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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Academic career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hitler's_seizure_of_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hitler's_seizure_of_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hitler's seizure of control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hitler's_seizure_of_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazi_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazi_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Nazi Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazi_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>After World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Publications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Dictatorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Dictatorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span><i>The Dictatorship</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Dictatorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span><i>Political Theology</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Concept_of_the_Political" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Concept_of_the_Political"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span><i>The Concept of the Political</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Concept_of_the_Political-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_Romanticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_Romanticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span><i>Political Romanticism</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_Romanticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dialogue_with_Leo_Strauss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialogue_with_Leo_Strauss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Dialogue with Leo Strauss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialogue_with_Leo_Strauss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Leviathan_in_the_State_Theory_of_Thomas_Hobbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Leviathan_in_the_State_Theory_of_Thomas_Hobbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span><i>The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Leviathan_in_the_State_Theory_of_Thomas_Hobbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Nomos_of_the_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Nomos_of_the_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span><i>The Nomos of the Earth</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Nomos_of_the_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hamlet_or_Hecuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamlet_or_Hecuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span><i>Hamlet or Hecuba</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamlet_or_Hecuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_of_the_Partisan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_the_Partisan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.8</span> <span><i>Theory of the Partisan</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_the_Partisan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_of_emergency_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_of_emergency_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Law of emergency powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_of_emergency_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Other countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Carl Schmitt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="كارل شميت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارل شميت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_%C5%9Emitt" title="Karl Şmitt – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karl Şmitt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کارل اشمیت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کارل اشمیت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Карл Шмит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карл Шмит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کارل اشمیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارل اشمیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%B4%EB%A5%BC_%EC%8A%88%EB%AF%B8%ED%8A%B8" title="카를 슈미트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="카를 슈미트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC_%D5%87%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%BF" title="Կարլ Շմիդտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարլ Շմիդտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="कार्ल श्मिट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्ल श्मिट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%98" title="קרל שמיט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קרל שמיט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="კარლ შმიტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარლ შმიტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis_%C5%A0mits_(jurists)" title="Kārlis Šmits (jurists) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kārlis Šmits (jurists)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AA_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="كارل شميت (جيوسياسى من المانيا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كارل شميت (جيوسياسى من المانيا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="カール・シュミット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カール・シュミット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%BC" title="کارل شمیټ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کارل شمیټ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%82,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB" title="Шмитт, Карл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шмитт, Карл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5_%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="کارڵ شمیت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارڵ شمیت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Карл Шмит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карл Шмит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB_%D0%A8%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82" title="Карл Шмітт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карл Шмітт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Carl Schmitt" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E6%96%BD%E5%AF%86%E7%89%B9" title="卡爾施密特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡爾施密特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="卡尔·施米特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡尔·施米特" data-language-autonym="中文" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German jurist and political theorist (1888–1985)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the German jurist and political theorist. For the American artist, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt_(artist)" title="Carl Schmitt (artist)">Carl Schmitt (artist)</a>. For New Zealand violinist and composer, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt_(composer)" title="Carl Schmitt (composer)">Carl Schmitt (composer)</a>. For people with a similar name, see <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmidt_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Carl Schmidt (disambiguation)">Carl Schmidt</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Carl Schmitt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_Schmitt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7d/Carl_Schmitt.jpg/220px-Carl_Schmitt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/7/7d/Carl_Schmitt.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="364" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Schmitt in 1932</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-07-11</span>)</span>11 July 1888<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Plettenberg" title="Plettenberg">Plettenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">7 April 1985<span style="display:none">(1985-04-07)</span> (aged 96)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Plettenberg, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">"Crown Jurist of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>" (Nickname)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">University of Strasbourg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dr._jur." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. jur.">Dr. jur.</a>, 1910; <a href="/wiki/Dr._habil." class="mw-redirect" title="Dr. habil.">Dr. habil.</a>, 1916)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Pavla Dorotić (1916 - ?)<br /> Duška Todorović (1926 - 1950 (her death))</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">1</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/20th-century_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="20th-century philosophy">20th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a><sup id="cite_ref-Wolin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Decisionism" title="Decisionism">Decisionism</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Realism_(international_relations)" title="Realism (international relations)">IR realism</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hooker2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hooker2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data org"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> (1921)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> (1928)</li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> (1933)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (1933–1945)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">State of exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political#Summary" title="The Concept of the Political">Friend–Enemy distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political#Summary" title="The Concept of the Political">Sovereignty as a "borderline concept"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality" title="Legality">Legality</a>–<a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a> distinction</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Carl Schmitt</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (11 July 1888 – 7 April 1985) was a German <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_theorist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theorist">political theorist</a>, and prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. He was the presiding legal expert at meetings during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> that resulted in a formal decision to bypass the process of formulating a new constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An approach that would nominally maintain the former constitution was adopted, even though the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></i> (Leader Principle) was promoted to a transcendent supra-legal status.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt claimed that the adoption of the Leader Principle in place of a legal constitution was legitimized by the presumed "<a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Volkisch</a>" or racial composition of the German people, and their identification with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:13_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schmitt wrote extensively about the effective wielding of political power. An <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian conservative">authoritarian conservative</a> theorist,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:7_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was noted as a critic of <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinx2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His works covered political theory, legal theory, continental philosophy, and <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a>. However, they are controversial, mainly due to his intellectual support for, and active involvement with, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>, "Schmitt was an acute observer and analyst of the weaknesses of liberal <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalism</a> and liberal cosmopolitanism. But there can be little doubt that his preferred cure turned out to be infinitely worse than the disease."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019[httpsplatostanfordeduentriesschmittLibCosFouIntOrd_ch._5_"Liberal_Cosmopolitanism_and_..."]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinx2019[httpsplatostanfordeduentriesschmittLibCosFouIntOrd_ch._5_"Liberal_Cosmopolitanism_and_..."]-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmitt was born in <a href="/wiki/Plettenberg" title="Plettenberg">Plettenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>. His parents were <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholics</a> from the German <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> region, who had settled in Plettenberg. His father was a minor businessman. Schmitt studied <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> at the Universities of <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">Munich</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Strasbourg" title="University of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a>, and took his graduation and state examinations in then-German Strasbourg in 1915.<sup id="cite_ref-conscience56_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conscience56-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1910 <a href="/wiki/Doctoral_thesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctoral thesis">doctoral thesis</a> was titled <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Über Schuld und Schuldarten</i></span> (<i>On Guilt and Types of Guilt</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:9_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schmitt volunteered for the army in 1916.<sup id="cite_ref-conscience56_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conscience56-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he earned his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitation</a> at Strasbourg with a thesis entitled <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Wert des Staates und die Bedeutung des Einzelnen</i></span></i> (The Value of the State and the Significance of the Individual). He then taught at various business schools and universities, namely the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a> (1921), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a> (1921), the <a href="/wiki/Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a> (1928), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">University of Cologne</a> (1933), and the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a> (1933–1945). </p><p>In 1916, Schmitt married his first wife, Pavla Dorotić,<sup id="cite_ref-conscience57_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conscience57-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Croatian woman who pretended to be a countess. They divorced, but an annulment was not granted by a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Catholic tribunal</a>, so his 1926 marriage to Duška Todorović (1903–1950), a Serbian woman, was not deemed valid under <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Catholic law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-conscience57_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conscience57-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a young man, Schmitt was "a devoted Catholic until his break with the church in the mid twenties".<sup id="cite_ref-:10_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From around the end of the First World War, he began to describe his Catholicism as "displaced" and "de-totalised".<sup id="cite_ref-:11_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While in Munich, Carl Schmitt attended Max Weber's lectures, "<a href="/wiki/Politics_as_a_Vocation" title="Politics as a Vocation">Politics as a Vocation</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Science_as_a_Vocation" title="Science as a Vocation">Science as a Vocation</a>", and the <i><a href="/wiki/General_Economic_History" title="General Economic History">General Economic History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1923, he contributed to the second volume of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Melchior_Palyi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melchior Palyi (page does not exist)">Melchior Palyi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchior_Palyi" class="extiw" title="de:Melchior Palyi">de</a>]</span>'s <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Erinnerungsgabe für Max Weber</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1921, Schmitt became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Greifswald" title="University of Greifswald">University of Greifswald</a>, where he published his essay <i>Die Diktatur</i> (on <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1922, he published <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Politische Theologie</i></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political Theology</a></i>) while working as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bonn" title="University of Bonn">University of Bonn</a>. Schmitt changed universities in 1926, when he became professor of law at the Handelshochschule in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and again in 1932, when he accepted a position in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cologne" title="University of Cologne">Cologne</a>. His most famous paper, <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;">"Der Begriff des Politischen"</span></span> ("<a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a>"), was based on lectures at the <span title="German-language text"><span lang="de" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Politik" title="Deutsche Hochschule für Politik">Deutsche Hochschule für Politik</a></span></span> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1932, Schmitt was counsel for the Reich government in the case <i>Preussen contra Reich</i> (Prussia vs. Reich), in which the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">SPD</a>-controlled government of the state of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> disputed its dismissal by the right-wing Reich government of <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a>. Papen was motivated by the fact that Prussia, by far the largest state in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, served as a powerful base for the political left and provided it with institutional power, particularly in the form of the Prussian police. Schmitt, Carl Bilfinger, and Erwin Jacobi represented the Reich,<sup id="cite_ref-gppcr_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gppcr-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one of the counsel for the Prussian government was <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Heller_(legal_scholar)" title="Hermann Heller (legal scholar)">Hermann Heller</a>. In October 1932, the court ruled that the Prussian government had been suspended unlawfully but that the Reich had the right to install a commissar.<sup id="cite_ref-gppcr_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gppcr-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In German history, the struggle that resulted in the de facto destruction of federalism in the Weimar republic is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fenschlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Preußenschlag">Preußenschlag</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hitler's_seizure_of_control"><span id="Hitler.27s_seizure_of_control"></span>Hitler's seizure of control</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hitler's seizure of control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power § Seizure of control (1931–1933)</a></div> <p>On 31 January 1933, Schmitt remarked that with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s appointment as Chancellor, "one can say that '<a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a> died.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000187_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000187-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolin" title="Richard Wolin">Richard Wolin</a> observes:<sup id="cite_ref-Wolin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p> [I]t is Hegel qua philosopher of the "bureaucratic class" or <i>Beamtenstaat</i> that has been definitely surpassed with Hitler's triumph<span class="nowrap"> </span>... this class of civil servants—which Hegel in the <i>Rechtsphilosophie</i> deems the "universal class"—represents an impermissible drag on the sovereignty of executive authority. For Schmitt<span class="nowrap"> </span>... the very essence of the bureaucratic conduct of business is reverence for the norm, a standpoint that could not but exist in great tension with the doctrines of Carl Schmitt<span class="nowrap"> </span>... Hegel had set an ignominious precedent by according this putative universal class a position of preeminence in his political thought, insofar as the primacy of the bureaucracy tends to diminish or supplant the prerogative of sovereign authority.</p></blockquote> <p>The Nazis engineered the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a> in March, which changed the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> to allow the "present government" to rule by decree, bypassing both the President, <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Alfred Hugenberg</a>, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, one of the Nazis' partners in the coalition government that was being squeezed out of existence, hoped to slow the <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Nazi takeover of the country</a> by threatening to quit his cabinet position. Hugenberg reasoned that by doing so, the government would be changed, and the Enabling Act would no longer apply, as the "present government" would no longer exist. A legal opinion by Schmitt prevented this manoeuvre from succeeding. Well known at the time as a constitutional theorist, Schmitt declared that "present government" did not refer to the cabinet's makeup when the act was passed, but to the "completely different kind of government"—that is, different from the democracy of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>—that the <a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a> had brought into existence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nazi_Party">Nazi Party</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nazi Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration#Fascist_support" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Fascist_Italy" title="Propaganda in Fascist Italy">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism#By_Italian_Fascists" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism#Early_usages" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1894)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1900)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione<br /> Internazionalista</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1919)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1927)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1928)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of<br />the Falange</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1938)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for<br />the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor-system_fascism" title="Emperor-system fascism">Emperor-system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in 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abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Schmitt joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> on 1 May 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200358_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200358-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within days, he rejoiced in the burning of "un-German" and "anti-German" material by Jewish authors, and called for a much more extensive purge, to include works by authors influenced by "Jewish" ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200359_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200359-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From June 1933, he was in the leadership council of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Academy_for_German_Law" title="Academy for German Law">Academy for German Law</a> and served as chairman of the Committee for State and Administrative Law.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> appointed him to the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)">Prussian State Council</a>, and in November he became the president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Association_of_Legal_Professionals" title="National Socialist Association of Legal Professionals">Association of National Socialist German Jurists</a>. He also replaced Heller as a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000183–184_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000183–184-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a position he held until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. He presented his theories as an ideological foundation of the Nazi dictatorship and a justification of the <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a></i> state concerning legal philosophy, particularly through the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Auctoritas" title="Auctoritas">auctoritas</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In June 1934, Schmitt was appointed editor-in-chief of the Nazi newspaper for lawyers, the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Juristen-Zeitung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung (page does not exist)">Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung </a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Juristen-Zeitung" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung">de</a>]</span></i> ("German Jurists' Journal").<sup id="cite_ref-facsimile_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-facsimile-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July he published in it "The Leader Protects the Law (<i>Der Führer schützt das Recht</i>)", a justification of the political murders of the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a> with Hitler's authority as the "highest form of administrative justice (<i>höchste Form administrativer Justiz</i>)".<sup id="cite_ref-DJR_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt presented himself as a radical <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemite</a> and was the chairman of an October 1936 law teachers' convention in Berlin<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003207_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003207-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at which he demanded that German law be cleansed of the "Jewish spirit (<i>jüdischem Geist</i>)" and that all Jewish scientists' publications be marked with a small symbol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, in December 1936, the <i><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></i> (SS) publication <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></i> accused Schmitt of being an opportunist, a Hegelian state thinker, and a Catholic, and called his antisemitism a mere pretense, citing earlier statements in which he criticized the Nazis' racial theories.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008axx_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008axx-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this, Schmitt resigned as <i>Reichsfachgruppenleiter</i> (Reich Professional Group Leader) but retained his professorship in Berlin and his title "Prussian State Councillor". Schmitt continued to be investigated into 1937, but Göring stopped further reprisals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bendersky_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bendersky-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Noack_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noack-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Paris_in_World_War_II" title="Paris in World War II">German occupation of Paris</a>, a "round-table" of French and German intellectuals met at the <a href="/wiki/Georges_V_Hotel_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges V Hotel in Paris">Georges V Hotel</a>, including Schmitt, the writers <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Morand" title="Paul Morand">Paul Morand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Cocteau" title="Jean Cocteau">Jean Cocteau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Montherlant" title="Henry de Montherlant">Henry de Montherlant</a>, and the publisher <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Gallimard" title="Gaston Gallimard">Gaston Gallimard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg/275px-Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg" decoding="async" width="275" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg/413px-Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg/550px-Wohnhaus_1971-1985.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>"San Casciano", home of Carl Schmitt in Plettenberg-Pasel from 1971 until 1985</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1945, American forces captured Schmitt and, after spending more than a year in an internment camp, he returned to his home town of <a href="/wiki/Plettenberg" title="Plettenberg">Plettenberg</a> and, later, to the residence of his housekeeper Anni Stand in Plettenberg-Pasel. He remained unrepentant for his role in the creation of the Nazi state and, by refusing every attempt at <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a>, he was barred from academic jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinx2019-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being isolated from the mainstream of the scholarly and political community, from the 1950s on he continued his studies, especially of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, and frequently received visitors, both colleagues and younger intellectuals, well into his old age. Among the visitors were <a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Taubes" title="Jacob Taubes">Jacob Taubes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Alexandre Kojève</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1962, Schmitt gave lectures in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, two of which resulted in the publication, the next year, of <i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Partisan" title="Theory of the Partisan">Theory of the Partisan</a></i>, in which he characterized the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> as a "war of national liberation" against "international Communism". Schmitt regarded the <a href="/wiki/Partisan_(military)" title="Partisan (military)">partisan</a> as a specific and significant phenomenon which, during the latter half of the 20th century, indicated the emergence of a new theory of warfare.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schmitt and Todorović had a daughter, Anima, who, in 1957, married Alfonso Otero Varela (1925–2001), a Spanish law professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="University of Santiago de Compostela">University of Santiago de Compostela</a> and a member of the ruling <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a> party in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>. She translated several of her father's works into Spanish. Letters from Schmitt to his son-in-law have been published. Schmitt died on 7 April 1985 and is buried in <a href="/wiki/Plettenberg" title="Plettenberg">Plettenberg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Dictatorship"><i>The Dictatorship</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Dictatorship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his essay <i>Die Diktatur</i> ("The Dictatorship"), he discussed the foundations of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, emphasising the office of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Germany_(1919%E2%80%931945)" title="President of Germany (1919–1945)">President of Germany</a>. In this essay, Schmitt compared and contrasted what he saw as the effective and ineffective elements of the new constitution of his country. He saw the office of the president as a comparatively effective element, because of the power granted to the president to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a> (<i>Ausnahmezustand</i>). This power, which Schmitt discussed and implicitly praised as dictatorial,<sup id="cite_ref-DJR_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was more in line with the underlying mentality of executive power than the comparatively slow and ineffective processes of legislative power reached through parliamentary discussion and compromise.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schmitt was at pains to remove what he saw as a taboo surrounding the concept of "dictatorship" and to show that the concept is implicit whenever power is wielded by means other than the slow processes of parliamentary politics and the bureaucracy:<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If the constitution of a state is democratic, then every exceptional negation of democratic principles, every exercise of state power independent of the approval of the majority, can be called dictatorship.</p></blockquote> <p>For Schmitt, every government capable of decisive action must include a dictatorial element within its constitution. Although the German concept of <i>Ausnahmezustand</i> is best translated as "state of emergency", it literally means "<a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a>" which, according to Schmitt, frees the executive from any legal restraints to its power that would normally apply. The use of the term "exceptional" has to be underlined here: Schmitt defines <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> as the power to <i>decide</i> to initiate a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of exception</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> has noted. According to Agamben,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgamben200552–55_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgamben200552–55-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt's conceptualization of the "state of exception" as belonging to the core-concept of sovereignty was a response to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>'s concept of a "pure" or "revolutionary" violence, which did not enter into any relationship whatsoever with right. Through the state of exception, Schmitt included all types of violence under right, in the case of the authority of Hitler leading to the formulation "The leader defends the law" ("<i>Der Führer schützt das Recht</i>").<sup id="cite_ref-DJR_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DJR-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schmitt opposed what he termed "commissarial dictatorship", or the declaration of a state of emergency in order to save the legal order (a temporary suspension of law, defined itself by moral or legal right): the state of emergency is limited (even if <i><a href="/wiki/Empirical_evidence" title="Empirical evidence">a posteriori</a></i>, by law) to "sovereign dictatorship", in which law was suspended, as in the classical state of exception, not to "save the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Constitution</a>", but rather to create another constitution. This is how he theorized <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s continual suspension of the legal constitutional order during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>'s Constitution was never abrogated, emphasized Giorgio Agamben;<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather, it was "suspended" for four years, first with the 28 February 1933 <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire_Decree" title="Reichstag Fire Decree">Reichstag Fire Decree</a>, with the suspension renewed every four years, implying a continual state of emergency).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Theology"><i>Political Theology</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political Theology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>On Dictatorship</i> was followed by another essay in 1922, titled <i>Politische Theologie</i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a>); in it, Schmitt, gave further substance to his authoritarian theories with the now notorious definition: "The sovereign is he who decides on the exception." By "exception", Schmitt means stepping outside the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a> under the <a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a> (<i>Ausnahmezustand</i>) doctrine he first introduced in <i>On Dictatorship</i> for the purpose of managing some crisis, which Schmitt defines loosely as "a case of extreme peril, a danger to the existence of the state, or the like." For this reason, the "exception" is understood as a "borderline concept" for Schmitt because it is not within the purview of the normal legal order. Schmitt opposes this definition of sovereignty to those offered by contemporary theorists on the issue, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Hans Kelsen</a>, whose work is criticized at several points in the essay. The state of exception is a critique of "normativism", a <a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">positivist</a> concept of law developed by Kelsen of law as the expression of norms that are abstract and generally applicable, in all circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A year later, Schmitt supported the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> power structures in his paper "<i>Die geistesgeschichtliche Lage des heutigen Parlamentarismus</i>" (roughly: "The Intellectual-Historical Situation of Today's Parliamentarianism", translated as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> by Ellen Kennedy). Schmitt criticized the institutional practices of liberal politics, arguing that they are justified by a faith in rational discussion and openness that is at odds with actual parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Party_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Party politics">party politics</a>, in which outcomes are hammered out in <a href="/wiki/Smoke-filled_room" title="Smoke-filled room">smoke-filled rooms</a> by party leaders. Schmitt also posits an essential division between the liberal doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> and what he holds to be the nature of <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a> itself, the identity of the rulers and the ruled. Although many critics of Schmitt today, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Holmes (political scientist)">Stephen Holmes</a> in his <i>The Anatomy of Anti-Liberalism</i>, take exception to his fundamentally <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> outlook, the idea of incompatibility between liberalism and democracy is one reason for the continued interest in his <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 4 of his <i>State of Exception</i> (2005), Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a> argued that Schmitt's <i>Political Theology</i> ought to be read as a response to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>'s influential essay <i>Towards the Critique of Violence</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The book's title derives from Schmitt's assertion (in chapter 3) that "all significant concepts of the modern theory of the state are secularized theological concepts"—in other words, that <a href="/wiki/Political_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theory">political theory</a> addresses the state (and sovereignty) in much the same manner as <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> does God.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Concept_of_the_Political"><i>The Concept of the Political</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Concept of the Political"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></div> <p>For Schmitt, "the political" is not equal to any other domain, such as the economic (which distinguishes between profitable and not profitable), but instead is the most essential to identity. While churches are predominant in religion or society is predominant in economics, the state is usually predominant in politics. Yet, for Schmitt, the political was not autonomous or equivalent to the other domains, but rather the existential basis that would determine any other domain should it reach the point of politics (e.g. religion ceases to be merely theological when it makes a clear distinction between the "friend" and the "enemy").<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He views political concepts and images as inherently contestable. Hegemonic powers seek to control and direct how political concepts are applied for a purpose and to effect an outcome such as making the enemy knowable and, in all cases, intended to manifest the inclusive and exclusive aspects of the social order represented by the political words and symbolism:<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All political concepts, images, and terms have a polemical meaning. They are focused on a specific conflict and are bound to a concrete situation; the result (which manifests itself in war or revolution) is a friend–enemy grouping, and they turn into empty and ghostlike abstractions when this situation disappears. Words such as state, republic, society, class, as well as sovereignty, constitutional state, absolutism, dictatorship, economic planning, neutral or total state, and so on, are incomprehensible if one does not know exactly who is to be affected, combated, refuted or negated by such a term.</p></blockquote> <p>Schmitt, in perhaps his best-known formulation, bases his conceptual realm of state sovereignty and autonomy upon the distinction between <i>friend</i> and <i>enemy</i>. Schmitt writes:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a27_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a27-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The political enemy need not be morally evil or aesthetically ugly… But he is, nevertheless, the other, the stranger ...</p></blockquote> <p>This distinction is to be determined "existentially", which is to say that the enemy is whoever is "in a specially intense way, existentially something different and alien, so that in the extreme case conflicts with him are possible".<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such an enemy need not even be based on nationality: so long as the conflict is potentially intense enough to become a violent one between political entities, the actual substance of enmity may be anything.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this work, Schmitt makes the distinction between several different types of enemies one may make, stating that political enemies ought to be made out of a legitimate concern for the safety of the state rather than moral intuitions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a28_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a28-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The collectivization of friendship and enmity is, for Schmitt, the essence of politics. This theory of politics was influential in the Third Reich where the recognition and eradication of the enemy became a necessary component of the collective national identity. Similar views were shared by other Nazi legal theorists like <a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Werner Best</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there have been divergent interpretations concerning this work, there is broad agreement that <i>The Concept of the Political</i> is an attempt to achieve state unity by defining the content of politics as opposition to the "enemy". Additionally, the prominence of the state stands as an arbitrary force dominating potentially fractious civil society, whose various antagonisms must not be allowed to affect politics, lest civil war result.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_Romanticism"><i>Political Romanticism</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Political Romanticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmitt's <i>Political Romanticism</i> (1926) contains Schmitt's critique of <a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romantic</a> <a href="/wiki/German_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="German conservatism">conservatism</a>, which he considers unrealistic for the political arena of the modern era as it only seeks a restoration of the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a></i>, which Schmitt considers unfeasible. Distancing himself from the tradition of legitimist "restorative conservatives" such as <a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Adam Müller</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Joseph de Maistre</a>, Schmitt instead champions the thought of the 19th century Spanish reactionary thinker <a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Juan Donoso Cortés</a>, who advocated for a dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, this text is both the starting point of Schmitt's advocacy for a <a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">politics of realism</a> and his extreme anti-humanism. Lukács quotes Schmitt's comment that Cortes's 'great theoretical significance for the history of counter-revolutionary theory lies in [that] his contempt for human beings knew no bounds; their blind understanding, their feeble wills, the derisory elan of their carnal desires seem so pitiful to him that all the vocabulary of all human languages is not sufficient to express the full baseness of these creatures,' and Lukács writes:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Here we clearly perceive Schmitt's association with all anti-human tendencies, past and present, along with the reason for it in socio-human terms: he is an enemy of the masses grown blind with hatred, a fanatic in the campaign against <i>Vermassung</i> or mass feeling.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dialogue_with_Leo_Strauss">Dialogue with Leo Strauss</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dialogue with Leo Strauss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmitt provided a positive reference for <a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Leo Strauss</a>, and approved his work, which was instrumental in winning Strauss the scholarship funding that allowed him to leave Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In turn, Strauss's critique and clarifications of <i>The Concept of the Political</i> led Schmitt to make significant emendations in its second edition. Writing to Schmitt during 1932, Strauss summarized Schmitt's political theology thus: "[B]ecause man is by nature evil, he therefore needs <i>dominion</i>. But dominion can be established, that is, men can be unified only in a unity against—against other men. Every association of men is necessarily a separation from other men… the political thus understood is not the constitutive principle of the state, of order, but a condition of the state."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Leviathan_in_the_State_Theory_of_Thomas_Hobbes"><i>The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes</i>, with the subtitle "Meaning and Failure of a Political Symbol", is a 1938 work by Schmitt that revisits one of his most critical theoretical inspirations: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a>. Schmitt's work can be described as both a critique and appraisal of the controversial political theorist. This work also contains some of Schmitt's more anti-Semitic language. As contemporary writers on Schmitt have noted, his anti-Semitism may be read as more a kind of "anti-Judaism" as, unlike his Nazi allies, he did not attribute the dangers of Judaism to "biological" reasons but strictly religious ones. This work by Schmitt is also one of the most intimately involved by him with the concept of myth in a political setting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The text itself begins with an overview of the religious history of the mythical character "<a href="/wiki/Leviathan" title="Leviathan">Leviathan</a>". Schmitt traces this character as a unique subject of conflicting interpretations in <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a> doctrines, whereby the Leviathan, understood most pointedly as a "big fish," is occasionally interchangeable with that of a dragon or serpent, which Schmitt remarks have been "protective and benevolent deities"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b9_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b9-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the history of non-Jewish peoples. But, as Schmitt makes clear, Hobbes' Leviathan is very different from these interpretations, being illustrated firstly in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> as a "huge man". The Leviathan as a "huge man" is used throughout Hobbes' work as a symbol of the sovereign person. Although the Leviathan is not the only allegory made by Hobbes of the sovereign, which gravitates throughout his work as "a huge man, a huge leviathan, an artificial being, an <i>animal artificiale</i>, an <i>automaton</i>, or a <i>machina</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b19_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b19-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hobbes' concern was mainly to convey the sovereign person as a frightening creature that could instill fear into those chaotic elements of man that belong to his interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">state of nature</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schmitt's critique of Hobbes begins with Hobbes' understanding of the state as a "machine" which is set into motion by the sovereign. That, according to Schmitt, is actually a continuation of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a>'s concept of <a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_dualism" title="Mind–body dualism">mind–body dualism</a>. For Hobbes to conceptualize the state as a machine whose soul is the sovereign renders it really as just a mechanic structure, carrying over the cartesian dualism into political theory: "As a totality, the state is body and soul, a <i>homo artificialis</i>, and, as such, a machine. It is a manmade product... the soul thereby becomes a mere component of a machine artificially manufactured by man."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b34_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b34-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt adds that this technical conception of the state is essential in the modern interpretation of government as a widespread administrative organ.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Schmitt attributes Hobbes' mechanistic and often also a legally positivist interpretation of the state (what is legitimate = what is legal) with the process of political neutralization. This is consistent with Schmitt's larger attitude toward attempts to apply technical principles to political matters.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Also, Schmitt critiques Hobbes' insistence that belief in miracles must only be outwardly consistent with the position of the state and can, privately, deviate into one's own opinion as to the validity of such "miracles".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The belief in miracles was a relevant point in Hobbes' century for kings would regularly "bestow miracles" by touching the hands of those of ill health, supposedly healing them—obviously a consequence of the medieval belief that kings had a divine character. Hobbes' position was that "private reason" may disagree with what the state claims to be a miracle, but the "public reason" must by necessity agree to its position in order to avoid chaos. Schmitt's critique of Hobbes here is twofold. Firstly, Hobbes opens the crack toward a liberal understanding of <a href="/wiki/Individual_and_group_rights" title="Individual and group rights">individual rights</a> (such as the right to "private reason") which Schmitt was a tireless critic of and, secondly, Hobbes guts the state of any "substantive truth" (such as the genuine belief of the individual, even in private, of the kings <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>) and renders the state into now simply a "justifiable external power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This opens up the elementary basis of liberal society which, for Schmitt, was <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>. Such a pluralist society lacked ideological homogeneity and nationally bound group identity, both of which were fundamental premises of a democratic society to Schmitt.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his critiques, Schmitt, nonetheless, finishes the book with a celebration of Hobbes as a truly magnificent thinker, ranking him along with other theorists he values greatly like <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b83–86_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b83–86-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Nomos_of_the_Earth"><i>The Nomos of the Earth</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The Nomos of the Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Carl_Schmitt" title="Special:EditPage/Carl Schmitt">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i>The Nomos of the Earth</i> is Schmitt's most historical and geopolitical work. Published in 1950, it was also one of his final texts. It describes the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Eurocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocentric">Eurocentric</a> global order, which Schmitt dates from the <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_New_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the New World">discovery of the New World</a>, discusses its specific character and its contribution to civilization, analyses the reasons for its decline at the end of the 19th century, and concludes with prospects for a new world order. It defends European achievements, not only in creating the first truly global order of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, but also in limiting war to conflicts among sovereign states, which, in effect, civilized war. In Schmitt's view, the European sovereign state was the greatest achievement of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Occidental</a> rationalism; in becoming the principal agency of secularization, the European state created the modern age. </p><p>Notable in Schmitt's discussion of the European epoch of world history is the role played by the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, which ultimately replaced the <a href="/wiki/Old_World" title="Old World">Old World</a> as the centre of the Earth and became the arbiter in European and world politics. According to Schmitt, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>' internal conflicts between economic presence and political absence, between isolationism and interventionism, are global problems, which today continue to hamper the creation of a new world order. But however critical Schmitt is of American actions at the end of the 19th century and after World War I, he considered the United States to be the only political entity capable of resolving the crisis of global order. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamlet_or_Hecuba"><i>Hamlet or Hecuba</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hamlet or Hecuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Carl_Schmitt" title="Special:EditPage/Carl Schmitt">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Published in 1956, <i>Hamlet or Hecuba: The Intrusion of the Time into the Play</i> was Schmitt's most extended piece of literary criticism. In it, Schmitt focuses his attention on <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i> and argues that the significance of the work hinges on its ability to integrate history in the form of the taboo of the queen and the deformation of the figure of the avenger. Schmitt uses this interpretation to develop a theory of myth and politics that serves as a cultural foundation for his concept of political representation. Beyond literary criticism or historical analysis, Schmitt's book also reveals a comprehensive theory of the relationship between aesthetics and politics that responds to alternative ideas developed by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_the_Partisan"><i>Theory of the Partisan</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Theory of the Partisan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Partisan" title="Theory of the Partisan">Theory of the Partisan</a></div> <p>Schmitt's <i>Theory of the Partisan</i> originated in two lectures delivered during 1962,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200411_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200411-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has been seen as a rethinking of <i>The Concept of the Political</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It addressed the transformation of war in the post-European age, analysing a specific and significant phenomenon that ushered in a new <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Theory of war">theory of war</a> and enmity. It contains an implicit theory of the terrorist, which during the 21st century has resulted in yet another new theory of war and enmity. In the lectures, Schmitt directly tackles the issues surrounding "the problem of the Partisan" figure: the guerrilla or revolutionary who "fights irregularly" (p. 3).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both because of its scope, with extended discussions on historical figures like <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, as well as the events marking the beginning of the 20th century, Schmitt's text has had a resurgence of popularity. <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, in his <i>Politics of Friendship</i> remarked:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p>Despite certain signs of ironic distrust in the areas of metaphysics and ontology, <i>The Concept of the Political</i> was, as we have seen, a philosophical type of essay to 'frame' the topic of a concept unable to constitute itself on philosophical ground. But in <i>Theory of the Partisan</i>, it is in the same areas that the topic of this concept is both radicalized and properly uprooted, where Schmitt wished to regrasp in history the event or node of events that engaged this uprooting radicalization, and it is precisely there that the philosophical as such intervenes again. </p> </blockquote> <p>Schmitt concludes <i>Theory of the Partisan</i> with the statement: "The theory of the partisan flows into the question of the concept of the political, into the question of the real enemy and of a new <i><a href="/wiki/Nomos_(sociology)" title="Nomos (sociology)">nomos</a></i> of the earth."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200478_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200478-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt's work on the Partisan has since spurred comparisons with the post-9/11 'terrorist' in recent scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Losurdo" title="Domenico Losurdo">Domenico Losurdo</a> comments:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>Thus, for Schmitt, the colonized peoples' struggle for national independence, although embracing ever larger sections of the population, becomes synonymous with terrorism, while the actions of the occupying army, foreign and hated by the citizens of the occupied country, are characterized as "counter-terrorist". Of course, the "retaliations" can be very harsh, but - Schmitt observes, referring to <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> - we must take into account the "irresistible logic of the old rule according to which insurgents can only be dealt with by insurgent methods." As we see, the main difference between terrorism and counter-terrorism is not a specific behavior (ie. the impact on, or participation of, citizens). It coincides with the border between barbarism and civilization, between East and West. The power that determines who the barbarians are every time also determines who the terrorists are.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Category:Conservatism in Germany">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154E9D; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in Germany</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/80px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/120px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg/160px-Wappen_Deutsches_Reich_-_Reichsadler_1889.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1286" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_German-speaking_countries" title="Monarchism in German-speaking countries">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Right-Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Historical_School" class="mw-redirect" title="German Historical School">Historical School</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_values" title="Christian values">Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nobility" title="German nobility">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft" title="Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft"><i>Gemeinschaft</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">Imperialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/In_Treue_fest" title="In Treue fest">In Treue fest</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Germany" title="Culture of Germany">Kultur</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#Germany" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology#Germany" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_virtues" title="Prussian virtues">Prussian virtues</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Sittlichkeit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy#Germany" title="Social market economy">Social market economy</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderweg" title="Sonderweg">Sonderweg</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Geist#Volksgeist" title="Geist">Volksgeist</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Socialist_Laws" title="Anti-Socialist Laws">Anti-Socialist Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlsbad_Decrees" title="Carlsbad Decrees">Carlsbad Decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erkl%C3%A4rung_2018" title="Erklärung 2018"><i>Erklärung</i> 2018</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Reich" title="German Reich">German <i>Reich</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Manifesto" title="Heidelberg Manifesto">Heidelberg Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Historikerstreit" title="Historikerstreit">Historikerstreit</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junker_(Prussia)" title="Junker (Prussia)">The Junkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Bavaria_after_1918" title="Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918">Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oster_conspiracy" title="Oster conspiracy">Oster conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture#Berlin's_reputation_for_decadence" title="Weimar culture">Perceived Weimar decadence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_school_(sociology)" title="Leipzig school (sociology)">Leipzig school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Wandervogel" title="Wandervogel">Wandervogel</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Benedict XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Bolz" title="Norbert Bolz">Norbert Bolz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerich_Coreth" title="Emerich Coreth">Emerich Coreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henning_Eichberg" title="Henning Eichberg">Eichberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">von Galen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Gehlen" title="Arnold Gehlen">Gehlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gogarten" title="Friedrich Gogarten">Gogarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_G%C3%B6rres" title="Joseph Görres">Görres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hamann" title="Johann Georg Hamann">Hamann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Hildebrand" title="Dietrich von Hildebrand">von Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger (Ernst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">Jünger (Friedrich)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kantorowicz" title="Ernst Kantorowicz">Kantorowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Koselleck" title="Reinhart Koselleck">Koselleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Lilienfeld" title="Paul von Lilienfeld">von Lilienfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_L%C3%B6with" title="Karl Löwith">Löwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%BCbbe" title="Hermann Lübbe">Lübbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Nolte" title="Ernst Nolte">Nolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Pieper" title="Josef Pieper">Pieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Plessner" title="Helmuth Plessner">Plessner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">von Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Reck-Malleczewen" title="Friedrich Reck-Malleczewen">Reck-Malleczewen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ritter" title="Gerhard Ritter">Ritter (Gerhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Ritter" title="Joachim Ritter">Ritter (Joachim)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R%C3%BCstow" title="Alexander Rüstow">Rüstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Scheler" title="Max Scheler">Scheler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Schelsky" title="Helmut Schelsky">Schelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Peter_Sieferle" title="Rolf Peter Sieferle">Sieferle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Sombart" title="Werner Sombart">Sombart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Spaemann" title="Robert Spaemann">Spaemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Steinbuch" title="Karl Steinbuch">Steinbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_T%C3%B6nnies" title="Ferdinand Tönnies">Tönnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Treitschke" title="Heinrich von Treitschke">von Treitschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Weber" title="Alfred Weber">Weber</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Addresses_to_the_German_Nation" title="Addresses to the German Nation">Addresses to the German Nation</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1806)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_System_of_Political_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="The National System of Political Economy">The National System</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1837)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment_(book)" title="Ressentiment (book)">Ressentiment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1918, 1922)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideology_and_Utopia" title="Ideology and Utopia">Ideology and Utopia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_and_Technics" title="Man and Technics">Man and Technics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1931)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1932)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man._His_Nature_and_Place_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Man. His Nature and Place in the World">Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1940)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diary_of_a_Man_in_Despair" title="Diary of a Man in Despair">Diary of a Man in Despair</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1947)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Questionnaire_(Salomon_novel)" title="The Questionnaire (Salomon novel)">The Questionnaire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Its_Epoch" title="Fascism in Its Epoch">Fascism in Its Epoch</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1963)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Envy:_A_Theory_of_Social_Behavior" title="Envy: A Theory of Social Behavior">Envy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1966)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_und_Hypermoral" title="Moral und Hypermoral">Moral und Hypermoral</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1969)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germany_Abolishes_Itself" title="Germany Abolishes Itself">Germany Abolishes Itself</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2010)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finis_Germania" title="Finis Germania">Finis Germania</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Anrich" title="Ernst Anrich">Anrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Aust" title="Stefan Aust">Aust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_M._Broder" title="Henryk M. Broder">Broder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Deschner" title="Günther Deschner">Deschner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fasbender" title="Thomas Fasbender">Thomas Fasbender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Herman" title="Eva Herman">Herman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_H%C3%B6hler" title="Gertrud Höhler">Höhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Krause_Landt" title="Andreas Krause Landt">Krause Landt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Kuby" title="Gabriele Kuby">Kuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns" title="Hermann Löns">Hermann Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal" title="Gerhard Löwenthal">Löwenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Maschke" title="Günter Maschke">Maschke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golo_Mann" title="Golo Mann">Mann (Golo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhart_Maurer" title="Reinhart Maurer">Maurer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilman_Nagel" title="Tilman Nagel">Nagel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Nebel" title="Gerhard Nebel">Nebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Noelle-Neumann" title="Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann">Noelle-Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Otte" title="Max Otte">Otte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akif_Pirin%C3%A7ci" title="Akif Pirinçci">Pirinçci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Rainer_R%C3%B6hl" title="Klaus Rainer Röhl">Röhl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Safranski" title="Rüdiger Safranski">Safranski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thilo_Sarrazin" title="Thilo Sarrazin">Sarrazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_von_Schrenck-Notzing" title="Caspar von Schrenck-Notzing">von Schrenck-Notzing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimo_Schwilk" title="Heimo Schwilk">Schwilk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Strauss (Botho)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Michael Stürmer">Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Tichy" title="Roland Tichy">Tichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Wei%C3%9Fmann" title="Karlheinz Weißmann">Weißmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Zitelmann" title="Rainer Zitelmann">Zitelmann</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ancillon" title="Friedrich Ancillon">Ancillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Barschel" title="Uwe Barschel">Barschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">von Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">von Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Fehrenbach" title="Constantin Fehrenbach">Fehrenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger" title="Hans Filbinger">Filbinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ludwig_von_Gerlach" title="Ernst Ludwig von Gerlach">von Gerlach</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Goerdeler" title="Carl Friedrich Goerdeler">Goerdeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Held" title="Heinrich Held">Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">von Hindenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hugenberg" title="Alfred Hugenberg">Hugenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Jongen" title="Marc Jongen">Jongen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Kapp" title="Wolfgang Kapp">Kapp</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Krah" title="Maximilian Krah">Krah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">von Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vera_Lengsfeld" title="Vera Lengsfeld">Lengsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Maa%C3%9Fen" title="Hans-Georg Maaßen">Maaßen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Joachim_von_Merkatz" title="Hans-Joachim von Merkatz">von Merkatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Merkel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Merz" title="Friedrich Merz">Merz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Michaelis" title="Georg Michaelis">Michaelis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">von Papen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauke_Petry" title="Frauke Petry">Petry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Radowitz" title="Joseph von Radowitz">von Radowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ritter_von_Kahr" title="Gustav Ritter von Kahr">Ritter von Kahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon">von Roon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Sch%C3%A4ffer" title="Fritz Schäffer">Schäffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sch%C3%A4ffler" title="Frank Schäffler">Schäffler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">von Schleicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom und zum Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann" title="Gustav Stresemann">Stresemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Friedrich_Karl_vom_und_zum_Stein" title="Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein">vom Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Stoecker" title="Adolf Stoecker">Stoecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrix_von_Storch" title="Beatrix von Storch">von Storch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Strauss" title="Franz Josef Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Weidel" title="Alice Weidel">Weidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuno_von_Westarp" title="Kuno von Westarp">von Westarp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst-Wolfgang_B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde" title="Ernst-Wolfgang Böckenförde">Böckenförde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Gierke" title="Otto von Gierke">von Gierke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_M%C3%B6ser" title="Justus Möser">Möser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">von Savigny</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Wackenroder" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Wackenroder">Wackenroder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wagener" title="Hermann Wagener">Wagener</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kohlmann" title="Martin Kohlmann">Kohlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_Kubitschek" title="Götz Kubitschek">Kubitschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Sabaditsch-Wolff" title="Elisabeth Sabaditsch-Wolff">Sabaditsch-Wolff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Seibt" title="Naomi Seibt">Seibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Six" title="Billy Six">Billy Six</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claus_von_Stauffenberg" title="Claus von Stauffenberg">von Stauffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_St%C3%BCrzenberger" title="Michael Stürzenberger">Stürzenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Elisabeth von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Elisabeth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_von_Thurn_und_Taxis" title="Gloria von Thurn und Taxis">von Thurn und Taxis (Gloria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_for_Germany" title="Alternative for Germany">Alternative for Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(AfD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavaria_Party" title="Bavaria Party">Bavaria Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BCndnis_Deutschland" title="Bündnis Deutschland">Bündnis Deutschland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BD)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CDU)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_in_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union in Bavaria">Christian Social Union in Bavaria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(CSU)</span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Germany)" title="Centre Party (Germany)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_Democratic_Party" title="Ecological Democratic Party">Ecological Democratic Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(ÖDP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Party_of_Germany" title="Family Party of Germany">Family Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(Germany)" title="The Republicans (Germany)">The Republicans</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(REP)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Values_Union" title="Values Union">Values Union</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WU)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Citizens_(Germany)" title="We Citizens (Germany)">We Citizens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(WB)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_People%27s_Party" title="Bavarian People's Party">Bavarian People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(BVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Prussia)" title="Conservative Party (Prussia)">Conservative Party</a> 1848-1867</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Conservative_Party" title="Free Conservative Party">Free Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(FKP)</span> 1866-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Conservative_Party" title="German Conservative Party">German Conservative Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DkP)</span> 1876-1918</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Freedom_Party" title="German Freedom Party">German Freedom Party</a> 2010-2016</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DNVP)</span> 1918-1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(1947)" title="German Party (1947)">German Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DP)</span> 1947-1961</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party" title="German People's Party">German People's Party</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(DVP)</span> 1918-1933</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_Vereinigung" title="Aufbau Vereinigung">Aufbau Vereinigung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Bibliothek_des_Konservatismus" title="Bibliothek des Konservatismus">Bibliothek des Konservatismus</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung" title="Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung">Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Deutschen_Konservativen" title="Die Deutschen Konservativen">Die Deutschen Konservativen</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_of_German_Catholics" title="Forum of German Catholics">Forum of German Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_L%C3%B6wenthal_Prize" title="Gerhard Löwenthal Prize">Gerhard Löwenthal Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Burschenschaft" title="German Burschenschaft">German Burschenschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_Movement_Pax_Europa" title="Citizens' Movement Pax Europa">Citizens' Movement Pax Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Seidel_Foundation" title="Hanns Seidel Foundation">Hanns Seidel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Filbinger_Foundation" title="Hans Filbinger Foundation">Hans Filbinger Foundation</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement#Germany" title="Identitarian movement">Identitäre Aktion</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Staatspolitik" class="mw-redirect" title="Institut für Staatspolitik">Institut für Staatspolitik</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer_Foundation" title="Konrad Adenauer Foundation">Konrad Adenauer Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pegida" title="Pegida">PEGIDA</a></i></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Studienzentrum_Weikersheim" title="Studienzentrum Weikersheim">Studienzentrum Weikersheim</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Tradition_und_Leben" title="Tradition und Leben">Tradition und Leben</a></i></span></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany_Foundation" title="Germany Foundation">Germany Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Louise_League" title="Queen Louise League">Queen Louise League</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic"> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Achse_des_Guten" title="Die Achse des Guten">Die Achse des Guten</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antaios_(magazine)" title="Antaios (magazine)">Antaios</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bild" title="Bild">Bild</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Cato_(Magazin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cato (Magazin)">Cato</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero_(magazine)" title="Cicero (magazine)">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(German_magazine)" title="Compact (German magazine)">COMPACT</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Rundschau" title="Deutsche Rundschau">Deutsche Rundschau</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit">Junge Freiheit</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Kreuzzeitung" title="Kreuzzeitung">Kreuzzeitung</a></i></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politically_Incorrect_(blog)" title="Politically Incorrect (blog)">Politically Incorrect</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fische_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung">Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Der_T%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Türmer">Der Türmer</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Verlag_Antaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlag Antaios">Verlag Antaios</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a></i></span> <ul><li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Welt_am_Sonntag" title="Welt am Sonntag">Welt am Sonntag</a></i></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_nationalism" title="Bavarian nationalism">Bavarian nationalism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ckenf%C3%B6rde_dilemma" title="Böckenförde dilemma">Böckenförde dilemma</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_collective_guilt" title="German collective guilt">Collective guilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Conservatism in Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#Germany" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free-floating_intellectuals" title="Free-floating intellectuals">Freischwebende Intelligenz</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">German militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_crime_in_Germany" title="Immigration and crime in Germany">Immigrant criminality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Liberalism in Germany</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lying_press#Germany" title="Lying press">Lügenpresse</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapolitics#Contemporary_politics" title="Metapolitics">Metapolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anthropology" title="Philosophical anthropology">Philosophical anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remigration#Germany" title="Remigration">Remigration</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm-Fraktion" title="Stahlhelm-Fraktion">Stahlhelm-Fraktion</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_generations" title="Theory of generations">Theory of generations</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cberfremdung" title="Überfremdung">Überfremdung</a></i></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/16px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/24px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Through <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Giorgio Agamben</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Arato" title="Andrew Arato">Andrew Arato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Chantal Mouffe</a> and other writers, Schmitt has become a common reference in recent writings of the intellectual left as well as the right.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These discussions concern not only the interpretation of Schmitt's own positions, but also matters relevant to contemporary politics: the idea that laws of the state cannot strictly limit actions of its <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a>, the problem of a "<a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">state of exception</a>" (later expanded upon by Agamben).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schmitt's argument that political concepts are <i>secularized theological concepts</i> has also recently been seen as consequential for those interested in contemporary <a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">political theology</a>. The German-Jewish philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Taubes" title="Jacob Taubes">Jacob Taubes</a>, for example, engaged Schmitt widely in his study of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Saint Paul</a>, <i>The Political Theology of Paul</i> (Stanford Univ. Press, 2004). Taubes' understanding of political theology is, however, very different from Schmitt's, and emphasizes the political aspect of theological claims, rather than the religious derivation of political claims.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Schmitt is described as a "classic of political thought" by <a href="/wiki/Herfried_M%C3%BCnkler" title="Herfried Münkler">Herfried Münkler</a>, while in the same article Münkler speaks of his post-war writings as reflecting an "embittered, jealous, occasionally malicious man" ("verbitterten, eifersüchtigen, gelegentlich bösartigen Mann"). Schmitt was termed the "Crown Jurist of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>" ("Kronjurist des Dritten Reiches") by <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Gurian" title="Waldemar Gurian">Waldemar Gurian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Renato Cristi in the writing of the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Constitution_of_1980" title="Chilean Constitution of 1980">Constitution of Chile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a> collaborator <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Jaime Guzmán">Jaime Guzmán</a> based his work on the <i>pouvoir constituant</i> concept used by Schmitt (as well as drawing inspiration in the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market society</a> of <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>). This way Guzmán would have enabled a framework for a dictatorial state combined with a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> economic system.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schmitt's anti-parliamentarian political theory received renewed attention as a historical reference with immediate contemporary relevance during the electoral cycles and administrations of the U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_of_emergency_powers">Law of emergency powers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Law of emergency powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schmitt's "state of exception" doctrine has enjoyed a revival in the 21st century. Formulated 10 years before the 1933 Nazi takeover of Germany, Schmitt claimed that urgency justified the following:<sup id="cite_ref-Head_14_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head_14-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Special executive powers</li> <li>Suspension of the Rule of Law</li> <li>Derogation of legal and constitutional rights</li></ol> <p>Schmitt's doctrine helped clear the way for Hitler's rise to power by providing the theoretical legal foundation of the Nazi regime.<sup id="cite_ref-Head_14_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Head_14-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_China" title="Category:Conservatism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#fff"> Neoauthoritarianism<br />in China</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/80px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/120px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/160px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism#China" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism#China" title="Social conservatism">Social conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#China" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultraconservatism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Culture of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Dream" title="Chinese Dream">Chinese Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Developmentalism" title="Developmentalism">Developmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Honors_and_Eight_Shames" title="Eight Honors and Eight Shames">Eight Honors and Eight Shames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Cardinal_Principles" title="Four Cardinal Principles">Four Cardinal Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionism_(Marxism)" title="Revisionism (Marxism)">Revisionism (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_power" title="Unified power">Unified power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole-process_people%27s_democracy" title="Whole-process people's democracy">Whole-process people's democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Secession_Law" title="Anti-Secession Law">Anti-Secession Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_against_spiritual_pollution" title="Campaign against spiritual pollution">Campaign against spiritual pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_Law_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Property Law of the People's Republic of China">Property Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up">Reform and Opening Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_System" title="Social Credit System">Social Credit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Territorial disputes of the People's Republic of China">Territorial disputes of the PRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_warrior_diplomacy" title="Wolf warrior diplomacy">Wolf warrior diplomacy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang (Qing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_X._Li" title="Eric X. Li">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xuetong" title="Yan Xuetong">Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Kuiyuan" title="Chen Kuiyuan">Chen (Kuiyuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen (Yun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang</a></li> <li><a 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title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (factions)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Against_America" title="America Against America">America Against America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Wave:_Rise_of_a_Civilizational_State" title="The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State">The China Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_Revolution" title="Farewell to Revolution">Farewell to Revolution</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid 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title="Guancha">Guancha</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">Conservatism in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#China">Carl Schmitt Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">Social imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td 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<li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Macau" title="Economy of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_democratic_dictatorship" title="People's democratic dictatorship">People's democratic dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Province,_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Taiwan Province, People's Republic of China">Taiwan, PRC</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(claimed)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neoauthoritarianism_in_China" title="Template:Neoauthoritarianism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neoauthoritarianism_in_China" title="Template talk:Neoauthoritarianism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neoauthoritarianism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neoauthoritarianism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism (China)</a></div> <p>Some have argued that Schmitt has become an important influence on Chinese political theory in the 21st century, particularly since <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> became <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leading Chinese Schmittians include the theologian <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaofeng_(academic)" title="Liu Xiaofeng (academic)">Liu Xiaofeng</a>, the public policy scholar <a href="/wiki/Wang_Shaoguang" title="Wang Shaoguang">Wang Shaoguang</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sapio_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the legal theorist and government adviser <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang Shigong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schmitt's ideas have proved popular and useful instruments in justifying the legitimacy of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> rule.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first important wave of Schmitt's reception in China started with Liu's writings at the end of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of a transition period, Schmitt was used both by liberal, nationalist and conservative intellectuals to find answers to contemporary issues. In the 21st century, most of them are still concerned with state power and to what extent a strong state is required to tackle China's modernization. Some authors consider Schmitt's works as a weapon against liberalism.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others think that his theories are helpful for China's development.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapio_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A critical reception of his use in a Chinese context does also exist.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences go together with different interpretations of Schmitt's relation with fascism. While some scholars regard him as a faithful follower of fascism, others, such as Liu Xiaofeng, consider his support to the Nazi regime only as instrumental and attempt to separate his works from their historical context.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to them, his real goal is to pave a different and unique way for the modernization of Germany—precisely what makes him interesting for China. Generally speaking, the Chinese reception is ambivalent: quite diverse and dynamic, but also highly ideological.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapio_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other scholars are cautious when it comes to Schmitt's arguments for state power, considering the danger of totalitarianism, they assume at the same time that state power is necessary for the current transition and that a "dogmatic faith" in liberalism is unsuitable for China.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By emphasizing the danger of social chaos, many of them agree with Schmitt—beyond their differences—on the necessity of a strong state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapio_83-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapio-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_countries">Other countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among other things, his work is considered to have influenced <a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">neoconservatism</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most notably the legal opinions offered by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Gonzales" title="Alberto Gonzales">Alberto Gonzales</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Yoo" title="John Yoo">John Yoo</a> et al. by invoking the unitary executive theory to justify the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>'s legally controversial decisions during the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a> (such as introducing unlawful combatant status which purportedly would eliminate protection by the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ghraib_torture_and_prisoner_abuse" title="Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse">Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a>'s <a href="/wiki/PRISM" title="PRISM">electronic surveillance program</a> and various excesses of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a>) mimic his writings.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professor David Luban points out that the American legal database Lexis.com has five references to Schmitt in the period between 1980 and 1990, 114 between 1990 and 2000, and 420 between 2000 and 2010, with almost twice as many in the last five years of the 2000s decade as the first five.<sup id="cite_ref-Luban_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luban-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several scholars have noted the influence of Carl Schmitt on <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> and Russia, specifically in defence of illiberal norms and exercising power, such as in disputes with Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Snyder" title="Timothy Snyder">Timothy Snyder</a> has asserted that Schmitt's work has greatly influenced <a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianist</a> philosophy in Russia by revealing a counter to the liberal order.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nomma Zarubina, who was accused<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">FBI</a> of being a secret operative of Russia’s <a href="/wiki/Federal_Security_Service" title="Federal Security Service">Federal Security Service (FSB)</a>, said in an interview<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that her father named her "Nomma" after Schmitt's work <i>The Nomos of the Earth</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt_bibliography" title="Carl Schmitt bibliography">Carl Schmitt bibliography</a></div> <p>Some of Schmitt's major works are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Theology:_Four_Chapters_on_the_Concept_of_Sovereignty&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty (page does not exist)">Political Theology: Four Chapters on the Concept of Sovereignty</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Wendung_zum_diskriminierenden_Kriegsbegriff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Wendung zum diskriminierenden Kriegsbegriff (page does not exist)">Die Wendung zum diskriminierenden Kriegsbegriff</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Wendung_zum_diskriminierenden_Kriegsbegriff" class="extiw" title="de:Die Wendung zum diskriminierenden Kriegsbegriff">de</a>]</span></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Sea:_A_World-Historical_Meditation" title="Land and Sea: A World-Historical Meditation">Land and Sea: A World-Historical Meditation</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Captivitate_Salus" title="Ex Captivitate Salus">Ex Captivitate Salus</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Nomos_of_the_Earth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Nomos of the Earth (page does not exist)">The Nomos of the Earth</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamlet_or_Hecuba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamlet or Hecuba (page does not exist)">Hamlet or Hecuba: The Intrusion of the Time into the Play</a></i> (1956)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Partisan" title="Theory of the Partisan">Theory of the Partisan: Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Political_Theology_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Political Theology 2 (page does not exist)">Political Theology 2</a></i> (1970)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streitbare_Demokratie" class="mw-redirect" title="Streitbare Demokratie">Streitbare Demokratie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ʃmɪt]</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The concept of the "administrative state" is elaborated by Schmitt in his other works such as <i>Legality and Legitimacy</i> as a technical interpretation of state activity that is excessively bureaucratic and wherein all disputes of the state can be settled through "more proper" or "more perfect" management.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b5–6_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b5–6-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wolin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWolin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Wolin, Richard (1992). "Carl Schmitt: The Conservative Revolutionary Habitus and the Aesthetics of Horror". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Theory_(journal)" title="Political Theory (journal)">Political Theory</a></i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">424–</span>25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591792020003003">10.1177/0090591792020003003</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143762314">143762314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Theory&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt%3A+The+Conservative+Revolutionary+Habitus+and+the+Aesthetics+of+Horror&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E424-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0090591792020003003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143762314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wolin&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oliver W. Lembcke, Claudia Ritzi, Gary S. Schaal (eds.): <i>Zeitgenössische Demokratietheorien: Band 1: Normative Demokratietheorien</i>, Springer, 2014, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hooker2009-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hooker2009_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHooker2009" class="citation book cs1">Hooker, William (12 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WaAgAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA204"><i>Carl Schmitt's International Thought: Order and Orientation</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-13948184-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-13948184-7"><bdi>978-1-13948184-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Schmitt%27s+International+Thought%3A+Order+and+Orientation&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2009-11-12&rft.isbn=978-1-13948184-7&rft.aulast=Hooker&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWaAgAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA204&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2003" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (2003). "Public Law in a New Context". In Mosse, George L. (ed.). <i>Nazi culture: intellectual, cultural and social life in the Third Reich</i>. George L. Mosse series in modern European cultural and intellectual history. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19304-1"><bdi>978-0-299-19304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Public+Law+in+a+New+Context&rft.btitle=Nazi+culture%3A+intellectual%2C+cultural+and+social+life+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Madison%2C+Wis.&rft.series=George+L.+Mosse+series+in+modern+European+cultural+and+intellectual+history&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-299-19304-1&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1933" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmitt, Carl (1933). <i>Staat, Bewegung, Volk; die Dreigliederung der politischen Einheit</i> [<i>State, movement, people : the triadic structure of the political unity</i>] (in German) (1st ed.). Hamburg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staat%2C+Bewegung%2C+Volk%3B+die+Dreigliederung+der+politischen+Einheit&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2015" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, John (2015). <i>Introduction to Political Theory</i>. Routledge. p. 114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317556602" title="Special:BookSources/9781317556602"><bdi>9781317556602</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Political+Theory&rft.pages=114&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317556602&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2008" class="citation book cs1">Martin, James (2008). <i>Piero Gobetti and the Politics of Liberal Revolution</i>. Springer. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61686-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-61686-8"><bdi>978-0-230-61686-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Piero+Gobetti+and+the+Politics+of+Liberal+Revolution&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-230-61686-8&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinx2019-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinx2019">Vinx 2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell2005" class="citation journal cs1">Caldwell, Peter C. (June 2005). "Controversies over Carl Schmitt: A Review of Recent Literature". <i>The Journal of Modern History</i>. <b>77</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F431819">10.1086/431819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2801">0022-2801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=Controversies+over+Carl+Schmitt%3A+A+Review+of+Recent+Literature&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E387&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F431819&rft.issn=0022-2801&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinx2019[httpsplatostanfordeduentriesschmittLibCosFouIntOrd_ch._5_"Liberal_Cosmopolitanism_and_..."]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinx2019[httpsplatostanfordeduentriesschmittLibCosFouIntOrd_ch._5_"Liberal_Cosmopolitanism_and_..."]_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinx2019">Vinx 2019</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/#LibCosFouIntOrd">ch. 5 "Liberal Cosmopolitanism and ..."</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conscience56-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conscience56_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conscience56_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://markkukoivusalo.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/syyllisyys.jpg">"Cover of Carl Schmitt's dissertation from 1910"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308234100/https://markkukoivusalo.files.wordpress.com/2015/04/syyllisyys.jpg">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cover+of+Carl+Schmitt%27s+dissertation+from+1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarkkukoivusalo.files.wordpress.com%2F2015%2F04%2Fsyyllisyys.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conscience57-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conscience57_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-conscience57_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCormick, John P. <i>Carl Schmitt's Critique of Liberalism: Against Politics as Technology</i>. 1st paperback ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999:86–87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:11_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Müller, Jan-Werner. <i>A Dangerous Mind: Carl Schmitt in Post-War European Thought</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003:xxix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehring2009" class="citation book cs1">Mehring, Reinhard (2009). <i>Carl Schmitt: Aufstieg und Fall</i> (Second ed.). Verlag C.H.Beck. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17104%2F9783406785658">10.17104/9783406785658</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-78563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-78563-4"><bdi>978-3-406-78563-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.1231848">jj.1231848</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Schmitt%3A+Aufstieg+und+Fall&rft.pages=118&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Verlag+C.H.Beck&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fjj.1231848%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17104%2F9783406785658&rft.isbn=978-3-406-78563-4&rft.aulast=Mehring&rft.aufirst=Reinhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiber2024" class="citation journal cs1">Treiber, Hubert (2024). "What Connects Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, and Josef Redlich?". <i>Telos</i>. <b>2024</b> (208): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3817%2F0924208117">10.3817/0924208117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-6514">0090-6514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:273474071">273474071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=What+Connects+Max+Weber%2C+Carl+Schmitt%2C+and+Josef+Redlich%3F&rft.volume=2024&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A273474071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-6514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3817%2F0924208117&rft.aulast=Treiber&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTreiber2024" class="citation journal cs1">Treiber, Hubert (2024). "What Connects Max Weber, Carl Schmitt, and Josef Redlich?". <i>Telos</i>. <b>2024</b> (208): <span class="nowrap">118–</span>120. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3817%2F0924208117">10.3817/0924208117</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-6514">0090-6514</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:273474071">273474071</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=What+Connects+Max+Weber%2C+Carl+Schmitt%2C+and+Josef+Redlich%3F&rft.volume=2024&rft.issue=208&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E118-%3C%2Fspan%3E120&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A273474071%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-6514&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3817%2F0924208117&rft.aulast=Treiber&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottfried1990" class="citation book cs1">Gottfried, Paul (1990). <i>Carl Schmitt</i>. Claridge Press. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870626-46-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870626-46-0"><bdi>978-1-870626-46-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Schmitt&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Claridge+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-870626-46-0&rft.aulast=Gottfried&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gppcr-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gppcr_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gppcr_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalakrishnan2000">Balakrishnan 2000</a>, pp. 168–169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000187-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000187_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalakrishnan2000">Balakrishnan 2000</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003) <i><a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich">The Coming of the Third Reich</a></i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguin Press">Penguin Press</a>. p. 371 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-303469-3">0-14-303469-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200358-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200358_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz200359-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz200359_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlee2007" class="citation book cs1">Klee, Ernst (2007). <i>Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945</i>. Frankfurt-am-Main: Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-596-16048-8"><bdi>978-3-596-16048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Personenlexikon+zum+Dritten+Reich.+Wer+war+was+vor+und+nach+1945&rft.place=Frankfurt-am-Main&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-596-16048-8&rft.aulast=Klee&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000183–184-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalakrishnan2000183–184_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBalakrishnan2000">Balakrishnan 2000</a>, pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-facsimile-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-facsimile_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flechsig.biz/DJZ34_CS.pdf"><i>Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German), Flechsig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100120071127/http://www.flechsig.biz/DJZ34_CS.pdf">archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Juristen-Zeitung&rft.pub=Flechsig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flechsig.biz%2FDJZ34_CS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DJR-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DJR_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJR_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DJR_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Deutsche Juristen-Zeitung</i>, 38, 1934; trans. as "The Führer Protects Justice" in Detlev Vagts, <i>Carl Schmitt's Ultimate Emergency: The Night of the Long Knives</i> (2012) 87(2) <i>The Germanic Review</i> 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003207-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKoonz2003207_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKoonz2003">Koonz 2003</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLind2015" class="citation news cs1">Lind, Michael (23 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalinterest.org/feature/carl-schmitt%E2%80%99s-war-liberalism-12704">"Carl Schmitt's War on Liberalism"</a>. <i>The National Interest</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181031091208/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/carl-schmitt%E2%80%99s-war-liberalism-12704">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt%27s+War+on+Liberalism&rft.date=2015-04-23&rft.aulast=Lind&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fcarl-schmitt%25E2%2580%2599s-war-liberalism-12704&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechinastory.org/cot/carl-schmitt-in-china/">"Carl Schmitt in China"</a>. <i>The China story</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">AU</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005230701/https://www.thechinastory.org/cot/carl-schmitt-in-china/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+story&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt+in+China&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinastory.org%2Fcot%2Fcarl-schmitt-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008axx-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008axx_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008a">Schmitt 2008a</a>, p. xx.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendersky-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bendersky_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bendersky, Joseph, W., <i>Theorist For The Reich</i>, 1983, Princeton, New Jersey</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noack-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Noack_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Noack, Paul, Carl Schmitt – Eine Biographie, 1996, Frankfurt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJünger2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger, Ernst</a> (2019). <i>A German Officer in Occupied Paris</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23112740-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23112740-0"><bdi>978-0-23112740-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+German+Officer+in+Occupied+Paris&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-23112740-0&rft.aulast=J%C3%BCnger&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carl-schmitt.de/wp-content/uploads/Erinnerungsorte_neu-3.pdf">"Carl Schmitt-Erinnerungsorte in Plettenberg"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>carl-schmitt.de</i>. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=carl-schmitt.de&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt-Erinnerungsorte+in+Plettenberg&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.carl-schmitt.de%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FErinnerungsorte_neu-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hjlenger.de/reader/schmitt%20theologie%20diktatur%20leviathan.pdf"><i>Die Diktatur</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124022722/http://www.hjlenger.de/reader/schmitt%20theologie%20diktatur%20leviathan.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-01-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> § XV p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAgamben200552–55-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAgamben200552–55_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgamben2005">Agamben 2005</a>, pp. 52–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAgamben1998">Agamben 1998</a>, p. 168. On the February 28, 1933, decree of the <i>Ausnahmezustand</i> (state of exception), Agamben notes that this very term was conspicuously absent: "The decree remained de facto in force until the end of the Third Reich... The state of exception thus ceases to be referred to as an external and provisional state of factual danger and comes to be confused with juridical rule itself."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead" class="citation book cs1">Head, Michael. <i>Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice: The Long Shadow Carl Schmitt</i>. Ashgate. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Powers+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+The+Long+Shadow+Carl+Schmitt&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William E. Scheuerman, "Survey Article: Emergency Powers and the Rule of Law after 9/11", <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Political_Philosophy" title="The Journal of Political Philosophy">The Journal of Political Philosophy</a></i>, vol. 14, no. 1, 2006, pp. 61–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2001" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, Giorgio (2001). "Gigantomachia Concerning a Void". <i>State of Exception</i>. University of Chicago (published 2003). pp. <span class="nowrap">52–</span>65.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gigantomachia+Concerning+a+Void&rft.btitle=State+of+Exception&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E52-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2005" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (2005). <i>Political Theology</i>. University of Chicago (published 1922). pp. <span class="nowrap">36–</span>37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Theology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaler2018" class="citation book cs1">Thaler, Mathias (2018). <i>Naming Violence: A Critical Theory of Genocide, Torture, and Terrorism</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Violence%3A+A+Critical+Theory+of+Genocide%2C+Torture%2C+and+Terrorism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Thaler&rft.aufirst=Mathias&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a27-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a27_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008a">Schmitt 2008a</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2008" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (1 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sUYDQIXSEtoC"><i>The Concept of the Political</i></a> (expanded ed.). University of Chicago Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73884-0"><bdi>978-0-226-73884-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Political&rft.pages=27&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008-12-01&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73884-0&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsUYDQIXSEtoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For a good discussion of Schmitt's ideas on this topic, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1966" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Charles E. (November 1966). "Carl Schmitt's Concept of the Political". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Politics" title="The Journal of Politics">The Journal of Politics</a></i>. <b>28</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">818–</span>830. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2127676">10.2307/2127676</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2127676">2127676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Politics&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt%27s+Concept+of+the+Political&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E818-%3C%2Fspan%3E830&rft.date=1966-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2127676&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2127676%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenabdallah2007" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Benabdallah, Amine (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.2065.4965/1"><i>Une réception de Carl Schmitt dans l'extrême-gauche: La théologie politique de Giorgio Agamben</i></a> (Master's thesis) (in French). Sciences Po, Paris. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2065.4965%2F1">10.13140/RG.2.1.2065.4965/1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Une+r%C3%A9ception+de+Carl+Schmitt+dans+l%27extr%C3%AAme-gauche%3A+La+th%C3%A9ologie+politique+de+Giorgio+Agamben&rft.inst=Sciences+Po%2C+Paris&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2065.4965%2F1&rft.aulast=Benabdallah&rft.aufirst=Amine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frgdoi.net%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.1.2065.4965%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a28-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008a28_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008a">Schmitt 2008a</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartov2000" class="citation book cs1">Bartov, Omer (2000). <i>Mirrors of Destruction: War, Genocide and Modern Identity</i>. p. 143.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirrors+of+Destruction%3A+War%2C+Genocide+and+Modern+Identity&rft.pages=143&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Bartov&rft.aufirst=Omer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1980" class="citation book cs1">Lukács, György (1980) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4179816/mod_resource/content/1/THE%20DESTRUCTION%20OF%20REASON.pdf">"German Sociology of the Imperialist Period"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Destruction of Reason</i>. Translated by Palmer, Peter R. London: Merlin Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203959/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4179816/mod_resource/content/1/THE%20DESTRUCTION%20OF%20REASON.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=German+Sociology+of+the+Imperialist+Period&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Reason&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4179816%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FTHE%2520DESTRUCTION%2520OF%2520REASON.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukács1980" class="citation book cs1">Lukács, György (1980) [1952]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4179816/mod_resource/content/1/THE%20DESTRUCTION%20OF%20REASON.pdf">"Epilogue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Destruction of Reason</i>. Translated by Palmer, Peter R. London: Merlin Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406203959/https://edisciplinas.usp.br/pluginfile.php/4179816/mod_resource/content/1/THE%20DESTRUCTION%20OF%20REASON.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epilogue&rft.btitle=The+Destruction+of+Reason&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Merlin+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Luk%C3%A1cs&rft.aufirst=Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedisciplinas.usp.br%2Fpluginfile.php%2F4179816%2Fmod_resource%2Fcontent%2F1%2FTHE%2520DESTRUCTION%2520OF%2520REASON.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss: the hidden dialogue</i>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Meier" title="Heinrich Meier">Heinrich Meier</a>, University of Chicago Press 1995, 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss: the hidden dialogue</i>, Heinrich Meier, University of Chicago Press 1995, 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b9-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b9_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b19-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b19_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b34-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b34_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, p. 34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b5–6-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b5–6_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b56_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl. <i>The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</i>. The MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Parliamentary+Democracy&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b83–86-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt2008b83–86_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2008b">Schmitt 2008b</a>, pp. 83–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200411-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200411_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2004">Schmitt 2004</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoelzlWard2008" class="citation book cs1">Hoelzl, Michael; Ward, Graham (2008). <i>Editors' introduction to Political Theology II</i>. <a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4254-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-4254-3"><bdi>978-0-7456-4254-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Editors%27+introduction+to+Political+Theology+II&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-4254-3&rft.aulast=Hoelzl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Ward%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telospress.com/?main_page=product_info&products_id=318">"Telos Press"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212032617/http://www.telospress.com/?main_page=product_info&products_id=318">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Telos+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telospress.com%2F%3Fmain_page%3Dproduct_info%26products_id%3D318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Nothing there. (March 2022)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDerrida1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida, Jacques</a> (1997). <i>The Politics of Friendship</i>. Verso. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-054-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84467-054-3"><bdi>978-1-84467-054-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Friendship&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-84467-054-3&rft.aulast=Derrida&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt200478-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt200478_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchmitt2004">Schmitt 2004</a>, p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairhead2018" class="citation journal cs1">Fairhead, Edward (2018). "Carl Schmitt's politics in the age of drone strikes: Examining the Schmittian texture of Obama's enemy". <i>Journal for Cultural Research</i>. <b>22</b>: <span class="nowrap">39–</span>54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14797585.2017.1410991">10.1080/14797585.2017.1410991</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148618541">148618541</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+Cultural+Research&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt%27s+politics+in+the+age+of+drone+strikes%3A+Examining+the+Schmittian+texture+of+Obama%27s+enemy&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14797585.2017.1410991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148618541%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fairhead&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLosurdo2007" class="citation book cs1">Losurdo, Domenico (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laterza.it/scheda-libro/?isbn=9788842081">"Terrorismo"</a>. <i>Il linguaggio dell'Impero. Lessico dell'ideologia americana</i>. Bari: Edizioni Laterza.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Terrorismo&rft.btitle=Il+linguaggio+dell%27Impero.+Lessico+dell%27ideologia+americana&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=Edizioni+Laterza&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Losurdo&rft.aufirst=Domenico&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laterza.it%2Fscheda-libro%2F%3Fisbn%3D9788842081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example Lebovic, Nitzan (2008), "The Jerusalem School: The Theo-Political Hour", <i>New German Critique</i> (103), 97–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmine_Benabdallah2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amine Benabdallah (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402134127/http://fr.slideshare.net/AmineBenabdallah1/la-rception-de-carl-schmitt-par-giorgio-agamben-a-benabdallah">"Ine réception de Carl Schmitt dans l'extrême-gauche: La théologie politique de Giorgio Agamben"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fr.slideshare.net/AmineBenabdallah1/la-rception-de-carl-schmitt-par-giorgio-agamben-a-benabdallah">the original</a> on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ine+r%C3%A9ception+de+Carl+Schmitt+dans+l%27extr%C3%AAme-gauche%3A+La+th%C3%A9ologie+politique+de+Giorgio+Agamben&rft.date=2007-06&rft.au=Amine+Benabdallah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffr.slideshare.net%2FAmineBenabdallah1%2Fla-rception-de-carl-schmitt-par-giorgio-agamben-a-benabdallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herfried_M%C3%BCnkler" title="Herfried Münkler">Herfried Münkler</a>, Erkenntnis wächst an den Rändern – Der Denker Carl Schmitt beschäftigt auch 20 Jahre nach seinem Tod Rechte wie Linke, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article583822/Erkenntnis_waechst_an_den_Raendern.html"><i>Die Welt</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118084207/https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article583822/Erkenntnis_waechst_an_den_Raendern.html">Archived</a> 18 January 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 7 April 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714145722/http://www.lom.cl/330a726e-6617-494e-bae3-7b95b5bb19ae/El-pensamiento-pol%C3%ADtico-de-Jaime-Guzm%C3%A1n-%282%C2%AA-edici%C3%B3n%29.aspx"><i>El pensamiento político de Jaime Guzmán</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/LOM_Ediciones" title="LOM Ediciones">LOM Ediciones</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lom.cl/330a726e-6617-494e-bae3-7b95b5bb19ae/El-pensamiento-pol%C3%ADtico-de-Jaime-Guzm%C3%A1n-%282%C2%AA-edici%C3%B3n%29.aspx">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+pensamiento+pol%C3%ADtico+de+Jaime+Guzm%C3%A1n&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=LOM+Ediciones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lom.cl%2F330a726e-6617-494e-bae3-7b95b5bb19ae%2FEl-pensamiento-pol%25C3%25ADtico-de-Jaime-Guzm%25C3%25A1n-%25282%25C2%25AA-edici%25C3%25B3n%2529.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzalai2024" class="citation news cs1">Szalai, Jennifer (13 July 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/07/13/books/review/carl-schmitt-jd-vance.html">"The Nazi Jurist Who Haunts Our Broken Politics"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Jurist+Who+Haunts+Our+Broken+Politics&rft.date=2024-07-13&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Szalai&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F07%2F13%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fcarl-schmitt-jd-vance.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheurman2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sheurman, William (2019). "Donald Trump Meets Carl Schmitt". <i>Philosophy and Social Criticism</i>. <b>45</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">116–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0191453719872285">10.1177/0191453719872285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:210538644">210538644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Social+Criticism&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Meets+Carl+Schmitt&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E116-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0191453719872285&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A210538644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sheurman&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2024" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Roberta A. (2024). <i>Trumpism, Carl Schmitt, and the Threat of Anti-Liberalism in the United States: The Political Thought of Donald Trump and Trumpism</i>. Roberta Adams. Lanham, Maryland: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-5225-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6669-5225-4"><bdi>978-1-6669-5225-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1478244845">1478244845</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trumpism%2C+Carl+Schmitt%2C+and+the+Threat+of+Anti-Liberalism+in+the+United+States%3A+The+Political+Thought+of+Donald+Trump+and+Trumpism&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1478244845&rft.isbn=978-1-6669-5225-4&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Roberta+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohamed2018" class="citation cs2">Mohamed, Feisal G. (2018), Torres, Angel Jaramillo; Sable, Marc Benjamin (eds.), "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'I Alone Can Solve': Carl Schmitt on Sovereignty and Nationhood Under Trump", <i>Trump and Political Philosophy: Leadership, Statesmanship, and Tyranny</i>, Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. <span class="nowrap">293–</span>309, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-74445-2_17">10.1007/978-3-319-74445-2_17</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-74445-2"><bdi>978-3-319-74445-2</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1110613443">1110613443</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158793211">158793211</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trump+and+Political+Philosophy%3A+Leadership%2C+Statesmanship%2C+and+Tyranny&rft.atitle=%27I+Alone+Can+Solve%27%3A+Carl+Schmitt+on+Sovereignty+and+Nationhood+Under+Trump&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E293-%3C%2Fspan%3E309&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1110613443&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158793211%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-74445-2_17&rft.isbn=978-3-319-74445-2&rft.aulast=Mohamed&rft.aufirst=Feisal+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Head_14-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Head_14_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Head_14_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead" class="citation book cs1">Head, Michael. <i>Emergency Powers in Theory and Practice: The Long Shadow Carl Schmitt</i>. Ashgate. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emergency+Powers+in+Theory+and+Practice%3A+The+Long+Shadow+Carl+Schmitt&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchal2017" class="citation book cs1">Marchal, Kai, ed. (22 February 2017). <i>Carl Schmitt and Leo Strauss in the Chinese-Speaking World: Reorienting the Political</i>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1498536264" title="Special:BookSources/978-1498536264"><bdi>978-1498536264</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/963359976">963359976</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carl+Schmitt+and+Leo+Strauss+in+the+Chinese-Speaking+World%3A+Reorienting+the+Political&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2017-02-22&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F963359976&rft.isbn=978-1498536264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChe2020" class="citation news cs1">Che, Chang (1 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">"The Nazi Inspiring China's Communists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201201204916/https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2020/12/nazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt/617237/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Nazi+Inspiring+China%27s+Communists&rft.date=2020-12-01&rft.aulast=Che&rft.aufirst=Chang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Finternational%2Farchive%2F2020%2F12%2Fnazi-china-communists-carl-schmitt%2F617237%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2020" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris (2 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/02/world/asia/china-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Clean Up This Mess': The Chinese Thinkers Behind Xi's Hard Line"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200802233234/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/02/world/asia/china-hong-kong-national-security-law.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Clean+Up+This+Mess%27%3A+The+Chinese+Thinkers+Behind+Xi%27s+Hard+Line&rft.date=2020-08-02&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fchina-hong-kong-national-security-law.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapio-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sapio_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapio_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapio_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapio_83-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapio2015" class="citation web cs1">Sapio, Flora (7 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729151001/https://www.thechinastory.org/2015/10/carl-schmitt-in-china/">"Carl Schmitt in China"</a>. <i>The China Story</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thechinastory.org/2015/10/carl-schmitt-in-china/">the original</a> on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+China+Story&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt+in+China&rft.date=2015-10-07&rft.aulast=Sapio&rft.aufirst=Flora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thechinastory.org%2F2015%2F10%2Fcarl-schmitt-in-china%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Xu_Jilin" title="Xu Jilin">Xu, Jilin</a> (2018) [2004–2015]. <i>Rethinking China's Rise: A Liberal Critique</i>. Translated by Ownby, David. 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"For the Sake of Fighting the Common Enemy: Schmitt and his Allies". <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century" title="Twenty-First Century">Twenty-First Century</a></i>. <b>94</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twenty-First+Century&rft.atitle=For+the+Sake+of+Fighting+the+Common+Enemy%3A+Schmitt+and+his+Allies&rft.volume=94&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Guo&rft.aufirst=Jian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXu2006" class="citation journal cs1">Xu, Ben (2006). "China Has No Need of Such 'Politics' and 'Decisionism': The Cult of Carl Schmitt and Nationalism". <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century" title="Twenty-First Century">Twenty-First Century</a></i>. <b>94</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twenty-First+Century&rft.atitle=China+Has+No+Need+of+Such+%27Politics%27+and+%27Decisionism%27%3A+The+Cult+of+Carl+Schmitt+and+Nationalism&rft.volume=94&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGao2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gao, Quanxi (2006). "The Issues of Carl Schmitt in the Context of the Chinese Society". <i><a href="/wiki/Twenty-First_Century" title="Twenty-First Century">Twenty-First Century</a></i>. <b>95</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Twenty-First+Century&rft.atitle=The+Issues+of+Carl+Schmitt+in+the+Context+of+the+Chinese+Society&rft.volume=95&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Gao&rft.aufirst=Quanxi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Qi, Zheng (2012). "Carl Schmitt in China". <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i>. <b>2012</b> (160): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3817%2F0912160029">10.3817/0912160029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219190612">219190612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt+in+China&rft.volume=2012&rft.issue=160&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3817%2F0912160029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A219190612%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Qi&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Return_of_Carl_Schmitt_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Legal justification <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkin.blogspot.com/2008/04/thinking-out-loud-about-john-yoo.html">Thinking out loud about John Yoo (and about Carl Schmitt)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084831/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2008/04/thinking-out-loud-about-john-yoo.html">Archived</a> 27 September 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Levinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandy Levinson">Sandy Levinson</a>, Balkinization, April 12, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=942865">The Bush Regime from Elections to Detentions: A Moral Economy of Carl Schmitt and Human Rights</a> by Abraham, David, University of Miami – School of Law, University of Miami Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2007 – 20 May 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=870602">Torture, Necessity and Existential Politics</a> by Kutz, Christopher L., <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a>, Berkeley – School of Law (Boalt Hall), UC Berkeley Public Law Research Paper No. 870602, December 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://balkin.blogspot.com/2005/11/return-of-carl-schmitt.html">The Return of Carl Schmitt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110809062947/http://balkin.blogspot.com/2005/11/return-of-carl-schmitt.html">Archived</a> 9 August 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Scott Horton, Balkinization, 7 November 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://harpers.org/archive/2008/01/hbc-90002226">Deconstructing John Yoo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080423111429/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/01/hbc-90002226">Archived</a> 23 April 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Scott Horton, Harpers, 23 January 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/2006/09/08democracy">The will to undemocratic power</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513160024/http://mondediplo.com/2006/09/08democracy">Archived</a> 13 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Philip S Golub, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_Diplomatique" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Monde Diplomatique">Le Monde Diplomatique</a></i>, September 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,259860,00.html">The Leo-conservatives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210111242/http://www.spiegel.de/international/spiegel/0,1518,259860,00.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by GERHARD SPÖRL, <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Spiegel" title="Der Spiegel">Der Spiegel</a></i>, 4 August 2003</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">War crimes warning <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newsweek.com/memos-reveal-war-crimes-warnings-128415">Memos Reveal War Crimes Warnings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730155351/http://www.newsweek.com/memos-reveal-war-crimes-warnings-128415">Archived</a> 30 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Michael Isikoff, <i><a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a></i>, 19 May 2004</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenation.com/article/torture-and-accountability/">Torture and Accountability</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724184844/https://www.thenation.com/article/torture-and-accountability/">Archived</a> 24 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Elizabeth Holtzman, <i>The Nation</i>, 28 June 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/iraq/attack/law/2003/0128uslawyers.htm">US Lawyers Warn Bush on War Crimes</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020024337/https://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/167/35748.html">Archived</a> 20 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Grant McCool, Lawyers Against the War, <a href="/wiki/Global_Policy_Forum" title="Global Policy Forum">Global Policy Forum</a>, 28 January 2003</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-Luban-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luban_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Luban, "Carl Schmitt and the Critique of Lawfare", <i>Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1797904">Research Paper No. 11-33</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501144747/http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1797904">Archived</a> 1 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, s. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illiberalism.org/interview-with-david-lewis/">"David Lewis on Carl Schmitt and Russian conservatism"</a>. <i>illiberalism.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212092645/https://www.illiberalism.org/interview-with-david-lewis/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=illiberalism.org&rft.atitle=David+Lewis+on+Carl+Schmitt+and+Russian+conservatism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illiberalism.org%2Finterview-with-david-lewis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuer2015" class="citation journal cs1">Auer, Stefan (September 2015). "Carl Schmitt in the Kremlin: the Ukraine crisis and the return of geopolitics". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a></i>. <b>91</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">953–</span>968. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1468-2346.12392">10.1111/1468-2346.12392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt+in+the+Kremlin%3A+the+Ukraine+crisis+and+the+return+of+geopolitics&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E953-%3C%2Fspan%3E968&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1468-2346.12392&rft.aulast=Auer&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.martenscentre.eu/news/vital-questions-on-the-ukraine-crisis/">"Vital Questions on the Ukraine Crisis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220327170150/https://www.martenscentre.eu/news/vital-questions-on-the-ukraine-crisis/">Archived</a> 27 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Milov" title="Vladimir Milov">Vladimir Milov</a> and Michael Benhamou, <a href="/wiki/Martens_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Martens Centre">Wilfried Martens Centre for European Studies</a>, 23 February 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ucleuropeblog.com/2022/02/28/ucl-analyses-of-russias-war-on-ukraine/#anchor11">"A Schmittian reading of Russian thinking"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319133845/https://ucleuropeblog.com/2022/02/28/ucl-analyses-of-russias-war-on-ukraine/#anchor11">Archived</a> 19 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wilson_(historian)" title="Andrew Wilson (historian)">Andrew Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a> European Institute, 28 February 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccoli2024" class="citation web cs1">Piccoli, Erik (23 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.illiberalism.org/carl-schmitt-and-the-putin-regime/">"Carl Schmitt and the Putin Regime"</a>. <i>Illiberalism Studies Program</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illiberalism+Studies+Program&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt+and+the+Putin+Regime&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.aulast=Piccoli&rft.aufirst=Erik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.illiberalism.org%2Fcarl-schmitt-and-the-putin-regime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyder2014" class="citation journal cs1">Snyder, Timothy (20 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2014/mar/20/fascism-russia-and-ukraine/">"Fascism, Russia, and Ukraine"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>. <b>61</b> (5). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160127154227/https://nybooks.com/articles/2014/03/20/fascism-russia-and-ukraine/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Fascism%2C+Russia%2C+and+Ukraine&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2014-03-20&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F2014%2Fmar%2F20%2Ffascism-russia-and-ukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrlich2024" class="citation news cs1">Rohrlich, Justin (4 December 2024). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/nomma-zarubina-suspect-russian-fsb-agent-arrested-b2658370.html">"Accused Russian operative says she has always been 'honest' to the FBI except for the two times she wasn't"</a></span>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/HGaLA">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Accused+Russian+operative+says+she+has+always+been+%27honest%27+to+the+FBI+except+for+the+two+times+she+wasn%27t&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft.aulast=Rohrlich&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fnomma-zarubina-suspect-russian-fsb-agent-arrested-b2658370.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFВенедиктов2024" class="citation news cs1">Венедиктов, Алексей (4 December 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echofm.online/programs/without-intermediaries/bez-posrednikov-4">"Интервью с Номмой Зарубиной, обвинённой в США в сотрудничестве с российскими спецслужбами"</a>. <i>ECHO</i>. Berlin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/Po4IS">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ECHO&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D1%81+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9%2C+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5+%D1%81+%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2024-12-04&rft.aulast=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fechofm.online%2Fprograms%2Fwithout-intermediaries%2Fbez-posrednikov-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben, Giorgio</a> (1998). <i>Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3218-3"><bdi>0-8047-3218-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+Sacer%3A+Sovereign+Power+and+Bare+Life&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-8047-3218-3&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgamben2005" class="citation book cs1">Agamben, Giorgio (2005). <i>State of Exception</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-00924-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-00924-6"><bdi>0-226-00924-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Exception&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-226-00924-6&rft.aulast=Agamben&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalakrishnan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Balakrishnan" title="Gopal Balakrishnan">Balakrishnan, Gopal</a> (2000). <i>The Enemy – An Intellectual Portrait of Carl Schmitt</i>. Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-760-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-760-9"><bdi>1-85984-760-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enemy+%E2%80%93+An+Intellectual+Portrait+of+Carl+Schmitt&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-85984-760-9&rft.aulast=Balakrishnan&rft.aufirst=Gopal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span> Reviewed <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycooperative.org/journal/book-review-europe-early-modern-and-modern/">here.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoonz2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Koonz, Claudia</a> (2003). <i>The Nazi Conscience</i>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-01172-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-01172-4"><bdi>0-674-01172-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-674-01172-4&rft.aulast=Koonz&rft.aufirst=Claudia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schmitt, Carl (2004). "Theory of the Partisan: Intermediate Commentary on the Concept of the Political (1963)". <i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i> (127): 11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Telos&rft.atitle=Theory+of+the+Partisan%3A+Intermediate+Commentary+on+the+Concept+of+the+Political+%281963%29&rft.issue=127&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2008a" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (2008a). <a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political"><i>The Concept of the Political</i></a> (expanded ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-22-6738840" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-22-6738840"><bdi>978-0-22-6738840</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Political&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=expanded&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-22-6738840&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt2008b" class="citation book cs1">Schmitt, Carl (2008b). <i>The Leviathan in the State Theory of Thomas Hobbes</i>. The University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leviathan+in+the+State+Theory+of+Thomas+Hobbes&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinx2019" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vinx, Lars (29 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/">"Carl Schmitt"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft.aulast=Vinx&rft.aufirst=Lars&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fschmitt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>Giacomo Maria Arrigo, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.incircolorivistafilosofica.it/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/Islamist-terrorism-in-Carl-Schmitts-reading-Arrigo.pdf">Islamist Terrorism in Carl Schmitt's Reading</a></i>, <i>In Circolo</i> 4 (2017).</li> <li>Jeffrey Andrew Barash, <i>Politiques de l'histoire. L'historicisme comme promesse et comme mythe</i> (2004)</li> <li>Eckard Bolsinger, <i>The Autonomy of the Political: Carl Schmitt's and Lenin's Political Realism</i> (2001)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunila,_Tuukka2022" class="citation book cs1">Brunila, Tuukka (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://urn.fi/URN:ISBN:978-951-51-7090-3"><i>The Autonomy of the Political and the Authority of the State: Carl Schmitt and the de-politicisation of the economy</i></a> (Ph.D. thesis). University of Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7089-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-51-7089-7"><bdi>978-951-51-7089-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Autonomy+of+the+Political+and+the+Authority+of+the+State%3A+Carl+Schmitt+and+the+de-politicisation+of+the+economy&rft.pub=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-951-51-7089-7&rft.au=Brunila%2C+Tuukka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furn.fi%2FURN%3AISBN%3A978-951-51-7090-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Caldwell, Peter C. "Controversies over Carl Schmitt: a review of recent literature". <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Modern_History" title="The Journal of Modern History">The Journal of Modern History</a></i> (2005), vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 357–387.</li> <li>Renato Cristi, <i>Carl Schmitt and Authoritarian Liberalism</i> (1998)</li> <li>Mariano Croce, Andrea Salvatore, <i>The Legal Theory of Carl Schmitt</i> (Abingdon: Routledge, 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68349-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-68349-4">978-0-415-68349-4</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Jacques Derrida</a>, "Force of Law: The 'Mystical Foundation of Authority'", in <i>Acts of Religion</i> (2002).</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlo_Galli_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlo Galli (politician) (page does not exist)">Carlo Galli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Galli_(politico)" class="extiw" title="it:Carlo Galli (politico)">it</a>]</span>, "<i>Hamlet</i>: Representation and the Concrete" (translated from Italian by Adam Sitze and Amanda Minervini) in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/P/bo13265080.html">Points of Departure: Political Theology on the Scenes of Early Modernity</a></i>, ed. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Lupton" title="Julia Lupton">Julia Reinhard Lupton</a> and Graham Hammill, University of Chicago Press, 2011</li> <li>Garrard, Graeme, "Joseph de Maistre and Carl Schmitt" in <i><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre%27s_Life,_Thought,_and_Influence" title="Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence">Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought, and Influence: Selected Studies</a></i>, ed. R. A. Lebrun (McGill-Queen's University Press, 2001). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2288-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2288-6">978-0-7735-2288-6</a></li> <li>Gross, Raphael. Carl Schmitt and the Jews. The "Jewish Question," the Holocaust, and German Legal Theory. Translated by Joel Golb. Foreword by Peter C. Caldwell. Madison, University of Wisconsin Press, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22240-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-22240-6">978-0-299-22240-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Paul Gottfried</a>, <i>Carl Schmitt: Politics and Theory</i> (New York: Greenwood Press, 1990) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-27209-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-27209-3">0-313-27209-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a> & <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Empire_(Negri_and_Hardt_book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire (Negri and Hardt book)">Empire</a></i> (2000).</li> <li>Julia Hell, "Katechon: Carl Schmitt's Imperial Theology and the Ruins of the Future", <i>The Germanic Review</i> 84:4 (2009): 283–326.</li> <li>Herrero, Montserrat. 2015. <i>The political discourse of Carl Schmitt.</i> Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield.</li> <li>William Hooker, <i>Carl Schmitt's International Thought: Order and Orientation</i> (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11542-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-11542-1">978-0-521-11542-1</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Jeutner, Valentin (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718107-08803004">"Pirates in Suits: Carl Schmitt, 'Ordinary Businessmen' and Crimes of Aggression"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Nordic Journal of International Law">Nordic Journal of International Law</a></i>. <b>88</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">459–</span>487. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718107-08803004">10.1163/15718107-08803004</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150536319">150536319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nordic+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Pirates+in+Suits%3A+Carl+Schmitt%2C+%27Ordinary+Businessmen%27+and+Crimes+of+Aggression&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E459-%3C%2Fspan%3E487&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15718107-08803004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150536319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jeutner&rft.aufirst=Valentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15718107-08803004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lena Lindgren, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.research.lu.se/en/publications/carl-schmitt-det-politiska-som-begrepp-g%C3%B6teborg-daidalos-2010">Review of Carl Schmitt <i>The Concept of the Political</i></a> (Review of the Swedish edition <i>Det politiska som begrepp</i>, Sociologisk Forskning 2011:3, pp. 114–116; translated into English)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Marder" title="Michael Marder">Michael Marder</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Groundless-Existence-Political-Ontology-Schmitt/dp/0826465951">Groundless Existence: The Political Ontology of Carl Schmitt</a>" (London & New York: Continuum, 2010).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Mehring" title="Reinhard Mehring">Reinhard Mehring</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt:_A_Biography&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carl Schmitt: A Biography (page does not exist)">Carl Schmitt – Aufstieg und Fall. Eine Biographie</a>. München: Verlag C.H. Beck, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-59224-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-59224-9">978-3-406-59224-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Meier" title="Heinrich Meier">Heinrich Meier</a>: <i>The Lesson of Carl Schmitt: Four Chapters on the Distinction between Political Theology and Political Philosophy</i>. University of Chicago Press, 2011. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51886-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51886-2">978-0-226-51886-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Meierhenrich" title="Jens Meierhenrich">Jens Meierhenrich</a> and Oliver Simons, eds. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Carl_Schmitt" title="The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt">The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt</a>.</i> Oxford University Press, 2017. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-199-91693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-199-91693-1">978-0-199-91693-1</a></li> <li>Ojakangas Mika, <i>A Philosophy of Concrete Life: Carl Schmitt and the political thought of late modernity</i> (2nd ed Peter Lang, 2006), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-03910-963-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-03910-963-4">3-03910-963-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Ryan Martinez (May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elibrary.law.psu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1246&context=jlia">"Chinese Receptions of Carl Schmitt Since 1929"</a>. <i>Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs</i>. <b>8</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penn+State+Journal+of+Law+%26+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=Chinese+Receptions+of+Carl+Schmitt+Since+1929&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2020-05&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Ryan+Martinez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felibrary.law.psu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1246%26context%3Djlia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe, Chntal</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8yIEQ1RPGx8C"><i>The Challenge of Carl Schmitt</i></a>. Phronesis (Londyn). London; New York: Verso. pp. VI, 212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859847046" title="Special:BookSources/9781859847046"><bdi>9781859847046</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864875284">864875284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Challenge+of+Carl+Schmitt&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.series=Phronesis+%28Londyn%29&rft.pages=VI%2C+212&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864875284&rft.isbn=9781859847046&rft.aulast=Mouffe&rft.aufirst=Chntal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8yIEQ1RPGx8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Müller, Ingo (1991). <i>Hitler's Justice: The Courts of the Third Reich</i>. Translated by Deborah Lucas Schneider. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-40419-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-40419-X">0-674-40419-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">Reinhardt, Jackson T. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inquiriesjournal.com/articles/1784/totalitarian-friendship-carl-schmitt-in-contemporary-china">"Totalitarian Friendship: Carl Schmitt in Contemporary China"</a>. <i>Inquiries</i>. <b>12</b> (7): 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiries&rft.atitle=Totalitarian+Friendship%3A+Carl+Schmitt+in+Contemporary+China&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Reinhardt&rft.aufirst=Jackson+T.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inquiriesjournal.com%2Farticles%2F1784%2Ftotalitarian-friendship-carl-schmitt-in-contemporary-china&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gabriella Slomp, <i>Carl Schmitt and the Politics of Hostility, Violence and Terror</i> (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00251-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-00251-7">978-0-230-00251-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Sombart" title="Nicolaus Sombart">Nicolaus Sombart</a>, <i>Die deutschen Männer und ihre Feinde: Carl Schmitt, ein deutsches Schicksal zwischen Männerbund und Matriarchatsmythos</i>, Munich: Hanser, 1991. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-446-15881-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-446-15881-2">3-446-15881-2</a> (2nd ed Fischer TB, Frankfurt, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-596-11341-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-596-11341-5">3-596-11341-5</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)"><i>Telos</i></a> 72, "Carl Schmitt: Enemy or Foe?" New York: Telos Press, Summer 1987.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 109, "Carl Schmitt Now". New York: Telos Press, Fall 1996.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 125, "Carl Schmitt and Donoso Cortés". New York: Telos Press, Fall 2002.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 132, "Special edition on Carl Schmitt". New York: Telos Press, Fall 2005.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 142, "Culture and Politics in Carl Schmitt". New York: Telos Press, Spring 2008.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 147, "Carl Schmitt and the Event". New York: Telos Press, Summer 2009.</li> <li><i>Telos</i> 153, "Special issue on Carl Schmitt's <i>Hamlet or Hecuba</i>". New York: Telos Press, Winter 2010.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ola_Tunander" title="Ola Tunander">Ola Tunander</a>, <i>The Dual State and the Sovereign: A Schmittian Approach to Western Politics</i>, Challenge Second Annual Report to the European Commission 2006 (7.3.3 Work package 3 – Deliverable No. 32), Challenge, Brussels</li> <li>Johannes, Türk. "The Intrusion: Carl Schmitt's Non-Mimetic Logic of Art". <a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)"><i>Telos</i></a> 142 (2008): 73–89.</li> <li>Francesco Tigani. "Fra immaginazione e realtà: dalla critica del Romanticismo alla teologia politica negli scritti di Thomas Ernest Hulme e Carl Schmitt", <i>Información Filosófica</i>, XIII (2016), pp. 91–110.</li> <li>Francesco Tigani. <i>Le ceneri del politico in due capitoli: il teologo e l'erostrato</i> (Milano: Meltemi, 2019). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EAN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="EAN (identifier)">EAN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eandata.com/lookup/9788855190589">9788855190589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Versluis" title="Arthur Versluis">Arthur Versluis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esoteric.msu.edu/VolumeVII/Schmitt.html">"Carl Schmitt, the Inquisition, and Totalitarianism"</a>, in: Arthur Versluis, <i>The New Inquisitions: Heretic-Hunting and the Intellectual Origins of Modern Totalitarianism</i>, Oxford University Press, 2006.</li> <li>Ignaz Zangerle, "Zur Situation der Kirche", <i>Der Brenner</i> 14 (1933/34): 52 ff.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilcovile.it/scritti/Quaderni%20del%20Covile%20n.4%20-%20Indagini%20su%20Epimeteo%20tra%20Ivan%20Illich,%20Konrad%20Weiss%20e%20Carl%20Schmitt.pdf">"Indagini su Epimeteo tra Ivan Illich, Konrad Weiss e Carl Schmitt"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Italian). <a href="/wiki/Il_Covile" title="Il Covile">Il Covile</a>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indagini+su+Epimeteo+tra+Ivan+Illich%2C+Konrad+Weiss+e+Carl+Schmitt&rft.pub=Il+Covile&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilcovile.it%2Fscritti%2FQuaderni%2520del%2520Covile%2520n.4%2520-%2520Indagini%2520su%2520Epimeteo%2520tra%2520Ivan%2520Illich%2C%2520Konrad%2520Weiss%2520e%2520Carl%2520Schmitt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wolin" title="Richard Wolin">Wolin, Richard</a>. “Carl Schmitt, Political Existentialism, and the Total State.” Theory and Society 19, no. 4 (1990): 389–416. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/657796">http://www.jstor.org/stable/657796</a>.</li> <li>Wolin, Richard. “Carl Schmitt: The Conservative Revolutionary Habitus and the Aesthetics of Horror.” Political Theory 20, no. 3 (1992): 424–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/192186">http://www.jstor.org/stable/192186</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Carl Schmitt</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Carl_Schmitt" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Carl Schmitt">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" class="extiw" title="q:Carl Schmitt">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Schmitt" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Carl Schmitt">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Carl Schmitt</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Carl+Schmitt&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Carl+Schmitt">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Carl+Schmitt&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By Carl Schmitt</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Carl+Schmitt&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Carl+Schmitt">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Carl+Schmitt&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.carl-schmitt.de/">Carl-Schmitt-Gesellschaft</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telospress.com/">Telos Press</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLars_Vinx" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lars Vinx. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/schmitt/">"Carl Schmitt"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. Zalta">Zalta, Edward N.</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Schmitt&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.au=Lars+Vinx&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Fschmitt%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarl+Schmitt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Schmitt%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Carl%20Schmitt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmitt%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carl%20Schmitt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Schmitt%2C%20C%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Carl%20Schmitt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Schmitt%2C%20Carl%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carl%20Schmitt%22%29%20OR%20%28%221888-1985%22%20AND%20Schmitt%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Carl Schmitt</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/015710">Newspaper clippings about Carl Schmitt</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Carl_Schmitt98" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Carl_Schmitt" title="Template:Carl Schmitt"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Carl_Schmitt" title="Template talk:Carl Schmitt"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Carl_Schmitt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Carl Schmitt"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Schmitt98" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carl Schmitt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt_bibliography" title="Carl Schmitt bibliography">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Land_and_Sea:_A_World-Historical_Meditation" title="Land and Sea: A World-Historical Meditation">Land and Sea</a></i> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_Captivitate_Salus" title="Ex Captivitate Salus">Ex Captivitate Salus</a></i> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_Partisan" title="Theory of the Partisan">Theory of the Partisan</a></i> (1963)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decisionism" title="Decisionism">Decisionism</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Katechon" title="Katechon">Katechon</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_exception" title="State of exception">State of exception</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">German conservatism</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Handbook_of_Carl_Schmitt" title="The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt">The Oxford Handbook of Carl Schmitt</a></i> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic_Realists" title="The Atlantic Realists">The Atlantic Realists</a></i> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Carl_Schmitt99" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Carl_Schmitt99" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Carl Schmitt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jurisprudence774" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jurisprudence" title="Template talk:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jurisprudence"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jurisprudence774" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_philosophy_of_law_articles" title="Index of philosophy of law articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal theory">Legal theory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_legal_studies" title="Critical legal studies">Critical legal studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_law" title="Comparative law">Comparative law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_economics" title="Law and economics">Economic analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_norms" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal norms">Legal norms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_legal_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="International legal theory">International legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_history" title="Legal history">Legal history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophy of law">Philosophy of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_law" title="Sociology of law">Sociology of law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Philosophers_of_law" title="Category:Philosophers of law">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alexy" title="Robert Alexy">Alexy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Austin_(legal_philosopher)" title="John Austin (legal philosopher)">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">Blackstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norberto_Bobbio" title="Norberto Bobbio">Bobbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartosz_Bro%C5%BCek" title="Bartosz Brożek">Brożek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_N._Cardozo" title="Benjamin N. Cardozo">Cardozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Durkheim" title="Émile Durkheim">Durkheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Ehrlich" title="Eugen Ehrlich">Ehrlich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Finnis" title="John Finnis">Finnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lon_L._Fuller" title="Lon L. Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Gurvitch" title="Georges Gurvitch">Gurvitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._A._Hart" title="H. L. A. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axel_H%C3%A4gerstr%C3%B6m" title="Axel Hägerström">Hägerström</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Jellinek" title="Georg Jellinek">Jellinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Jhering" title="Rudolf von Jhering">Jhering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Kelsen" title="Hans Kelsen">Kelsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Leoni" title="Bruno Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Llewellyn" title="Karl Llewellyn">Llewellyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Olivecrona" title="Karl Olivecrona">Olivecrona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evgeny_Pashukanis" title="Evgeny Pashukanis">Pashukanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Perelman" title="Chaïm Perelman">Perelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Petra%C5%BCycki" title="Leon Petrażycki">Petrażycki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Posner" title="Richard Posner">Posner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Pound" title="Roscoe Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Radbruch" title="Gustav Radbruch">Radbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Raz" title="Joseph Raz">Raz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Reinach" title="Adolf Reinach">Reinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Renner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alf_Ross" title="Alf Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Mucius_Scaevola_Pontifex" title="Quintus Mucius Scaevola Pontifex">Scaevola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Mangabeira_Unger" title="Roberto Mangabeira Unger">Unger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_about_jurisprudence" title="Category:Books about jurisprudence">Works</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laws_(dialogue)" title="Laws (dialogue)">Laws</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 355 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1270)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pure_Theory_of_Law" title="Pure Theory of Law">Pure Theory of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1934)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_Law" title="The Concept of Law">The Concept of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1961)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_and_Natural_Rights" title="Natural Law and Natural Rights">Natural Law and Natural Rights</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1980)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Law%27s_Empire" title="Law's Empire">Law's Empire</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1986)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Theories_of_law" title="Category:Theories of law">Theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_jurisprudence" title="Analytical jurisprudence">Analytical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deontological_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Deontological ethics">Deontological ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Fundamental theory of Catholic canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">German historical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpretivism_(legal)" title="Interpretivism (legal)">Interpretivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_moralism" title="Legal moralism">Legal moralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_positivism" title="Legal positivism">Legal positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_realism" title="Legal realism">Legal realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_theories_of_law" title="Libertarian theories of law">Libertarian theories of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalism" title="Paternalism">Paternalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utilitarianism" title="Utilitarianism">Utilitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtue_jurisprudence" title="Virtue jurisprudence">Virtue jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fa_(concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fa (concept)">Fa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_interpretation" title="Judicial interpretation">Judicial interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_without_the_state" title="Law without the state">Law without the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_country_legal_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="List of country legal systems">Legal system</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(Neo-Confucianism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li (Neo-Confucianism)">Li</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Question_of_law" title="Question of law">Question of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational-legal_authority" title="Rational-legal authority">Rational-legal authority</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Usul_al-Fiqh" class="mw-redirect" title="Usul al-Fiqh">Usul al-Fiqh</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law">WikiProject Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Philosophy" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Philosophy">WikiProject Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Recentchangeslinked&target=Template:Jurisprudence&hidebots=0">changes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_philosophy154" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_philosophy" title="Template talk:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_philosophy154" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_philosophy" title="Continental philosophy">Continental philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bachelard" title="Gaston Bachelard">Bachelard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Bataille" title="Georges Bataille">Bataille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">de Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Bergson" title="Henri Bergson">Bergson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Blanchot" title="Maurice Blanchot">Blanchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bourdieu" title="Pierre Bourdieu">Bourdieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Buber" title="Martin Buber">Buber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Butler" title="Judith Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Camus" title="Albert Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Castoriadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Cioran" title="Emil Cioran">Cioran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Cixous" title="Hélène Cixous">Cixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Man" title="Paul de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_Deleuze" title="Gilles Deleuze">Deleuze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Derrida" title="Jacques Derrida">Derrida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Dilthey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_Gadamer" title="Hans-Georg Gadamer">Gadamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Husserl" title="Edmund Husserl">Husserl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Ingarden" title="Roman Ingarden">Ingarden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luce_Irigaray" title="Luce Irigaray">Irigaray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Jaspers" title="Karl Jaspers">Jaspers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koj%C3%A8ve" title="Alexandre Kojève">Kojève</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Koyr%C3%A9" title="Alexandre Koyré">Koyré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Kołakowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Kristeva" title="Julia Kristeva">Kristeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Lacan" title="Jacques Lacan">Lacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Latour" title="Bruno Latour">Latour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Lefebvre" title="Henri Lefebvre">Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_L%C3%A9vi-Strauss" title="Claude Lévi-Strauss">Lévi-Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Levinas" title="Emmanuel Levinas">Levinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lyotard" title="Jean-François Lyotard">Lyotard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Marcel" title="Gabriel Marcel">Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Merleau-Ponty" title="Maurice Merleau-Ponty">Merleau-Ponty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Nancy" title="Jean-Luc Nancy">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega y Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Rancière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ric%C5%93ur" title="Paul Ricœur">Ricœur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Said" title="Edward Said">Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Joseph_Schelling" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling">Schelling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Serres" title="Michel Serres">Serres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Stein" title="Edith Stein">Stein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_Weil" title="Simone Weil">Weil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_%C5%BDi%C5%BEek" title="Slavoj Žižek">Žižek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absurdism" title="Absurdism">Absurdism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deconstruction" title="Deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_School" title="Frankfurt School">Frankfurt School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_idealism" title="German idealism">German idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegelianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hegelianism">Hegelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freudo-Marxism" title="Freudo-Marxism">Freudo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Kantianism" title="Neo-Kantianism">Neo-Kantianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-philosophy" title="Non-philosophy">Non-philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-representational_theory" title="Non-representational theory">Non-representational theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(philosophy)" title="Phenomenology (philosophy)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_pessimism" title="Philosophical pessimism">Philosophical pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" title="Postmodern philosophy">Postmodernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structuralism" title="Post-structuralism">Post-structuralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalytic_theory" title="Psychoanalytic theory">Psychoanalytic theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_realism" title="Speculative realism">Speculative realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structuralism" title="Structuralism">Structuralism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alterity" title="Alterity">Alterity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Always_already" title="Always already">Always already</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angst" title="Angst">Angst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonian_and_Dionysian" title="Apollonian and Dionysian">Apollonian and Dionysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(philosophy)" title="Authenticity (philosophy)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Being_in_itself" title="Being in itself">Being in itself</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_oppositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary oppositions">Binary oppositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boredom" title="Boredom">Boredom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_struggle" class="mw-redirect" title="Class struggle">Class struggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique" title="Critique">Critique</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immanent_critique" title="Immanent critique">Immanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_criticism" title="Ideological criticism">Ideological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dasein" title="Dasein">Dasein</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of God">Death of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_drive" title="Death drive">Death drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diff%C3%A9rance" title="Différance">Différance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_(philosophy)" title="Difference (philosophy)">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence_precedes_essence" title="Existence precedes essence">Existence precedes essence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existential_crisis" title="Existential crisis">Existential crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facticity" title="Facticity">Facticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaze" title="Gaze">Gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_(philosophy)" title="Genealogy (philosophy)">Genealogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habitus_(sociology)" title="Habitus (sociology)">Habitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauntology" title="Hauntology">Hauntology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_materialism" title="Historical materialism">Historical materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpellation_(philosophy)" title="Interpellation (philosophy)">Interpellation (philosophy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersubjectivity" title="Intersubjectivity">Intersubjectivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_of_faith" title="Leap of faith">Leap of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_dialectic" class="mw-redirect" title="Master–slave dialectic">Master–slave dialectic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master%E2%80%93slave_morality" title="Master–slave morality">Master–slave morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oedipus_complex" title="Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontic">Ontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontopoetics" title="Ontopoetics">Ontopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_(philosophy)" title="Other (philosophy)">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ressentiment" title="Ressentiment">Ressentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-deception" title="Self-deception">Self-deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trace_(deconstruction)" title="Trace (deconstruction)">Trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvaluation_of_values" title="Transvaluation of values">Transvaluation of values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence#Philosophical_perspectives" title="Violence">Violence § Philosophical perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wertkritik" class="mw-redirect" title="Wertkritik">Wertkritik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_to_power" title="Will to power">Will to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics_of_suspicion" title="Hermeneutics of suspicion">Hermeneutics of suspicion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse" title="Discourse">Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic theory">Linguistic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_determinism" title="Linguistic determinism">Linguistic determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_theory" title="Film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_turn" title="Linguistic turn">Linguistic turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">Postcolonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Continental_philosophy" title="Category:Continental philosophy">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_continental_philosophy_articles" title="Index of continental philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy152" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_legitimacy" title="Political legitimacy">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Al-Farabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern<br />period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st<br />centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 375 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 350 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(51 BC)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(c. 1274)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1313)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1532)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1651)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1748)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1762)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1791)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1820)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1859)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1944)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1945)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1971)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1992)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservatism215" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_navbox" title="Template talk:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservatism215" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools<br />by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_corporatism" title="Conservative corporatism">Corporatist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paternalistic_conservatism" title="Paternalistic conservatism">Paternalistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatic_conservatism" title="Pragmatic conservatism">Pragmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reactionism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious conservatism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Asia" title="Conservatism">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">China</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism#Mainland_New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iran" title="Conservatism">Iran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Iran" title="Monarchism in Iran">Monarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Israel" title="Conservatism in Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Fundamentalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Japan" title="Conservatism in Japan">Japan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Minzoku" class="mw-redirect" title="Minzoku">Minzoku</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_in_Japan" title="Neoconservatism in Japan">Neo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Kaigi" title="Nippon Kaigi">Nippon Kaigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_South_Korea" title="Conservatism in South Korea">South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">New Right</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Turkey" title="Conservatism in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdo%C4%9Fanism" title="Erdoğanism">Erdoğanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Neo-Ottomanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Bangladesh" title="Conservatism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_India" title="Conservatism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Malaysia" title="Conservatism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Pakistan" title="Conservatism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Singapore" title="Conservatism">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Europe" title="Conservatism">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_France" title="Conservatism in France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaullism" title="Gaullism">Gaullism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></span></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarkozysm" title="Sarkozysm">Sarkozysm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Germany" title="Conservatism in Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_conservatism_in_Germany" title="Agrarian conservatism in Germany">Agrarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Hegelians" title="Right Hegelians">Hegelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_historical_school" title="German historical school">Historical School</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Neue_Rechte" title="Neue Rechte">Neue Rechte</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordoliberalism" title="Ordoliberalism">Ordoliberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_cameralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian cameralism">Cameralistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Prussian socialism">Socialist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Revolutionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution#Young_conservatives" title="Conservative Revolution">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritter_School" title="Ritter School">Ritter School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Socialism_(Germany)" title="State Socialism (Germany)">State Socialism</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Italy" title="Conservatism in Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Right" title="Historical Right">Historical Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_school_of_elitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian school of elitism">Italian school of elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Bourbonism" title="Neo-Bourbonism">Neo-Bourbonism</a></li> <li><span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Sanfedismo" title="Sanfedismo">Sanfedismo</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Poland" title="Conservatism">Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Liberty" title="Golden Liberty">Golden Liberty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaczyzm" title="Kaczyzm">Kaczyzm</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Poland)" title="National Democracy (Poland)">National Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarmatism" title="Sarmatism">Sarmatism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Russia" title="Conservatism in Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duginism" class="mw-redirect" title="Duginism">Duginism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism" title="Eurasianism">Eurasianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Russia" title="Monarchism in Russia">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black-hundredism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavophilia" title="Slavophilia">Slavophilia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pochvennichestvo" title="Pochvennichestvo">Pochvennichestvo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carloctavismo" title="Carloctavismo">Carloctavismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo-francoism" title="Carlo-francoism">Carlo-francoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Integrism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mellismo" title="Mellismo">Mellismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurism" title="Maurism">Maurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatholicism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noucentisme" title="Noucentisme">Noucentisme</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">United<br />Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_David_Cameron" title="Political positions of David Cameron">Cameronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_conservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic conservatism">Civic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muscular_liberalism" title="Muscular liberalism">Muscular liberalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Jacobite_Revival" title="Neo-Jacobite Revival">Neo-Jacobite Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_neoconservatism" title="British neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-nation_conservatism" title="One-nation conservatism">One-nationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powellism" title="Powellism">Powellism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thatcherism" title="Thatcherism">Thatcherism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory_socialism" title="Tory socialism">Social</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Austria" title="Conservatism">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Belgium" title="Conservatism">Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Denmark" title="Conservatism">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Finland" title="Conservatism">Finland</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Georgia" title="Monarchism in Georgia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metaxism" title="Metaxism">Metaxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Greece" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Hungary" title="Conservatism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Iceland" title="Conservatism">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Luxembourg" title="Conservatism">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Netherlands" title="Conservatism">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Norway" title="Conservatism">Norway</a></li> <li>Portugal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Integralismo Lusitano</a></li></ul></li> <li>Romania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Romania" title="Monarchism in Romania">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Serbia" title="Conservatism in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Serbia" title="Monarchism in Serbia">Monarchist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Sweden" title="Conservatism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Switzerland" title="Conservatism">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Ukraine" title="Conservatism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Argentina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Peronism" title="Federal Peronism">Federal Peronism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme_in_Argentina" title="Maurrassisme in Argentina">Maurrasismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menemism" title="Menemism">Menemism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Brazil" title="Conservatism in Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolsonarism" title="Bolsonarism">Bolsonarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">Coronelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Janismo" title="Janismo">Janismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Brazil" title="Monarchism in Brazil">Monarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patrianovism" title="Patrianovism">Patrianovism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#Brazil" title="Right-wing populism">Populism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Chile" title="Conservatism">Chile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gremialismo" title="Gremialismo">Gremialismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Belize" title="Conservatism in North America">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Colombia" title="Conservatism in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Rojas_Pinilla#Ideology" title="Gustavo Rojas Pinilla">Rojismo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uribism" class="mw-redirect" title="Uribism">Uribism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Cuba" title="Conservatism in North America">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Guatemala" title="Conservatism in North America">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Mexico" title="Conservatism in North America">Mexico</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cristero" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristero">Cristero</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America#Panama" title="Conservatism in North America">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Peru" title="Conservatism in Peru">Peru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fujimorism" title="Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li> <li> <i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_A._Odr%C3%ADa#1948_Peruvian_coup_d’etat_and_Presidency" title="Manuel A. Odría">Odriismo</a></i></li></ul></li> <li>Uruguay <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herrerism" title="Herrerism">Herrerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverism" title="Riverism">Riverism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruralism_(Uruguay)" title="Ruralism (Uruguay)"><i>Ruralismo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez#Legacy" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Perezjimenismo</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_North_America" title="Conservatism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Populism_in_Canada" title="Populism in Canada">Populism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpism in Canada">Trumpism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_Canada" title="Social conservatism in Canada">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tory" title="Blue Tory">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Tory" title="Red Tory">Red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toryism" class="mw-redirect" title="Toryism">Pink</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">United<br />States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reaganism">Reaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Oceania" title="Conservatism">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="Centre Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">Centre Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_(Liberal_Party_of_Australia)" title="National Right (Liberal Party of Australia)">National Right</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_conservatism_in_New_Zealand" title="Historic conservatism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_authority" title="Traditional authority">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consociationalism" title="Consociationalism">Consociationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_identity" title="Collective identity">Collective identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics_and_social_sciences)#Cultural_values" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics and social sciences)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_movements" title="Anti-abortion movements">Pro-Life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">Discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></i></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sittlichkeit" title="Sittlichkeit">Ethical order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honour" title="Honour">Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_order_(philosophy)" title="Natural order (philosophy)">Natural Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_norm" title="Social norm">Norms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mores" title="Mores">Mores</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism#In_politics_and_sociology" title="Organicism">Organicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">Organized religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism" title="Personalism">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Philosophical realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_realism" title="Moral realism">Moral realism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_morality" title="Public morality">Public morality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Social hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Social institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">Stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity" title="Subsidiarity">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intellectuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Barruel" title="Augustin Barruel">Barruel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilaire_Belloc" title="Hilaire Belloc">Belloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._K._Chesterton" title="G. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Taylor_Coleridge" title="Samuel Taylor Coleridge">Coleridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_G%C3%B3mez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Nicolás Gómez Dávila">Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Fardid" title="Ahmad Fardid">Fardid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Gentz" title="Friedrich von Gentz">Gentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Hitchens" title="Peter Hitchens">Hitchens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Iorga" title="Nicolae Iorga">Iorga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Karamzin" title="Nikolay Karamzin">Karamzin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_de_La_Mennais" title="Félicité de La Mennais">La Mennais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Leontiev" title="Konstantin Leontiev">Leontiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelino_Men%C3%A9ndez_y_Pelayo" title="Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo">Menéndez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_More" title="Hannah More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_M%C3%BCller" title="Adam Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinio_Corr%C3%AAa_de_Oliveira" title="Plinio Corrêa de Oliveira">Corrêa de Oliveira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Peterson" title="Jordan Peterson">Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_von_Ranke" title="Leopold von Ranke">Ranke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Rivarol" title="Antoine de Rivarol">Rivarol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Carl_von_Savigny" title="Friedrich Carl von Savigny">Savigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel" title="Friedrich Schlegel">Schlegel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Solzhenitsyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Julius_Stahl" title="Friedrich Julius Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Uvarov" title="Sergey Uvarov">Uvarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative parties">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Conservatives_and_Reformists_Party" title="European Conservatives and Reformists Party">European Conservatives and Reformists Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_People%27s_Party" title="European People's Party">European People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_and_Democracy" title="Identity and Democracy">Identity and Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democrat_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Democrat Union">International Democrat Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Monarchist_League" title="International Monarchist League">International Monarchist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition,_Family,_Property" title="Tradition, Family, Property">Tradition, Family, Property</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politicians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Abe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Adenauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Andreotti" title="Giulio Andreotti">Andreotti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Berlusconi" title="Silvio Berlusconi">Berlusconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Bolsonaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">GW Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Canning" title="George Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Diefenbaker" title="John Diefenbaker">Diefenbaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Erdoğan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Fujimori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy" title="Miklós Horthy">Horthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_II" class="mw-redirect" title="John Paul II">John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaros%C5%82aw_Kaczy%C5%84ski" title="Jarosław Kaczyński">Kaczyński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Khamenei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmut_Kohl" title="Helmut Kohl">Kohl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Macdonald" title="John A. Macdonald">Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Ferdinand Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Menzies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobutu_Sese_Seko" title="Mobutu Sese Seko">Mobutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Netanyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Orb%C3%A1n" title="Viktor Orbán">Orbán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Pinochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">Pitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_Powell" title="Enoch Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enric_Prat_de_la_Riba" title="Enric Prat de la Riba">Prat de la Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_de_Oliveira_Salazar" title="António de Oliveira Salazar">Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Smith" title="Ian Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Stolypin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Trujillo" title="Rafael Trujillo">Trujillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89amon_de_Valera" title="Éamon de Valera">de Valera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism#Religious_conservatism" title="Conservatism">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics#Conservatism" title="Christianity and politics">Christian politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_conservatism" title="Jewish conservatism">Jewish conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Islamic economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Buddhist economics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School_(perennialism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School (perennialism)">Traditionalist School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical<br />background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">Ancien régime</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restauration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concert_of_Europe" title="Concert of Europe">Concert of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Order" title="Conservative Order">Conservative Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Enlightenment" title="Counter-Enlightenment">Counter-Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">German Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Alliance" title="Holy Alliance">Holy Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra-royalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Ideologies1176" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism" title="Black conservatism">Black conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecularization" title="Desecularization">Desecularization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postsecularism" title="Postsecularism">Postsecularism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conservative_feminisms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of conservative feminisms">Conservative feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_wave" title="Conservative wave">Conservative wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopluralism" title="Ethnopluralism">Ethnopluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_conservatism" title="LGBTQ conservatism">LGBTQ conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-feudalism" title="Neo-feudalism">Neo-feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-medievalism" title="Neo-medievalism">Neo-medievalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Radical right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">Reactionary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_realism" title="Right realism">Right realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right" title="New Right">New</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small-c_conservative" title="Small-c conservative">Small-c conservatives</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conservative_Revolution247" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservative_Revolution" title="Template talk:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservative Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conservative_Revolution247" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Associated<br />people</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Bl%C3%BCher" title="Hans Blüher">Blüher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_von_Bose" title="Herbert von Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Freyer" title="Hans Freyer">Freyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger" title="Martin Heidegger">Heidegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hielscher" title="Friedrich Hielscher">Hielscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Jung" title="Edgar Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">E. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Georg_J%C3%BCnger" title="Friedrich Georg Jünger">F. G. Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Klages" title="Ludwig Klages">Klages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kommerell" title="Max Kommerell">Kommerell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Moeller van den Bruck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Otto_Paetel" title="Karl Otto Paetel">Paetel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Quabbe" title="Georg Quabbe">Quabbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Salomon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Winnig" title="August Winnig">Winnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Zehrer" title="Hans Zehrer">Zehrer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George-Kreis" title="George-Kreis">George-Kreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatkreis" title="Tatkreis">Tatkreis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Major<br />publications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Monatshefte" title="Süddeutsche Monatshefte">Süddeutsche Monatshefte</a></i> (1904–1936)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Tat" title="Die Tat">Die Tat</a></i> (1909–1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_of_a_Nonpolitical_Man" title="Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man">Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a></i> (1918, 1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Prussianism and Socialism</a></i> (1919)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Storm_of_Steel" title="Storm of Steel">Storm of Steel</a></i> (1920)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Crisis_of_Parliamentary_Democracy" title="The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy">The Crisis of Parliamentary Democracy</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widerstand_(magazine)" title="Widerstand (magazine)">Widerstand</a></i> (1926–1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a></i> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Concept_of_the_Political" title="The Concept of the Political">The Concept of the Political</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Revolt_Against_the_Modern_World" title="Revolt Against the Modern World">Revolt Against the Modern World</a></i> (1934)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Marble_Cliffs" title="On the Marble Cliffs">On the Marble Cliffs</a></i> (1939)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20_July_plot" title="20 July plot">20 July plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_New_Right" title="European New Right">European New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Mohler" title="Armin Mohler">Armin Mohler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-conformists_of_the_1930s" title="Non-conformists of the 1930s">Non-conformists of the 1930s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement"><i>Völkisch</i> movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Youth_Movement" title="German Youth Movement">Youth Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4267" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77148#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4267" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77148#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000036864362X">ISNI</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012138032X">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68946216">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1803/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhhkP9QYkP4Hw8QWqR3Qq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11860922X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schmitt, Carl, 1888-1985"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50006773">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12036941k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12036941k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00455647">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schmitt, Carl <1888-1985>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV001560">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35481313">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007689&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1089326">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/694356">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069114927">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90053230">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Schmitt, Carl, 1888-1985"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000025832&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000010745&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=64556">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000024007">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199624422">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhj7lm1zz3v9j">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&oldid=1276049603">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl_Schmitt&oldid=1276049603</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Schmitt" title="Category:Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1888_births" title="Category:1888 births">1888 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1985_deaths" title="Category:1985 deaths">1985 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_German_philosophers" title="Category:20th-century German 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href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Cologne" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Cologne">Academic staff of the University of Cologne</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_staff_of_the_University_of_Greifswald" title="Category:Academic staff of the University of Greifswald">Academic staff of the University of Greifswald</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Masonry" title="Category:Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Germany" title="Category:Antisemitism in Germany">Antisemitism in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conservative_Revolutionary_movement" title="Category:Conservative Revolutionary movement">Conservative Revolutionary movement</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Far-right_politics_in_Germany" title="Category:Far-right politics in Germany">Far-right politics in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopoliticians" 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-6skhz","wgBackendResponseTime":144,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.175","walltime":"2.582","ppvisitednodes":{"value":18611,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":678143,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":137335,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":26,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":405661,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2024.003 1 -total"," 21.56% 436.296 2 Template:Reflist"," 11.93% 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