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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_Nazi_persecutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Nazi_persecutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early Nazi persecutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Nazi_persecutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_of_Polish_Jews_in_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_of_Polish_Jews_in_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Expulsion of Polish Jews in Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_of_Polish_Jews_in_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shooting_of_vom_Rath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shooting_of_vom_Rath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Shooting of vom Rath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shooting_of_vom_Rath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pogrom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pogrom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pogrom</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Pogrom-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Pogrom subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Pogrom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Death_of_Ernst_vom_Rath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_of_Ernst_vom_Rath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Death of Ernst vom Rath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_of_Ernst_vom_Rath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Riots_and_Kristallnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Riots_and_Kristallnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Riots and Kristallnacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Riots_and_Kristallnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Responses_to_Kristallnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Responses_to_Kristallnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Responses to <i>Kristallnacht</i></span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Responses_to_Kristallnacht-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Responses to <i>Kristallnacht</i> subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Responses_to_Kristallnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>In Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Internationally</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Post-war trials</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kristallnacht_as_a_turning_point" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kristallnacht_as_a_turning_point"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span><i>Kristallnacht</i> as a turning point</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kristallnacht_as_a_turning_point-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Modern references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Names_for_Kristallnacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_for_Kristallnacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Names for <i>Kristallnacht</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_for_Kristallnacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_German" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_German"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>In German</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_German-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 73 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-73" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">73 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1" title="ليلة البلور – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليلة البلور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCllur_gec%C9%99" title="Büllur gecə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Büllur gecə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Крыштальная ноч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Крыштальная ноч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87" title="Крышталёвая ноч – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крышталёвая ноч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Кристална нощ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кристална нощ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_no%C4%87" title="Kristalna noć – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kristalna noć" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nozvezh_ar_strink" title="Nozvezh ar strink – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nozvezh ar strink" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D2%BB%D2%AF%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Болорой һүни – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Болорой һүни" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nit_dels_vidres_trencats" title="Nit dels vidres trencats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nit dels vidres trencats" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99i%C5%A1%C5%A5%C3%A1lov%C3%A1_noc" title="Křišťálová noc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křišťálová noc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystalnatten" title="Krystalnatten – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Krystalnatten" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novemberpogrome_1938" title="Novemberpogrome 1938 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Novemberpogrome 1938" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalli%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="Kristalliöö – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kristalliöö" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8D%CF%87%CF%84%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%81%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Νύχτα των Κρυστάλλων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νύχτα των Κρυστάλλων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noche_de_los_cristales_rotos" title="Noche de los cristales rotos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Noche de los cristales rotos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristala_nokto" title="Kristala nokto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristala nokto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_hautsien_gaua" title="Kristal hautsien gaua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kristal hautsien gaua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="شب بلورین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شب بلورین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuit_de_Cristal" title="Nuit de Cristal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nuit de Cristal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_noite_dos_cristais_rotos" title="A noite dos cristais rotos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A noite dos cristais rotos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A0%95%EC%9D%98_%EB%B0%A4" title="수정의 밤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수정의 밤" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1_%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բյուրեղապակյա գիշեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բյուրեղապակյա գիշեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_no%C4%87" title="Kristalna noć – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kristalna noć" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalsn%C3%B3tt" title="Kristalsnótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kristalsnótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notte_dei_cristalli" title="Notte dei cristalli – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Notte dei cristalli" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%97" title="ליל הבדולח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליל הבדולח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94" title="ბროლის ღამე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბროლის ღამე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nox_crystallorum" title="Nox crystallorum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nox crystallorum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C4%81la_nakts" title="Kristāla nakts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kristāla nakts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1tolin%C4%97_naktis" title="Krištolinė naktis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Krištolinė naktis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krist%C3%A1ly%C3%A9jszaka" title="Kristályéjszaka – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kristályéjszaka" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9C" title="Кристална ноќ – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кристална ноќ" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF" title="ചില്ലുകൾ തകർത്ത രാത്രി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചില്ലുകൾ തകർത്ത രാത്രി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="क्रिस्टलनाख्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्रिस्टलनाख्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ليلة الكريستال – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليلة الكريستال" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalnacht" title="Kristalnacht – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Kristalnacht" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E3%81%AE%E5%A4%9C" title="水晶の夜 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水晶の夜" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5" title="ЦӀеначу ангалин буьйсе – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ЦӀеначу ангалин буьйсе" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallnatten" title="Krystallnatten – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Krystallnatten" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krystallnatta" title="Krystallnatta – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Krystallnatta" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noc_kryszta%C5%82owa" title="Noc kryształowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Noc kryształowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noite_dos_Cristais" title="Noite dos Cristais – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Noite dos Cristais" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noaptea_de_cristal" title="Noaptea de cristal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noaptea de cristal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C" title="Хрустальная ночь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хрустальная ночь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riekskristallnoacht" title="Riekskristallnoacht – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Riekskristallnoacht" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogromi_i_N%C3%ABntorit_1938" title="Pogromi i Nëntorit 1938 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pogromi i Nëntorit 1938" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kri%C5%A1t%C3%A1%C4%BEov%C3%A1_noc" title="Krištáľová noc – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krištáľová noc" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_no%C4%8D" title="Kristalna noč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kristalna noč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%9B" title="Кристална ноћ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Кристална ноћ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalna_no%C4%87" title="Kristalna noć – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kristalna noć" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristalliy%C3%B6" title="Kristalliyö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kristalliyö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novemberpogromerna" title="Novemberpogromerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Novemberpogromerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரிஸ்டல்நாக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரிஸ்டல்நாக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A4ll%C3%BCr_t%C3%B6n" title="Bällür tön – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Bällür tön" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81" title="คืนกระจกแตก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คืนกระจกแตก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristal_Gece" title="Kristal Gece – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kristal Gece" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%87" title="Кришталева ніч – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кришталева ніч" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kristallnacht" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%9C" title="水晶之夜 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="水晶之夜" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%98" title="קריסטאל נאכט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קריסטאל נאכט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%9C" title="水晶之夜 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="水晶之夜" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%99%B6%E4%B9%8B%E5%A4%9C" title="水晶之夜 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="水晶之夜" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q36756#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the John Zorn album, see <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht_(album)" title="Kristallnacht (album)"><i>Kristallnacht</i> (album)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Crystal Night" redirects here. For the albums, see <a href="/wiki/Attacco_Decente" title="Attacco Decente">Attacco Decente</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Toshiki_%26_Omega_Tribe" title="Carlos Toshiki & Omega Tribe">Carlos Toshiki & Omega Tribe</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue,_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Partially destroyed building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg/330px-Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg/495px-Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg/660px-Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="702" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Partially destroyed <a href="/wiki/Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue" title="Fasanenstrasse Synagogue">Fasanenstrasse Synagogue</a> in Berlin</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a><br />(then including <a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>)<br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">9–10 November 1938<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1938-11-09</span> – <span class="dtend">1938-11-10</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Attack type</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Looting" title="Looting">looting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arson" title="Arson">arson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">mass arrests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">91+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA) stormtroopers, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS), <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a>, German civilians</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data">Revenge for <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Ernst_vom_Rath" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Ernst vom Rath">Ernst vom Rath's assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[kʁɪsˈtalnaχt]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/24\/De-Kristallnacht.ogg\/De-Kristallnacht.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Kristallnacht.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/24/De-Kristallnacht.ogg/De-Kristallnacht.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Kristallnacht.ogg" title="File:De-Kristallnacht.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span> <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">crystal night</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) or the <b>Night of Broken Glass</b>, also called the <b>November pogrom(s)</b> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Novemberpogrome</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[noˈvɛm.bɐ.poˌɡʁoːmə]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2d\/De-Novemberpogrome.ogg\/De-Novemberpogrome.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Novemberpogrome.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2d/De-Novemberpogrome.ogg/De-Novemberpogrome.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Novemberpogrome.ogg" title="File:De-Novemberpogrome.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nhuk_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhuk-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> carried out by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Sturmabteilung</span></span> (SA)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">Schutzstaffel</span></span> (SS)</a> paramilitary forces along with some participation from the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> and German civilians throughout <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> on 9–10 November 1938. The German authorities looked on without intervening.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert42_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert42-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The euphemistic name <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span> comes from the shards of broken glass that littered the streets after the windows of Jewish-owned stores, buildings, and <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> were smashed. The pretext for the attacks was the assassination, on 9 November 1938, of the German diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ernst_vom_Rath" title="Ernst vom Rath">Ernst vom Rath</a><sup id="cite_ref-book-on-grynszpan_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book-on-grynszpan-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Herschel Grynszpan</a>, a 17-year-old German-born <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jew">Polish Jew</a> living in Paris. </p><p>Jewish homes, hospitals and schools were ransacked as attackers demolished buildings with sledgehammers.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rioters destroyed many hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 7,000 Jewish businesses were damaged or destroyed,<sup id="cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berenbaum2005p49-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert30_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert30-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">30,000 Jewish men were arrested</a> and incarcerated in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> wrote that no event in the history of German Jews between 1933 and 1945 was so widely reported as it was happening, and the accounts from foreign journalists working in Germany drew worldwide attention.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> of London observed on 11 November 1938: "No foreign propagandist bent upon blackening Germany before the world could outdo the tale of burnings and beatings, of blackguardly assaults on defenceless and innocent people, which disgraced that country yesterday."<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert41_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert41-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estimates of fatalities caused by the attacks have varied. Early reports estimated that 91 Jews had been murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern analysis of German scholarly sources puts the figure much higher; when deaths from post-arrest maltreatment and subsequent suicides are included, the death toll reaches the hundreds, with <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Richard J. Evans</a> estimating 638 deaths by suicide,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a total between one and two thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians view <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span> as a prelude to the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> and the murder of six million Jews during <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_1998_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson_1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">History of the Jews in Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Nazi_persecutions">Early Nazi persecutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early Nazi persecutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08–'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Antisemitism during the Gaza war">Gaza war ('23–'25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_synagogues" title="Attacks on synagogues">synagogue attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_on_social_media" title="Antisemitism on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unz_Review" title="The Unz Review">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 1920s, most German Jews were fully integrated into the country's society as citizens. They served in the army and navy and contributed to every field of German business, science and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions for German Jews began to worsen after the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (the Austrian-born leader of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a>) as <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> on 30 January 1933, and the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a> (implemented 23 March 1933) which enabled the assumption of power by Hitler after the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> of 27 February 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From its inception, Hitler's regime moved quickly to introduce <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">anti-Jewish policies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> alienated the 500,000 Jews living in Germany, who accounted for only 0.86% of the overall population, and framed them as an enemy responsible for Germany's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and for its subsequent economic disasters, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inflation_in_the_Weimar_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflation in the Weimar Republic">1920s hyperinflation</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1933, the German government enacted a series of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_prewar_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in prewar Nazi Germany">anti-Jewish laws</a> restricting the rights of German Jews to earn a living, to enjoy full citizenship and to gain education, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Restoration_of_the_Professional_Civil_Service" title="Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service">Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service</a></i> of 7 April 1933, which forbade Jews to work in the civil service.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subsequent 1935 <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a> stripped German Jews of their citizenship and prohibited Jews from marrying non-Jewish Germans. </p><p>These laws resulted in the exclusion and alienation of Jews from German social and political life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sought asylum abroad; hundreds of thousands emigrated, but as <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann</a> wrote in 1936, "The world seemed to be divided into two parts—those places where the Jews could not live and those where they could not enter."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The international <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vian_Conference" title="Évian Conference">Évian Conference</a> on 6 July 1938 addressed the issue of Jewish and <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a> immigration to other countries. By the time the conference took place, more than 250,000 Jews had fled Germany and Austria, which had been <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexed by Germany</a> in March 1938; more than 300,000 German and Austrian Jews continued to seek refuge and asylum from oppression. As the number of Jews and Romani wanting to leave increased, the restrictions against them grew, with many countries tightening their rules for admission. By 1938, Germany "had entered a new radical phase in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> activity".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians believe that the Nazi government had been contemplating a planned outbreak of violence against the Jews and were waiting for an appropriate provocation; there is evidence of this planning dating back to 1937.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1997 interview, the German historian <a href="/wiki/Hans_Mommsen" title="Hans Mommsen">Hans Mommsen</a> claimed that a major motive for the pogrom was the desire of the <i><a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiters</a></i> of the NSDAP to seize Jewish property and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">businesses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yadvashem1997_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadvashem1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mommsen stated: </p> <blockquote><p>The need for money by the party organization stemmed from the fact that <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Schwarz" title="Franz Xaver Schwarz">Franz Xaver Schwarz</a>, the party treasurer, kept the local and regional organizations of the party short of money. In the fall of 1938, the increased pressure on Jewish property nourished the party's ambition, especially since Hjalmar Schacht had been ousted as <i>Reich</i> minister for economics. This, however, was only one aspect of the origin of the November 1938 pogrom. The Polish government threatened to extradite all Jews who were Polish citizens but would stay in Germany, thus creating a burden of responsibility on the German side. The immediate reaction by the Gestapo was to push the Polish Jews—16,000 persons—over the borderline, but this measure failed due to the stubbornness of the Polish customs officers. The loss of prestige as a result of this abortive operation called for some sort of compensation. Thus, the overreaction to Herschel Grynszpan's attempt against the diplomat Ernst vom Rath came into being and led to the November pogrom. The background of the pogrom was signified by a sharp cleavage of interests between the different agencies of party and state. While the Nazi party was interested in improving its financial strength on the regional and local level by taking over Jewish property, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, in charge of the Four-Year Plan, hoped to acquire access to foreign currency in order to pay for the import of urgently-needed raw material. Heydrich and Himmler were interested in fostering Jewish emigration.<sup id="cite_ref-yadvashem1997_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yadvashem1997-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Zionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist">Zionist</a> leadership in the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandate Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a> wrote in February 1938 that according to "a very reliable private source—one which can be traced back to the highest echelons of the SS leadership", there was "an intention to carry out a genuine and dramatic pogrom in Germany on a large scale in the near future".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_of_Polish_Jews_in_Germany">Expulsion of Polish Jews in Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Expulsion of Polish Jews in Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Polenaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polenaktion">Polenaktion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg/290px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg/435px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg/580px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1982-174-27%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Ausweisung_polnischer_Juden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>Polish Jews expelled from Germany in late October 1938</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1938, German authorities announced that residence permits for foreigners were being canceled and would have to be renewed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This included German-born Jews of foreign citizenship. <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Poland</a> stated that it would renounce citizenship rights of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Polish Jews</a> living abroad for at least five years after the end of October, effectively making them stateless.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the so-called "<i><a href="/wiki/Polenaktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Polenaktion">Polenaktion</a></i>", more than 12,000 Polish Jews, among them the philosopher and theologian Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Joshua_Heschel" title="Abraham Joshua Heschel">Abraham Joshua Heschel</a>, and future literary critic <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Reich-Ranicki" title="Marcel Reich-Ranicki">Marcel Reich-Ranicki</a> were expelled from Germany on 28 October 1938, on Hitler's orders. They were ordered to leave their homes in a single night and were allowed only one suitcase per person to carry their belongings. As the Jews were taken away, their remaining possessions were seized as loot both by Nazi authorities and by neighbors.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The deportees were taken from their homes to railway stations and were put on trains to the Polish border, where Polish border guards sent them back into Germany. This stalemate continued for days in the pouring rain, with the Jews marching without food or shelter between the borders.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four thousand were granted entry into Poland, but the remaining 8,000 were forced to stay at the border. They waited there in harsh conditions to be allowed to enter Poland. A British newspaper told its readers that hundreds "are reported to be lying about, penniless and deserted, in little villages along the frontier near where they had been driven out by the Gestapo and left."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditions in the <a href="/wiki/Refugee_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugee camps">refugee camps</a> "were so bad that some actually tried to escape back into Germany and were shot", recalled a British woman who was sent to help those who had been expelled.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shooting_of_vom_Rath">Shooting of vom Rath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Shooting of vom Rath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07,_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1988-078-07%2C_Herschel_Feibel_Grynszpan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Herschel Grynszpan</a>, 7 November 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg/170px-Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg/255px-Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg/340px-Ernst-vom-Rath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernst_vom_Rath" title="Ernst vom Rath">Ernst vom Rath</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>Among those expelled was the family of Sendel and Riva Grynszpan, Polish Jews who had emigrated to Germany in 1911 and settled in <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany. At the trial of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> in 1961, Sendel Grynszpan recounted the events of their deportation from Hanover on the night of 27 October 1938: "Then they took us in police trucks, in prisoners' lorries, about 20 men in each truck, and they took us to the railway station. The streets were full of people shouting: <i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>Juden Raus! Auf Nach Palästina!<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>" ("Jews get out! Go to Palestine!").<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their seventeen-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Grynszpan" title="Herschel Grynszpan">Herschel</a> was living in Paris with an uncle.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_1998_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson_1998-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Herschel received a postcard from his family from the Polish border, describing the family's expulsion: "No one told us what was up, but we realized this was going to be the end<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... We don't have a penny. Could you send us something?"<sup id="cite_ref-GSA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received the postcard on 3 November 1938. </p><p>On the morning of Monday, 7 November 1938, he purchased a revolver and a box of bullets, then went to the German embassy and asked to see an embassy official. After he was taken to the office of Nazi diplomat <a href="/wiki/Ernst_vom_Rath" title="Ernst vom Rath">Ernst vom Rath</a>, Grynszpan fired five bullets at Vom Rath, two of which hit him in the abdomen. Vom Rath was a professional diplomat with the Foreign Office who expressed anti-Nazi sympathies, largely based on the Nazis' treatment of the Jews and was under Gestapo investigation for being politically unreliable.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he also argued that the anti-Semitic laws were "necessary" to allow the <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i> to flourish.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grynszpan made no attempt to escape the French police and freely confessed to the shooting. In his pocket, he carried a postcard to his parents with the message, "May God forgive me<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I must protest so that the whole world hears my protest, and that I will do." It is widely assumed that the assassination was politically motivated, but historian <a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_D%C3%B6scher" title="Hans-Jürgen Döscher">Hans-Jürgen Döscher</a> says the shooting may have been the result of a love affair gone wrong, and that Grynszpan and vom Rath had become intimate after they met in <a href="/wiki/Le_Boeuf_sur_le_Toit_(cabaret)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Boeuf sur le Toit (cabaret)">Le Boeuf sur le Toit</a>, which was a popular meeting place for gay and bisexual men at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day, the German government retaliated, barring Jewish children from German state elementary schools, indefinitely suspending Jewish cultural activities, and putting a halt to the publication of Jewish newspapers and magazines, including the three national German Jewish newspapers. A newspaper in Britain described the last move, which cut off the Jewish populace from their leaders, as "intended to disrupt the Jewish community and rob it of the last frail ties which hold it together."<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rights as citizens had been stripped.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first legal measures issued was an order by Heinrich Himmler, commander of all German police, forbidding Jews to possess any weapons whatsoever and imposing a penalty of twenty years' confinement in a concentration camp upon every Jew found in possession of a weapon hereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1938_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1938-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pogrom">Pogrom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pogrom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_of_Ernst_vom_Rath">Death of Ernst vom Rath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death of Ernst vom Rath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ernst vom Rath died of his wounds on 9 November 1938. Word of his death reached Hitler that evening while he was with several key members of the Nazi party at a dinner commemorating the 1923 <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>. After intense discussions, Hitler left the assembly abruptly without giving his usual address. Propaganda Minister <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> delivered the speech, in his place, and said that "the Führer has decided that... demonstrations should not be prepared or organized by the party, but insofar as they erupt spontaneously, they are not to be hampered."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief party judge <a href="/wiki/Walter_Buch" title="Walter Buch">Walter Buch</a> later stated that the message was clear; with these words, Goebbels had commanded the party leaders to organize a pogrom.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some leading party officials disagreed with Goebbels' actions, fearing the diplomatic crisis it would provoke. <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> wrote, "I suppose that it is Goebbels's megalomania<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and stupidity which is responsible for starting this operation now, in a particularly difficult diplomatic situation."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Israeli historian <a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Saul Friedländer</a> believes that Goebbels had personal reasons for wanting to bring about <i>Kristallnacht</i>. Goebbels had recently suffered humiliation for the ineffectiveness of his propaganda campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland_Crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudetenland Crisis">Sudeten crisis</a>, and was in some disgrace over an affair with a <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a> actress, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADda_Baarov%C3%A1" title="Lída Baarová">Lída Baarová</a>. Goebbels needed a chance to improve his standing in the eyes of Hitler. At 1:20 a.m. on 10 November 1938, <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a> sent an urgent secret telegram to the <i><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a></i> (Security Police; SiPo) and the <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA), containing instructions regarding the riots. This included guidelines for the protection of foreigners and non-Jewish businesses and property. Police were instructed not to interfere with the riots unless the guidelines were violated. Police were also instructed to seize Jewish archives from synagogues and community offices, and to arrest and detain "healthy male Jews, who are not too old", for eventual transfer to (labor) concentration camps.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Heinrich Müller</a>, in a message to SA and SS commanders, stated the "most extreme measures" were to be taken against Jewish people.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Riots_and_Kristallnacht">Riots and Kristallnacht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Riots and Kristallnacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42,_Magdeburg,_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/260px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/390px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg/520px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1970-083-42%2C_Magdeburg%2C_zerst%C3%B6rtes_j%C3%BCdisches_Gesch%C3%A4ft.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><i>Kristallnacht</i>, shop damage in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning on November 9, the SA and Hitler Youth shattered the windows of about 7,500 Jewish stores and businesses, hence the name <i>Kristallnacht</i> (Crystal Night), and looted their goods.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jewish homes were ransacked all throughout Germany. Although violence against Jews had not been explicitly condoned by the authorities, there were cases of Jews being beaten or assaulted. Following the violence, police departments recorded a large number of suicides and rapes.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rioters destroyed many hundreds of synagogues throughout Germany, Austria, and the Sudetenland, with estimates of over one thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-Evans_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 1,400 synagogues and prayer rooms,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> many Jewish cemeteries, more than 7,000 Jewish shops, and 29 department stores were damaged, and in many cases destroyed. <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">More than 30,000 Jewish men were arrested</a> and imprisoned in Nazi concentration camps, primarily <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The synagogues, some centuries old, were also victims of considerable violence and vandalism, with the tactics the Stormtroopers practiced on these and other sacred sites described as "approaching the ghoulish" by the United States Consul in Leipzig. Tombstones were uprooted and graves violated. Fires were lit, and prayer books, scrolls, artwork and philosophy texts were thrown upon them, and precious buildings were either burned or smashed until unrecognizable. Eric Lucas recalls the destruction of the synagogue that a tiny Jewish community had constructed in a small village only twelve years earlier: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It did not take long before the first heavy grey stones came tumbling down, and the children of the village amused themselves as they flung stones into the many colored windows. When the first rays of a cold and pale November sun penetrated the heavy dark clouds, the little synagogue was but a heap of stone, broken glass and smashed-up woodwork.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The <i>Daily Telegraph</i> correspondent, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Greene" title="Hugh Greene">Hugh Greene</a>, wrote of events in Berlin: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Mob law ruled in Berlin throughout the afternoon and evening and hordes of hooligans indulged in an orgy of destruction. I have seen several anti-Jewish outbreaks in Germany during the last five years, but never anything as nauseating as this. Racial hatred and hysteria seemed to have taken complete hold of otherwise decent people. I saw fashionably dressed women clapping their hands and screaming with glee, while respectable middle-class mothers held up their babies to see the 'fun'.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Many Berliners were, however, deeply ashamed of the pogrom, and some took great personal risks to offer help to their beleaguered Jewish neighbors. The son of a US consular official heard the janitor of his block cry: "They must have emptied the insane asylums and penitentiaries to find people who'd do things like that!"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/KOLD-TV" title="KOLD-TV">KOLD</a> briefly reported on a 2008 remembrance meeting at a local Jewish congregation. According to eyewitness Esther Harris: "They ripped up the belongings, the books, knocked over furniture, shouted obscenities".<sup id="cite_ref-kold_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kold-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> is quoted as saying: </p> <blockquote><p>Houses of worship burned down, vandalized, in every community in the country where people either participate or watch.<sup id="cite_ref-kold_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kold-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg/260px-Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg" decoding="async" width="260" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg/390px-Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg/520px-Destroyed_Ohel_Yaaqov_Synagogue.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="4159" data-file-height="3047" /></a><figcaption>A ruined synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> after <i>Kristallnacht</i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg/330px-Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg/500px-Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg/520px-Synagogue_Eisenach_burning-_Nov_1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>A ruined synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Eisenach" title="Eisenach">Eisenach</a> after <i>Kristallnacht</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The former German <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> commented "For the first time, I am ashamed to be German."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Göring, who was in favor of expropriating the property of the Jews rather than destroying it as had happened in the pogrom, directly complained to <i>Sicherheitspolizei</i> Chief Heydrich immediately after the events: "I'd rather you had beaten to death two-hundred Jews than destroy so many valuable assets!" (<i>"Mir wäre lieber gewesen, ihr hättet 200 Juden erschlagen und hättet nicht solche Werte vernichtet!"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Göring met with other members of the Nazi leadership on 12 November to plan the next steps after the riot, setting the stage for formal government action. In the transcript of the meeting, Göring said, </p> <blockquote><p>I have received a letter written on the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>'s orders requesting that the Jewish question be now, once and for all, coordinated and solved one way or another<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... I should not want to leave any doubt, gentlemen, as to the aim of today's meeting. We have not come together merely to talk again, but to make decisions, and I implore competent agencies to take all measures for the elimination of the Jew from the German economy, and to submit them to me.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The persecution and economic damage inflicted upon German Jews continued after the pogrom, even as their places of business were ransacked. They were forced to pay <i><a href="/wiki/Judenverm%C3%B6gensabgabe" title="Judenvermögensabgabe">Judenvermögensabgabe</a></i>, a collective fine or "atonement contribution" of one billion Reichsmarks for the murder of vom Rath (equivalent to €4 billion 2021 or 7 billion in 2020 USD), which was levied by the compulsory acquisition of 20% of all Jewish property by the state. Six million Reichsmarks of insurance payments for property damage due to the Jewish community were instead paid to the Reich government as "damages to the German Nation". Jews were required to pay for the cost of all damages caused by the pogrom to their residences and businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016678_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016678-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of emigrating Jews surged, as those who were able to leave, abandoned the country. In the ten months following <i>Kristallnacht</i>, more than 115,000 Jews emigrated from the Reich.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority went to other European countries, the United States or <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>, though at least 14,000 made it to <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Ghetto" title="Shanghai Ghetto">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>. As part of government policy, the Nazis seized houses, shops, and other property the émigrés left behind. Many of the destroyed remains of Jewish property plundered during Kristallnacht were dumped near <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>. In October 2008, this dumpsite was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Yaron_Svoray" title="Yaron Svoray">Yaron Svoray</a>, an investigative journalist. The site, the size of four football fields, contained an extensive array of personal and ceremonial items looted during the riots against Jewish property and places of worship on the night of 9 November 1938. It is believed the goods were brought by rail to the outskirts of the village and dumped on designated land. Among the items found were glass bottles engraved with the <a href="/wiki/Star_of_David" title="Star of David">Star of David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mezuzot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezuzot">mezuzot</a>, painted window sills, and the armrests of chairs found in synagogues, in addition to an ornamental swastika.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responses_to_Kristallnacht">Responses to <i>Kristallnacht</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Responses to Kristallnacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reaction of non-Jewish Germans to <i>Kristallnacht</i> was varied. Many spectators gathered on the scenes, most of them in silence. The local fire departments confined themselves to preventing the flames from spreading to neighboring buildings. In Berlin, police Lieutenant Otto Bellgardt barred SA troopers from setting the <a href="/wiki/New_Synagogue,_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="New Synagogue, Berlin">New Synagogue</a> on fire, earning his superior officer a verbal reprimand from the commissioner.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg/180px-Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg/270px-Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg/360px-Paul_Ehrlich_by_Franz_Wilhelm_Voigt_2014.031_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3756" data-file-height="5133" /></a><figcaption><i>Portrait of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a></i>, damaged on <i>Kristallnacht</i>, then restored by a German neighbor</figcaption></figure> <p>The British historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a> believes that "many non-Jews resented the round-up",<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his opinion being supported by German witness Dr. Arthur Flehinger who recalls seeing "people crying while watching from behind their curtains".<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rolf Dessauer recalls how a neighbor came forward and restored a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Ehrlich" title="Paul Ehrlich">Paul Ehrlich</a> that had been "slashed to ribbons" by the <i>Sturmabteilung</i>. "He wanted it to be known that not all Germans supported Kristallnacht."<sup id="cite_ref-Distillations_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Distillations-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The extent of the damage done on Kristallnacht was so great that many Germans are said to have expressed their disapproval of it, and to have described it as senseless.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was however no personal comment or even acknowledgment from the German leader <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> himself about <i>Kristallnacht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an article released for publication on the evening of 11 November, Goebbels ascribed the events of <i>Kristallnacht</i> to the "healthy instincts" of the German people. He went on to explain: "The German people are anti-Semitic. It has no desire to have its rights restricted or to be provoked in the future by parasites of the Jewish race."<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than 24 hours after Kristallnacht, Adolf Hitler made a one-hour long speech in front of a group of journalists where he completely ignored the recent events on everyone's mind. According to Eugene Davidson the reason for this was that Hitler wished to avoid being directly connected to an event that he was aware that many of those present condemned, regardless of Goebbels's unconvincing explanation that Kristallnacht was caused by popular wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-davidson_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davidson-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goebbels met the foreign press in the afternoon of 11 November and said that the burning of synagogues and damage to Jewish owned property had been "spontaneous manifestations of indignation against the murder of Herr Vom Rath by the young Jew Grynsban [sic]".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, just after Kristallnacht, the psychologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_M%C3%BCller-Claudius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Müller-Claudius (page does not exist)">Michael Müller-Claudius</a> interviewed 41 randomly selected Nazi Party members on their attitudes towards racial persecution. Of the interviewed party-members 63% expressed extreme indignation against it, while only 5% expressed approval of racial persecution, the rest being noncommittal.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted in 1933 had then shown that 33% of Nazi Party members held no racial prejudice while 13% supported persecution. Sarah Ann Gordon sees two possible reasons for this difference. First, by 1938 large numbers of Germans had joined the Nazi Party for pragmatic reasons rather than ideology thus diluting the percentage of rabid antisemites; second, the Kristallnacht could have caused party members to reject antisemitism that had been acceptable to them in abstract terms but which they could not support when they saw it concretely enacted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984263–264_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984263–264-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the events of Kristallnacht, several <a href="/wiki/Gauleiter" title="Gauleiter">Gauleiter</a> and deputy Gauleiters had refused orders to enact the Kristallnacht, and many leaders of the SA and of the Hitler Youth also openly refused party orders, while expressing disgust.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Nazis helped Jews during the Kristallnacht.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG/240px-Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG" decoding="async" width="240" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG/360px-Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG/480px-Plaque_on_the_New_Synagogue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>After 1945 some synagogues were restored. This one in Berlin features a plaque, reading "Never forget", a common expression around Berlin.</figcaption></figure> <p>As it was aware that the German public did not support the Kristallnacht, the propaganda ministry directed the German press to portray opponents of racial persecution as disloyal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984159_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984159-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press was also under orders to downplay the Kristallnacht, describing general events at the local level only, with prohibition against depictions of individual events.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984156_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984156-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1939 this was extended to a prohibition on reporting any anti-Jewish measures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984157_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984157-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. ambassador to Germany reported: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In view of this being a totalitarian state a surprising characteristic of the situation here is the intensity and scope among German citizens of condemnation of the recent happenings against Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984176_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984176-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>To the consternation of the Nazis, the Kristallnacht affected public opinion counter to their desires, the peak of opposition against the Nazi racial policies was reached just then, when according to almost all accounts the vast majority of Germans rejected the violence perpetrated against the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180,_207_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180,_207-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Verbal complaints grew rapidly in numbers, and for example, the Düsseldorf branch of the Gestapo reported a sharp decline in anti-Semitic attitudes among the population.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984175–179,_215_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984175–179,_215-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are many indications of Protestant and Catholic disapproval of racial persecution; for example, anti-Nazi Protestants adopted the <a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a> in 1934, and the Catholic church had already distributed <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_letter" title="Pastoral letter">pastoral letters</a> critical of Nazi racial ideology, and the Nazi regime expected to encounter organised resistance from it following Kristallnacht.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic leadership however, just as the various Protestant churches, refrained from responding with organised action.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Martin Sasse, Nazi Party member and bishop of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Thuringia" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Thuringia</a>, leading member of the Nazi <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a>, one of the schismatic factions of German Protestantism, published a compendium of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s writings shortly after the <i>Kristallnacht</i>; Sasse "applauded the burning of the synagogues" and the coincidence of the day, writing in the introduction, "On 10 November 1938, on Luther's birthday, the synagogues are burning in Germany." The German people, he urged, ought to heed these words "of the greatest anti-Semite of his time, the warner of his people against the Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a> argued that Luther's 1543 pamphlet, <i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i> was a "blueprint" for the <i>Kristallnacht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internationally">Internationally</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg/220px-British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg/330px-British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg/440px-British_Jews_protest_against_immigration_restrictions_to_Palestine_after_Kristallnacht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="867" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>British Jews protest against immigration restrictions to Palestine after Kristallnacht, November 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Kristallnacht</i> sparked international outrage. According to <a href="/wiki/Volker_Ullrich" title="Volker Ullrich">Volker Ullrich</a>, "a line had been crossed: Germany had left the community of civilised nations."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016676_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016676-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It discredited pro-Nazi movements in Europe and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, leading to a sharp decline in their support. Many newspapers condemned <i>Kristallnacht</i>, with some of them comparing it to the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire">murderous pogroms incited by Imperial Russia</a>. The United States recalled its ambassador (but it did not break off diplomatic relations) while other governments severed diplomatic relations with Germany in protest. The British government approved the <a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a> program for refugee children. </p><p>The pogrom marked a turning point in relations between Nazi Germany and the rest of the world. The brutality of <i>Kristallnacht</i>, and the Nazi government's deliberate policy of encouraging the violence once it had begun, laid bare the repressive nature and widespread anti-Semitism entrenched in Germany. World opinion thus turned sharply against the Nazi regime, with some politicians calling for war. On 6 December 1938, <a href="/wiki/William_Cooper_(Aboriginal_Australian)" title="William Cooper (Aboriginal Australian)">William Cooper</a>, an Aboriginal Australian, led a delegation of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal League">Australian Aboriginal League</a> on a march through <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> to the German Consulate to deliver a petition which condemned the "cruel persecution of the Jewish people by the Nazi government of Germany". German officials refused to accept the tendered document.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i>Kristallnacht</i>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador_Allende" title="Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Gabriel González Videla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marmaduke_Grove" title="Marmaduke Grove">Marmaduke Grove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florencio_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Florencio Durán">Florencio Durán</a> and other members of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Chile" title="National Congress of Chile">Congress of Chile</a> sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more personal response, in 1939, was the oratorio <i><a href="/wiki/A_Child_of_Our_Time" title="A Child of Our Time">A Child of Our Time</a></i> by the English composer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Tippett" title="Michael Tippett">Michael Tippett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Sweden" title="Government of Sweden">government of Sweden</a> was informed of <i>Kristallnacht</i>, it successfully demanded the Nazi authorities stamp the letter <a href="/wiki/J" title="J">J</a> in red ink on passports of German Jews to make it easier for Swedish border officials to turn them away.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_trials">Post-war trials</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-war trials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, there were hundreds of trials over Kristallnacht. The trials were conducted exclusively by German and Austrian courts; the Allied occupation authorities did not have jurisdiction since none of the victims were Allied nationals.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kristallnacht_as_a_turning_point"><i>Kristallnacht</i> as a turning point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Kristallnacht as a turning point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Kristallnacht</i> changed the nature of Nazi Germany's persecution of the Jews from economic, political, and social exclusion to physical violence, including beatings, incarceration, and murder; the event is often referred to as the beginning of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. In this view, it is not only described as a pogrom, it is also described as a critical stage within a process in which each step becomes the seed of the next step.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An account cited that Hitler's green light for <i>Kristallnacht</i> was made with the belief that it would help him realize his ambition of getting rid of the Jews in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this large-scale and organized violence against the Jews, the Nazis' primary objective was to eject them from Germany, leaving their wealth behind.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_85-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the words of historian Max Rein in 1988, "Kristallnacht came<span class="nowrap"> </span>... and everything was changed."<sup id="cite_ref-Krefeld_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krefeld-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While November 1938 predated the overt articulation of "the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>", it foreshadowed the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">genocide</a> to come. Around the time of <i>Kristallnacht</i>, the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i> called for a "destruction by swords and flames." At a conference on the day after the pogrom, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> said: "The Jewish problem will reach its solution if, in anytime soon, we will be drawn into war beyond our border—then it is obvious that we will have to manage a final account with the Jews."<sup id="cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gilbert23-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kristallnacht</i> was also instrumental in changing global public opinion. In the United States, for instance, it was this specific incident that came to symbolize <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>, forging the association between National Socialism and <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_references">Modern references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Modern references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Five decades later, <a href="/wiki/9_November_in_German_history" title="9 November in German history">9 November</a>'s association with the anniversary of <i>Kristallnacht</i>, as well as the earlier <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a>, was cited as the main reason as to why <i>Schicksalstag</i>, the day the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> came down in 1989, was not turned into a new German national <a href="/wiki/Public_holiday" title="Public holiday">holiday</a>; a different day was chosen (3 October 1990, <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a></i> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lucas" title="Gary Lucas">Gary Lucas</a>'s 1988 composition "Verklärte Kristallnacht", which juxtaposes what would become the Israeli national anthem ten years after <i>Kristallnacht</i>, "<a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatikvah</a>", with phrases from the German national anthem "<a href="/wiki/Deutschlandlied" title="Deutschlandlied">Deutschland Über Alles</a>" amid wild electronic shrieks and noise, is intended to be a sonic representation of the horrors of <i>Kristallnacht</i>. It was premiered at the 1988 <a href="/wiki/JazzFest_Berlin" title="JazzFest Berlin">Berlin Jazz Festival</a> and received rave reviews. (The title is a reference to <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>'s 1899 work <i><a href="/wiki/Verkl%C3%A4rte_Nacht" title="Verklärte Nacht">Verklärte Nacht</a></i> that presaged his pioneering work on <a href="/wiki/Atonality" title="Atonality">atonal music</a>; Schoenberg was an Austrian Jew who would move to the United States to escape the Nazis).<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, then a senator from <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>, wrote of an "ecological Kristallnacht" in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. He opined that events which were then taking place, such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ozone_depletion" title="Ozone depletion">ozone depletion</a>, prefigured a greater environmental catastrophe in the same way that Kristallnacht prefigured the Holocaust.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kristallnacht</i> was the inspiration for the 1993 album <i><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht_(album)" title="Kristallnacht (album)">Kristallnacht</a></i> by the composer <a href="/wiki/John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a>. The German <a href="/wiki/Power_metal" title="Power metal">power metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Masterplan_(band)" title="Masterplan (band)">Masterplan</a>'s debut album, <i><a href="/wiki/Masterplan_(Masterplan_album)" title="Masterplan (Masterplan album)">Masterplan</a></i> (2003), features an anti-Nazi song entitled "Crystal Night" as the fourth track. The German band <a href="/wiki/BAP_(German_band)" title="BAP (German band)">BAP</a> published a song titled "<a href="/wiki/Kristallnaach" title="Kristallnaach">Kristallnaach</a>" in their <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> <a href="/wiki/Colognian_dialect" title="Colognian dialect">dialect</a>, dealing with the emotions engendered by the <i>Kristallnacht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kristallnacht</i> was the inspiration for the 1988 composition <i>Mayn Yngele</i> by the composer <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski" title="Frederic Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a>, of which he says: "I began writing this piece in November 1988, on the 50th anniversary of the Kristallnacht<span class="nowrap"> </span>.... My piece is a reflection on that vanished part of Jewish tradition which so strongly colors, by its absence, the culture of our time".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> published a letter from billionaire <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Perkins_(businessman)" title="Thomas Perkins (businessman)">Thomas Perkins</a> that compared the "progressive war on the American one percent" of wealthiest Americans and the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a>'s "demonization of the rich" to the <i>Kristallnacht</i> and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kristallnacht_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kristallnacht-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The letter was widely criticized and condemned in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among bloggers, Twitter users, and "his own colleagues in <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-ross_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perkins subsequently apologized for making the comparisons with Nazi Germany, but otherwise stood by his letter, saying, "In the Nazi era it was racial demonization, now it's class demonization."<sup id="cite_ref-ross_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ross-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Kristallnacht</i> has been referenced both explicitly and implicitly in countless cases of vandalism of Jewish property including the toppling of gravestones in a Jewish cemetery in suburban St. Louis, Missouri,<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two 2017 vandalisms of the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Holocaust_Memorial" title="New England Holocaust Memorial">New England Holocaust Memorial</a>, as the memorial's founder Steve Ross discusses in his book, <i>From Broken Glass: My Story of Finding Hope in Hitler's Death Camps to Inspire a New Generation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sri Lankan Finance Minister <a href="/wiki/Mangala_Samaraweera" title="Mangala Samaraweera">Mangala Samaraweera</a> also used the term to describe the violence in 2019 against Muslims by Sinhalese nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The actions of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> have been compared with <i>Kristallnacht</i>. On 10<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 2021, the former Governor of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a> gave a speech decrying the actions of President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and the <a href="/wiki/January_6_United_States_Capitol_attack" title="January 6 United States Capitol attack">attack he incited on the U.S. Capitol</a> on 6 January.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 2022, <a href="/wiki/KFC" title="KFC">KFC</a> app users in Germany were sent a message reading "It's memorial day for Kristallnacht! Treat yourself with more tender cheese on your crispy chicken." KFC issued an apology approximately an hour later, blaming the original message on an "error in our system".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Fortnite_Holocaust_Museum" title="Fortnite Holocaust Museum"><i>Fortnite</i> Holocaust Museum</a>, a virtual museum based inside the videogame <i><a href="/wiki/Fortnite" title="Fortnite">Fortnite</a></i>, is set to feature a display featuring the Kristallnacht.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 9 November 2024, the <i>Kristallnacht</i> anniversary, the only glatt kosher restaurant in Washington, D.C. had its windows smashed.<sup id="cite_ref-d320_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d320-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_riots" title="November 2024 Amsterdam riots">November 2024 Amsterdam riots</a> in the Netherlands have been compared to the <i>Kristallnacht</i>. On 7 November 2024, Jewish and Israeli supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv" title="Maccabi Tel Aviv">Maccabi Tel Aviv</a> football team were attacked by pro-Palestinian groups and local football attendees following that day's <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Europa League</a> match.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amsterdam attacks were internationally condemned. Many Jewish advocacy groups, such as the Combat Antisemitism Movement, the Orthodox Union, and the Jewish Fedaration, have called the November 2024 Amsterdam attacks a "modern-day <i>Kristallnacht</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Israeli Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a> condemned the attacks, noting that it took place just before the 86th anniversary of <i>Kristallnacht</i> and bore many similarities.<sup id="cite_ref-l161_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-l161-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names_for_Kristallnacht">Names for <i>Kristallnacht</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Names for Kristallnacht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The events of November 1938 have been given disparate names by the perpetrators, bystanders, victims, and historians. In the post-war years, the terms <i>Kristallnacht</i> and <i>Reichskristallnacht</i> became established in West Germany and abroad. In <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, the state typically referred to the events as "fascist pogrom night" (German: <i lang="de">"faschistische Pogromnacht"</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ja_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite speculation that the term was coined by the Nazis,<sup id="cite_ref-rbb_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbb-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there is no documented written use of the term before the end of World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many people later recalled the term being used at the time, leading historians to conclude the term originated from the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-ashkenaz_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ashkenaz-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dlf_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlf-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the late 1970s, alternative names for <i>Kristallnacht</i> were introduced as the "postwar generations began challenging their parents' sanitized version of history",<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the 1980s, the "harmless-sounding" term "<i>Kristallnacht</i>" began to be supplanted in the German-speaking world by several alternatives, such as <i>Reichspogromnacht</i>, <i>Novemberpogrome</i>, and <i>Novemberterror</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baumann_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baumann-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistically and historically, the term <i>Kristallnacht</i> is seen as problematic. It is widely seen as a euphemism that trivializes anti-Jewish violence,<sup id="cite_ref-rbb_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbb-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barkai_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barkai-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taz_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taz-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which avoids mentioning either the perpetrators or that the murders, looting, and arson were officially encouraged by the state.<sup id="cite_ref-jmb_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmb-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baumann_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baumann-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Focusing on "broken glass" places vandalism in the foreground and ignores the murders that were committed.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jmb_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmb-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Galinski" title="Heinz Galinski">Heinz Galinski</a>, the former president of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Council_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Central Council of Jews in Germany">Central Council of Jews in Germany</a>, criticized the term in 1978, stating "more than just glass was broken. People were killed."<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of the word "night" obscures the fact that much of the violence was committed in broad daylight, and the violence was not confined to a single night.<sup id="cite_ref-jmb_116-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jmb-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-blpb_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blpb-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">30,000 Jews arrested following <i>Kristallnacht</i></a> were still imprisoned in concentration camps months later. The term's unclear origins also suggest it originated from the German public and not the event's victims.<sup id="cite_ref-Freitag_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freitag-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no evidence has been found to confirm this, "<i>Kristallnacht</i>" is still perceived by many as a Nazi coinage.<sup id="cite_ref-rbb_109-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rbb-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Novemberpogrome</i> is today the dominant term, some historians and authors have also criticized the use of the term "<a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogrom</a>", as it incorporates associations that can be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivializing</a> the events.<sup id="cite_ref-ja_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ja-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-baumann_112-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baumann-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 13">: 13 </span></sup> The scale of <i>Kristallnacht</i> far outstripped any <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms in the Russian Empire</a>, which were local or regional events of spontaneous, lawless mass-violence against Jews and their property. These massacres were initiated by a local population with at most the tacit approval of the local authorities and police. In contrast, the events of <i>Kristallnacht</i> were centrally organized by the national government and systematically carried out across the country, a connotation which is missing from the word "pogrom".<sup id="cite_ref-baumann_112-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baumann-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "pogrom" also places the events in a context that suggests the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Holocaust was not unique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-taz_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taz-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the word "<i>Kristallnacht</i>" is established in other languages, and divergent vocabulary can add confusion and difficulty when communicating with researchers and people abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-toi_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toi-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 80th anniversary, the president of the <a href="/wiki/German_Historical_Museum" title="German Historical Museum">German Historical Museum</a> stated that there "will never be" an adequate name for the events of <i>Kristallnacht</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dlf2_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dlf2-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aktionsjuden" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktionsjuden">Aktionsjuden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Israel_Department_Store" title="Nathan Israel Department Store">Nathan Israel Department Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_9_in_German_history" class="mw-redirect" title="November 9 in German history">November 9 in German history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandau_Synagogue" title="Spandau Synagogue">Spandau Synagogue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Child_of_Our_Time" title="A Child of Our Time">A Child of Our Time</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Informational notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Windows of shops owned by Jews which were broken during a coordinated anti-Jewish demonstration in Berlin, known as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span>, on 10 November 1938. Nazi authorities turned a blind eye as SA stormtroopers and civilians destroyed storefronts with hammers, leaving the streets covered in pieces of smashed windows. Ninety-one Jews were killed, and 30,000 Jewish men were taken to concentration camps."<sup id="cite_ref-Atlantic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaum2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a> (20 December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht">"Kristallnacht"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190722230321/https://www.britannica.com/event/Kristallnacht">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span>, (German: "Crystal Night"), also called Night of Broken Glass or November Pogroms</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2018-12-20&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FKristallnacht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhuk-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhuk_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.holocaust.org.uk/the-november-pogrom-kristallnacht">"The November Pogrom (Kristallnacht)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beth_Shalom_Holocaust_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Shalom Holocaust Centre">Beth Shalom National Holocaust Centre and Museum</a>. 14 December 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190701231908/https://www.holocaust.org.uk/the-november-pogrom-kristallnacht">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>The November Pogrom also has another name, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span>, which means "Crystal Night". This Night of Crystal refers to the Night of Broken Glass...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+November+Pogrom+%28Kristallnacht%29&rft.pub=Beth+Shalom+National+Holocaust+Centre+and+Museum&rft.date=2016-12-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.holocaust.org.uk%2Fthe-november-pogrom-kristallnacht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toi-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toi_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2022" class="citation news cs1">Axelrod, Toby (9 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-germany-kristallnacht-goes-by-a-different-name-heres-why/">"In Germany, Kristallnacht goes by a different name. Here's why"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Times_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Times of Israel">Times of Israel</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=In+Germany%2C+Kristallnacht+goes+by+a+different+name.+Here%27s+why&rft.date=2022-11-09&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fin-germany-kristallnacht-goes-by-a-different-name-heres-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert42-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert42_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'German Mobs' Vengeance on Jews", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 11 November 1938, cited in <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2006">Gilbert 2006</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book-on-grynszpan-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book-on-grynszpan_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwab1990" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, Gerald (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdFtAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Day the Holocaust Began: The Odyssey of Herschel Grynszpan</i></a>. Praeger. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275935764" title="Special:BookSources/9780275935764"><bdi>9780275935764</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606081800/https://books.google.com/books?id=jdFtAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2016</span>. <q>...vom Rath joined the NSDAP (Nazi party) on July 14, 1932, well before Hitler's ascent to power</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Holocaust+Began%3A+The+Odyssey+of+Herschel+Grynszpan&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780275935764&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdFtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert13_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert13_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2006">Gilbert 2006</a>, pp. 13–14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Evans_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J (2006). "Chapter 25". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_in_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich in Power">The Third Reich in Power</a></i>. New York: Penguin. <q>Social Democratic agents later estimated that 520 synagogues were destroyed in this orgy of violence, but their information is likely to have been incomplete, and the true figure well over a thousand.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+25&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berenbaum2005p49-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Berenbaum2005p49_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBerenbaumKramerArnold2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berenbaum" title="Michael Berenbaum">Berenbaum, Michael</a>; Kramer; Arnold (2005). <i>The World Must Know</i>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. p. 49.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Must+Know&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Berenbaum&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Kramer&rft.au=Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert30-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert30_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2006">Gilbert 2006</a>, pp. 30–33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation news cs1">Taylor, Alan (19 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150107062250/http://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089">"World War II: Before the War"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/infocus/2011/06/world-war-ii-before-the-war/100089/">the original</a> on 7 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=World+War+II%3A+Before+the+War&rft.date=2011-06-19&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finfocus%2F2011%2F06%2Fworld-war-ii-before-the-war%2F100089%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert41-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert41_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Black Day for Germany", <i>The Times</i>, 11 November 1938, cited in <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2006">Gilbert 2006</a>, p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/kn6-damages-death/">"Kristallnacht: Damages and Death"</a>. <i>Holocaust Denial On Trial</i>. Emory University. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122074141/https://www.hdot.org/debunking-denial/kn6-damages-death/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+Denial+On+Trial&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht%3A+Damages+and+Death&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdot.org%2Fdebunking-denial%2Fkn6-damages-death%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSonneckHirnspergerMundschütz2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sonneck, Gernot; Hirnsperger, Hans; Mundschütz, Reinhard (2012). "Suizid und Suizidprävention 1938-1945 in Wien [Suicide and suicide prevention in Vienna from 1938 to 1945]". <i>Neuropsychiatrie</i> (in German). <b>26</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">111–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs40211-012-0032-8">10.1007/s40211-012-0032-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23055305">23055305</a>. <q>In Vienna, the number of suicides also increased significantly until 1939: 1,358 suicides in 1938 (more than half of them by Jews); in 1939, there were significantly fewer with 1,045 suicides. These were suicide rates (number of suicides per 100,000) of 73 and 56 respectively - in comparison, in 2008 there were 189 suicides in Vienna, thus a suicide rate of 11.2 (Fig. 1). The suicide problem was very prevalent - alone on the "Reichskristallnacht" - 9/10. November 1938 - 680 Jews in Austria died by suicide.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuropsychiatrie&rft.atitle=Suizid+und+Suizidpr%C3%A4vention+1938-1945+in+Wien+%5BSuicide+and+suicide+prevention+in+Vienna+from+1938+to+1945%5D&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs40211-012-0032-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23055305&rft.aulast=Sonneck&rft.aufirst=Gernot&rft.au=Hirnsperger%2C+Hans&rft.au=Mundsch%C3%BCtz%2C+Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson_1998-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_1998_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_1998_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMultiple1998" class="citation book cs1">Multiple (1998). "Kristallnacht". <i>The Hutchinson Encyclopedia</i>. Hutchinson Encyclopedias (18th ed.). London: Helicon. p. 1,199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85833-951-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-85833-951-0"><bdi>1-85833-951-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht&rft.btitle=The+Hutchinson+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.series=Hutchinson+Encyclopedias&rft.pages=1%2C199&rft.edition=18th&rft.pub=Helicon&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85833-951-0&rft.au=Multiple&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldstein, Joseph (1995). <i>Jewish History in Modern Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sussex_Academic_Press" title="Sussex Academic Press">Sussex Academic Press</a>. pp. 43–44. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-06-6">978-1-898723-06-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrueman,_Chris" class="citation web cs1">Trueman, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Nazi_Germany_dictatorship.htm">"Nazi Germany – dictatorship"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080306183157/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/Nazi_Germany_dictatorship.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+%E2%80%93+dictatorship&rft.au=Trueman%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historylearningsite.co.uk%2FNazi_Germany_dictatorship.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm">"Hitler's Enabling Act"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509145956/http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/enabling.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Enabling+Act&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyplace.com%2Fworldwar2%2Ftimeline%2Fenabling.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gilbert23-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gilbert23_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilbert2006">Gilbert 2006</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooper1992" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, R.M. (1992). <i>Refugee Scholars: Conversations with Tess Simpson</i>. Leeds: Moorland Publishing. p. 31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Refugee+Scholars%3A+Conversations+with+Tess+Simpson&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Moorland+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=R.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/introduction-to-the-holocaust">"Introduction to the Holocaust"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201184325/http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005143">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Holocaust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fintroduction-to-the-holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Manchester Guardian</i>, 23 May 1936, cited in A.J. Sherman, <i>Island Refuge, Britain and the Refugees from the Third Reich, 1933–1939</i>, (London, Elek Books Ltd, 1973), p. 112, also in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianactionforisrael.org/antiholo/evian/evian.html"><i>The Evian Conference — Hitler's Green Light for Genocide</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827082632/http://christianactionforisrael.org/antiholo/evian/evian.html">Archived</a> 27 August 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, by Annette Shaw</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, Eric. <i>The Nazi Terror: Gestapo, Jews and Ordinary Germans</i>. United States: Basic Books, 1999, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Friedl%C3%A4nder" title="Saul Friedländer">Friedländer, Saul</a> (1997). <i>Nazi Germany and The Jews</i>. Vol. The Years of Persecution 1933–1939. London: Phoenix. p. 270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+The+Jews&rft.place=London&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yadvashem1997-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yadvashem1997_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yadvashem1997_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMommsen1997" class="citation web cs1">Mommsen, Hans (12 December 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203850.pdf">"Interview with Hans Mommsen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Yad Vashem. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120716185846/http://www1.yadvashem.org/odot_pdf/Microsoft%20Word%20-%203850.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 16 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Hans+Mommsen&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft.date=1997-12-12&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fodot_pdf%2FMicrosoft%2520Word%2520-%25203850.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Georg Landauer to Martin Rosenbluth, 8 February 1938, cited in Friedländer, loc. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/polenaktion-und-pogrome-1938-prolog-zum-holocaust-a-1234650.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Polenaktion' und Pogrome 1938 – "Jetzt rast der Volkszorn. Laufen lassen"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i> (in German). 29 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330023035/http://www.spiegel.de/einestages/polenaktion-und-pogrome-1938-prolog-zum-holocaust-a-1234650.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=%27Polenaktion%27+und+Pogrome+1938+%E2%80%93+%22Jetzt+rast+der+Volkszorn.+Laufen+lassen%22&rft.date=2018-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Feinestages%2Fpolenaktion-und-pogrome-1938-prolog-zum-holocaust-a-1234650.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCorb2020" class="citation journal cs1">Corb, Noam (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/45675677">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"From Tears Come Rivers, from Rivers Come Oceans, from Oceans -a Flood": The Polenaktion, 1938-1939"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem Studies</i>. <b>48</b>: <span class="nowrap">21–</span>69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Studies&rft.atitle=%22From+Tears+Come+Rivers%2C+from+Rivers+Come+Oceans%2C+from+Oceans+-a+Flood%22%3A+The+Polenaktion%2C+1938-1939&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Corb&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F45675677&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523104122/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3531693.ece">"Expelled Jews' Dark Outlook"</a>. <i>Newspaper article</i>. London: The Times. 1 November 1938. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3531693.ece">the original</a> on 23 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newspaper+article&rft.atitle=Expelled+Jews%27+Dark+Outlook&rft.date=1938-11-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle3531693.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Recollections of Rosalind Herzfeld," <i>Jewish Chronicle,</i> 28 September 1979, p. 80; cited in Gilbert, <i>The Holocaust—The Jewish Tragedy</i>, London: William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hannah Arendt, <i>Eichmann in Jerusalem</i>, p. 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSA-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSA_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German State Archives, <a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, quoted in Rita Thalmann and Emmanuel Feinermann, <i>Crystal night, 9–10 November 1938</i>, pp. 33, 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William L. Shirer, <i>The Rise And Fall of the Third Reich</i>, p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchwab1990" class="citation book cs1">Schwab, Gerald (1990). <i>The Day the Holocaust Began</i>. New York: Praeger. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Day+the+Holocaust+Began&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Schwab&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2001" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (30 October 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/31/humanities.research">"Did gay affair provide a catalyst for Kristallnacht?"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825201655/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/31/humanities.research">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2013. <q>On November 7, 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Jew, walked into the German embassy in Paris and shot Ernst vom Rath, a German diplomat. Nazi propagandists condemned the shooting as a terrorist attack to further the cause of the Jewish 'world revolution' and launched the series of attacks known as <i>Kristallnacht</i>. Vom Rath and Grynszpan met in Le Boeuf sur le Toit bar, a popular haunt for gay men in the autumn of 1938 and became intimate.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Did+gay+affair+provide+a+catalyst+for+Kristallnacht%3F&rft.date=2001-10-30&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2001%2Foct%2F31%2Fhumanities.research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nazis Planning Revenge on Jews", <i>News Chronicle</i>, 9 November 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1938-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT1938_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Nazis Smash, Loot and Burn Jewish Shops and Temples Until Goebbels Calls Halt", <i>New York Times</i>, 11 November 1938</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedländer, op.cit., p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Walter Buch to Goring, 13.2.1939, Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen, Vol.12, p. 582 as cited in Friedländer, p. 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graml, Anti-Semitism, p. 13 cited in Friedländer, op.cit., p 272</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170807232350/http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394829">"Heydrich's secret instructions regarding the riots in November 1938"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motlc.wiesenthal.com/site/pp.asp?c=gvKVLcMVIuG&b=394829">the original</a> on 7 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Simon+Wiesenthal+Center&rft.atitle=Heydrich%27s+secret+instructions+regarding+the+riots+in+November+1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotlc.wiesenthal.com%2Fsite%2Fpp.asp%3Fc%3DgvKVLcMVIuG%26b%3D394829&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchnabel1957" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, Reimund (1957). <i>Macht ohne Moral</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht+-+Night+of+Broken+Glass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.germannotes.com%2Fhist_ww2_kristallnacht.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span>, retrieved 26 November 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201">"Kristallnacht"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518065409/https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005201">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht&rft.pub=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-kristallnacht-luege/">"Die "Kristallnacht"-Lüge - Die Ereignisse vom 9./10. November 1938 | ZbE"</a>. <i>www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de</i>. 26 October 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181109234714/https://www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de/die-kristallnacht-luege/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de&rft.atitle=Die+%22Kristallnacht%22-L%C3%BCge+-+Die+Ereignisse+vom+9.%2F10.+November+1938+%26%23124%3B+ZbE&rft.date=2004-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zukunft-braucht-erinnerung.de%2Fdie-kristallnacht-luege%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.yadvashem.org/en/photos/57659">"The deportation of Regensburg Jews to Dachau concentration camp"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> Photo Archives 57659</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006155005/http://www.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/kristallnacht/kristallnacht_photo2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Photo+Archives+57659&rft.atitle=The+deportation+of+Regensburg+Jews+to+Dachau+concentration+camp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.yadvashem.org%2Fen%2Fphotos%2F57659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucas, Eric. "The sovereigns", Kibbutz Kfar Blum (Palestine), 1945, p. 171 cited in Gilbert, op.cit., p 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carleton Greene, Hugh. <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 11 November 1938 cited in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.vnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/berlin/lectures/17TheRoadtoWar.html">"The Road to World War II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231711/http://mars.vnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/berlin/lectures/17TheRoadtoWar.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Western New England College.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.vnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/berlin/lectures/17TheRoadtoWar.html">"The Road to World War II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231711/http://mars.vnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/berlin/lectures/17TheRoadtoWar.html">Archived</a> 30 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Western New England College.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930231711/http://mars.vnet.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/berlin/lectures/17TheRoadtoWar.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kold-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kold_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kold_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090710200115/http://www.kold.com/Global/story.asp?S=8269951&nav=14RT">"Kristallnacht Remembered"</a>. www.kold.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kold.com/Global/story.asp?S=8269951&nav=14RT">the original</a> on 10 July 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht+Remembered&rft.pub=www.kold.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kold.com%2FGlobal%2Fstory.asp%3FS%3D8269951%26nav%3D14RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Our German Cousins: Anglo-German Relations in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i> (1974) by John Mander, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Döscher, Hans-Jürgen (2000). <i>"Reichskristallnacht" – Die Novemberpogrome 1938</i> ("'Reichskristallnacht': The November pogroms of 1938"), Econ, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-612-26753-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-612-26753-1">3-612-26753-1</a>, p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Conot, Robert. <i>Justice at Nuremberg</i>, New York, NY: Harper and Row, 1983, pp. 164–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Histories__Narratives__Documen/Documents_from_the_Holocaust/Post-Kristallnacht_Document/post-kristallnacht_document.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"JudenVermoegersabgabe" (The Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060421030509/http://www.chgs.umn.edu/Histories__Narratives__Documen/Documents_from_the_Holocaust/Post-Kristallnacht_Document/post-kristallnacht_document.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22JudenVermoegersabgabe%22+%28The+Center+for+Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chgs.umn.edu%2FHistories__Narratives__Documen%2FDocuments_from_the_Holocaust%2FPost-Kristallnacht_Document%2Fpost-kristallnacht_document.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Raul_Hilberg" title="Raul Hilberg">Raul Hilberg</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_the_European_Jews" title="The Destruction of the European Jews">The Destruction of the European Jews</a></i>, Third Edition, (Yale Univ. Press, 2003, c1961), Ch.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016678-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016678_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUllrich2016">Ullrich 2016</a>, p. 678.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/kristallnacht/frame.htm">Jewish emigration from Germany</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512053328/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/online/kristallnacht/frame.htm">Archived</a> 12 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (USHMM)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2008" class="citation news cs1">Connolly, Kate (22 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/22/secondworldwar-germany">"Kristallnacht remnants unearthed near Berlin"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903092646/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/oct/22/secondworldwar-germany">Archived</a> from the original on 3 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht+remnants+unearthed+near+Berlin&rft.date=2008-10-22&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2008%2Foct%2F22%2Fsecondworldwar-germany&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scheer, Regina (1993). "I'm Revier 16 (In precinct No. 16)". Die Hackeschen Höfe. Geschichte und Geschichten Feiner Lebenswelt in der Mitte Berlins (Gesellschaft Hackesche Höfe e.V. (ed.), pp. 78 ed.). Berlin: Argon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87024-254-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-87024-254-X">3-87024-254-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilbert, op. cit., p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Arthur Flehinger, "Flames of Fury", <i>Jewish Chronicle</i>, 9 November 1979, p. 27, cited in Gilbert, loc. cit.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distillations-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Distillations_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRinde2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Rinde, Meir (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-history-of-violence">"A History of Violence"</a>. <i>Distillations</i>. Vol. 3, no. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418230752/https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/a-history-of-violence">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Distillations&rft.atitle=A+History+of+Violence&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Rinde&rft.aufirst=Meir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fdistillations%2Fmagazine%2Fa-history-of-violence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12062109">"NEW CAMPAIGN AGAINST JEWS NAZI OUTBREAKS"</a>. <i>Argus</i>. 11 November 1938. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210606081803/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/12062109">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2017</span> – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Argus&rft.atitle=NEW+CAMPAIGN+AGAINST+JEWS+NAZI+OUTBREAKS&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1938-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article12062109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davidson-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-davidson_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-davidson_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1996" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Eugene (1996). <i>The Unmaking of Adolf Hitler</i>. Columbia: University of Missouri Press. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1045-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1045-6"><bdi>978-0-8262-1045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Unmaking+of+Adolf+Hitler&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1045-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 12 November 1938. Cited in Gilbert, Martin. <i>Kristallnacht: Prelude to Destruction</i>. HarperCollins, 2006, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg">"Dr. Goebbels Explains"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. 11 November 1938. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150912163945/http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/pictures/2013/11/8/1383904706426/goebbels-001.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Dr.+Goebbels+Explains&rft.date=1938-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstatic.guim.co.uk%2Fsys-images%2FGuardian%2FPix%2Fpictures%2F2013%2F11%2F8%2F1383904706426%2Fgoebbels-001.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Claudius1948" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Claudius, Michael (1948). <i>Der Antisemitismus und das deutsche Verhangnis</i>. Frankfurt: J. Knecht. pp. <span class="nowrap">76–</span>77, <span class="nowrap">175–</span>176.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Antisemitismus+und+das+deutsche+Verhangnis&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E77%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=J.+Knecht&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Claudius&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984263–264-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984263–264_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, pp. 263–264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984266_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984159-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984159_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984156-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984156_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984157-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984157_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984176-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984176_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, p. 176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180,_207-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984180,_207_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, pp. 180, 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984175–179,_215-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984175–179,_215_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, pp. 175–179, 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordon1984251,_252,_258,_259_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordon1984">Gordon 1984</a>, pp. 251, 252, 258, 259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bernd Nellessen, "Die schweigende Kirche: Katholiken und Judenverfolgung", in Büttner (ed) Die Deutschen und die Judenverfolgung im Dritten Reich, p. 265, cited in Daniel Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners (Vintage, 1997).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diarmaid_MacCulloch" title="Diarmaid MacCulloch">Diarmaid MacCulloch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Reformation:_Europe%27s_House_Divided,_1490-1700" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700">Reformation: Europe's House Divided, 1490-1700</a></i>. New York: Penguin Books Ltd, 2004, pp. 666–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016676-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEUllrich2016676_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFUllrich2016">Ullrich 2016</a>, p. 676.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiskin2010" class="citation web cs1">Miskin, Maayana (8 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/news.aspx/138896">"Yad Vashem to Honor Aborigine"</a>. Israel National News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314174255/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/138896">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yad+Vashem+to+Honor+Aborigine&rft.pub=Israel+National+News&rft.date=2010-02-08&rft.aulast=Miskin&rft.aufirst=Maayana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2Fnews.aspx%2F138896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elclarin.cl/fpa/pdf/p_020605.pdf">"Telegram protesting against the persecution of Jews in Germany"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). El Clarín de Chile's. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811073713/http://www.elclarin.cl/fpa/pdf/p_020605.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 August 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telegram+protesting+against+the+persecution+of+Jews+in+Germany&rft.pub=El+Clar%C3%ADn+de+Chile%27s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elclarin.cl%2Ffpa%2Fpdf%2Fp_020605.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLewis2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lewis, Geraint (May 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/69100?docPos=1">"Tippett, Sir Michael Kemp"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69100">10.1093/ref:odnb/69100</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tippett%2C+Sir+Michael+Kemp&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F69100&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Geraint&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2F69100%3FdocPos%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFÅsbrink2019" class="citation news cs1">Åsbrink, Elisabeth (14 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/may/14/sweden-far-right-wartime-past">"The Swedish dream was always too good to be true. And now the far right is back"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Swedish+dream+was+always+too+good+to+be+true.+And+now+the+far+right+is+back&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.aulast=%C3%85sbrink&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fmay%2F14%2Fsweden-far-right-wartime-past&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novemberpogrom1938.at/en/taeterkreis/nachkriegsjustiz/">"Post-War Justice – Sites of the Novemberpogrom 1938 in Innsbruck"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Post-War+Justice+%E2%80%93+Sites+of+the+Novemberpogrom+1938+in+Innsbruck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.novemberpogrom1938.at%2Fen%2Ftaeterkreis%2Fnachkriegsjustiz%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_85-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinweis2009" class="citation book cs1">Steinweis, Alan E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnacht19300stei/page/3"><i>Kristallnacht 1938</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnacht19300stei/page/3">3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674036239" title="Special:BookSources/9780674036239"><bdi>9780674036239</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht+1938&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780674036239&rft.aulast=Steinweis&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkristallnacht19300stei%2Fpage%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Krefeld-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Krefeld_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrefeld1988" class="citation book cs1">Krefeld, Stadt (1988). <i>Ehemalige Krefelder Juden berichten uber ihre Erlebnisse in der sogenannten Reichskristallnacht</i>. Krefelder Juden in Amerika. Vol. 3. Cited in Johnson, Eric. Krefeld Stadt Archiv: Basic Books. p. 117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ehemalige+Krefelder+Juden+berichten+uber+ihre+Erlebnisse+in+der+sogenannten+Reichskristallnacht&rft.place=Krefeld+Stadt+Archiv&rft.series=Krefelder+Juden+in+Amerika&rft.pages=117&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Krefeld&rft.aufirst=Stadt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlexander2009" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Jeffrey (2009). <i>Remembering the Holocaust: A Debate</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195326222" title="Special:BookSources/9780195326222"><bdi>9780195326222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Debate&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780195326222&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFrum2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Frum" title="David Frum">Frum, David</a> (9 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/eighty-years-after-kristallnacht/575410/">"The Day of Fate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Day+of+Fate&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft.aulast=Frum&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Feighty-years-after-kristallnacht%2F575410%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeth_Rogovoy2001" class="citation web cs1">Seth Rogovoy (20 April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080509101004/http://www.berkshireweb.com/rogovoy/interviews/feat010420.html">"Gary Lucas: Action guitarist"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkshire Eagle">Berkshire Eagle</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkshireweb.com/rogovoy/interviews/feat010420.html">the original</a> on 9 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2008</span>. <q>A knowing reference to Arnold Schoenberg's "Verklarte Nacht", the piece ironically juxtaposed the Israeli national anthem, "Hatikvah," with phrases from "Deutschland Uber Alles," amid wild electronic shrieks and noise. The next day the papers ran a picture of Lucas with the triumphant headline, "It is Lucas!"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gary+Lucas%3A+Action+guitarist&rft.pub=Berkshire+Eagle&rft.date=2001-04-20&rft.au=Seth+Rogovoy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berkshireweb.com%2Frogovoy%2Finterviews%2Ffeat010420.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbert_Gore1989" class="citation news cs1">Abert Gore (19 March 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/19/opinion/an-ecological-kristallnacht-listen.html">"An Ecological Kristallnacht. Listen"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403005451/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/19/opinion/an-ecological-kristallnacht-listen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>Scientists now predict our current course will raise world temperatures five degrees Celsius in our lifetimes</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=An+Ecological+Kristallnacht.+Listen.&rft.date=1989-03-19&rft.au=Abert+Gore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F03%2F19%2Fopinion%2Fan-ecological-kristallnacht-listen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bap.de/songtext/kristallnaach/">"BAP Songtexte (German)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080523191733/http://www.bap.de/musik_songtexte.php">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Progressive+Kristallnacht+Coming%3F&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304549504579316913982034286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeissman2014" class="citation news cs1">Weissman, Jordan (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/millionaire-apologizes-for-comparing-progressives-to-nazis-says-his-watch-is-worth-a-6-pack-of-rolexes/283391/">"Millionaire Apologizes for Comparing Progressives to Nazis, Says His Watch Is Worth a '6-Pack of Rolexes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626152631/https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/millionaire-apologizes-for-comparing-progressives-to-nazis-says-his-watch-is-worth-a-6-pack-of-rolexes/283391/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Millionaire+Apologizes+for+Comparing+Progressives+to+Nazis%2C+Says+His+Watch+Is+Worth+a+%276-Pack+of+Rolexes%27&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.aulast=Weissman&rft.aufirst=Jordan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fbusiness%2Farchive%2F2014%2F01%2Fmillionaire-apologizes-for-comparing-progressives-to-nazis-says-his-watch-is-worth-a-6-pack-of-rolexes%2F283391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Rob2014" class="citation news cs1">Williams, Rob (26 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billionaire-venture-capitalist-thomas-perkins-ridiculed-after-writing-letter-comparing-the-treatment-of-rich-americans-to-the-holocaust-9086096.html">"Tom Perkins: Billionaire venture capitalist ridiculed after writing letter comparing the treatment of rich Americans to the Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925182210/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/billionaire-venture-capitalist-thomas-perkins-ridiculed-after-writing-letter-comparing-the-treatment-of-rich-americans-to-the-holocaust-9086096.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Tom+Perkins%3A+Billionaire+venture+capitalist+ridiculed+after+writing+letter+comparing+the+treatment+of+rich+Americans+to+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2014-01-26&rft.au=Williams%2C+Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbillionaire-venture-capitalist-thomas-perkins-ridiculed-after-writing-letter-comparing-the-treatment-of-rich-americans-to-the-holocaust-9086096.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ross-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ross_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ross_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2014" class="citation news cs1">Ross, Philip (27 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/tom-perkins-responds-nazi-germany-1-percent-criticism-says-kristallnacht-was-terrible-word-have">"Tom Perkins Responds To Nazi Germany And 1 Percent Criticism, Says Kristallnacht Was 'Terrible Word To Have Chosen'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126134524/http://www.ibtimes.com/tom-perkins-responds-nazi-germany-1-percent-criticism-says-kristallnacht-was-terrible-word-have">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Tom+Perkins+Responds+To+Nazi+Germany+And+1+Percent+Criticism%2C+Says+Kristallnacht+Was+%27Terrible+Word+To+Have+Chosen%27&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Ftom-perkins-responds-nazi-germany-1-percent-criticism-says-kristallnacht-was-terrible-word-have&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/St-Louis-Jewish-cemetery-rededicated-after-gravestones-toppled-by-vandals-501808">"St. Louis Jewish cemetery rededicated after gravestones toppled by vandals"</a>. <i>Jerusalem Post</i>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">JTA</a>. 7 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180822003449/https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/St-Louis-Jewish-cemetery-rededicated-after-gravestones-toppled-by-vandals-501808">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=St.+Louis+Jewish+cemetery+rededicated+after+gravestones+toppled+by+vandals&rft.date=2017-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FDiaspora%2FSt-Louis-Jewish-cemetery-rededicated-after-gravestones-toppled-by-vandals-501808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVaccaro2017" class="citation web cs1">Vaccaro, Adam (14 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/14/holocaust-memorial-boston-damaged-for-second-time-this-summer/ujYan70j3kXzFWS3TGcZ0J/story.html">"Holocaust Memorial in Boston damaged for second time this summer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180626030724/https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2017/08/14/holocaust-memorial-boston-damaged-for-second-time-this-summer/ujYan70j3kXzFWS3TGcZ0J/story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Holocaust+Memorial+in+Boston+damaged+for+second+time+this+summer&rft.date=2017-08-14&rft.aulast=Vaccaro&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bostonglobe.com%2Fmetro%2F2017%2F08%2F14%2Fholocaust-memorial-boston-damaged-for-second-time-this-summer%2FujYan70j3kXzFWS3TGcZ0J%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economynext.com/finance-minister-slams-judenboykott-kristallnacht-re-enaction-against-muslims-in-sri-lanka-14165/">"Finance minister slams Judenboykott, Kristallnacht re-enaction against Muslims in Sri Lanka"</a>. <i>economynext.com</i>. 24 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/arts-entertainment/2021/01/10/arnold-schwarzenegger-twitter-speech-capitol-nazis/">the original</a> on 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Schwarzenegger+compares+Capitol+mob+violence+to+Kristallnacht+destruction+by+Nazis+in+viral+video&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farts-entertainment%2F2021%2F01%2F10%2Farnold-schwarzenegger-twitter-speech-capitol-nazis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPengelly2021" class="citation news cs1">Pengelly, Martin (10 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210111174640/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/10/capitol-riot-schwarzenegger-rebukes-trump-kristallnacht">"Schwarzenegger rebukes Trump and compares Capitol riot to Kristallnacht"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2021/jan/10/capitol-riot-schwarzenegger-rebukes-trump-kristallnacht">the original</a> on 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Schwarzenegger+rebukes+Trump+and+compares+Capitol+riot+to+Kristallnacht&rft.date=2021-01-10&rft.aulast=Pengelly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2021%2Fjan%2F10%2Fcapitol-riot-schwarzenegger-rebukes-trump-kristallnacht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-63499057">"KFC apologises after German Kristallnacht promotion"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 10 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Virtual+Holocaust+museum+to+be+launched+in+Fortnite&rft.date=2023-08-03&rft.aulast=Gillott&rft.aufirst=Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Fvirtual-holocaust-museum-to-be-launched-in-fortnite-51yR6RpobSfpHOpN7EiZ5z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d320-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-d320_104-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelnationalnews.com/news/398904">"DC's only kosher restaurant's restaurant smashed on anniversary of Kristallnacht"</a>. <i>israelnationalnews.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+bans+protests+after+%27antisemitic+squads%27+attack+Israeli+soccer+fans&rft.date=2024-11-10&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Meijer%2C+Bart+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fisraels-pm-aware-very-violent-incident-against-israelis-amsterdam-his-office-2024-11-08%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoskowitzGreyman-Kennard2024" class="citation web cs1">Moskowitz, Sarah; Greyman-Kennard, Danielle (8 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/diaspora/antisemitism/article-828122">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'This is what globalize the intifada looks like': Global leaders react to Amsterdam pogrom"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=%27This+is+what+globalize+the+intifada+looks+like%27%3A+Global+leaders+react+to+Amsterdam+pogrom&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Moskowitz&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Greyman-Kennard%2C+Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fdiaspora%2Fantisemitism%2Farticle-828122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-l161-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-l161_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoztasRankinBurke2024" class="citation web cs1">Boztas, Senay; Rankin, Jennifer; Burke, Jason (8 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2024/nov/08/israel-sends-rescue-planes-football-fans-reportedly-attacked-amsterdam">"Amsterdam police arrest more than 60 people after attacks on Israeli football fans"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Amsterdam+police+arrest+more+than+60+people+after+attacks+on+Israeli+football+fans&rft.date=2024-11-08&rft.aulast=Boztas&rft.aufirst=Senay&rft.au=Rankin%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Burke%2C+Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2024%2Fnov%2F08%2Fisrael-sends-rescue-planes-football-fans-reportedly-attacked-amsterdam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ja-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ja_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ja_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2017" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krauss, Martin (7 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.juedische-allgemeine.de/politik/nachdenken-ueber-einen-begriff/">"Warum sowohl das Wort 'Kristallnacht' als auch 'Reichspogromnacht' problematisch ist"</a> [Why the words 'Kristallnacht' and 'Reichspogromnacht' are both problematic]. <i>Jüdische Allgemeine</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J%C3%BCdische+Allgemeine&rft.atitle=Warum+sowohl+das+Wort+%27Kristallnacht%27+als+auch+%27Reichspogromnacht%27+problematisch+ist&rft.date=2017-11-07&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.juedische-allgemeine.de%2Fpolitik%2Fnachdenken-ueber-einen-begriff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rbb-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rbb_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbb_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rbb_109-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchirmer2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schirmer, Matthias (1 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbb24.de/politik/thema/2019/pogromnacht/beitraege/kristallnacht-pogrom-reichskristallnacht-begriffsklaerung-.html">"Von der 'Kristallnacht' zum 'Novemberterror'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [From 'Kristallnacht' to 'Novemberterror']. <i><a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_Berlin-Brandenburg" title="Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg">Rundfunk Berlin-Brandenburg</a></i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rundfunk+Berlin-Brandenburg&rft.atitle=Von+der+%27Kristallnacht%27+zum+%27Novemberterror%27&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.aulast=Schirmer&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbb24.de%2Fpolitik%2Fthema%2F2019%2Fpogromnacht%2Fbeitraege%2Fkristallnacht-pogrom-reichskristallnacht-begriffsklaerung-.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ashkenaz-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ashkenaz_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071130011301/http://www.ashkenazhouse.org/kndefger.htm">"Kristallnacht-Definition: Reichskristallnacht – Novemberpogrome 1938"</a>. <i>Ashkenaz House</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ashkenazhouse.org/kndefger.htm">the original</a> on 30 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ashkenaz+House&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht-Definition%3A+Reichskristallnacht+%E2%80%93+Novemberpogrome+1938&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ashkenazhouse.org%2Fkndefger.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dlf-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dlf_111-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/nachgefragt-warum-ist-der-begriff-kristallnacht-verschwunden-100.html">"Nachgefragt - Warum ist der Begriff 'Kristallnacht' verschwunden?"</a> [Enquiry - Why has the term 'Kristallnacht' disappeared?]. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a></i> (in German). 9 November 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Nachgefragt+-+Warum+ist+der+Begriff+%27Kristallnacht%27+verschwunden%3F&rft.date=2018-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fnachgefragt-warum-ist-der-begriff-kristallnacht-verschwunden-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-baumann-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-baumann_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumann_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumann_112-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-baumann_112-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaumannGuesnet2019" class="citation book cs1">Baumann, Ulrich; Guesnet, François (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10090237/1/BAUMANN-GUESNET_FG_2019_07_22.pdf">"Kristallnacht—Pogrom—State Terror: A Terminological Reflection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Ross, Steven J.; Gruner, Wolf; Ansell, Lisa (eds.). <i>New Perspectives on Kristallnacht</i>. The Jewish Role in American Life: An Annual Review. Purdue University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvh9w1k7.5">10.2307/j.ctvh9w1k7.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557538703" title="Special:BookSources/9781557538703"><bdi>9781557538703</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvh9w1k7.5">j.ctvh9w1k7.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203539580">203539580</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht%E2%80%94Pogrom%E2%80%94State+Terror%3A+A+Terminological+Reflection&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Kristallnacht&rft.series=The+Jewish+Role+in+American+Life%3A+An+Annual+Review&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvh9w1k7.5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203539580%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvh9w1k7.5%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=9781557538703&rft.aulast=Baumann&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Guesnet%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.ucl.ac.uk%2Fid%2Feprint%2F10090237%2F1%2FBAUMANN-GUESNET_FG_2019_07_22.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.erinnern.at/gedaechtnisorte-gedenkstaetten/gedenktage/9-10-november">"9./10. November: Pogrome gegen die jüdische Bevölkerung"</a> [9/10 November: Pogroms Against the Jewish Populace]. <i>erinnern.at</i> (in Austrian German). Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Research" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Research">Ministry of Education, Science and Research</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=erinnern.at&rft.atitle=9.%2F10.+November%3A+Pogrome+gegen+die+j%C3%BCdische+Bev%C3%B6lkerung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.erinnern.at%2Fgedaechtnisorte-gedenkstaetten%2Fgedenktage%2F9-10-november&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barkai-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barkai_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarkai1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Barkai" title="Avraham Barkai">Barkai, Avraham</a> (1988). "Schicksalsjahr 1938. Kontinuität und Verschärfung der wirtschaftlichen Ausplünderung der Juden". In Pehle, Walter H. (ed.). <i>Der Judenpogrom 1938: Von der 'Reichskristallnacht' zum Völkermord</i>. Frankfurt am Main: Fischer. p. 113. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-10-403433-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-10-403433-1"><bdi>978-3-10-403433-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schicksalsjahr+1938.+Kontinuit%C3%A4t+und+Versch%C3%A4rfung+der+wirtschaftlichen+Auspl%C3%BCnderung+der+Juden&rft.btitle=Der+Judenpogrom+1938%3A+Von+der+%27Reichskristallnacht%27+zum+V%C3%B6lkermord&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.pages=113&rft.pub=Fischer&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-10-403433-1&rft.aulast=Barkai&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taz-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taz_115-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-taz_115-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNoack1988" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Noack, Barbara (7 November 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taz.de/Reichskristallnacht---ein-Euphemismus/!1832273/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Reichskristallnacht' - ein Euphemismus"</a> ['Reichskristallnacht' - A Euphemism]. <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a></i> (in German). p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Tageszeitung&rft.atitle=%27Reichskristallnacht%27+-+ein+Euphemismus&rft.pages=18&rft.date=1988-11-07&rft.aulast=Noack&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftaz.de%2FReichskristallnacht---ein-Euphemismus%2F%211832273%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jmb-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jmb_116-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmb_116-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jmb_116-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jmberlin.de/en/topic-9-november-1938">"9 November 1938/'Kristallnacht'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Jewish Museum Berlin</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Museum+Berlin&rft.atitle=9+November+1938%2F%27Kristallnacht%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jmberlin.de%2Fen%2Ftopic-9-november-1938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blpb-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-blpb_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de/lexikon/reichspogromnacht">"Reichspogromnacht"</a>. <i>Brandenburg State Center for Civic Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brandenburg+State+Center+for+Civic+Education&rft.atitle=Reichspogromnacht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politische-bildung-brandenburg.de%2Flexikon%2Freichspogromnacht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freitag-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Freitag_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2002" class="citation news cs1">Schmid, Harald (8 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freitag.de/autoren/harald-schmid/sprachstreit-im-novemberland">"Sprachstreit im Novemberland"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Freitag" title="Der Freitag">Der Freitag</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2023</span>. <q>Schon am zehnten Jahrestag 1948 kritisierte die 'Notgemeinschaft der durch die Nürnberger Gesetze Betroffenen' (eine heute in der Öffentlichkeit fast vergessene Verfolgtenorganisation): 'Ehe es soweit ist, dass sich dieses falsche Wort im allgemeinen Sprachgebrauch so eingebürgert hat, dass es nicht mehr wegzubringen ist, möchten wir darauf hinweisen, welche Entstellung mit der Benutzung dieses Wortes verbunden ist. Das Wort "Kristallnacht" ist nicht von den früher Verfolgten erdacht und in den Sprachgebrauch gebracht worden.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q> [As early as the tenth anniversary in 1948, the 'Emergency Community of Those Affected by the Nuremberg Laws' (an organisation of persecutees that is almost forgotten by the public today) criticized: 'Before this false word has become so commonplace that it can no longer be removed, we would like to point out the distortion associated with the use of this word. The word "Kristallnacht" was not invented and brought into common usage by those who were persecuted in the past.']</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Freitag&rft.atitle=Sprachstreit+im+Novemberland&rft.date=2002-11-08&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freitag.de%2Fautoren%2Fharald-schmid%2Fsprachstreit-im-novemberland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/nazi-worte-im-sprachgebrauch-maedel-verpflichtet-1.573966">"Nazi-Worte im Sprachgebrauch: Mädel verpflichtet"</a> [Nazi Words in Everyday Language: Mädel verpflichtet]. <i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i> (in German). 17 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=S%C3%BCddeutsche+Zeitung&rft.atitle=Nazi-Worte+im+Sprachgebrauch%3A+M%C3%A4del+verpflichtet&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sueddeutsche.de%2Fkultur%2Fnazi-worte-im-sprachgebrauch-maedel-verpflichtet-1.573966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dlf2-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dlf2_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGross2018" class="citation interview cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gross, Raphael (4 November 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/novemberpogrome-vor-80-jahren-ein-in-der-deutschen-100.html">"Novemberpogrome vor 80 Jahren - 'Ein in der deutschen Geschichte einzigartiger Vorgang'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [November pogroms 80 years ago - 'A unique event in German history']. <i><a href="/wiki/Deutschlandfunk" title="Deutschlandfunk">Deutschlandfunk</a></i> (Interview) (in German). Interviewed by Birgid Becker<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutschlandfunk&rft.atitle=Novemberpogrome+vor+80+Jahren+-+%27Ein+in+der+deutschen+Geschichte+einzigartiger+Vorgang%27&rft.date=2018-11-04&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutschlandfunk.de%2Fnovemberpogrome-vor-80-jahren-ein-in-der-deutschen-100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Gilbert, Martin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnachtpre0000gilb_t9l7"><i>Kristallnacht: prelude to destruction</i></a>. Making history series. London: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper Press">Harper Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719240-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-00-719240-3"><bdi>978-0-00-719240-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht%3A+prelude+to+destruction&rft.place=London&rft.series=Making+history+series&rft.pub=Harper+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-00-719240-3&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkristallnachtpre0000gilb_t9l7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGordon1984" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Sarah Ann (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansjew0000gord"><i>Hitler, Germans and the "Jewish question"</i></a></span>. Princeton, N.J.: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10162-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Germans+and+the+%22Jewish+question%22&rft.place=Princeton%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10162-0&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlergermansjew0000gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFUllrich2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Volker_Ullrich" title="Volker Ullrich">Ullrich, Volker</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerascent18890000ullr"><i>Hitler: Ascent 1889-1939</i></a>. Translated by Chase, Jefferson. New York: <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-87205-5"><bdi>978-1-101-87205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+Ascent+1889-1939&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-101-87205-5&rft.aulast=Ullrich&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerascent18890000ullr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFriedländer1998" class="citation book cs1">Friedländer, Saul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nazigermanyjews0000frie"><i>Nazi Germany and the Jews</i></a>. New York (N.Y.): <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">269–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092878-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092878-0"><bdi>978-0-06-092878-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+the+Jews&rft.place=New+York+%28N.Y.%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E269-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092878-0&rft.aulast=Friedl%C3%A4nder&rft.aufirst=Saul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnazigermanyjews0000frie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeem2012" class="citation book cs1">Deem, James M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnachtnaz0000deem"><i>Kristallnacht: the Nazi terror that began the Holocaust</i></a>. Berkeley Heights, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Enslow_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Enslow Publishers">Enslow Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-3324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-3324-5"><bdi>978-0-7660-3324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht%3A+the+Nazi+terror+that+began+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Berkeley+Heights%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-3324-5&rft.aulast=Deem&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkristallnachtnaz0000deem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDurance2013" class="citation journal cs1">Durance, Jonathan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journalhosting.ucalgary.ca/index.php/hic/article/view/69128/53492">"Silence and Outrage: Reassessing the Complex Christian Response to Kristallnacht in English-Speaking Canada"</a>. <i>History of Intellectual Culture</i>. <b>10</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Intellectual+Culture&rft.atitle=Silence+and+Outrage%3A+Reassessing+the+Complex+Christian+Response+to+Kristallnacht+in+English-Speaking+Canada&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Durance&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalhosting.ucalgary.ca%2Findex.php%2Fhic%2Farticle%2Fview%2F69128%2F53492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEvans2006" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thirdreichinpowe0000evan_q2i7"><i>The Third Reich in power, 1933-1939</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">580–</span>610. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100976-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100976-6"><bdi>978-0-14-100976-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+power%2C+1933-1939&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E580-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100976-6&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthirdreichinpowe0000evan_q2i7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2019" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven J.; et al. (USC Casden Institute) (2019). Ross, Steven Joseph; Gruner, Wolf; Ansell, Lisa (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0w2yDwAAQBAJ"><i>New Perspectives on Kristallnacht: After 80 Years, the Nazi Pogrom in Global Comparison</i></a>. The Jewish role in American life: an annual review of the Casden Institute for the Study of the Jewish Role in American Life. West Lafayette, Indiana: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-616-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61249-616-0"><bdi>978-1-61249-616-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Perspectives+on+Kristallnacht%3A+After+80+Years%2C+the+Nazi+Pogrom+in+Global+Comparison&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.series=The+Jewish+role+in+American+life%3A+an+annual+review+of+the+Casden+Institute+for+the+Study+of+the+Jewish+Role+in+American+Life&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-61249-616-0&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0w2yDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/New-Perspectives-Kristallnacht-Comparison-American/dp/1557538700/">see online excerpt</a> also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/34/3/514/6020132">online review</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKyleDurance2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kyle, Jantzen; Durance, Jonathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kyletjantzen.wordpress.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/our-jewish-brethren.pdf">"Our Jewish Brethren: Christian Responses to Kristallnacht in Canadian Mass Media"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Ecumenical_Studies" title="Journal of Ecumenical Studies">Journal of Ecumenical Studies</a></i>. <b>46</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">537–</span>548.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ecumenical+Studies&rft.atitle=Our+Jewish+Brethren%3A+Christian+Responses+to+Kristallnacht+in+Canadian+Mass+Media&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E537-%3C%2Fspan%3E548&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kyle&rft.aufirst=Jantzen&rft.au=Durance%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyletjantzen.wordpress.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F10%2Four-jewish-brethren.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloughWilson2014" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, Colin; Wilson, Nathan Andrew, eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violencememoryhi0000unse"><i>Violence, memory, and history: Western perceptions of Kristallnacht</i></a>. Routledge studies in modern European history. New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71632-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71632-1"><bdi>978-0-415-71632-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence%2C+memory%2C+and+history%3A+Western+perceptions+of+Kristallnacht&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Routledge+studies+in+modern+European+history&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-71632-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviolencememoryhi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazzenga2009" class="citation book cs1">Mazzenga, Maria, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780230618060"><i>American religious responses to Kristallnacht</i></a>. New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61806-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61806-0"><bdi>978-0-230-61806-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+religious+responses+to+Kristallnacht&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61806-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780230618060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayer2009" class="citation book cs1">Mayer, Kurt (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.plu.edu/holocaustconference/wp-content/uploads/sites/717/2023/06/kurtmayer-exodus.pdf"><i>My Personal Brush with History</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Tacoma: Confluence Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-03911-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-03911-4"><bdi>978-0-578-03911-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2009938658">2009938658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Personal+Brush+with+History&rft.place=Tacoma&rft.pub=Confluence+Books&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2009938658&rft.isbn=978-0-578-03911-4&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.plu.edu%2Fholocaustconference%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F717%2F2023%2F06%2Fkurtmayer-exodus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMara2009" class="citation book cs1">Mara, Wil (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnachtnaz0000mara"><i>Kristallnacht: Nazi persecution of the Jews in Europe</i></a>. Perspectives on. New York: <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish_Benchmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshall Cavendish Benchmark">Marshall Cavendish Benchmark</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4026-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-4026-0"><bdi>978-0-7614-4026-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht%3A+Nazi+persecution+of+the+Jews+in+Europe&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Perspectives+on&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Benchmark&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-4026-0&rft.aulast=Mara&rft.aufirst=Wil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkristallnachtnaz0000mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinweis2009" class="citation book cs1">Steinweis, Alan E. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kristallnacht19300stei"><i>Kristallnacht 1938</i></a>. Cambridge, Mass: <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press_of_Harvard_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press of Harvard University Press">Belknap Press of Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03623-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03623-9"><bdi>978-0-674-03623-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht+1938&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03623-9&rft.aulast=Steinweis&rft.aufirst=Alan+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkristallnacht19300stei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWelch2014" class="citation journal cs1">Welch, Susan (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ssqu.12084">"American Opinion Toward Jews During the Nazi Era: Results from Quota Sample Polling During the 1930s and 1940s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Social_Science_Quarterly" title="Social Science Quarterly">Social Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>95</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">615–</span>635. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fssqu.12084">10.1111/ssqu.12084</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0038-4941">0038-4941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=American+Opinion+Toward+Jews+During+the+Nazi+Era%3A+Results+from+Quota+Sample+Polling+During+the+1930s+and+1940s&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E615-%3C%2Fspan%3E635&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12084&rft.issn=0038-4941&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1111%2Fssqu.12084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerhardtKarlaufSimmonsSomers2012" class="citation book cs1">Gerhardt, Uta; Karlauf, Thomas; Simmons, Robert; Somers, Nick, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/747534691"><i>The night of broken glass: eyewitness accounts of Kristallnacht</i></a>. Cambridge, United Kingdom ; Malden, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Polity_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Polity Press">Polity Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-5084-5"><bdi>978-0-7456-5084-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/747534691">747534691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+night+of+broken+glass%3A+eyewitness+accounts+of+Kristallnacht&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom+%3B+Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F747534691&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-5084-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F747534691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLevitt2015" class="citation book cs1">Levitt, Ruth, ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pogromnovember190000unse"><i>Pogrom November 1938: testimonies from 'Kristallnacht'<span></span></i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Souvenir_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Souvenir Press">Souvenir Press</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-285-64307-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-285-64307-9"><bdi>978-0-285-64307-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pogrom+November+1938%3A+testimonies+from+%27Kristallnacht%27&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Souvenir+Press%2FWiener+Holocaust+Library&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-285-64307-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpogromnovember190000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_German">In German</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In German"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArntz2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arntz, Hans-Dieter (2008). <i>"Reichskristallnacht": der Novemberpogrom 1938 auf dem Lande ; Gerichtsakten und Zeugenaussagen am Beispiel der Eifel und Voreifel</i> (in German). Aachen: Helios Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-938208-69-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-938208-69-4"><bdi>978-3-938208-69-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Reichskristallnacht%22%3A+der+Novemberpogrom+1938+auf+dem+Lande+%3B+Gerichtsakten+und+Zeugenaussagen+am+Beispiel+der+Eifel+und+Voreifel&rft.place=Aachen&rft.pub=Helios+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-938208-69-4&rft.aulast=Arntz&rft.aufirst=Hans-Dieter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDöscher1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hans-J%C3%BCrgen_D%C3%B6scher" title="Hans-Jürgen Döscher">Döscher, Hans-Jürgen</a> (1988). <i>Reichskristallnacht: die Novemberpogrome 1938</i> (in German). Frankfurt: <a href="/wiki/Ullstein_Verlag" title="Ullstein Verlag">Ullstein Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-550-07495-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-550-07495-0"><bdi>978-3-550-07495-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reichskristallnacht%3A+die+Novemberpogrome+1938&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Ullstein+Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-550-07495-0&rft.aulast=D%C3%B6scher&rft.aufirst=Hans-J%C3%BCrgen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFaludi2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Faludi, Christian, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rofk6Za152EC"><i>Die "Juni-Aktion" 1938: eine Dokumentation zur Radikalisierung der Judenverfolgung</i></a> (in German). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39823-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39823-5"><bdi>978-3-593-39823-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+%22Juni-Aktion%22+1938%3A+eine+Dokumentation+zur+Radikalisierung+der+Judenverfolgung&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-593-39823-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRofk6Za152EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKorb2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Korb, Alexander (2007). <i>Reaktionen der deutschen Bevölkerung auf die Novemberpogrome: im Spiegel amtlicher Berichte</i> (in German). Saarbrücken: <a href="/wiki/VDM_Verlag_Dr._M%C3%BCller" class="mw-redirect" title="VDM Verlag Dr. Müller">VDM Verlag Dr. Müller</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-4823-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8364-4823-9"><bdi>978-3-8364-4823-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reaktionen+der+deutschen+Bev%C3%B6lkerung+auf+die+Novemberpogrome%3A+im+Spiegel+amtlicher+Berichte&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pub=VDM+Verlag+Dr.+M%C3%BCller&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8364-4823-9&rft.aulast=Korb&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLauber1981" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lauber, Heinz (1981). <i>Juden-Pogrom: "Reichskristallnacht" November 1938 in Großdeutschland; Daten, Fakten, Dokumente-Quellentexte, Thesen und Bewertungen</i>. Aktuelles Taschenbuch (in German). Gerlingen: Bleicher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88350-005-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88350-005-8"><bdi>978-3-88350-005-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Juden-Pogrom%3A+%22Reichskristallnacht%22+November+1938+in+Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland%3B+Daten%2C+Fakten%2C+Dokumente-Quellentexte%2C+Thesen+und+Bewertungen&rft.place=Gerlingen&rft.series=Aktuelles+Taschenbuch&rft.pub=Bleicher&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-3-88350-005-8&rft.aulast=Lauber&rft.aufirst=Heinz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPätzoldRunge1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pätzold, Kurt; <a href="/wiki/Irene_Runge" title="Irene Runge">Runge, Irene</a> (1988). <i>Kristallnacht: zum Pogrom 1938</i>. Kleine Bibliothek ; Geschichte (in German). Köln: Pahl-Rugenstein. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7609-1233-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7609-1233-2"><bdi>978-3-7609-1233-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kristallnacht%3A+zum+Pogrom+1938&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.series=Kleine+Bibliothek+%3B+Geschichte&rft.pub=Pahl-Rugenstein&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-7609-1233-2&rft.aulast=P%C3%A4tzold&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft.au=Runge%2C+Irene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdamPehle1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adam, Uwe Dietrich; Pehle, Walter H., eds. (1988). <i>Der Judenpogrom 1938: von der "Reichskristallnacht" zum Völkermord</i> (in German) (Originalausg ed.). Frankfurt am Main: <a href="/wiki/Fischer_Taschenbuch_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag">Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-24386-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-24386-0"><bdi>978-3-596-24386-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Judenpogrom+1938%3A+von+der+%22Reichskristallnacht%22+zum+V%C3%B6lkermord&rft.place=Frankfurt+am+Main&rft.edition=Originalausg&rft.pub=Fischer+Taschenbuch+Verlag&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-596-24386-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchultheis1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schultheis, Herbert (1985). <i>Die Reichskristallnacht in Deutschland nach Augenzeugenberichten</i>. Bad Neustädter Beiträge zur Geschichte und Heimatkunde Frankens (in German). Bad Neustadt a.d. Saale: Rötter Druck und Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-9800482-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-9800482-3-1"><bdi>978-3-9800482-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Reichskristallnacht+in+Deutschland+nach+Augenzeugenberichten&rft.place=Bad+Neustadt+a.d.+Saale&rft.series=Bad+Neust%C3%A4dter+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+und+Heimatkunde+Frankens&rft.pub=R%C3%B6tter+Druck+und+Verlag&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-9800482-3-1&rft.aulast=Schultheis&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kristallnacht&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kristallnacht" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903160517/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/antisemitism/voices/transcript/?content=20080424"><i>Voices on Antisemitism</i> Interview with Susan Warsinger</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515134602/https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/interviews/ron.asp">"Interview with Miriam Ron, Witness to the Events of Kristallnacht"</a>. The International School for Holocaust Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/education/interviews/ron.asp">the original</a> on 15 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Miriam+Ron%2C+Witness+to+the+Events+of+Kristallnacht&rft.pub=The+International+School+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Feducation%2Finterviews%2Fron.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span> -- "At 7:00 in the morning I was a student, and at 5:00, I was a criminal"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllida_BlackJune_Hopkins2003" class="citation web cs1">Allida Black; June Hopkins; et al. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/elro/glossary/kristallnacht.htm">"The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers – Kristallnacht"</a>. <i>Teaching Eleanor Roosevelt; <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> National Historic Site, Hyde Park, New York</i>. US National Park Service archive (nps.gov)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Teaching+Eleanor+Roosevelt%3B+Eleanor+Roosevelt+National+Historic+Site%2C+Hyde+Park%2C+New+York&rft.atitle=The+Eleanor+Roosevelt+Papers+%E2%80%93+Kristallnacht&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Allida+Black&rft.au=June+Hopkins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Felro%2Fglossary%2Fkristallnacht.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/index.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005201">"Kristallnacht: A Nationwide Pogrom, November 9–10, 1938"</a>. <i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. US Holocaust Memorial Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht%3A+A+Nationwide+Pogrom%2C+November+9%E2%80%9310%2C+1938&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=US+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Findex.php%3Flang%3Den%26ModuleId%3D10005201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517110411/http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02/">"Kristallnacht: The November 1938 Pogroms"</a>. <i>Online exhibitions, special topics</i>. US Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/museum/exhibit/focus/kristallnacht_02/">the original</a> on 17 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+exhibitions%2C+special+topics&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht%3A+The+November+1938+Pogroms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fmuseum%2Fexhibit%2Ffocus%2Fkristallnacht_02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYad_Vashem2004" class="citation web cs1">Yad Vashem (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050309221538/http://www1.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/kristallnacht/kristallnacht_home_photo.html">"Kristallnacht"</a>. <i>Yad Vashem's Photo Archives</i>. The Holocaust Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/exhibitions/kristallnacht/kristallnacht_home_photo.html">the original</a> on 9 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem%27s+Photo+Archives&rft.atitle=Kristallnacht&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fexhibitions%2Fkristallnacht%2Fkristallnacht_home_photo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKristallnacht" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.ucsd.edu/dc/object/bb8368073t">UC San Diego, Holocaust Living History Collection: Kristallnacht on Film: From Reportage to Reenactments, 1938-1988 – with Lawrence Baron</a>. November 05, 2020.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Jungvolk</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a></i></span> (SD)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i></span> (SA)</li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i></span> (SS) <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kristallnacht</i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <p><a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazism#Ideology_and_programme" title="Nazism">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Indo-Germanic_People#The_Third_Reich,_successor_of_the_Indogermans" title="Nordic Indo-Germanic People">Nordic Indo-Germanic people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></i></span></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <p>Pre-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul> <p>Post-<i>Machtergreifung</i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(contentious)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities<br /> and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside<br />Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlebists_%E2%80%93_People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia">Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement<br />(United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark"><span class="wrap">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Movement" title="Republic Movement">Republic Movement (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in <br /> German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_Germany237" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Germany" title="Template:Holocaust Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Germany" title="Template talk:Holocaust Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_Germany237" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">The Holocaust in Germany</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Part of</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_East_Upper_Silesia" title="The Holocaust in East Upper Silesia">East Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg"> Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Preceding events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_legislation_in_pre-war_Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Jewish legislation in pre-war Nazi Germany">Anti-Jewish legislation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanization" title="Aryanization">Aryanization</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Judenverm%C3%B6gensabgabe" title="Judenvermögensabgabe">Judenvermögensabgabe</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristallnacht</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht_in_Leipzig" title="Kristallnacht in Leipzig">in Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_arrests_after_Kristallnacht" title="Mass arrests after Kristallnacht">Mass arrests</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_of_Jews_from_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Emigration of Jews from Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Emigration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Fabrikaktion" title="Fabrikaktion">Fabrikaktion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rescue</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosenstrasse_protest" title="Rosenstrasse protest">Rosenstrasse protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_7" title="Operation 7">Operation 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jews_in_hiding_in_Berlin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jews in hiding in Berlin (page does not exist)">Jews in hiding in Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund:_Gemeinschaft_f%C3%BCr_ein_sozialistisches_Leben" title="Bund: Gemeinschaft für ein sozialistisches Leben">Bund: Gemeinschaft für ein sozialistisches Leben</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">German collective guilt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergangenheitsbew%C3%A4ltigung" title="Vergangenheitsbewältigung">Vergangenheitsbewältigung</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">History of the Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust17" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Holocaust" title="Template talk:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Holocaust" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Holocaust"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Albania" title="The Holocaust in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Austria" title="The Holocaust in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belgium" title="The Holocaust in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li>Czechoslovakia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="The Holocaust in Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Slovakia" title="The Holocaust in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Sudetenland" title="The Holocaust in the Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_France" title="The Holocaust in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Germany" title="The Holocaust in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgarian-occupied_Greece" title="The Holocaust in Bulgarian-occupied Greece">Bulgarian-occupied Greece</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Hungary" title="The Holocaust in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Italy" title="The Holocaust in Italy">Italy</a> and colonies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Libya" title="The Holocaust in Libya">Libya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Luxembourg" title="The Holocaust in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Netherlands" title="The Holocaust in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Romania" title="The Holocaust in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Yugoslavia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_North_Macedonia" title="The Holocaust in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_German-occupied_Serbia" title="The Holocaust in German-occupied Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_and_documentation_for_the_Holocaust" title="Evidence and documentation for the Holocaust">Evidence and documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_of_the_Holocaust_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German-occupied_Europe" title="Knowledge of the Holocaust in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe">Contemporary knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_children_during_the_Holocaust" title="Hidden children during the Holocaust">Hidden children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Holocaust" title="Timeline of the Holocaust">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Response</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">International response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_and_the_Holocaust" title="Japan and the Holocaust">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_and_the_Holocaust" title="Philippines and the Holocaust">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_and_the_Holocaust" title="Portugal and the Holocaust">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_Holocaust" title="Spain and the Holocaust">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_and_the_Holocaust" title="Sweden and the Holocaust">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey_and_the_Holocaust" title="Turkey and the Holocaust">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_Holocaust" title="United States and the Holocaust">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII_and_the_Holocaust" title="Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue of Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Catholics_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Catholics during the Holocaust">by Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">by Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Camps_and_ghettos17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Camps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">ghettos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen-Belsen_concentration_camp" title="Bergen-Belsen concentration camp">Bergen-Belsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossenb%C3%BCrg_concentration_camp" title="Flossenbürg concentration camp">Flossenbürg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gross-Rosen_concentration_camp" title="Gross-Rosen concentration camp">Gross-Rosen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzogenbusch_concentration_camp" title="Herzogenbusch concentration camp">Herzogenbusch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzert_concentration_camp" title="Hinzert concentration camp">Hinzert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiserwald_concentration_camp" title="Kaiserwald concentration camp">Kaiserwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kauen_concentration_camp" title="Kauen concentration camp">Kauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w-P%C5%82asz%C3%B3w_concentration_camp" title="Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp">Kraków-Płaszów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusen_concentration_camp" title="Gusen concentration camp">Gusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mittelbau-Dora_concentration_camp" title="Mittelbau-Dora concentration camp">Mittelbau-Dora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natzweiler-Struthof_concentration_camp" title="Natzweiler-Struthof concentration camp">Natzweiler-Struthof </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuengamme_concentration_camp" title="Neuengamme concentration camp">Neuengamme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbr%C3%BCck_concentration_camp" title="Ravensbrück concentration camp">Ravensbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp" title="Sachsenhausen concentration camp">Sachsenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stutthof_concentration_camp" title="Stutthof concentration camp">Stutthof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auschwitz_concentration_camp" title="Auschwitz concentration camp">Auschwitz II-Birkenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belzec_extermination_camp" title="Belzec extermination camp">Belzec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno_extermination_camp" title="Chełmno extermination camp">Chełmno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majdanek_concentration_camp" title="Majdanek concentration camp">Majdanek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobibor_extermination_camp" title="Sobibor extermination camp">Sobibor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treblinka_extermination_camp" title="Treblinka extermination camp">Treblinka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transit</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><span class="smallcaps">be</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Breendonk" title="Fort Breendonk">Breendonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechelen_transit_camp" title="Mechelen transit camp">Mechelen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Internment_camps_in_France" title="Internment camps in France"><span class="smallcaps">fr</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurs_internment_camp" title="Gurs internment camp">Gurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drancy_internment_camp" title="Drancy internment camp">Drancy</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_concentration_camps" title="List of Italian concentration camps"><span class="smallcaps">it</span></a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolzano_Transit_Camp" title="Bolzano Transit Camp">Bolzano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risiera_di_San_Sabba" title="Risiera di San Sabba">Risiera di San Sabba</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">nl</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amersfoort_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Amersfoort concentration camp">Amersfoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamp_Schoorl" title="Kamp Schoorl">Schoorl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerbork_transit_camp" title="Westerbork transit camp">Westerbork</a></li> <li><b><span class="smallcaps">sk</span></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sere%C4%8F_concentration_camp" title="Sereď concentration camp">Sereď</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_gas_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi gas van">Gas van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chamber" title="Gas chamber">Gas chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_through_labour" title="Extermination through labour">Extermination through labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_marches_during_the_Holocaust" title="Death marches during the Holocaust">Death marches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Totenkopfverb%C3%A4nde" title="SS-Totenkopfverbände">SS-<i>Totenkopfverbände</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_Camps_Inspectorate" title="Concentration Camps Inspectorate">Concentration Camps Inspectorate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politische_Abteilung" title="Politische Abteilung">Politische Abteilung</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanit%C3%A4tswesen" title="Sanitätswesen">Sanitätswesen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nazi ghettos">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_German-occupied_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish ghettos in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto" title="Białystok Ghetto">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Kraków Ghetto">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA_Ghetto" title="Łódź Ghetto">Łódź</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Ghetto" title="Lublin Ghetto">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_Ghetto" title="Lwów Ghetto">Lwów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_Ghetto" title="Radom Ghetto">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto" title="Warsaw Ghetto">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Ghetto" title="Budapest Ghetto">Budapest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovno_Ghetto" title="Kovno Ghetto">Kovno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_Ghetto" title="Riga Ghetto">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresienstadt_Ghetto" title="Theresienstadt Ghetto">Theresienstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilna_Ghetto" title="Vilna Ghetto">Vilna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;color: #202122;background:#eef;font-weight:normal;"><i><a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Ghetto_Police" title="Jewish Ghetto Police">Jewish Ghetto Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Association_of_Jews_in_Germany" title="Reich Association of Jews in Germany">Reich Association of Jews in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Astred%C5%88a_%C5%BDidov" title="Ústredňa Židov">Ústredňa Židov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Victims17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Victims</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">Jews</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Roundup_(police_action)" title="Roundup (police action)">Roundups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izieu" title="Izieu">Izieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marseille_roundup" title="Marseille roundup">Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vel%27_d%27Hiv_Roundup" title="Vel' d'Hiv Roundup">Vel' d'Hiv</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pogroms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristallnacht</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_eastern_Poland" title="1941 pogroms in eastern Poland">1941 pogroms in eastern Poland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_pogroms_in_Lithuania" title="1941 pogroms in Lithuania">in Lithuania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">"<a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trains" title="Holocaust trains">Holocaust trains</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mass executions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Harvest Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Fort" title="Ninth Fort">Ninth Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_in_Pia%C5%9Bnica" title="Massacres in Piaśnica">Piaśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_partisans" title="Jewish partisans">Jewish partisans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_uprisings" title="Ghetto uprisings">Ghetto uprisings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Ghetto_uprising" title="Białystok Ghetto uprising">Białystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_Ghetto_uprising" title="Częstochowa Ghetto uprising">Częstochowa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews during the Holocaust">Rescue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_and_Rescue_Committee" title="Aid and Rescue Committee">Aid and Rescue Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_the_twentieth_convoy" title="Attack on the twentieth convoy">Attack on the twentieth convoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastner_train" title="Kastner train">Kastner train</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chambon-sur-Lignon" title="Le Chambon-sur-Lignon">Le Chambon-sur-Lignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Danish_Jews" title="Rescue of the Danish Jews">Danish underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Group_(resistance_organization)" title="Working Group (resistance organization)">Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBegota" title="Żegota">Żegota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Others</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet POWs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Soviet urban residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_security_warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi security warfare">Civilians targeted during anti-partisan warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Euthanasia in Nazi Germany">People with disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligenzaktion" title="Intelligenzaktion">Polish leaders and intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Homosexuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Responsibility17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Responsibility_for_the_Holocaust" title="Responsibility for the Holocaust">Responsibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_perpetrators_of_the_Holocaust" title="List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust">List of major perpetrators of the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel"><i>Schutzstaffel</i> (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Head_Office_Referat_IV_B4" title="Reich Security Head Office Referat IV B4">Referat IV B4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordnungspolizei" title="Ordnungspolizei">Ordnungspolizei</a> (Orpo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_Regiment_Centre" title="Police Regiment Centre">Police Regiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_Police_battalions" title="Order Police battalions">Order Police battalions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arajs_Kommando" title="Arajs Kommando">Arajs Kommando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Security_Police" title="Lithuanian Security Police">Lithuanian Security Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nederlandsche_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandsche SS">Nederlandsche SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollkommando_Hamann" title="Rollkommando Hamann">Rollkommando Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_Brigades" title="Special Brigades">Special Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topf_and_Sons" title="Topf and Sons">Topf and Sons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawniki_concentration_camp" title="Trawniki concentration camp">Trawnikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Ukrainian Auxiliary Police">Ukrainian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ypatingasis_b%C5%ABrys" title="Ypatingasis būrys">Ypatingasis būrys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Early_elementsAftermathRemembrance17" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Early elements</li><li>Aftermath</li><li>Remembrance</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">Early elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Nazi racial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haavara_Agreement" title="Haavara Agreement">Haavara Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Hitler's prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emigration_from_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish emigration from Nazi Germany">Jewish emigration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kindertransport" title="Kindertransport">Kindertransport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisko_Plan" title="Nisko Plan">Nisko Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Forced euthanasia <span style="font-size:85%;">(Action T4)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_and_towns_depopulated_of_Jews_during_the_Holocaust" title="List of villages and towns depopulated of Jews during the Holocaust">Depopulated shtetls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%27erit_ha-Pletah" title="Sh'erit ha-Pletah">Sh'erit ha-Pletah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricha" title="Bricha">Bricha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_survivors" title="List of Holocaust survivors">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe,_1944%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–46">Postwar violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazis_and_Nazi_Collaborators_(Punishment)_Law" title="Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law">Nazis and Nazi Collaborators (Punishment) Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">Eichmann trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust restitution">Holocaust restitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">Reparations Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">trivialization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em">History and memory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_studies" title="Holocaust studies">Academia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_The_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of The Holocaust">Books and other resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Memorial_Days" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Memorial Days">Days of remembrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_education" title="Holocaust education">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_films" title="List of Holocaust films">Films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessons_of_the_Holocaust" title="Lessons of the Holocaust">Lessons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Holocaust_memorials_and_museums" title="List of Holocaust memorials and museums">Memorials and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_uniqueness_debate" title="Holocaust uniqueness debate">Uniqueness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_humor" title="Holocaust humor">Humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizkor_books" title="Yizkor books">Yizkor books</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Never_again" title="Never again">Never again</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)60" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meknes_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meknes pogrom (page does not exist)">Meknes pogrom</a> (1728)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan massacre (page does not exist)">Tétouan massacre</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casablanca_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casablanca massacre (page does not exist)">Casablanca massacre</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>]</span> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>]</span> (1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19384" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kristallnacht</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Krasnosielc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin#World_War_II" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w,_Wyszk%C3%B3w_County#History" title="Wyszków, Wyszków County">Wyszków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmice_Wielkie" title="Koźmice Wielkie">Koźmice Wielkie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka_massacre" title="Ostrów Mazowiecka massacre">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dobromyl#History" title="Dobromyl">Dobromil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luzhki,_Sharkawshchyna_District#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzhki, Sharkawshchyna District">Łużki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivyanyets#World_War_II" title="Ivyanyets">Iwieniec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Markava,_Maladzyechna_District#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Markava, Maladzyechna District">Marków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haradzyeya#History" title="Haradzyeya">Horodziej</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mereczowszczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mereczowszczyzna">Mereczowszczyzna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stary_Jaromierz" title="Stary Jaromierz">Stary Jaromierz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bno,_Chojnice_County" title="Leśno, Chojnice County">Leśno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="20014" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–200911" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_riots" title="November 2024 Amsterdam riots">Amsterdam riots</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36756#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1351" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36756#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1351" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36756#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4135539-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85034487">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120023869">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120023869">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Křišťálová noc (1938 : Německo)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph210128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4802640">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536084705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02812765X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-69755cc569-bzwlt","wgBackendResponseTime":305,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.107","walltime":"2.408","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13277,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":624117,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":10193,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":19,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":432822,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1961.825 1 -total"," 29.06% 570.140 40 Template:Navbox"," 27.42% 537.907 2 Template:Reflist"," 19.50% 382.522 1 Template:Nazism"," 17.63% 345.832 8 Template:Excerpt"," 8.61% 168.838 41 Template:Cite_web"," 8.48% 166.378 42 Template:Lang"," 8.10% 158.908 37 Template:Cite_book"," 4.75% 93.138 13 Template:Sfn"," 4.26% 83.601 17 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[\"CITEREFFriedländer1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedländer1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrum2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerhardtKarlaufSimmonsSomers2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillott2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorb2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauss2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrefeld1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyleDurance2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauber1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevitt2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMara2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazzenga2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCulloughWilson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiskin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoskowitzGreyman-Kennard2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMultiple1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMüller-Claudius1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoack1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPengelly2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPätzoldRunge1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinde2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchirmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmid2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnabel1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultheis1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwab1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSeth_Rogovoy2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSonneckHirnspergerMundschütz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinweis2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrueman,_Chris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUllrich2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaccaro2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeissman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_Rob2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYad_Vashem2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFÅsbrink2019\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 2,\n [\"Antisemitism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite ODNB\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite interview\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 16,\n [\"Cite news \"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 41,\n [\"Cn\"] = 2,\n [\"Commonscatinline\"] = 1,\n [\"DISPLAYTITLE:{{lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 5,\n [\"Holocaust Germany\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation-year\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox civilian attack\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 12,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Literal translation\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Massacres of Jews\"] = 1,\n [\"Nazism\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 5,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote\"] = 3,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 2,\n [\"Start and end dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"The Holocaust\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","360","26.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","11.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","120","8.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","5.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","80","5.9"],["type","80","5.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","40","2.9"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","40","2.9"],["[others]","140","10.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-69755cc569-csfd6","timestamp":"20250317163835","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Kristallnacht","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kristallnacht","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36756","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36756","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-10T21:57:36Z","dateModified":"2025-03-17T04:46:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/a1\/Interior_view_of_the_destroyed_Fasanenstrasse_Synagogue%2C_Berlin.jpg","headline":"pogrom against Jews throughout Nazi Germany on 9\u201310 November 1938"}</script> </body> </html>