">Austria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_Austria" title="Freedom Party of Austria">Freedom Party of Austria</a> under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a>'s leadership<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_Stronach_for_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Team Stronach for Austria">Team Stronach for Austria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frank_Stronach" title="Frank Stronach">Frank Stronach</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lijst_Dedecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Lijst Dedecker">Lijst Dedecker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Dedecker" title="Jean-Marie Dedecker">Jean-Marie Dedecker</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_Affairs_(political_party)" title="Public Affairs (political party)">Public Affairs</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADt_B%C3%A1rta" title="Vít Bárta">Vít Bárta</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-different_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Just_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Just-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANO_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="ANO 2011">ANO 2011</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andrej_Babi%C5%A1" title="Andrej Babiš">Andrej Babiš</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-extreme_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extreme-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Just_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Just-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hlousek_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hlousek-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawn_of_Direct_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dawn of Direct Democracy">Dawn of Direct Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomio_Okamura" title="Tomio Okamura">Tomio Okamura</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kubat_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Direct_Democracy" title="Freedom and Direct Democracy">Freedom and Direct Democracy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tomio_Okamura" title="Tomio Okamura">Tomio Okamura</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kubat_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kubat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finns_Party" title="Finns Party">Finns Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-different_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fidesz" title="Fidesz">Fidesz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Viktor Orbán</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Musella_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Musella-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 52, 71">: 52, 71 </span></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forza_Italia" title="Forza Italia">Forza Italia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Silvio Berlusconi</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popolo_della_Libert%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Popolo della Libertà">Popolo della Libertà</a> (Berlusconi)<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell2_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy_of_Values" title="Italy of Values">Italy of Values</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antonio_Di_Pietro" title="Antonio Di Pietro">Antonio Di Pietro</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lithuania">Lithuania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lithuania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(Lithuania)" title="Labour Party (Lithuania)">Labour Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Viktor_Uspaskich" title="Viktor Uspaskich">Viktor Uspaskich</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn_List" title="Pim Fortuyn List">Pim Fortuyn List</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pim_Fortuyn" title="Pim Fortuyn">Pim Fortuyn</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Freedom" title="Party for Freedom">Party for Freedom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geert_Wilders" title="Geert Wilders">Geert Wilders</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzo_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-different_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Norway">Norway</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)" title="Progress Party (Norway)">Progress Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anders_Lange" title="Anders Lange">Anders Lange</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_(political_party)" title="Modern (political party)">Modern</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ryszard_Petru" title="Ryszard Petru">Ryszard Petru</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kosowska_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosowska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kukiz%2715" title="Kukiz'15">Kukiz'15</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Kukiz" title="Paweł Kukiz">Paweł Kukiz</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kosowska_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosowska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palikot_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Palikot Movement">Palikot Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Janusz_Palikot" title="Janusz Palikot">Janusz Palikot</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kosowska_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosowska-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_%E2%80%93_Dan_Diaconescu" title="People's Party – Dan Diaconescu">People's Party – Dan Diaconescu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dan_Diaconescu" title="Dan Diaconescu">Dan Diaconescu</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Romania_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Romania-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strength_of_Serbia_Movement" title="Strength of Serbia Movement">Strength of Serbia Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bogoljub_Kari%C4%87" title="Bogoljub Karić">Bogoljub Karić</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:4_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/We_Are_Family_(Slovakia)" title="We Are Family (Slovakia)">We Are Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boris_Koll%C3%A1r" title="Boris Kollár">Boris Kollár</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_(political_party)" title="Slovakia (political party)">Slovakia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igor_Matovi%C4%8D" title="Igor Matovič">Igor Matovič</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-different_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-different-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_and_Solidarity" title="Freedom and Solidarity">Freedom and Solidarity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Sul%C3%ADk" title="Richard Sulík">Richard Sulík</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Brunnerová_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brunnerová-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smrek_240–259-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_the_Democratic_Centre_(Spain)" title="Union of the Democratic Centre (Spain)">Union of the Democratic Centre</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Adolfo Suárez">Adolfo Suárez</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Hopkin_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hopkin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ticino_League" title="Ticino League">Ticino League</a> (<a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bignasca" title="Giuliano Bignasca">Giuliano Bignasca</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Mazzo_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazzo-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Tasmanian Independent Senator Brian Harradine Group (<a href="/wiki/Brian_Harradine" title="Brian Harradine">Brian Harradine</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Madigan%27s_Manufacturing_and_Farming_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="John Madigan's Manufacturing and Farming Party">John Madigan's Manufacturing and Farming Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter's Australian Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Katter" title="Bob Katter">Bob Katter</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmer_United_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmer United Party">Palmer United Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clive_Palmer" title="Clive Palmer">Clive Palmer</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kefford_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Lazarus_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenn Lazarus Team">Glenn Lazarus Team</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glenn_Lazarus" title="Glenn Lazarus">Glenn Lazarus</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Jacqui Lambie Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie" title="Jacqui Lambie">Jacqui Lambie</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pocock#David_Pocock_(party)" title="David Pocock">David Pocock</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_Pocock" title="David Pocock">David Pocock</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-pocockparty_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pocockparty-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peru">Peru</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Peru"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambio_90" title="Cambio 90">Cambio 90</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%AD_Cumple" title="Sí Cumple">Sí Cumple</a> (Fujimori)<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru_2000" title="Peru 2000">Peru 2000</a> (Fujimori)<sup id="cite_ref-McDonnell_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDonnell-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_leadership_style" title="Authoritarian leadership style">Authoritarian leadership style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-extreme-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-extreme_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-extreme_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKopeček2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kopeček, Lubomír (2016). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"I'm Paying, So I Decide": Czech ANO as an Extreme Form of a Business-Firm Party". <i>East European Politics and Societies</i>. <b>30</b> (4): 725–749. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0888325416650254">10.1177/0888325416650254</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148118413">148118413</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=East+European+Politics+and+Societies&rft.atitle=%22I%27m+Paying%2C+So+I+Decide%22%3A+Czech+ANO+as+an+Extreme+Form+of+a+Business-Firm+Party&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=725-749&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0888325416650254&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148118413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kope%C4%8Dek&rft.aufirst=Lubom%C3%ADr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosowska-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kosowska_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosowska_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosowska_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kosowska_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosowska-GąstołSobolewska-Myślik2017" class="citation journal cs1">Kosowska-Gąstoł, Beata; Sobolewska-Myślik, Katarzyna (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/84466401.pdf">"New Political Entrepreneurs in Poland"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>24</b> (2): 137–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FPC2017-2-137">10.5817/PC2017-2-137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politologick%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis+-+Czech+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=New+Political+Entrepreneurs+in+Poland&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=137-157&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FPC2017-2-137&rft.aulast=Kosowska-G%C4%85sto%C5%82&rft.aufirst=Beata&rft.au=Sobolewska-My%C5%9Blik%2C+Katarzyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F84466401.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kefford-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kefford_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeffordMcDonnell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Kefford, Glenn; McDonnell, Duncan (2018). "Inside the personal party: Leader-owners, light organizations and limited lifespans". <i>The British Journal of Politics and International Relations</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 379–394. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1369148117750819">10.1177/1369148117750819</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148747749">148747749</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Politics+and+International+Relations&rft.atitle=Inside+the+personal+party%3A+Leader-owners%2C+light+organizations+and+limited+lifespans&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=379-394&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1369148117750819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148747749%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kefford&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rft.au=McDonnell%2C+Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Romania-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Romania_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Romania_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGherghinaSoare2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gherghina, Sergiu; Soare, Sorina Cristina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=536744">"From TV to Parliament: The Successful Birth and Progressive Death of a Personal Party"</a>. <i>Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (2): 201–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FPC2017-2-201">10.5817/PC2017-2-201</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1211-3247">1211-3247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politologick%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis+-+Czech+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=From+TV+to+Parliament%3A+The+Successful+Birth+and+Progressive+Death+of+a+Personal+Party&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=201-220&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FPC2017-2-201&rft.issn=1211-3247&rft.aulast=Gherghina&rft.aufirst=Sergiu&rft.au=Soare%2C+Sorina+Cristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D536744&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smrek_240–259-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smrek_240–259_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmrek2020" class="citation journal cs1">Smrek, Michal (2020). "Can Personal Parties Facilitate Women's Political Seniority? 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"Measuring the Extent of Party Institutionalisation: The Case of a Populist Entrepreneur Party". <i>West European Politics</i>. <b>37</b> (5): 932–956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402382.2014.911486">10.1080/01402382.2014.911486</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144217768">144217768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Measuring+the+Extent+of+Party+Institutionalisation%3A+The+Case+of+a+Populist+Entrepreneur+Party&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=932-956&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402382.2014.911486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144217768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Arter&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Kestil%C3%A4-Kekkonen%2C+Elina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaniolo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Raniolo, Francesco (2006). "Forza Italia: A Leader with a Party". <i>South European Society and Politics</i>. <b>11</b> (3–4): 439–455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13608740600856470">10.1080/13608740600856470</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153444704">153444704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+European+Society+and+Politics&rft.atitle=Forza+Italia%3A+A+Leader+with+a+Party&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=439-455&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13608740600856470&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153444704%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Raniolo&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonnet2015" class="citation book cs1">Bonnet, Nicolas (11 August 2015). 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"Silvio Berlusconi's Personal Parties: From Forza Italia to the Popolo Della Libertà". <i>Political Studies</i>. <b>61</b> (1_suppl): 217–233. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2012.01007.x">10.1111/j.1467-9248.2012.01007.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143141811">143141811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Studies&rft.atitle=Silvio+Berlusconi%27s+Personal+Parties%3A+From+Forza+Italia+to+the+Popolo+Della+Libert%C3%A0&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1_suppl&rft.pages=217-233&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1467-9248.2012.01007.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143141811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=McDonnell&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVercesi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vercesi, Michelangelo (2015). "Owner parties and party institutionalisation in Italy: is the Northern League exceptional?". <i>Modern Italy</i>. <b>20</b> (4): 395–410. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1353294400014848">10.1017/S1353294400014848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232399657">232399657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Italy&rft.atitle=Owner+parties+and+party+institutionalisation+in+Italy%3A+is+the+Northern+League+exceptional%3F&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=395-410&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1353294400014848&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A232399657%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Vercesi&rft.aufirst=Michelangelo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHloušek2020" class="citation book cs1">Hloušek, Vít (2020). "7: Collapse or Survival: The Organisational Resilience of Entrepreneurial Parties". <i>The Rise of Entrepreneurial Parties in European Politics</i>. Springer International Publishing AG. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41915-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-41915-8"><bdi>978-3-030-41915-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7%3A+Collapse+or+Survival%3A+The+Organisational+Resilience+of+Entrepreneurial+Parties&rft.btitle=The+Rise+of+Entrepreneurial+Parties+in+European+Politics&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Springer+International+Publishing+AG&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-030-41915-8&rft.aulast=Hlou%C5%A1ek&rft.aufirst=V%C3%ADt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJupskås2016" class="citation book cs1">Jupskås, Anders Ravik (October 2016). "6: The Norwegian Progress Party: Between a Business Firm and a Mass Party". <i>Understanding Populist Party Organisation: The Radical Right in Western Europe</i>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 159–187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58197-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-58197-6"><bdi>978-1-137-58197-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+The+Norwegian+Progress+Party%3A+Between+a+Business+Firm+and+a+Mass+Party&rft.btitle=Understanding+Populist+Party+Organisation%3A+The+Radical+Right+in+Western+Europe&rft.pages=159-187&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=2016-10&rft.isbn=978-1-137-58197-6&rft.aulast=Jupsk%C3%A5s&rft.aufirst=Anders+Ravik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlović2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Orlović, Slaviša (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/785849369?oclcNum=785849369"><i>Partije i izbori u Srbiji: 20 godina</i></a> (in Serbian). Belgrade: Friedrich Ebert Foundation. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788684031497" title="Special:BookSources/9788684031497"><bdi>9788684031497</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partije+i+izbori+u+Srbiji%3A+20+godina&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Friedrich+Ebert+Foundation&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788684031497&rft.aulast=Orlovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Slavi%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F785849369%3FoclcNum%3D785849369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2016" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Norm (2016). "Party registration and political participation:: Regulating small and 'micro' parties". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/party-rules"><i>Party Rules?</i></a>. ANU Press. pp. 73–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-076-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-76046-076-1"><bdi>978-1-76046-076-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1rrd7k8.10">j.ctt1rrd7k8.10</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Party+registration+and+political+participation%3A%3A+Regulating+small+and+%E2%80%98micro%E2%80%99+parties&rft.btitle=Party+Rules%3F&rft.pages=73-100&rft.pub=ANU+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt1rrd7k8.10%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-76046-076-1&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Norm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fparty-rules&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/berlusconi-katter-and-assange-a-very-personal-party-13164">"Berlusconi, Katter and Assange: a very personal party"</a>. The Conversation. 16 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Berlusconi%2C+Katter+and+Assange%3A+a+very+personal+party&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fberlusconi-katter-and-assange-a-very-personal-party-13164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pocockparty-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pocockparty_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davidpocock.com.au/why_does_david_have_a_party_if_he_s_an_independent">"Why does David have a party if he's an independent?"</a>. David Pocock.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+does+David+have+a+party+if+he%27s+an+independent%3F&rft.pub=David+Pocock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidpocock.com.au%2Fwhy_does_david_have_a_party_if_he_s_an_independent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarmelSvåsand1993" class="citation journal cs1">Harmel, Robert; Svåsand, Lars (1993). "Party leadership and party institutionalisation: Three phases of development". <i>West European Politics</i>. <b>16</b> (2): 67–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402389308424961">10.1080/01402389308424961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Party+leadership+and+party+institutionalisation%3A+Three+phases+of+development&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=67-88&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402389308424961&rft.aulast=Harmel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Sv%C3%A5sand%2C+Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrouwel2012" class="citation book cs1">Krouwel, André (December 2012). <i>Party Transformations in European Democracies</i>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4481-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-4481-9"><bdi>978-1-4384-4481-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Transformations+in+European+Democracies&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2012-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-4481-9&rft.aulast=Krouwel&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrašovec2017" class="citation journal cs1">Krašovec, Alenka (2017). "A Hint at Entrepreneurial Parties? The Case of Four New Successful Parties in Slovenia". <i>Politologický časopis - Czech Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>XXIV</b> (2): 158–178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5817%2FPC2017-2-158">10.5817/PC2017-2-158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1211-3247">1211-3247</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library" title="Central and Eastern European Online Library">CEEOL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=536735">536735</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politologick%C3%BD+%C4%8Dasopis+-+Czech+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=A+Hint+at+Entrepreneurial+Parties%3F+The+Case+of+Four+New+Successful+Parties+in+Slovenia&rft.volume=XXIV&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=158-178&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5817%2FPC2017-2-158&rft.issn=1211-3247&rft.aulast=Kra%C5%A1ovec&rft.aufirst=Alenka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABusiness-firm+party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&oldid=1253692514">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Business-firm_party&oldid=1253692514</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_political_parties" title="Category:Types of political parties">Types of political parties</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Serbian-language_sources_(sr)" title="Category:CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)">CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use American English from August 2020">Use American English from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2020">Use dmy dates from August 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 October 2024, at 11:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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