CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Rhineland massacres - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b8eb9340-1d61-4ba5-aa6c-e410e0f424aa","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Rhineland_massacres","wgTitle":"Rhineland massacres","wgCurRevisionId":1271266336,"wgRevisionId":1271266336,"wgArticleId":1304081,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: unrecognized language","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with excerpts","1096 in Europe","11th-century massacres","Antisemitism in France","First Crusade","Jewish French history","Jewish German history","Medieval anti-Jewish pogroms","Massacres in Germany","Massacres of Jews","Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe","Synagogue arson","Mass suicides","Massacres in France","Antisemitism in Germany"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Rhineland_massacres","wgRelevantArticleId":1304081,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q51651","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.20"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="988"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="658"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="527"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Rhineland massacres - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland_massacres"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland_massacres"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Rhineland_massacres rootpage-Rhineland_massacres skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhineland+massacres" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhineland+massacres" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Rhineland+massacres" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Rhineland+massacres" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folkmar_and_Gottschalk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folkmar_and_Gottschalk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Folkmar and Gottschalk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folkmar_and_Gottschalk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emicho" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emicho"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Emicho</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emicho-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_attacks_on_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_attacks_on_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Later attacks on Jews</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_attacks_on_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Catholic Church response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Jewish reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manuscripts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manuscripts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Manuscripts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manuscripts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journal_articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journal_articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Journal articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journal_articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhineland massacres</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenverfolgungen_zur_Zeit_des_Ersten_Kreuzzugs" title="Judenverfolgungen zur Zeit des Ersten Kreuzzugs – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Judenverfolgungen zur Zeit des Ersten Kreuzzugs" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="مذابح راينلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مذابح راينلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecuci%C3%B3n_de_los_xud%C3%ADos_mientres_la_Primer_Cruzada" title="Persecución de los xudíos mientres la Primer Cruzada – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Persecución de los xudíos mientres la Primer Cruzada" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alman_s%C9%99lib_y%C3%BCr%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Alman səlib yürüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Alman səlib yürüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A6%E0%A7%AF%E0%A7%AC" title="জার্মান ক্রুসেড, ১০৯৬ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জার্মান ক্রুসেড, ১০৯৬" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Германски кръстоносен поход – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Германски кръстоносен поход" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judenverfolgungen_zur_Zeit_des_Ersten_Kreuzzugs" title="Judenverfolgungen zur Zeit des Ersten Kreuzzugs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judenverfolgungen zur Zeit des Ersten Kreuzzugs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1,_1096" title="Γερμανική Σταυροφορία, 1096 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γερμανική Σταυροφορία, 1096" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecuci%C3%B3n_de_los_jud%C3%ADos_durante_la_primera_cruzada" title="Persecución de los judíos durante la primera cruzada – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Persecución de los judíos durante la primera cruzada" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakroj_%C4%89e_Rejnlando" title="Masakroj ĉe Rejnlando – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Masakroj ĉe Rejnlando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="کشتار راینلاند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشتار راینلاند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pers%C3%A9cution_des_Juifs_pendant_la_premi%C3%A8re_croisade" title="Persécution des Juifs pendant la première croisade – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Persécution des Juifs pendant la première croisade" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib_Jerman,_1096" title="Perang Salib Jerman, 1096 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Salib Jerman, 1096" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crociata_dei_tedeschi" title="Crociata dei tedeschi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Crociata dei tedeschi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%AA%D7%A0%22%D7%95" title="גזרות תתנ"ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזרות תתנ"ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Salib_Jerman,_1096" title="Perang Salib Jerman, 1096 – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Perang Salib Jerman, 1096" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0,_1096" title="Германска крстоносна војна, 1096 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Германска крстоносна војна, 1096" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A7%E0%B4%82-1096" title="ജർമ്മൻ കുരിശുയുദ്ധം-1096 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജർമ്മൻ കുരിശുയുദ്ധം-1096" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%89_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مدابح اليهود فى الراين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مدابح اليهود فى الراين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogroms_van_1096" title="Pogroms van 1096 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pogroms van 1096" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacres_na_Ren%C3%A2nia" title="Massacres na Renânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Massacres na Renânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciada_german%C4%83_din_1096" title="Cruciada germană din 1096 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cruciada germană din 1096" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4" title="Германский крестовый поход – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Германский крестовый поход" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Немачки крсташки рат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Немачки крсташки рат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakri_nad_Jevrejima_1096." title="Masakri nad Jevrejima 1096. – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Masakri nad Jevrejima 1096." data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenlandsmassakrerna" title="Rhenlandsmassakrerna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rhenlandsmassakrerna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland_Katliamlar%C4%B1" title="Rhineland Katliamları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rhineland Katliamları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%B4" title="Німецький хрестовий похід – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецький хрестовий похід" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="رہائن لینڈ کا قتل عام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رہائن لینڈ کا قتل عام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1c_cu%E1%BB%99c_th%E1%BA%A3m_s%C3%A1t_Rhineland" title="Các cuộc thảm sát Rhineland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Các cuộc thảm sát Rhineland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A7%E5%B1%A0%E6%AE%BA" title="萊茵蘭大屠殺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萊茵蘭大屠殺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51651#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Rhineland_massacres" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Rhineland_massacres" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Rhineland_massacres" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&oldid=1271266336" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Rhineland_massacres&id=1271266336&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhineland_massacres"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRhineland_massacres"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Rhineland_massacres&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51651" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Pogroms of 1096</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"German Crusade of 1096" redirects here; not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/German_Crusade_of_1197" class="mw-redirect" title="German Crusade of 1197">German Crusade of 1197</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:125%;">Rhineland massacres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Part of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Massacre_of_Jews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg/220px-Massacre_of_Jews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg/330px-Massacre_of_Jews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg/440px-Massacre_of_Jews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="395" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Massacre of the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, by the 19th-century painter <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Migette" title="Auguste Migette">Auguste Migette</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">1096<br />4856 (by the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Target</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">German Jews</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Victims</th><td class="infobox-data">2,000 Jews</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Perpetrators</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motive</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="People&#039;s_Crusade680" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_People%27s_Crusade" title="Template:Campaignbox People's Crusade"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_People%27s_Crusade" title="Template talk:Campaignbox People's Crusade"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_People%27s_Crusade" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox People's Crusade"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="People&#039;s_Crusade680" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade"><span class="wrap">People's Crusade</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">Road To Constantinople</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Massacre of Rhineland Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Xerigordos" title="Siege of Xerigordos">Siege of Xerigordos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Civetot" title="Battle of Civetot">Battle of Civetot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Rhineland massacres</b>, also known as the <b>German Crusade of 1096</b><sup id="cite_ref-google_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i>Gzerot Tatnó</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">גזרות תתנ"ו</span>, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">mass murders of Jews</a> perpetrated by mobs of <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> in the year 1096 (4856 in the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>). These massacres are often seen as the first in a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">antisemitic events in Europe</a> which culminated in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent leaders of crusaders involved in the massacres included <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> and especially <a href="/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho">Count Emicho</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of this persecution, the destruction of Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> was noted as the <i>Hurban Shum</i> (Destruction of <a href="/wiki/Takkanot_Shum" title="Takkanot Shum">Shum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were new persecutions of the Jews in which peasant crusaders from France and Germany attacked Jewish communities. A number of historians have referred to the violence as <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg/220px-Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg/330px-Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg/440px-Hebrewbooks_org_42621_520.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1871" data-file-height="2334" /></a><figcaption><i>El Malé Rahamim</i> – God of Mercy prayer for the murdered communities, in prayer book from the city of <a href="/wiki/Altona,_Hamburg" title="Altona, Hamburg">Altona</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Though no Crusades explicitly targeted Jews, the fervor for holy war sometimes turned into an outbreak of anti-Jewish violence in Europe, even though both ecclesiastical and secular authorities condemned it. The focus on crucifixion story and violence against enemies of the Christian faith during the Crusades, as exemplified by the preaching of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a> in 1095-96 and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> in 1146-47, needed little misconceptions to be translated into animosity towards Jews. In parts of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Germany, Jews were perceived just as much of an enemy as Muslims: they were held responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion" title="Crucifixion">crucifixion</a>, and they were more immediately visible than the distant Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people wondered why they should travel thousands of miles to fight "non-believers" when there were already "non-believers" closer to home.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is also likely that the crusaders were motivated by their need for money. The <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> communities were relatively wealthy, both due to their isolation, and because they were not restricted as Catholics were against <a href="/wiki/Moneylending" class="mw-redirect" title="Moneylending">moneylending</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many crusaders had to go into debt in order to purchase weaponry and equipment for the expedition; as the Catholic Church strictly forbade <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>, many crusaders inevitably found themselves indebted to Jewish moneylenders.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having armed themselves by assuming the debt, the crusaders rationalized the killing of Jews as an extension of their Catholic mission.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There had not been so broad a movement against Jews by Catholics since the seventh century's mass expulsions and forced conversions. While there had been a number of regional persecutions of Jews by Catholics, such as the one in <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> in 888, a plot against Jews in <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a> in 992, a wave of anti-Jewish persecution by Christian millenarian movements (which believed that Jesus was immediately to descend from Heaven) in the year 1000, and the threat of expulsion from <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a> in 1066; these are all viewed "in the traditional terms of governmental outlawry rather than unbridled popular attacks."<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also many movements against Jews (such as forced conversions by <a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">King Robert the Pious</a> of France, <a href="/wiki/Richard_II,_Duke_of_Normandy" title="Richard II, Duke of Normandy">Richard II, Duke of Normandy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor</a> around 1007–1012) had been suppressed by various popes and bishops.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The passions that were aroused within the Catholic community by Pope Urban II's call for the first crusade had moved the persecution of Jews into a new chapter in history where previous constraints no longer held. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gottfried_von_Bouillon_(Hofkirche_Innsbruck)_2006_0931C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A statue of a knight with a long beard. He is wearing a crown of thorns and elaborate armour. He has a sword in his left hand, and a shield rests against his right leg." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg/170px-Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg/255px-Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg/340px-Gottfried_von_Bouillon_%28Hofkirche_Innsbruck%29_2006_0931C.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="3328" /></a><figcaption>Sixteenth-century bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> from the group of heroes surrounding the memorial to <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hofkirche,_Innsbruck" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofkirche, Innsbruck">Hofkirche, Innsbruck</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A relevant perspective on the extent of the era's antisemitism was recorded 40 years afterward by Jewish historian Solomon bar Simson. He stated that <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> swore: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>to go on this journey only after avenging the blood of the crucified one by shedding Jewish blood and completely eradicating any trace of those bearing the name 'Jew', thus assuaging his own burning wrath.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Henry IV</a> (after being notified of the pledge by <a href="/wiki/Kalonymus_Ben_Meshullam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalonymus Ben Meshullam">Kalonymus Ben Meshullam</a>, the Jewish leader in <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>) issued an order prohibiting such an action. Godfrey claimed that he never really intended to kill Jews, but the community in Mainz and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> sent him a collected bribe of 500 silver <a href="/wiki/Mark_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark (weight)">marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_of_Gembloux" title="Sigebert of Gembloux">Sigebert of Gembloux</a> wrote that before "a war in behalf of the Lord" could be fought, it was essential that the Jews convert; those who resisted were "deprived of their goods, massacred, and expelled from the cities."<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first outbreaks of violence occurred in France. According to a contemporary chronicle of events written by an anonymous author in Mainz: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There first arose the officers, nobles, and common people who were in the land of France [Sarefat] who took counsel together and plotted...to make clear the way to go toward Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Richard of Poitiers wrote that Jewish persecution was widespread in France at the beginning of the expeditions to the east. The anonymous chronicler of Mainz admired the Jews: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>At the time, the [Jewish] communities in France heard [about these things], trembling...seized them. They wrote letters and sent messengers to all the communities around about the River Rhine, [to the effect] that they should fast...and seek mercy from Him who dwells on high, that He might save them from their hands. When the letter reached the holy ones in the land [of the Rhine], namely the men of renown ... in Mainz, they responded [to their brethren in] France as follows: 'The communities have decreed a fast. We have done that which was ours [to do]. May the Lord save us and may He save you from all sorrow and oppression [which might come] upon you. We are in great fear.'<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In June and July 1095, Jewish communities in the Rhineland (north of the main departure areas at <a href="/wiki/Neuss" title="Neuss">Neuss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wevelinghoven" class="mw-redirect" title="Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altenahr" title="Altenahr">Altenahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xanten" title="Xanten">Xanten</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moers" title="Moers">Moers</a>) were attacked, but the leadership and membership of these crusader groups was not chronicled.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Jews dispersed eastward to escape the persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On top of the general Catholic suspicion of Jews at the time, when the thousands of French members of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Crusade" title="People's Crusade">People's Crusade</a> arrived at the Rhine, they had run out of provisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimont_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimont-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To restock their supplies, they began to plunder Jewish food and property while attempting to force them to convert to Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-Dimont_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dimont-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg/220px-Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg/330px-Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a3/Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg/440px-Peter_the_Hermit_-_Project_Gutenberg_eBook_11921.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="981" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a> preaching the First Crusade, as cited in the 1851 "Illustrated London Reading Book"</figcaption></figure> <p>Not all crusaders who had run out of supplies resorted to murder; some, like <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Hermit" title="Peter the Hermit">Peter the Hermit</a>, used extortion instead. While no sources claim he preached against the Jews, he carried a letter with him from the Jews of France to the community at <a href="/wiki/Trier" title="Trier">Trier</a>. The letter urged them to supply provisions to Peter and his men. The <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_bar_Simson_Chronicle" title="Solomon bar Simson Chronicle">Solomon bar Simson Chronicle</a></i> records that they were so terrified by Peter's appearance at the gates that they readily agreed to supply his needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever Peter's own position on the Jews was, men claiming to follow after him felt free to massacre Jews on their own initiative, to pillage their possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes Jews survived by being subjected to involuntary baptism, such as in <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a>, where a crusading mob rounded up the Jewish community, forced them into the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, and performed a mass baptism. After the crusaders had left the region, these Jews returned to practicing Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/David_Nirenberg" title="David Nirenberg">David Nirenberg</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-uchicago_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uchicago-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the events of 1096 in the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> "occupy a significant place in modern Jewish historiography and are often presented as the first instance of an antisemitism that would henceforth never be forgotten and whose climax was the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Folkmar_and_Gottschalk">Folkmar and Gottschalk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Folkmar and Gottschalk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg/250px-Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg/330px-Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg/500px-Budapest_Heroes_square_K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Coloman, <a href="/wiki/H%C5%91s%C3%B6k_tere" class="mw-redirect" title="Hősök tere">Heroes' Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1096, a number of small bands of knights and peasants, inspired by the preaching of the Crusade, set off from various parts of France and Germany (<a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>). The crusade of the priest Folkmar, beginning in <a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a>, persecuted Jews in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> and later, on May 30, 1096, in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Prague" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague">Catholic Bishop</a> Cosmas attempted to prevent forced conversions, and the entire Catholic hierarchy in Bohemia preached against such acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Duke <a href="/wiki/Bretislaus_II,_Duke_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bretislaus II, Duke of Bohemia">Bretislaus II</a> was out of the country and the Catholic Church's officials' protests were unable to stop the mob of crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hierarchy of the Catholic Church as a whole condemned the persecution of the Jews in the regions affected (though their protests had little effect). Especially vocal were the parish priests (only one monk, named Gottschalk, is recorded as joining and encouraging the mob).<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chronicler <a href="/wiki/Hugo_of_Flavigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo of Flavigny">Hugo of Flavigny</a> recorded how these religious appeals were ignored, writing: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It certainly seems amazing that on a single day in many different places, moved in unison by a violent inspiration, such massacres should have taken place, despite their widespread disapproval and their condemnation as contrary to religion. But we know that they could not have been avoided since they occurred in the face of excommunication imposed by numerous clergymen, and of the threat of punishment on the part of many princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In general, the crusader mobs did not fear any retribution, as the local courts did not have the jurisdiction to pursue them past their locality nor did they have the ability to identify and prosecute individuals out of the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pleas of the clergy were ignored on similar grounds (no cases against individuals were brought forward for excommunication) and the mob believed that anyone preaching mercy to the Jews was doing so only because they had succumbed to Jewish bribery.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gottschalk the monk went on to lead a crusade from the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine (province)">Lorraine</a> into <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, occasionally attacking Jewish communities along the way. In late June 1096, the crusader mob of Gottschalk was welcomed by King <a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloman of Hungary">Coloman of Hungary</a>, but they soon began plundering the countryside and causing drunken disorder. The King then demanded they disarm. Once their weapons had been secured, the enraged Hungarians fell upon them and "the whole plain was covered with corpses and blood."<sup id="cite_ref-Archer_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The priest Folkmar and his Saxons also met a similar fate from the Hungarians when they began pillaging villages there because "sedition was incited".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Archer_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emicho">Emicho</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Emicho"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg/220px-The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg/330px-The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg/440px-The_Army_of_Priest_Volkmar_and_Count_Emicio_Attacks_Mersbourg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2425" data-file-height="3064" /></a><figcaption>The Army of Priest Volkmar and <a href="/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho">Count Emicio</a> attacks Mersbourg (Wieselburg, <a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Moson</a>). In the battle, the Crusaders are panic-stricken when several ladders collapse under their weight.</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest of these crusades, and the most involved in attacking Jews, was that led by Count <a href="/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho">Emicho</a>. Setting off in the early summer of 1096, an army of around 10,000 men, women and children proceeded through the Rhine valley, towards the <a href="/wiki/Main_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Main River">Main River</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. Emicho was joined by <a href="/wiki/William_the_Carpenter" title="William the Carpenter">William the Carpenter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drogo_of_Nesle" title="Drogo of Nesle">Drogo of Nesle</a>, among others from the Rhineland, eastern France, Lorraine, <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and even England. </p><p>Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV</a>, absent in southern Italy, ordered the Jews to be protected when he learned of Emicho's intent. After some Jews were killed at <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a> in May, <a href="/wiki/Johann_I_of_Kraichgau" title="Johann I of Kraichgau">John, Bishop of Speyer</a> gave shelter to the Jewish inhabitants. Still, 12 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community_of_Speyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community of Speyer">Jews of Speyer</a> were slain by crusaders on May 3.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Worms">Bishop of Worms</a> also attempted to shelter Jews, but the crusaders broke into his episcopal palace and killed the Jews inside on May 18. At least <a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">800 Jews were massacred in Worms</a> when they refused Catholic baptism.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Routledge_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Routledge-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>News of Emicho's crusade spread quickly, and he was prevented from entering <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> on May 25 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthard">Ruthard</a>. Emicho also took an offering of gold raised by the Jews of Mainz in hope to gain his favor and their safety.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop Ruthard tried to protect the Jews by hiding them in his lightly fortified palace. Nevertheless, Emicho did not prevent his followers from entering the city<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on May 27 and a massacre followed. Many among the Christian business class (the <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">burghers</a>) in Mainz, had working ties with Jews and gave them shelter from the mobs (as the burghers in Prague had done).<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mainz burghers joined with the militia of the bishop and the burgrave (the town's military governor) in fighting off the first waves of crusaders. This stand had to be abandoned when crusaders continued to arrive in ever greater numbers,<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the militia of the bishop together with the bishop himself fled and left the Jews to be slaughtered by the crusaders.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the example of the burghers, many ordinary citizens in Mainz and other the towns were caught up in the frenzy and joined in the persecution and pillaging.<sup id="cite_ref-Baron_17-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mainz was the site of the greatest violence, with at least 1,100 Jews being killed by troops under Clarambaud and Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the choice between flight, death, and conversion, some Jews opted for a desperate fourth alternative: active martyrdom, that is, killing their family and themselves. One man, named Isaac, was forcefully converted, but wracked with guilt, later killed his family and burned himself alive in his house. Another woman, Rachel, murdered her four children with her own hands so that they would not be kidnapped and "raised in the way of error" as Christians. Chronicler Solomon bar Simpson compared Rachel to the martyrdom of the <a href="/wiki/Woman_and_her_seven_sons" class="mw-redirect" title="Woman and her seven sons">woman and her seven sons</a> in an attempt to make sense of her desperate act.<sup id="cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_ben_Nathan" title="Eliezer ben Nathan">Eliezer ben Nathan</a>, a Jewish chronicler at the times, paraphrased <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> 1:6 and wrote of </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>cruel foreigners, fierce and swift, Frenchmen and Germans...[who] put crosses on their clothing and were more plentiful than locusts on the face of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On May 29 Emicho arrived at <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, where most Jews had already left or were hiding in Christian houses. In Cologne, other smaller bands of crusaders met Emicho, and they left with quite a lot of money taken from the Jews there. Emicho continued towards Hungary, soon joined by some <a href="/wiki/Swabia" title="Swabia">Swabians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coloman_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloman of Hungary">Coloman of Hungary</a> refused to allow them through Hungary. Count Emicho and his warriors besieged <a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Moson</a> (or Wieselburg), on the <a href="/wiki/Leitha" title="Leitha">Leitha</a>. This led Coloman to prepare to flee into Russia, but the morale of the crusader mob began to fail, which inspired the Hungarians, and most of the mob was slaughtered or drowned in the river. Count Emicho and a few of the leaders escaped into Italy or back to their own homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Archer_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archer-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> William the Carpenter and other survivors eventually joined <a href="/wiki/Hugh_I,_Count_of_Vermandois" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh I, Count of Vermandois">Hugh of Vermandois</a> and the main body of crusader knights. Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV overruled Church law and permitted forcibly converted Jews to return to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 51">: 51 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_attacks_on_Jews">Later attacks on Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later attacks on Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/250px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/330px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg/500px-1099_Siege_of_Jerusalem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="661" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Siege and Capture of Jerusalem</a>, 1099</figcaption></figure> <p>Later in 1096, <a href="/wiki/Godfrey_of_Bouillon" title="Godfrey of Bouillon">Godfrey of Bouillon</a> also collected tribute from the Jews in Mainz and Cologne, and would have participated in pogroms himself if he had not been ordered by Henry IV not to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Louis_University" title="Saint Louis University">Saint Louis University</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Madden" title="Thomas F. Madden">Thomas F. Madden</a>, author of <i>A Concise History of the Crusades</i>, claims the Jewish defenders of Jerusalem retreated to their synagogue to "prepare for death" once the Crusaders had breached the outer walls of the city during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">siege of 1099</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoover_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoover-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a> mentions the building was set on fire while the Jews were still inside.<sup id="cite_ref-gibb_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibb-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Crusaders were supposedly reported as hoisting up their shields and singing "Christ We Adore Thee!" while they circled the fiery complex."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a contemporary Jewish letter written shortly after the siege does not mention the burning synagogue. But playing on the religious schism between the two sects of Judaism,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabist <a href="/wiki/S.D._Goitein" class="mw-redirect" title="S.D. Goitein">S.D. Goitein</a> speculates the reason the incident is missing from the letter is because it was written by <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Jews</a> and the synagogue belonged to <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Jews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the siege, Jews captured from the <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a>, along with native Christians, were made to clean the city of the slain.<sup id="cite_ref-goitein_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goitein-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tancred took some Jews as <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> and deported them to <a href="/wiki/Apuleia" title="Apuleia">Apuleia</a> in southern Italy. Several of these Jews did not make it to their final destination as "Many of them were [...] thrown into the sea or beheaded on the way."<sup id="cite_ref-goitein_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goitein-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous Jews and their holy books (including the <a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Codex" title="Aleppo Codex">Aleppo Codex</a>) were held ransom by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_IV,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Raymond IV, Count of Toulouse">Raymond of Toulouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Karaite Jewish community of <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a> (Ascalon) reached out to their coreligionists in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> to first pay for the holy books and then rescued pockets of Jews over several months.<sup id="cite_ref-goitein_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-goitein-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All that could be ransomed were liberated by the summer of 1100. The few who could not be rescued were either converted to Catholicism or murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The First Crusade ignited a long tradition of organized violence against Jews in European culture. Jewish money was also used in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for financing the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>; the Jews were also attacked in many instances, but not on the scale of the attacks of 1096. In England, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> was the pretext for the expulsion of the Jews and the confiscation of their money. The two <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1251)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1251)">Shepherds' Crusades, in 1251</a> and 1320, also saw attacks on Jews in France; <a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">the second in 1320</a> also attacked and killed Jews in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_Church_response">Catholic Church response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Catholic Church response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08–'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Gaza_war" title="Antisemitism during the Gaza war">Gaza war ('23–'25)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International<wbr /> Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing <i>(video game)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule<br />Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship<br />Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_synagogues" title="Attacks on synagogues">synagogue attacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_on_social_media" title="Antisemitism on social media">Social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unz_Review" title="The Unz Review">The Unz Review</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The massacre of the Rhineland Jews by the People's Crusade and other associated persecutions were condemned by the leaders and officials of the Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-catholiceducation_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholiceducation-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church and its members had previously carried out policies to protect the presence of Jews in <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>. For example, the twenty-five letters regarding the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a> from the late sixth century became the primary texts for the canons, or Church laws, which were implanted to not only regulate Jewish life in Europe but also to protect it.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These policies did have limits to them; the Jews were granted protection and the right to their faith if they did not threaten Christianity and remained entirely submissive to Christian rule. These regulations were enacted in a letter by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_II" title="Pope Alexander II">Pope Alexander II</a> in 1063.<sup id="cite_ref-R.Stow_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.Stow-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their goal was to define the place of the Jews in Christian society. The Dispar nimirum of 1060, was the late eleventh-century papal policy concerning the Jews. It rejected acts of violence and punishments of the Jews, and it enforced the idea of protecting the Jews because they were not the enemy of the Christians. This papal policy aimed at creating a balance of privilege and restrictions on Jews so that the Christians did not see their presence as a threat. Sixty years after the Dispar nimirum, inspired by the atrocities of the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sicut_Judaeis" title="Sicut Judaeis">Sicut Judaeis</a> was issued.<sup id="cite_ref-Stow_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stow-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a more detailed and organized text of the position of the papacy concerning the treatment of Jews. This text was enacted by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Calixtus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Calixtus II">Pope Calixtus II</a> in 1120. It defined the limits of the Jews' eternal servitude and continued the reinforcement of the Jews' right to their faith. </p><p>The bishops of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> had attempted to protect the Jews of those towns within the walls of their palaces. In 1084 <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_Huzmann" title="Rüdiger Huzmann">Rüdiger Huzmann</a> (1073–1090), <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Speyer" title="Bishop of Speyer">bishop of Speyer</a>, established <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">an area for the Jews to live</a>, to protect them from potential violence. Rüdiger's successor, Bishop John, continued the protection of Jews during the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>. During the attack on Speyer, John saved many of the Jews, providing them protection in his castle. Bishop John had the hands of many attackers cut off.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Ruthard_of_Mainz" title="Ruthard of Mainz">Ruthard of Mainz</a> tried to save the Jews by gathering them in his courtyard; this was unsuccessful as <a href="/wiki/Emicho" title="Emicho">Emicho</a> and his troops stormed the palace. Ruthard managed to save a small number of Jews by putting them on boats in the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Archbishop of Cologne, Hermann III, sent many of the Jews to outlying villages, so that they would be safe from Crusaders. The archbishop of Trier was less effective; he favored protecting the Jews from violence, but during the attack on Trier, he hid and did not take any action to help them. Some bishops, like Archbishop Hartwig of Spanheim in Magdeburg, went as far as offering the Crusaders silver to spare the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-Roth_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roth-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the First Crusade, there was a continued effort made by the popes to protect the Jews, so that violence that occurred in the Rhineland Valley would not reoccur. In 1272, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> stated that the Jews "are not capable of harming Christians, nor do they know how to do so."<sup id="cite_ref-R.Stow_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.Stow-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popes continually assured the Christian people that the Jews were not the enemy, but the <a href="/wiki/Saracen" title="Saracen">Saracens</a> were because they opposed Christianity, and Jews would only become the enemy if they challenged the religion. Following Gregory X's lead, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XIII" title="Pope Benedict XIII">Pope Benedict XIII</a> clearly stated to the Christian people how to treat the Jews. "Jews are never to be burdened beyond the limits of the present constitution. [They are not] to be molested, to be offered in their persons, or to have their goods seized... [Rather, they are to be treated] humanely and with clemency..."<sup id="cite_ref-R.Stow_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R.Stow-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benedict enforced the privileges given to the Jews by warning the Christians that their actions toward the Jewish people must not violate those given to them by the Church. </p><p>Fifty years later, when St. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a> was urging recruitment for the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a>, he specifically criticized the attacks on Jews that had occurred in the First Crusade. Though Clairvaux considered the Jews to be "personae non gratae", he condemned in his letters the crusaders' attacks on the Jews and ordered protection for Jewish communities.<sup id="cite_ref-Stacey_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stacey-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is debate on Bernard's exact motivations: he may have been disappointed that the People's Crusade devoted so much time and resources to attacking the Jews of Western Europe while contributing almost nothing to the attempt to retake the Holy Land itself, the result being that Bernard was urging the knights to maintain focus on the goal of protecting Catholic interests in the Holy Land. It is equally possible that Bernard held the belief that forcibly converting the Jews was immoral or perceived that greed motivated the original Rhineland massacre: both sentiments are echoed in the canon of <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aachen" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert of Aachen">Albert of Aachen</a> in his chronicle of the First Crusade. Albert of Aachen's view was that the People's Crusaders were uncontrollable semi-Catholicized country-folk (citing the "goose incident," which Hebrew chronicles corroborate)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (March 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who massacred hundreds of Jewish women and children and that the People's Crusaders were themselves slaughtered by Turkish forces in Asia Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Runciman is notoriously unreliable. (May 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_reactions">Jewish reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jewish reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_of_Gembloux" title="Sigebert of Gembloux">Sigebert of Gembloux</a> wrote that most of those Jews who converted before the crusader threat later returned to Judaism.<sup id="cite_ref-Golb_19-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some cases Jews chose to die as Jews rather than convert.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hebrew chronicles portray the Rhineland Jews as <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> who willingly sacrificed themselves in order to honour God and to preserve their own honour (to die for <i><a href="/wiki/Kiddush_Hashem" title="Kiddush Hashem">Kiddush Hashem</a>)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhineland Jews looked to historical precedents since Biblical times to justify their actions: the honourable suicide of <a href="/wiki/Saul" title="Saul">Saul</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maccabees" title="Maccabees">Maccabees</a> revolt against <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a>, the suicide pact at <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba">Bar Kochba</a> revolt were seen as justifiable deaths in the face of a stronger enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, the suicidal and homicidal nature of the Rhineland Jews' actions largely separated the events of 1096 from previous incidents in Jewish history. While the events of <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> most closely parallel those of the Rhineland Massacres, it is important to note that the dramatic suicides of that event were often downplayed by Rabbinic scholars, even to the point of Masada's total omission from some Rabbinic histories.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Biblical moment that was most commonly evoked by chroniclers of the Rhineland Massacres was the <a href="/wiki/Binding_of_Isaac" title="Binding of Isaac">Binding of Isaac</a>, to which several allusions appear throughout the major primary sources, the <i><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Anonymous" title="Mainz Anonymous">Mainz Anonymous</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_bar_Simson_Chronicle" title="Solomon bar Simson Chronicle">Soloman bar Simson Chronicle</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eliezer_bar_Nathan_Chronicle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eliezer bar Nathan Chronicle (page does not exist)">Eliezer bar Nathan Chronicle</a></i> (though allusions to this moment persist beyond these sources, and even in to more modern interpretations).<sup id="cite_ref-google2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it was the most common Biblical reference, the details of the Binding of Isaac presented significant dissimilarities (alongside definite parallels) that put the actions of the Rhineland Jewry at odds with the Biblical narrative. While Isaac was spared from sacrifice by divine intervention, the Jews of the Rhineland committed their ritual suicide to its end. This influenced novel interpretations of the binding of Isaac. The <i>Soloman bar Simson Chronicle</i> interprets the sacrifice of the Rhineland Jews as a similar, though even greater expression of righteousness and piety than that of Abraham, a theme echoed throughout other chronicles of the events. Similarly, a preexisting alternative <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrashic</a> reading of the Binding of Isaac claiming that Isaac truly was sacrificed gained a newfound popularity following the events of 1096.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several 20th century Jewish authors have related the events of 1096 to an underlying theme of human sacrifice.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historian <a href="/wiki/Israel_Yuval" title="Israel Yuval">Israel Yuval</a> understood these choices as a manifestation of a <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messianic</a> theology that was uniquely tied to medieval Jews living in the midst of Latin Christendom. This theology understood the Messiah's coming as a time of vengeance against those who transgressed against God and the Jewish people, as well as a process that was sensitive to the blood of Jewish martyrs.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such ideas are alluded to in the <i><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Hasidim" title="Sefer Hasidim">Sefer Hasidim</a></i>, a work of the twelfth century consisting of an amalgamation of Rabbinic teachings common to the era and the centuries immediately preceding it. Additionally relevant was a medieval Ashkenazi genealogical interpretation of Christians as descendants of the Biblical <a href="/wiki/Esau" title="Esau">Esau</a> (referred to as <a href="/wiki/Edom" title="Edom">Edomites</a>), over whom the Jews (the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>) would eventually succeed and gain dominion. Following from this, the events of 1096 presented an opportunity for the Rhineland Jews to ritually offer their deaths as an example of Christian transgression and spur the <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">Messianic Age</a> – an analysis supported by the frequent ritual tone and symbolism employed by Jewish chroniclers while describing the deaths, and their somewhat lesser interest for Jews who simply died by Christian hands directly. This included frequent descriptions of suicides occurring within synagogues (which were on occasion burning), and the shedding of blood on the <a href="/wiki/Torah_ark" title="Torah ark">Holy Ark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, somewhat more <i>post hoc</i> explanations provided by Medieval Jewish chroniclers also existed. Most often, the homicide of the Rhineland children was explained by the adage "lest they dwell among the Gentiles; it is better that they die innocent and not guilty", meaning that it was better to kill Jewish children and prevent them from losing their religion than to allow them to die later as a non-Jew. The descriptions of Jewish parents killing their children was shocking to Christian ears, and may have served as fuel for later accusations of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This analysis of Yuval's caused a stir among the scholarly community, and the journal <a href="/wiki/Zion_(journal)" title="Zion (journal)"><i>Zion</i></a> devoted a double issue to discussing Yuval's thesis.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A particularly scathing response was written by <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Fleischer" title="Ezra Fleischer">Ezra Fleischer</a>, in which he examines of Yuval's claims and responds to them. The article ends with the words "It is the kind of article that would have been better if it had not been written than written, and if it had been written - it would have been better if it had not been printed, and if it had been printed - it would have been better if it had been forgotten as soon as possible".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historians have disagreed about whether there was a halakhic justification for the mass suicide during Rhineland massacres. <a href="/wiki/Haym_Soloveitchik" title="Haym Soloveitchik">Haym Soloveitchik</a> states that the issue of voluntary martyrdom to avoid committing sins in halakhic literature is highly questionable, and acorrding to that the <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Poskim</a> should have determined that "all the martyrs [...] were not only not "holy," but were "self-killers," and murderers".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, according to Soloveitchik, the rabbis, out of respect for the victims, had to justify these horrific acts "with a few deft twists, a tenable, if not quite persuasive" of the <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Grossman" title="Avraham Grossman">Avraham Grossman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel_Ta-Shma" title="Israel Ta-Shma">Israel Ta-Shma</a> and other researchers state that the suicides acted according to the Jewish law as it was known to them. According to them, Ashkenazi <a href="/wiki/Posek" title="Posek">Poskim</a> attributed halakhic importance to the legends that appear in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aggadah" title="Aggadah">Aggadah</a>), many of which involve suicides in order to avoid committing sins. Therefore, the act of suicide during the Rhineland massacres was anchored in the halakhic perception of the Ashkenazim, and they acted according to Jewish tradition, as they perceived it.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to the Crusades, the Jews were divided among three major areas which were largely independent of one another. These were the Jews living in Islamic nations (still the majority), those in the Byzantine Empire and those in the Catholic West. With the persecutions that began around 1096, a new awareness of the entire people took hold across all of these groups, reuniting the three separate strands.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, Jewish historians used the episode as a demonstration of the need for <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> (that is, for a new Jewish state).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-google-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGilbert,_M.2010" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, M. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vWLDnKGSJnQC"><i>The Routledge Atlas of Jewish History</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415558105" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415558105"><bdi>978-0415558105</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+Jewish+History&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0415558105&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvWLDnKGSJnQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Nirenberg, 'The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern', in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, pp. 279–310</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Nirenberg2002" class="citation book cs1">David Nirenberg (2002). Gerd Althoff (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279"><i>Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography</i></a>. Johannes Fried. Cambridge University Press. pp. 279–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78066-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78066-7"><bdi>978-0-521-78066-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Concepts+of+the+Past%3A+Ritual%2C+Memory%2C+Historiography&rft.pages=279-&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78066-7&rft.au=David+Nirenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxS6-pQZzGsC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-google2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-google2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan1996" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sndVK_foqI4C&pg=PA55"><i>European Jewry and the First Crusade</i></a>. U. of California Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">55–</span>60, 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520917767" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520917767"><bdi>978-0520917767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Jewry+and+the+First+Crusade&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E55-%3C%2Fspan%3E60%2C+127&rft.pub=U.+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0520917767&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsndVK_foqI4C%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shum Hebrew: שו"ם were the letters of the three towns as pronounced at the time in old French: Shaperra, Wermieza and Magenzza.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sources describing these attacks as pogroms include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Levy" title="Richard S. Levy">Richard S. Levy</a>. <i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1851094394" title="Special:BookSources/978-1851094394">978-1851094394</a>, p. 153.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Christopher Tyerman</a>. <i>God's War: A New History of the Crusades</i>, Harvard University Press, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674023871" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674023871">978-0674023871</a>, p. 100.</li> <li>Israel Jacob Yuval. <i>Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages</i>, University of California Press, 2008, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520258181" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520258181">978-0520258181</a>, p. 186.</li> <li>Nikolas Jaspert. <i>The Crusades</i>, Taylor & Francis, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415359672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415359672">978-0415359672</a>, p. 39.</li> <li>Louis Arthur Berman. <i>The Akedah: The Binding of Isaac</i>, Jason Aronson, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1568218991" title="Special:BookSources/978-1568218991">978-1568218991</a>, p. 92.</li> <li>Anna Sapir Abulafia, "Crusades", in Edward Kessler, Neil Wenborn. <i>A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521826921" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521826921">978-0521826921</a>, p. 116.</li> <li>Ian Davies. <i>Teaching the Holocaust: Educational Dimensions, Principles and Practice</i>, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826448514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826448514">978-0826448514</a>, p. 17.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avner_Falk" title="Avner Falk">Avner Falk</a>. <i>A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews</i>, Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0838636602" title="Special:BookSources/978-0838636602">978-0838636602</a>, p. 410.</li> <li>Hugo Slim. <i>Killing Civilians: Method, Madness, and Morality in War</i>, Columbia University Press, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231700375" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231700375">978-0231700375</a>, p. 47.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Fletcher" title="Richard A. Fletcher">Richard A. Fletcher</a>. <i>The Barbarian Conversion: From Paganism to Christianity</i>, University of California Press, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520218598" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520218598">978-0520218598</a>, p. 318.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Biale" title="David Biale">David Biale</a>. <i>Power & Powerlessness in Jewish History</i>. Random House, 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307772534" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307772534">978-0307772534</a>, p. 65.</li> <li>I. S. Robinson. <i>Henry IV of Germany 1056–1106</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521545907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521545907">978-0521545907</a>, p. 318.</li> <li>Will Durant. <i>The Age of Faith</i>. <i>The Story of Civilization</i> Vol. 4, Simon & Schuster, 1950, p. 391.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Tyerman, <i>The Crusades</i>, p. 59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEidelberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Eidelberg, Shlomo, ed. (1996). <i>The Jews and the Crusaders: the Hebrew chronicles of the first and second Crusades</i>. Hoboken, N.J: KTAV Pub. House. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-541-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-541-6"><bdi>978-0-88125-541-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Crusaders%3A+the+Hebrew+chronicles+of+the+first+and+second+Crusades&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=KTAV+Pub.+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-541-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Mayer. "The Crusades" (Oxford University Press: 1988) p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarzel1992" class="citation journal cs1">Barzel, Yoram (April 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1086/467242">"Confiscation by the Ruler: The Rise and Fall of Jewish Lending in the Middle Ages"</a>. <i>The Journal of Law and Economics</i>. <b>35</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F467242">10.1086/467242</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2186">0022-2186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Confiscation+by+the+Ruler%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Jewish+Lending+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1992-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F467242&rft.issn=0022-2186&rft.aulast=Barzel&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1086%2F467242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow1981" class="citation journal cs1">Stow, Kenneth R. (April 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0364009400000593">"Papal and Royal Attitudes Toward Jewish Lending in the Thirteenth Century"</a>. <i>AJS Review</i>. <b>6</b>: <span class="nowrap">161–</span>184. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0364009400000593">10.1017/s0364009400000593</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-0094">0364-0094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJS+Review&rft.atitle=Papal+and+Royal+Attitudes+Toward+Jewish+Lending+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.date=1981-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0364009400000593&rft.issn=0364-0094&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs0364009400000593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan1974" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/book.67851"><i>Medieval Jewry in Northern France</i></a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.67851">10.1353/book.67851</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1503-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-1503-4"><bdi>978-0-8018-1503-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Jewry+in+Northern+France&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.67851&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-1503-4&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1353%2Fbook.67851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRist2016" class="citation book cs1">Rist, Rebecca (2016-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717980.001.0001"><i>Popes and Jews, 1095–1291</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198717980.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198717980.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871798-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871798-0"><bdi>978-0-19-871798-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popes+and+Jews%2C+1095%E2%80%931291&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198717980.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871798-0&rft.aulast=Rist&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198717980.001.0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Chazan, Robert (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622322">"Anti-Usury Efforts in Thirteenth Century Narbonne and the Jewish Response"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the American Academy for Jewish Research</i>. 41/42: <span class="nowrap">45–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622322">10.2307/3622322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6798">0065-6798</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622322">3622322</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+American+Academy+for+Jewish+Research&rft.atitle=Anti-Usury+Efforts+in+Thirteenth+Century+Narbonne+and+the+Jewish+Response&rft.volume=41%2F42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=1973&rft.issn=0065-6798&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622322%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622322&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMaier2023" class="citation journal cs1">Maier, Christoph T. (2023-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210334">"Papal crusade propaganda and attacks against Jews in France in the 1230s: a breakdown of communication?"</a>. <i>Journal of Medieval History</i>. <b>49</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">339–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210334">10.1080/03044181.2023.2210334</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0304-4181">0304-4181</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medieval+History&rft.atitle=Papal+crusade+propaganda+and+attacks+against+Jews+in+France+in+the+1230s%3A+a+breakdown+of+communication%3F&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03044181.2023.2210334&rft.issn=0304-4181&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Christoph+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03044181.2023.2210334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHolt2023" class="citation book cs1">Holt, Andrew (2023-06-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cETPEAAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA32"><i>Religion and World Civilizations: How Faith Shaped Societies from Antiquity to the Present [3 volumes]</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-7424-6"><bdi>978-1-4408-7424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+World+Civilizations%3A+How+Faith+Shaped+Societies+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present+%5B3+volumes%5D&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2023-06-30&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-7424-6&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcETPEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baron-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baron_17-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSalo_Wittmayer_Baron1957" class="citation book cs1">Salo Wittmayer Baron (1957). <i>Social and Religious History of the Jews, Volume 4</i>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+and+Religious+History+of+the+Jews%2C+Volume+4&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.au=Salo+Wittmayer+Baron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._Geary2003" class="citation book cs1">Patrick J. Geary, ed. (2003). <i>Readings in Medieval History Volume II: The Later Middle Ages, Fifth Edition</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 364.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Readings+in+Medieval+History+Volume+II%3A+The+Later+Middle+Ages%2C+Fifth+Edition&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=364&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Golb-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golb_19-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNorman_Golb1998" class="citation book cs1">Norman Golb (1998). <i>The Jews in Medieval Normandy: a social and intellectual history</i>. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Medieval+Normandy%3A+a+social+and+intellectual+history&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Norman+Golb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohn_France1997" class="citation book cs1">John France (1997) [1994]. <i>Victory in the East: A Military History of the First Crusade</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+in+the+East%3A+A+Military+History+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.au=John+France&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Robins,_Jerrold_M._Post1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert S. Robins, Jerrold M. Post (1997). <i>Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred</i>. Yale College. p. 168.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Paranoia%3A+The+Psychopolitics+of+Hatred&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Yale+College&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Robert+S.+Robins%2C+Jerrold+M.+Post&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dimont-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dimont_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dimont_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMax_I._Dimont1984" class="citation book cs1">Max I. Dimont (1984). <i>The Amazing Adventures of the Jewish People</i>. Springfield, NJ: Behrman House, Inc. p. 106.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Adventures+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.place=Springfield%2C+NJ&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Behrman+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Max+I.+Dimont&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uchicago-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uchicago_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.uchicago.edu/directory/david-nirenberg">"David Nirenberg | Department of History | The University of Chicago"</a>. history.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-10-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Nirenberg+%26%23124%3B+Department+of+History+%26%23124%3B+The+University+of+Chicago&rft.pub=history.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.uchicago.edu%2Fdirectory%2Fdavid-nirenberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA279">Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography, p. 279</a> Chapter 13, "The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern", by David Nirenberg</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archer-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Archer_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Archer_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Archer1894" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Archer (1894). <i>The Crusades: The Story Of The Latin Kingdom Of Jerusalem</i>. G.P. Putnam Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades%3A+The+Story+Of+The+Latin+Kingdom+Of+Jerusalem&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam+Sons&rft.date=1894&rft.au=T.+A.+Archer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Routledge-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Routledge_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJim_Bradbury2004" class="citation book cs1">Jim Bradbury (2004). <i>The Routledge Companion to Medieval Warfare</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 182.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Medieval+Warfare&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Jim+Bradbury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Lowenthal, The Jews of Germany (1939)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-joslyn-siemiatkoski-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-joslyn-siemiatkoski_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoslyn-Siemiatkoski2009" class="citation book cs1">Joslyn-Siemiatkoski, Daniel (2009). <i>Christian Memories of the Maccabean Martyrs</i>. New York: Palgrave Mcmillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">126–</span>131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60279-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60279-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60279-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Memories+of+the+Maccabean+Martyrs&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E131&rft.pub=Palgrave+Mcmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60279-3&rft.aulast=Joslyn-Siemiatkoski&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRubenstein2011" class="citation book cs1">Rubenstein, Jay (2011). <i>Armies of heaven : the first crusade and the quest for apocalypse</i>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-01929-8"><bdi>978-0-465-01929-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/701015458">701015458</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+heaven+%3A+the+first+crusade+and+the+quest+for+apocalypse&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F701015458&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01929-8&rft.aulast=Rubenstein&rft.aufirst=Jay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P. Frankopan, The First Crusade: The Call from the East (London, 2012), p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoover-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hoover_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hoover.org/research/cross-purposes-crusades">Cross Purposes: The Crusades</a> (Transcript of <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institute">Hoover Institute</a> television show).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibb-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gibb_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Gibb, H. A. R</a>. <i>The Damascus Chronicle of the Crusades: Extracted and Translated from the Chronicle of Ibn Al-Qalanisi</i>. Dover Publications, 2003 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486425193" title="Special:BookSources/0486425193">0486425193</a>), p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rausch, David. <i>Legacy of Hatred: Why Christians Must Not Forget the Holocaust.</i> Baker Pub Group, 1990 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801077583" title="Special:BookSources/0801077583">0801077583</a>), p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goitein, S.D. <i>A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza. Vol. V: The Individual: Portrait of a Mediterranean Personality of the High Middle Ages as Reflected in the Cairo Geniza.</i> University of California Press, 1988 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520056477" title="Special:BookSources/0520056477">0520056477</a>), p. 358</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kedar, Benjamin Z. "The Jerusalem Massacre of July 1099 in the Western Historiography of the Crusades." The Crusades. Vol. 3 (2004) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/075464099X" title="Special:BookSources/075464099X">075464099X</a>), pp. 15–76, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-goitein-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goitein_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goitein_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-goitein_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goitein, S.D. "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders." Journal of Jewish Studies 3 (1952), pp. 162–177 [163]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goitein, "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders," p. 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goitein, "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders", p.166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholiceducation-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-catholiceducation_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholiceducation.org/articles/history/world/wh0070.html">"articles/history/world/wh0070"</a>. <i>catholiceducation.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-03-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholiceducation.org&rft.atitle=articles%2Fhistory%2Fworld%2Fwh0070&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatholiceducation.org%2Farticles%2Fhistory%2Fworld%2Fwh0070.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stow-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stow_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow,_Kenneth2007" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Kenneth (2007). <i>Popes, Church, and Jews in the Middle Ages: Confrontation and Response</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754659150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754659150"><bdi>978-0754659150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popes%2C+Church%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Confrontation+and+Response&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0754659150&rft.au=Stow%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R.Stow-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R.Stow_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R.Stow_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R.Stow_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow1999" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Kenneth (1999). "The Church and the Jews". In Abulafia, David (ed.). <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Vol. 5. Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521362894.012">10.1017/CHOL9780521362894.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521362894" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521362894"><bdi>978-0521362894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Church+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521362894.012&rft.isbn=978-0521362894&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roth-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roth_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoth1994" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Norman (1994). "Bishops and Jews in the Middle Ages". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25024201">25024201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Bishops+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25024201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stacey-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stacey_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stacey, Robert C. "Crusades, Martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096–1190", <i>Juden Und Christen Der Zeit Der Kreuzzüge</i>, edited by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Haverkamp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfred Haverkamp (page does not exist)">Alfred Haverkamp</a>, pp. 233–251. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 1999.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWalker-Meikle2020" class="citation web cs1">Walker-Meikle, Kathleen (5 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.themedievalmagazine.com/past-issue-features/2020/5/5/the-goose-that-went-on-crusade-by-dr-kathleen-walker-meikle">"The Goose That Went on Crusade"</a>. <i>The Medieval Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240813082038/https://www.themedievalmagazine.com/past-issue-features/2020/5/5/the-goose-that-went-on-crusade-by-dr-kathleen-walker-meikle">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-08-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Medieval+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Goose+That+Went+on+Crusade&rft.date=2020-05-05&rft.aulast=Walker-Meikle&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.themedievalmagazine.com%2Fpast-issue-features%2F2020%2F5%2F5%2Fthe-goose-that-went-on-crusade-by-dr-kathleen-walker-meikle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRunciman1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steven_Runciman" title="Steven Runciman">Runciman, Steven</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDj9sNezWzEC&pg=PA131"><i>A History of the Crusades, Volume 1</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521347709" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521347709"><bdi>978-0521347709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=131&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0521347709&rft.aulast=Runciman&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDj9sNezWzEC%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2013" class="citation cs2">Cohen, Jeremy (2013-03-26), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.9783/9780812201635/html">"Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade"</a>, <i>Sanctifying the Name of God</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.9783%2F9780812201635">10.9783/9780812201635</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0163-5"><bdi>978-0-8122-0163-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sanctifying+the+Name+of+God&rft.atitle=Sanctifying+the+Name+of+God%3A+Jewish+Martyrs+and+Jewish+Memories+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812201635&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0163-5&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.9783%2F9780812201635%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="37–75" class="citation journal cs1">Mentgen, Gerd (1996). "Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen". <i>Der Erste Kreuzzug 1096 und Seine Folgen, die Verfolgung der Juden Im Rheinland</i>. <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_the_Rhineland" title="Evangelical Church in the Rhineland">Evangelical Church in the Rhineland</a> Schriften des Archivs der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Erste+Kreuzzug+1096+und+Seine+Folgen%2C+die+Verfolgung+der+Juden+Im+Rheinland&rft.atitle=Die+Juden+des+Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes+im+Hochmittelalter+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Kreuzzugsverfolgungen&rft.volume=9&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Mentgen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaverkamp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkamp, Eva (2009). "Martyrs in rivalry: the 1096 Jewish martyrs and the Thebean legion". <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9091-1">10.1007/s10835-009-9091-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653802">25653802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159477788">159477788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Martyrs+in+rivalry%3A+the+1096+Jewish+martyrs+and+the+Thebean+legion&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159477788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9091-1&rft.aulast=Haverkamp&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chazan, Robert. <i>God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First Crusade Narratives</i>. (Berkeley; University of California Press, 2000), p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yuval, Israel. <i>Two Nations in Your Womb: Perceptions of Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006. p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/i23561984">"Vol. נט, חוברת ב/ג, תשנ"ד / 1994 of Zion / ציון on JSTOR"</a>. <i>www.jstor.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jstor.org&rft.atitle=Vol.+%D7%A0%D7%98%2C+%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%91%2F%D7%92%2C+%D7%AA%D7%A9%D7%A0%22%D7%93+%2F+1994+of+Zion+%2F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+on+JSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fi23561984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFפליישרFleischer1994" class="citation journal cs1">פליישר, עזרא; Fleischer, Ezra (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23562697">"Christian-Jewish Relations in the Middle Ages Distorted / יחסי נוצרים-יהודים בימי הביניים בראי עקום"</a>. <i>Zion / ציון</i>. <b>נט</b> (ב/ג): <span class="nowrap">267–</span>316. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-4758">0044-4758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23562697">23562697</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zion+%2F+%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.atitle=Christian-Jewish+Relations+in+the+Middle+Ages+Distorted+%2F+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99+%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D-%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99+%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9D&rft.volume=%D7%A0%D7%98&rft.issue=%D7%91%2F%D7%92&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23562697%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0044-4758&rft.aulast=%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%90&rft.au=Fleischer%2C+Ezra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23562697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik1987" class="citation journal cs1">Soloveitchik, Haym (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486380">"Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example"</a>. <i>AJS Review</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0364009400002014">10.1017/S0364009400002014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-0094">0364-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486380">1486380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJS+Review&rft.atitle=Religious+Law+and+Change%3A+The+Medieval+Ashkenazic+Example&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=209&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0364-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1486380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0364009400002014&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Haym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1486380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSoloveitchik1987" class="citation journal cs1">Soloveitchik, Haym (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486380">"Religious Law and Change: The Medieval Ashkenazic Example"</a>. <i>AJS Review</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 210. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0364009400002014">10.1017/S0364009400002014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0364-0094">0364-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1486380">1486380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AJS+Review&rft.atitle=Religious+Law+and+Change%3A+The+Medieval+Ashkenazic+Example&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210&rft.date=1987&rft.issn=0364-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1486380%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0364009400002014&rft.aulast=Soloveitchik&rft.aufirst=Haym&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1486380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrossman1992" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Avraham (1992). "שורשיו של קידוש השם באשכנז הקדומה (The roots of Kiddush Hashem in ancient Ashkenazi)". In Gafni, Isaiah; Ravitzky, Aviezer (eds.). <i>Sanctity in Life and Martyrdom</i> (in Heb). Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center. pp. <span class="nowrap">107–</span>108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94+%28The+roots+of+Kiddush+Hashem+in+ancient+Ashkenazi%29&rft.btitle=Sanctity+in+Life+and+Martyrdom&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E107-%3C%2Fspan%3E108&rft.pub=Zalman+Shazar+Center&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTa-Shma2000" class="citation book cs1">Ta-Shma, Israel (2000). "התאבדות ורצח הזולת על קידוש השם: לשאלת מקומה של האגדה במסורת הפסיקה האשכנזית (Suicide and Murder of Others for Kiddush Hashem: On the Question of the Place of the aggadah in the Ashkenazi Psika Tradition)". In Assis, Yom Tov; Cohen, Geremi; Limor, Ora; Kedar, Aharon; Toch, Michael (eds.). <i>Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography</i> (in Heb). Jerusalem: <a href="/wiki/Magnes_Press" title="Magnes Press">Magnes Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">152–</span>156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%91%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%97+%D7%94%D7%96%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%A2%D7%9C+%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D%3A+%D7%9C%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%AA+%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%92%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%AA+%28Suicide+and+Murder+of+Others+for+Kiddush+Hashem%3A+On+the+Question+of+the+Place+of+the+aggadah+in+the+Ashkenazi+Psika+Tradition%29&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Cross%3A+The+Persecutions+of+1096+in+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E152-%3C%2Fspan%3E156&rft.pub=Magnes+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ta-Shma&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReich2018" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Eitan (2018). <i>קידוש השם: מעקידת יצחק לעקידת אשכנז</i> [<i>Jewish Martyrdom: From the Binding of Isaac to Martyrdom in Medieval Germany</i>] (in Heb). Israel: Resling. pp. <span class="nowrap">177–</span>180.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9D%3A+%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%96&rft.place=Israel&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.pub=Resling&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Eitan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="229–231" class="citation journal cs1">Hacker, Joseph (1966). "On the Persecutions of 1096". <i>Zion</i>. <b>31</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zion&rft.atitle=On+the+Persecutions+of+1096&rft.volume=31&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlthoffFriedGeary2002" class="citation book cs1">Althoff, Gerd; Fried, Johannes; Geary, Patrick J. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MxS6-pQZzGsC&pg=PA307"><i>Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography</i></a>. Cambridge UP. pp. <span class="nowrap">305–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521780667" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521780667"><bdi>978-0521780667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Concepts+of+the+Past%3A+Ritual%2C+Memory%2C+Historiography&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E305-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Cambridge+UP&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0521780667&rft.aulast=Althoff&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rft.au=Fried%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Geary%2C+Patrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMxS6-pQZzGsC%26pg%3DPA307&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Manuscripts">Manuscripts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Manuscripts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aix" title="Albert of Aix">Albert of Aix</a>, <i>Historia Hierosolymitana</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mainz_Anonymous" title="Mainz Anonymous">Mainz Anonymous</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solomon_bar_Simson_Chronicle" title="Solomon bar Simson Chronicle">Solomon bar Simson Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_bar_Nathan" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliezer bar Nathan">Eliezer bar Nathan</a> Chronicle</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary">Primary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="64" class="citation book cs1">Charny, Israel W. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genocidecritical0000unse"><i>The Widening Circle of Genocide</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1560001720" title="Special:BookSources/978-1560001720"><bdi>978-1560001720</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Widening+Circle+of+Genocide&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1560001720&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenocidecritical0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan1987" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (1987). <i>European Jewry and the First Crusade</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Jewry+and+the+First+Crusade&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="125" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inyear1096firstc00chaz"><i>In the Year 1096: The First Crusade and the Jews</i></a></span>. Jewish Publication Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827606326" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827606326"><bdi>978-0827606326</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Year+1096%3A+The+First+Crusade+and+the+Jews&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0827606326&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finyear1096firstc00chaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="348_and_41" class="citation book cs1">Claster, Jill N. (2009). <i>Sacred Violence: The European Crusades to the Middle East, 1095–1396</i>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1442600607" title="Special:BookSources/978-1442600607"><bdi>978-1442600607</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Violence%3A+The+European+Crusades+to+the+Middle+East%2C+1095%E2%80%931396&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1442600607&rft.aulast=Claster&rft.aufirst=Jill+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2004" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Jeremy (2004). <i>Sanctifying The Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctifying+The+Name+of+God%3A+Jewish+Martyrs+and+Jewish+Memories+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="192" class="citation book cs1">Eidelberg, Shlomo (1996). <i>The Jews and the Crusaders</i>. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881255416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881255416"><bdi>978-0881255416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+and+the+Crusaders&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0881255416&rft.aulast=Eidelberg&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="129" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, Lawrence A. (1989). <i>Beyond the Text: A Holistic Approach to Liturgy</i>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0253205384" title="Special:BookSources/978-0253205384"><bdi>978-0253205384</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Text%3A+A+Holistic+Approach+to+Liturgy&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0253205384&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="279-310" class="citation journal cs1">Nirenberg, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu">"The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern*"</a>. <i>Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory, Historiography</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Concepts+of+the+Past%3A+Ritual%2C+Memory%2C+Historiography&rft.atitle=The+Rhineland+Massacres+of+Jews+in+the+First+Crusade%2C+Memories+Medieval+and+Modern%2A&rft.aulast=Nirenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="219" class="citation book cs1">Reif, Stefan C. (1995). <i>Judaism and Hebrew Prayer</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521483414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521483414"><bdi>978-0521483414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judaism+and+Hebrew+Prayer&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0521483414&rft.aulast=Reif&rft.aufirst=Stefan+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="409" class="citation book cs1">Shwartz, Susan (2002). <i>Cross and Crescent</i>. Open Road Integrated Media, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0759212923" title="Special:BookSources/978-0759212923"><bdi>978-0759212923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cross+and+Crescent&rft.pub=Open+Road+Integrated+Media%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0759212923&rft.aulast=Shwartz&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="107" class="citation book cs1">Tartakoff, Paola (2012). <i>Between Christian and Jew: Conversion and Inquisition in the Crown</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812244212" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812244212"><bdi>978-0812244212</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Christian+and+Jew%3A+Conversion+and+Inquisition+in+the+Crown&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0812244212&rft.aulast=Tartakoff&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="99" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Tyerman" title="Christopher Tyerman">Tyerman, Christopher</a> (2009). <i>The Crusades</i>. Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402768910" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402768910"><bdi>978-1402768910</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crusades&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1402768910&rft.aulast=Tyerman&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="1169" class="citation book cs1">Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582821"><bdi>978-1579582821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1579582821&rft.aulast=Vauchez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Dobson%2C+Richard+Barrie&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>(Hebrew) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYom_Tov_AssisGeremi_CohenOra_LimorAharon_Kedar2000" class="citation book cs1">Yom Tov Assis; Geremi Cohen; Ora Limor; Aharon Kedar; Michael Toch, eds. (2000). <i>Facing the Cross: The Persecutions of 1096 in History and Historiography</i>. Jerusalem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Facing+the+Cross%3A+The+Persecutions+of+1096+in+History+and+Historiography&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Chazan2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Chazan" title="Robert Chazan">Robert Chazan</a> (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/godhumanityhisto00robe"><i>God, Humanity, and History: The Hebrew First-Crusade Narratives</i></a></span>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520221277" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520221277"><bdi>978-0520221277</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%2C+Humanity%2C+and+History%3A+The+Hebrew+First-Crusade+Narratives&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0520221277&rft.au=Robert+Chazan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgodhumanityhisto00robe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChazan1996" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Robert (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/inyear1096firstc00chaz"><i>In the Year 1096: The Jews and the First Crusade</i></a></span>. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0827605756" title="Special:BookSources/978-0827605756"><bdi>978-0827605756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Year+1096%3A+The+Jews+and+the+First+Crusade&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0827605756&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finyear1096firstc00chaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.history.umd.edu/BCooperman/Medieval/Cohenpart1.pdf">"A 1096 Complex? Constructing the First Crusade in Jewish Historical Memory, Medieval and Modern"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+1096+Complex%3F+Constructing+the+First+Crusade+in+Jewish+Historical+Memory%2C+Medieval+and+Modern&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.history.umd.edu%2FBCooperman%2FMedieval%2FCohenpart1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen2006" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Jeremy (2006). <i>Sanctifying the Name of God: Jewish Martyrs and Jewish Memories of the First Crusade</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctifying+the+Name+of+God%3A+Jewish+Martyrs+and+Jewish+Memories+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="279–310" class="citation book cs1">Nirenberg, David. <i>The Rhineland Massacres of Jews in the First Crusade, Memories Medieval and Modern, in Medieval Concepts of the Past: Ritual, Memory</i>. Historiography.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rhineland+Massacres+of+Jews+in+the+First+Crusade%2C+Memories+Medieval+and+Modern%2C+in+Medieval+Concepts+of+the+Past%3A+Ritual%2C+Memory&rft.pub=Historiography&rft.aulast=Nirenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="11–31" class="citation journal cs1">Kedar, Benjamin Z. (1998). "Crusade Historians and the Massacres of 1096". <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>12</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02335496">10.1007/BF02335496</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101340">20101340</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153734729">153734729</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Crusade+Historians+and+the+Massacres+of+1096&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E31&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153734729%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101340%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02335496&rft.aulast=Kedar&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+Z.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="137" class="citation book cs1">Otter, Monika (2012). <i>Goscelin of St Bertin</i>. DS Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843842941" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843842941"><bdi>978-1843842941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Goscelin+of+St+Bertin&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1843842941&rft.aulast=Otter&rft.aufirst=Monika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_Setton1969–1989" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Setton" title="Kenneth Setton">Kenneth Setton</a>, ed. (1969–1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030401233647/http://libtext.library.wisc.edu/HistCrusades/">"A History of the Crusades"</a>. Madison. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libtext.library.wisc.edu/HistCrusades/">the original</a> on 2003-04-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2004-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Crusades&rft.pub=Madison&rft.date=1969%2F1989&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibtext.library.wisc.edu%2FHistCrusades%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="1169" class="citation book cs1">Vauchez, André; Dobson, Richard Barrie; Lapidge, Michael (2000). <i>Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582821"><bdi>978-1579582821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1579582821&rft.aulast=Vauchez&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Dobson%2C+Richard+Barrie&rft.au=Lapidge%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow2007" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Kenneth (2007). <i>Popes, Church, and Jews in the Middle Ages: Confrontation and Response</i>. Aldershot: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0754659150" title="Special:BookSources/978-0754659150"><bdi>978-0754659150</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popes%2C+Church%2C+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+Confrontation+and+Response&rft.place=Aldershot&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0754659150&rft.aulast=Stow&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoth1994" class="citation journal cs1">Roth, Norman (January 1994). "Bishops and Jews in the Middle Ages". <i>The Catholic Historical Review</i>. <b>80</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>17. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25024201">25024201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Bishops+and+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages.&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E17&rft.date=1994-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25024201%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStow,_Kenneth_and_David_Abulafia1999" class="citation book cs1">Stow, Kenneth and David Abulafia (1999). "Ch. 8: The Church and the Jews". <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">204–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCHOL9780521362894.012">10.1017/CHOL9780521362894.012</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139055734" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139055734"><bdi>978-1139055734</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+8%3A+The+Church+and+the+Jews&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCHOL9780521362894.012&rft.isbn=978-1139055734&rft.au=Stow%2C+Kenneth+and+David+Abulafia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStacey1999" class="citation book cs1">Stacey, Robert (1999). <i>Chapter: Crusades, Martyrdoms, and the Jews of Norman England, 1096–1190, Juden Und Christen Der Zeit Der Kreuzzüge</i>. Sigmaringen: Jan Thorbecke Verlag. pp. <span class="nowrap">233–</span>251.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chapter%3A+Crusades%2C+Martyrdoms%2C+and+the+Jews+of+Norman+England%2C+1096%E2%80%931190%2C+Juden+Und+Christen+Der+Zeit+Der+Kreuzz%C3%BCge&rft.place=Sigmaringen&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Jan+Thorbecke+Verlag&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journal_articles">Journal articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Journal articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="29–74" class="citation journal cs1">Eidelberg, Shlomo (1999). "The First Crusade and the persecutions of 1096: a recollection for their 900th anniversary". <i>Medieval Ashkenazic History</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medieval+Ashkenazic+History&rft.atitle=The+First+Crusade+and+the+persecutions+of+1096%3A+a+recollection+for+their+900th+anniversary&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Eidelberg&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEidelberg1996" class="citation journal cs1">Eidelberg, Shlomo (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uiRoOkfzg94C">"The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades"</a>. <i>History</i>. KTAV Publishing House Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0881255416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0881255416"><bdi>978-0881255416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History&rft.atitle=The+Jews+and+the+Crusaders%3A+The+Hebrew+Chronicles+of+the+First+and+Second+Crusades&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0881255416&rft.aulast=Eidelberg&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuiRoOkfzg94C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGabriele2007" class="citation journal cs1">Gabriele, Matthew (2007). Michael Frassetto (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OiIpCRWAEwgC&pg=PA61">"Against the Enemies of Christ: The Role of Count Emicho in the Anti-Jewish Violence of the First Crusade"</a>. <i>Christian Attitudes Towards the Jews in the Middle Ages</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415978279" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415978279"><bdi>978-0415978279</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christian+Attitudes+Towards+the+Jews+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.atitle=Against+the+Enemies+of+Christ%3A+The+Role+of+Count+Emicho+in+the+Anti-Jewish+Violence+of+the+First+Crusade&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0415978279&rft.aulast=Gabriele&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOiIpCRWAEwgC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGoitein1952" class="citation journal cs1">Goitein, G.D (1952). "Contemporary Letters on the Capture of Jerusalem by the Crusaders". <i>Journal of Jewish Studies</i>. <b>3</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">162–</span>177, 163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18647%2F97%2FJJS-1952">10.18647/97/JJS-1952</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Jewish+Studies&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Letters+on+the+Capture+of+Jerusalem+by+the+Crusaders&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E162-%3C%2Fspan%3E177%2C+163&rft.date=1952&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18647%2F97%2FJJS-1952&rft.aulast=Goitein&rft.aufirst=G.D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>(Hebrew) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="229–231" class="citation journal cs1">Hacker, Joseph (1966). "On the Persecutions of 1096". <i><a href="/wiki/Zion_(journal)" title="Zion (journal)">Zion</a></i>. <b>31</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zion&rft.atitle=On+the+Persecutions+of+1096&rft.volume=31&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Hacker&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>(German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHaverkamp2005" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkamp, Eva (2005). "Hebräische Berichte über die Judenverfolgungen während des Ersten Kreuzzugs [Hebrew reports on the persecution of Jews during the First Crusade]". <i>Monumenta Germaniae Historica: Hebräische Texte aus dem Mittelalterlichen Deutschland</i>. <b>1</b>. Hanover Hahnsche Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monumenta+Germaniae+Historica%3A+Hebr%C3%A4ische+Texte+aus+dem+Mittelalterlichen+Deutschland&rft.atitle=Hebr%C3%A4ische+Berichte+%C3%BCber+die+Judenverfolgungen+w%C3%A4hrend+des+Ersten+Kreuzzugs+%5BHebrew+reports+on+the+persecution+of+Jews+during+the+First+Crusade%5D&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Haverkamp&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="59–86" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkamp, Eva (2008). "What did the Christians know? Latin reports on the persecutions of Jews in 1096". <i>The Journal of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Society+for+the+Study+of+the+Crusades+and+the+Latin+East&rft.atitle=What+did+the+Christians+know%3F+Latin+reports+on+the+persecutions+of+Jews+in+1096&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Haverkamp&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="319–342" class="citation journal cs1">Haverkamp, Eva (2009). "Martyrs in rivalry: the 1096 Jewish martyrs and the Thebean legion". <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>23</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">319–</span>342. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9091-1">10.1007/s10835-009-9091-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25653802">25653802</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159477788">159477788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Martyrs+in+rivalry%3A+the+1096+Jewish+martyrs+and+the+Thebean+legion&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E319-%3C%2Fspan%3E342&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159477788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25653802%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10835-009-9091-1&rft.aulast=Haverkamp&rft.aufirst=Eva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKober1940" class="citation web cs1">Kober, Adolf (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msacerdoti.it/kobercologne.html">"Cologne"</a>. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cologne&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=The+Jewish+Publication+Society+of+America&rft.date=1940&rft.aulast=Kober&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msacerdoti.it%2Fkobercologne.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="257–280" class="citation journal cs1">Malkiel, David (2001). "Destruction or Conversion: Intention and Reaction, Crusaders and Jews, in 1096". <i>Jewish History</i>. <b>15</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">257–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014208904545">10.1023/A:1014208904545</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20101451">20101451</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156054316">156054316</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Destruction+or+Conversion%3A+Intention+and+Reaction%2C+Crusaders+and+Jews%2C+in+1096&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E257-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156054316%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20101451%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1014208904545&rft.aulast=Malkiel&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>(German) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="37–75" class="citation journal cs1">Mentgen, Gerd. "Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen [The Jews of the Middle Rhine Moselle area in the High Middle Ages, with special emphasis on crusade persecutions]". <i>Der Erste Kreuzzug 1096 und Seine Folgen, die Verfolgung der Juden Im Rheinland</i>. <b>9</b>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Church_in_the_Rhineland" title="Evangelical Church in the Rhineland">Evangelical Church in the Rhineland</a>, Düsseldorf 1996 (Schriften des Archivs der Evangelischen Kirche im Rheinland.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Erste+Kreuzzug+1096+und+Seine+Folgen%2C+die+Verfolgung+der+Juden+Im+Rheinland&rft.atitle=Die+Juden+des+Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes+im+Hochmittelalter+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Kreuzzugsverfolgungen+%5BThe+Jews+of+the+Middle+Rhine+Moselle+area+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%2C+with+special+emphasis+on+crusade+persecutions%5D&rft.volume=9&rft.aulast=Mentgen&rft.aufirst=Gerd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="37–75" class="citation journal cs1">"Die Juden des Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes im Hochmittelalter unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Kreuzzugsverfolgungen [The Jews of the Middle Rhine Moselle area in the High Middle Ages, with special emphasis on crusade persecutions]". <i>Monatshefte für Evangelische Kirchengeschichte des Rheinlandes</i>. <b>44</b>. 1995.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Monatshefte+f%C3%BCr+Evangelische+Kirchengeschichte+des+Rheinlandes&rft.atitle=Die+Juden+des+Mittelrhein-Mosel-Gebietes+im+Hochmittelalter+unter+besonderer+Ber%C3%BCcksichtigung+der+Kreuzzugsverfolgungen+%5BThe+Jews+of+the+Middle+Rhine+Moselle+area+in+the+High+Middle+Ages%2C+with+special+emphasis+on+crusade+persecutions%5D&rft.volume=44&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhineland+massacres" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Aix" title="Albert of Aix">Albert of Aix</a> and Ekkehard of Aura: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/1096jews.html">Emico and the Slaughter of the Rhineland Jews</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=908&letter=C">The Crusades</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403162642/http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/crusades.cfm">Map and picture concerning German crusade</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistorylectures.org/2015/11/24/who-was-count-emicho-jews-and-the-first-crusade-2/">Who Was Count Emicho?</a> by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Abramson" title="Henry Abramson">Dr. Henry Abramson</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template talk:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews110" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Massacre" title="Massacre">Massacres</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> against <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st – 13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1–999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_riots_(38_CE)" title="Alexandrian riots (38 CE)">Alexandrian pogrom</a> (38)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexandria_riot_(66)" title="Alexandria riot (66)">2nd Alexandrian pogrom</a> (66)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jewish_revolts14" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">The Great Revolt</a> (66–73)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt#Aftermath" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus</a> (351–352)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius#Massacre_of_the_Jews" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> (614–617)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a> (628 CE)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1000–1299</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sacks_of_C%C3%B3rdoba_(1009%E2%80%931013)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacks of Córdoba (1009–1013)">Córdoba massacre</a> (1013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1033_Fez_massacre" title="1033 Fez massacre">Fez massacre</a> (1033)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1066_Granada_massacre" title="1066 Granada massacre">Granada massacre</a> (1066)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Worms_massacre_(1096)" title="Worms massacre (1096)">Worms</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Massacres_of_1096" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Mainz </a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism#Twelfth_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Ham massacre</a> (1143)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England_(1066%E2%80%931290)#Massacres_at_London_and_York_(1189–1190)" title="History of the Jews in England (1066–1290)">Massacres at London and York</a> (1189–1190)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rintfleisch_massacres" title="Rintfleisch massacres">Rintfleisch massacres</a> (1298)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th – 19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1300–1599</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shepherds%27_Crusade_(1320)" title="Shepherds' Crusade (1320)">Shepherds' Crusade</a> (1320)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Navarre_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Navarre pogrom (page does not exist)">Navarre pogrom</a> (1328)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armleder_persecutions" title="Armleder persecutions">Armleder persecutions</a> (1336–1339)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death_(1348–1350)60" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a> (1348–1350)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Erfurt_massacre_(1349)" title="Erfurt massacre (1349)">Erfurt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Basel_Massacre" title="Basel Massacre">Basel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Speyer#Pogroms_and_expulsions_beginning_1195" title="History of the Jews in Speyer">Speyer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strasbourg_massacre" title="Strasbourg massacre">Strasbourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zurich_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Zurich Massacre">Zurich</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain#1300–1391" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Toledo massacre</a> (1355)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_massacre" title="Brussels massacre">Brussels massacre</a> (1370)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_1391" title="Massacre of 1391">1391 pogroms</a> (1391)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaffhausen Massacre">Schaffhausen Massacre</a> (1401)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1465_Moroccan_revolution" title="1465 Moroccan revolution">Moroccan revolution</a> (1465)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1473_C%C3%B3rdoba_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1473 Córdoba pogrom (page does not exist)">Córdoba pogrom</a> (1473)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Modica#History" title="Modica">Massacre of the Assumption</a> (1474)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> (1478)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Arles#Fourteenth_and_fifteenth_centuries" title="History of the Jews in Arles">Arles pogrom</a> (1484)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_massacre" title="Lisbon massacre">Lisbon massacre</a> (1506)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">Hebron pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">Safed pogrom</a> (1517)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a> (1536)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1600–1899</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_Uprising" title="Khmelnytsky Uprising">Chmielnicki massacres</a> (1648–1657)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1660)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mawza_Exile" title="Mawza Exile">Mawza Exile</a> (1679)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meknes_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meknes pogrom (page does not exist)">Meknes pogrom</a> (1728)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Uman" title="Massacre of Uman">Massacre of Uman</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan pogrom (page does not exist)">Tétouan pogrom</a> (1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algiers_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algiers massacre (page does not exist)">Algiers massacre</a> (1805)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a> (1819)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1821_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">First Odessa pogrom</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1828_Baghdad_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1828 Baghdad massacre (page does not exist)">Baghdad massacre</a> (1828)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1834_looting_of_Safed" title="1834 looting of Safed">Tzfat pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hebron" title="Battle of Hebron">Hebron pogrom</a> (1834)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_attack_on_Safed" title="1838 Druze attack on Safed">Safed massacre</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allahdad" title="Allahdad">Allahdad</a> (1839)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Damascus affair</a> (1840)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1859_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Second Odessa pogrom</a> (1859)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A9touan_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tétouan massacre (page does not exist)">Tétouan massacre</a> (1860)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1871_pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Third Odessa pogrom</a> (1871)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Empire_(1881–1884)62" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (1881–1884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1881)" title="Kiev pogrom (1881)">Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_pogrom_(1881)" title="Warsaw pogrom (1881)">Warsaw</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1881–1906_period" title="Odessa pogroms">Fourth Odessa pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1891_Corfu_riots&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1891 Corfu riots (page does not exist)">Corfu pogrom</a> (1891)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1898_Algerian_riots" title="1898 Algerian riots">1898 Algerian riots</a> (1898)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1900–1937</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_pogrom_(1902)" title="Częstochowa pogrom (1902)">Częstochowa pogrom</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">First Kishinev pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zabolotiv#History" title="Zabolotiv">Zablotov pogrom</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogrom_(1905)" title="Kiev pogrom (1905)">Kiev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odessa_pogroms#1905_Pogrom" title="Odessa pogroms">Fifth Odessa pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Kishinev_pogrom" title="Second Kishinev pogrom">Second Kishinev pogrom</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_pogrom" title="Białystok pogrom">Białystok pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siedlce_pogrom" title="Siedlce pogrom">Siedlce pogrom</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Casablanca_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Casablanca massacre (page does not exist)">Casablanca massacre</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz pogrom</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">The Tritl</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1914)" title="Lwów pogrom (1914)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver pogrom</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1917_Jaffa_deportation" title="1917 Jaffa deportation">Tel Aviv and Jaffa deportation</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom_(1918)" title="Kielce pogrom (1918)">Kielce pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w_pogrom_(1918)" title="Lwów pogrom (1918)">Lwów pogrom</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_violence_in_Czechoslovakia_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)">Anti-Jewish violence in Czechoslovakia (1918–1920)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Nebi Musa riots</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Russian_Civil_War_(1918–1920)68" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Pogroms of the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lida#Jewish_Community" title="Lida">Lida</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Radomyshl#History" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Justingrad" title="Justingrad">Justingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Skvyra#History" title="Skvyra">Skver</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zviahel#History" title="Zviahel">Zviahel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pinsk_massacre" title="Pinsk massacre">Pinsk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastov_massacre" title="Fastov massacre">Fastov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proskurov_pogrom" title="Proskurov pogrom">Proskurov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiev_pogroms_(1919)" title="Kiev pogroms (1919)">Kiev</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zawiercie#History" title="Zawiercie">Zavirtcha pogrom</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=1927_Oradea_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1927 Oradea pogrom (page does not exist)">Oradea pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927-es_nagyv%C3%A1radi_pogrom" class="extiw" title="hu:1927-es nagyváradi pogrom">hu</a>]</span> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">Safed massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1929_Hebron_massacre" title="1929 Hebron massacre">Hebron massacre</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Campbell_pogrom" title="Campbell pogrom">Campbell pogrom</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Constantine_riots" title="1934 Constantine riots">Constantine riots</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1934_Thrace_pogroms" title="1934 Thrace pogroms">Thrace pogroms</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jaffa_riots_(April_1936)" title="Jaffa riots (April 1936)">The Bloody Day in Jaffa</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Przytyk_pogrom" title="Przytyk pogrom">Przytyk pogrom</a> (1936) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brest_pogrom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brest pogrom (page does not exist)">Brest pogrom</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pogrom_von_Brest_(1937)" class="extiw" title="de:Pogrom von Brest (1937)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaj%C5%9Bcia_anty%C5%BCydowskie_w_Brze%C5%9Bciu_nad_Bugiem" class="extiw" title="pl:Zajścia antyżydowskie w Brześciu nad Bugiem">pl</a>]</span> (1937)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">1938–1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19384" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1938</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1938_Tiberias_massacre" title="1938 Tiberias massacre">Tiberias massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1939</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa_massacre" title="Częstochowa massacre">Częstochowa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krasnosielc#History" title="Krasnosielc">Krasnosielc</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/B%C4%99dzin#World_War_II" title="Będzin">Będzin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wyszk%C3%B3w,_Wyszk%C3%B3w_County#History" title="Wyszków, Wyszków County">Wyszków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%BAmice_Wielkie" title="Koźmice Wielkie">Koźmice Wielkie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Massacre_in_Dyn%C3%B3w" title="Massacre in Dynów">Dynów</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Mazowiecka_massacre" title="Ostrów Mazowiecka massacre">Ostrów Mazowiecka</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dorohoi_pogrom" title="Dorohoi pogrom">Dorohoi pogrom</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_rebellion_and_Bucharest_pogrom#The_Bucharest_pogrom" title="Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom">Bucharest</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Antwerp_pogrom" class="mw-redirect" title="Antwerp pogrom">Antwerp</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Gab%C3%A8s" title="1941 anti-Jewish riots in Gabès">Gabès</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_pogrom" title="Kaunas pogrom">Kaunas (June)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dobromyl#History" title="Dobromyl">Dobromil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Szczuczyn_pogrom" title="Szczuczyn pogrom">Szczuczyn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Bia%C5%82ystok_massacres" title="1941 Białystok massacres">Białystok</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ia%C8%99i_pogrom" title="Iași pogrom">Iași</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lviv_pogroms_(1941)" title="Lviv pogroms (1941)">Lviv</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W%C4%85sosz_pogrom" title="Wąsosz pogrom">Wąsosz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jedwabne_pogrom" title="Jedwabne pogrom">Jedwabne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ponary_massacre" title="Ponary massacre">Ponary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mass_murders_in_Tykocin" title="Mass murders in Tykocin">Tykocin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kamianets-Podilskyi_massacre" title="Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre">Kamianets-Podilskyi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Babi_Yar" title="Babi Yar">Babi Yar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1941_Odessa_massacre" title="1941 Odessa massacre">Odessa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dion%C4%97liai_massacre" title="Švenčionėliai massacre">Švenčionėliai</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_massacre_of_October_29,_1941" title="Kaunas massacre of October 29, 1941">Kaunas (October)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rumbula_massacre" title="Rumbula massacre">Rumbula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1941–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1942</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnam%C3%BCnde_Action" title="Dünamünde Action">Dünamünde Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luzhki,_Sharkawshchyna_District#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Luzhki, Sharkawshchyna District">Łużki</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivyanyets#World_War_II" title="Ivyanyets">Iwieniec</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Markava,_Maladzyechna_District#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Markava, Maladzyechna District">Marków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haradzyeya#History" title="Haradzyeya">Horodziej</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mereczowszczyzna" class="mw-redirect" title="Mereczowszczyzna">Mereczowszczyzna</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sarny_massacre" title="Sarny massacre">Sarny</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1943</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Ghetto_Uprising" title="Warsaw Ghetto Uprising">Warsaw Ghetto Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_cemetery_massacre" title="Kielce cemetery massacre">Kielce cemetery massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harvest_Festival" title="Operation Harvest Festival">Operation Harvest Festival</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ardeatine_massacre" title="Ardeatine massacre">Ardeatine massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ludu%C8%99_massacre" title="Luduș massacre">Luduș massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/S%C4%83rma%C8%99u_massacre" title="Sărmașu massacre">Sărmașu massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kremni%C4%8Dka_and_Nemeck%C3%A1_massacres" title="Kremnička and Nemecká massacres">Kremnička and Nemecká massacres</a> (1944–1945)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stary_Jaromierz" title="Stary Jaromierz">Stary Jaromierz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Le%C5%9Bno,_Chojnice_County" title="Leśno, Chojnice County">Leśno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deutsch_Sch%C3%BCtzen_massacre" title="Deutsch Schützen massacre">Deutsch Schützen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_pogrom" title="Kraków pogrom">Kraków</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Topo%C4%BE%C4%8Dany_pogrom" title="Topoľčany pogrom">Topoľčan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Egypt" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Egypt">Cairo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1945_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" title="1945 anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">1946–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kielce_pogrom" title="Kielce pogrom">Kielce</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kunmadaras_pogrom" title="Kunmadaras pogrom">Kunmadaras</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Miskolc_pogrom" title="Miskolc pogrom">Miskolc</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1947</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fajja_bus_attacks" title="Fajja bus attacks">Fajja bus attacks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_Oil_Refinery_massacre" title="Haifa Oil Refinery massacre">Haifa Oil Refinery</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aden" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aden">Aden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Aleppo" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Aleppo">Aleppo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1947_anti-Jewish_riots_in_Manama" title="1947 anti-Jewish riots in Manama">Manama</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1948</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Tripolitania" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Tripolitania">Tripoli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Anti-Jewish_riots_in_Oujda_and_Jerada" class="mw-redirect" title="1948 Anti-Jewish riots in Oujda and Jerada">Djerada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1948_Cairo_bombings" title="1948 Cairo bombings">Cairo bombings</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Etzion_massacre" title="Kfar Etzion massacre">Kfar Etzion massacre</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1949</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1949_Menarsha_synagogue_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Menarsha synagogue attack">Menarsha synagogue attack</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s–1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27ale_Akrabim_massacre" title="Ma'ale Akrabim massacre">Scorpion Pass massacre</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shafrir_synagogue_shooting_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafrir synagogue shooting attack">Shafrir synagogue shooting</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1967_Tripoli_pogrom" title="1967 Tripoli pogrom">Tripoli pogrom</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis#Emigration_of_Polish_citizens_of_Jewish_origin" title="1968 Polish political crisis">Purge of Polish Jews</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Avivim_school_bus_bombing" title="Avivim school bus bombing">Avivim school bus bombing</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lod_Airport_massacre" title="Lod Airport massacre">Lod Airport massacre</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ma%27alot_massacre" title="Ma'alot massacre">Ma'alot massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona_massacre" title="Kiryat Shmona massacre">Kiryat Shmona massacre</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Yehuda_Street_bombings#1975" title="Ben Yehuda Street bombings">Ben Yehuda Street bombing</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1979_Nahariya_attack" title="1979 Nahariya attack">Nahariya massacre</a> (1979)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Paris_synagogue_bombing" title="1980 Paris synagogue bombing">Paris synagogue bombing</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1980_Antwerp_attack" title="1980 Antwerp attack">Antwerp summer camp attack</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Antwerp_synagogue_bombing" title="1981 Antwerp synagogue bombing">Antwerp bombing</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1981_Vienna_synagogue_attack" title="1981 Vienna synagogue attack">Vienna synagogue attack</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chez_Jo_Goldenberg_restaurant_attack" title="Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack">Chez Jo Goldenberg restaurant attack</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ras_Burqa_massacre" title="Ras Burqa massacre">Ras Burqa massacre</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neve_Shalom_Synagogue_massacre" title="Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre">Neve Shalom Synagogue massacre</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1989_Purim_stabbing_attack" title="1989 Purim stabbing attack">Purim stabbing</a> (1989)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1990_Cairo_bus_attack" title="1990 Cairo bus attack">Cairo bus attack</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Heights_riot" title="Crown Heights riot">Crown Heights riot</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIA_bombing" title="AMIA bombing">AMIA bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Street_bus_bombing" title="Dizengoff Street bus bombing">Dizengoff Street bus bombing</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Lid_suicide_bombing" title="Beit Lid suicide bombing">Beit Lid massacre</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dizengoff_Center_suicide_bombing" title="Dizengoff Center suicide bombing">Purim massacre</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Island_of_Peace_massacre" title="Island of Peace massacre">Island of Peace massacre</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1997_Mahane_Yehuda_Market_bombings" title="1997 Mahane Yehuda Market bombings">Mahane Yehuda Market bombings</a> (1997)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2000–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="20014" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dolphinarium_discotheque_massacre" title="Dolphinarium discotheque massacre">Dolphinarium discotheque massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sbarro_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing">Sbarro restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghriba_synagogue_bombing" title="Ghriba synagogue bombing">Ghriba synagogue bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hadera_attack" title="2002 Hadera attack">Hadera attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yeshivat_Beit_Yisrael_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre">Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Passover_massacre" title="Passover massacre">Passover massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matza_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Matza restaurant suicide bombing">Matza restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_bombing" title="Hebrew University bombing">Hebrew University bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Rishon_LeZion_bombing" title="2002 Rishon LeZion bombing">Rishon LeZion bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Matzuva_attack" title="Matzuva attack">Matzuva attack</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2002_Hebron_ambush" title="2002 Hebron ambush">Hebron ambush</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2003_Istanbul_bombings" title="2003 Istanbul bombings">Istanbul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Central_bus_station_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre">Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davidka_Square_bus_bombing" title="Davidka Square bus bombing">Davidka Square bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Hillel_bombing" title="Café Hillel bombing">Café Hillel bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maxim_restaurant_suicide_bombing" title="Maxim restaurant suicide bombing">Maxim restaurant suicide bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_HaNavi_bus_bombing" title="Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing">Shmuel HaNavi bus bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_bus_37_suicide_bombing" title="Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing">Haifa bus 37 suicide bombing</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2004–200911" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004–2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba_bus_bombings" title="Beersheba bus bombings">Beersheba bus bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2004_Ashdod_Port_bombings" title="2004 Ashdod Port bombings">Ashdod Port bombings</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2nd_Rosh_Ha%27ir_restaurant_bombing" title="2nd Rosh Ha'ir restaurant bombing">Tel Aviv shawarma bombing</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2008_Jerusalem_yeshiva_attack" title="2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack">Jerusalem yeshiva attack</a> (2008)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2010–2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2011_Itamar_attack" title="2011 Itamar attack">Itamar attack</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2012_Burgas_bus_bombing" title="2012 Burgas bus bombing">Burgas bus bombing</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Toulouse_and_Montauban_shootings" title="Toulouse and Montauban shootings">Toulouse and Montauban shootings</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2014_Jerusalem_synagogue_attack" title="2014 Jerusalem synagogue attack">Jerusalem synagogue massacre</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Museum_of_Belgium_shooting" title="Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting">Jewish Museum of Belgium shooting</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/January_2015_%C3%8Ele-de-France_attacks" title="January 2015 Île-de-France attacks">January 2015 Île-de-France attacks</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hypercacher_kosher_supermarket_siege" title="Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege">Hypercacher kosher supermarket siege</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_2016_Tel_Aviv_shooting" title="June 2016 Tel Aviv shooting">Tel Aviv shooting</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2017_Halamish_stabbing_attack" title="2017 Halamish stabbing attack">Halamish stabbing</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_synagogue_shooting" title="Pittsburgh synagogue shooting">Pittsburgh synagogue shooting</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Poway_synagogue_shooting" title="Poway synagogue shooting">Poway synagogue shooting</a> (2019) </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2019_Jersey_City_shooting" title="2019 Jersey City shooting">Jersey City shooting</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Monsey_Hanukkah_stabbing" title="Monsey Hanukkah stabbing">Monsey Hanukkah stabbing</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;">2020–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis#Arab_communities_in_Israel" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">Israel riots</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2022_Beersheba_attack" title="2022 Beersheba attack">Beersheba attack</a> (2022)</span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel40" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Be%27eri_massacre" title="Be'eri massacre">Be'eri</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ein_HaShlosha_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Ein HaShlosha massacre">Ein HaShlosha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Holit_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holit massacre">Holit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Aza_massacre" title="Kfar Aza massacre">Kfar Aza</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kissufim_massacre" title="Kissufim massacre">Kissufim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahal Oz massacre">Nahal Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaAsara_massacre" title="Netiv HaAsara massacre">Netiv HaAsara</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nir_Oz_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nir Oz massacre">Nir Oz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nirim_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirim massacre">Nirim</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">Re'im</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yakhini_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakhini massacre">Yakhini</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2023_antisemitic_riots_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="2023 antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus">Antisemitic riots in the North Caucasus</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/2024_Dagestan_attacks" title="2024 Dagestan attacks">Dagestan attacks</a> (2024)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/November_2024_Amsterdam_riots" title="November 2024 Amsterdam riots">Amsterdam riots</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Campaigns in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Coptic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_police" title="Islamic religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam#Punishment" title="Apostasy in Islam">Punishment of apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades#Crusades_against_Christians" title="List of Crusades">Crusades against Christians</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts_1673_%26_1678" title="Test Acts 1673 & 1678">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Religious_Campaign_in_communist_Romania" title="Anti-Religious Campaign in communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Religious_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Antireligious campaigns in China</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950%E2%80%931951)" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950–1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1989_expulsion_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria" title="1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria">1989 expulsion of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/17px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/26px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/33px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism505" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism505" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Massacres_or_pogroms_against_Jews" title="Template:Massacres or pogroms against Jews">Massacres or pogroms against Jews</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationist_antisemitism" title="Eliminationist antisemitism">Eliminationist antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_at_Columbia_University" title="Antisemitism at Columbia University">Columbia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples#Racism_and_discrimination" title="Indigenous peoples">Anti-Indigenous sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Anti-Polish sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Anti-Romani sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_of_antisemitism" title="Normalization of antisemitism">Normalization of antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild conspiracy theories">Rothschild conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies<br />and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Germany">Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_deportations" title="Prussian deportations">Prussian deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Act_of_5th_November" title="Act of 5th November">Act of 5th November</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair (FR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (IQ)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_Plan" title="Madagascar Plan">Madagascar Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)"><i>The Right Stuff</i> (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working<br />against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jews_and_Judaism715" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">Outline of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Jewish_history-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Jewish history-related articles">Index of Jewish history-related articles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_assimilation" title="Jewish assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Atheists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta_Christianity" title="Xueta Christianity">Xueta Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism,_race_and_genetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionism, race and genetics">Zionism, race and genetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gentile" title="Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groups_claiming_affiliation_with_Israelites" title="Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites">Groups claiming affiliation with Israelites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Diaspora28" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner-Jews" title="Afrikaner-Jews">Afrikaner-Jode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuts" title="Chuts">Chuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galitzianers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Lita'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlander_Jews" title="Oberlander Jews">Oberlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Udmurtia_and_Tatarstan" title="History of the Jews in Udmurtia and Tatarstan">Udmurt and Tatar Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unterlander_Jews" title="Unterlander Jews">Unterlander Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekke" title="Yekke">Yekkes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Abraham" title="Beta Abraham">Beta Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falash_Mura" title="Falash Mura">Falash Mura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desi_Jews" title="Desi Jews">Desi Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Kochinim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzínim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constantinopolitan_Karaites" title="Constantinopolitan Karaites">Constantinopolitan Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandrian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baghdadi_Jews" title="Baghdadi Jews">Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Persian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urfalim" title="Urfalim">Urfalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adeni_Jews" title="Adeni Jews">Adeni Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habbani_Jews" title="Habbani Jews">Ḥabbanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hadramaut" title="History of the Jews in Hadramaut">Hadhrami Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saada" title="History of the Jews in Saada">Saada Jews</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27arabi_Jews" title="Musta'arabi Jews">Mustaʿravim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Jewish tribes of Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Eastern Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North African Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meshuchrarim" title="Meshuchrarim">Meshuchrarim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Sephardic Bnei Anusim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_diaspora_languages" title="List of Jewish diaspora languages">Diasporic</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manually_coded_language#List_of_signed_languages" title="Manually coded language">Signed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Catalan" title="Judaeo-Catalan">Catalanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Amazigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iraqi_Arabic" title="Judeo-Iraqi Arabic">Yahudic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Jewish_Arabic" title="Baghdad Jewish Arabic">Judeo-Baghdadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Moroccan_Arabic" title="Judeo-Moroccan Arabic">Judeo-Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tripolitanian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tripolitanian Arabic">Judeo-Tripolitanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tunisian_Arabic" title="Judeo-Tunisian Arabic">Judeo-Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Yemeni_Arabic" title="Judeo-Yemeni Arabic">Judeo-Yemeni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judaeo-Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum_(Aramaic_dialects)" title="Targum (Aramaic dialects)">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Barzani" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Barzani">Barzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Betanure" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Betanure">Betanure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Trans-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Hulaulá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Zakho" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Zakho">Lishana Deni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Neo-Aramaic_dialect_of_Urmia" title="Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia">Lishán Didán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Zab_Jewish_Neo-Aramaic" title="Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic">Lishanid Noshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Babylonian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Babylonian Aramaic">Talmudic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Palestinian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_dialect" title="Galilean dialect">Galilean</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Aragonese" title="Judaeo-Aragonese">Judeo-Aragonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_English_varieties" title="Jewish English varieties">Jewish English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yinglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Yinglish">Yinglish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heblish" class="mw-redirect" title="Heblish">Heblish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Judaeo-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Piedmontese" title="Judaeo-Piedmontese">Judaeo-Piedmontese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Latin" title="Judeo-Latin">Judeo-Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malay" title="Judeo-Malay">Judeo-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Marathi" title="Judeo-Marathi">Judeo-Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Judaeo-Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukhori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Borujerdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Borujerdi">Judeo-Borujerdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Golpaygani">Judeo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Hamedani">Judeo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judeo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Juhuri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaim_language" title="Karaim language">Karaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayliñña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Kivruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Koiné Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchak_language" title="Krymchak language">Krymchak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotegorisch" title="Lotegorisch">Lotegorisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwareña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Shassagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Judeo-Provençal">Shuadit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_dialects" title="Yiddish dialects">dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Yiddish">Eastern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galitzish" class="mw-redirect" title="Galitzish">Galitzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Yiddish">Litvish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poylish" class="mw-redirect" title="Poylish">Poylish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klezmer-loshn" title="Klezmer-loshn">Klezmer-loshn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Yiddish">Western</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Alsatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Alsatian">Judeo-Alsatian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lachoudisch" title="Lachoudisch">Lachoudisch</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots-Yiddish" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots-Yiddish">Scots-Yiddish</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Beliefs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_authority" title="Rabbinic authority">Rabbinic authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_as_the_chosen_people" title="Jews as the chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_eschatology" title="Jewish eschatology">Eschatology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_in_Judaism" title="Holiness in Judaism">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">Names of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sefirot" title="Sefirot">Sefirot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Branches_of_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Branches of Judaism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvishe" class="mw-redirect" title="Litvishe">Litvaks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Hasidism" title="Neo-Hasidism">Neo-Hasidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolog_Judaism" title="Neolog Judaism">Neolog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationships_between_Jewish_religious_movements" title="Relationships between Jewish religious movements">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Sifrei Kodesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a>/Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_texts_of_Kabbalah" title="Primary texts of Kabbalah">Kabbalah texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hekhalot_literature" title="Hekhalot literature">Hekhalot literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardes_Rimonim" title="Pardes Rimonim">Pardes Rimonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_HaBahir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sefer HaBahir">Sefer HaBahir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etz_Chaim_(book)" title="Etz Chaim (book)">Sefer HaEtz Chaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Raziel_HaMalakh" title="Sefer Raziel HaMalakh">Sefer Raziel HaMalakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sefer_Yetzirah" title="Sefer Yetzirah">Sefer Yetzirah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddur" title="Siddur">Siddur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_astrology" title="Jewish astrology">Astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_astrology" title="Jewish views on astrology">perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monen" title="Monen">Monen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_astronomy" title="Hebrew astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Calendar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_education" title="Jewish education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leadership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebbe" title="Rebbe">Rebbe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Divorce in Judaism">Divorce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mythology" title="Jewish mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_name" title="Jewish name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazzan" title="Hazzan">Hazzan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_symbolism" title="Jewish symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_studies" title="Jewish studies">Studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" title="Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" title="American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baeck_Institute_New_York" title="Leo Baeck Institute New York">Leo Baeck Institute New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University_Museum" title="Yeshiva University Museum">Yeshiva University Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YIVO" title="YIVO">YIVO Institute for Jewish Research</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_Contemporary_Jewish_Documentation" title="Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation">Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Jew (word)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_YIVO_Encyclopedia_of_Jews_in_Eastern_Europe" title="The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe">YIVO Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Holocaust" title="Encyclopedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust Encyclopedia">Holocaust Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_other_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptist%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Anabaptist–Jewish relations">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Judaism" title="Catholic Church and Judaism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Mormonism" title="Judaism and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Judaism" title="Protestantism and Judaism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Halloween" title="Jews and Halloween">Jews and Halloween</a></li></ul></li> <li>non-Christian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism and Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Hinduism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/13px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/20px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/26px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></b></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&oldid=1271266336">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&oldid=1271266336</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1096_in_Europe" title="Category:1096 in Europe">1096 in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:11th-century_massacres" title="Category:11th-century massacres">11th-century massacres</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_France" title="Category:Antisemitism in France">Antisemitism in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:First_Crusade" title="Category:First Crusade">First Crusade</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_French_history" title="Category:Jewish French history">Jewish French history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_German_history" title="Category:Jewish German history">Jewish German history</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Medieval_anti-Jewish_pogroms" title="Category:Medieval anti-Jewish pogroms">Medieval anti-Jewish pogroms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_Germany" title="Category:Massacres in Germany">Massacres in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_of_Jews" title="Category:Massacres of Jews">Massacres of Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-Jewish_pogroms_in_Europe" title="Category:Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe">Anti-Jewish pogroms in Europe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogue_arson" title="Category:Synagogue arson">Synagogue arson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_suicides" title="Category:Mass suicides">Mass suicides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Massacres_in_France" title="Category:Massacres in France">Massacres in France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Germany" title="Category:Antisemitism in Germany">Antisemitism in Germany</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unrecognized_language" title="Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language">CS1 maint: unrecognized language</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_March_2019" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from March 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_May_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from May 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_excerpts" title="Category:Articles with excerpts">Articles with excerpts</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 23 January 2025, at 07:41<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhineland_massacres&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhineland massacres</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>31 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-554c98fbf9-pbv57","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.496","walltime":"1.754","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10170,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":460093,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7913,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":10,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":339320,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1345.638 1 -total"," 30.80% 414.415 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.05% 310.110 46 Template:Cite_book"," 17.88% 240.659 35 Template:Navbox"," 9.49% 127.668 1 Template:Langx"," 8.21% 110.418 25 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.17% 109.932 1 Template:Campaignbox_People\u0026#039;s_Crusade"," 8.04% 108.229 1 Template:Campaignbox"," 6.39% 86.022 16 Template:ISBN"," 5.26% 70.750 1 Template:Massacres_of_Jews"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.857","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22807036,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-int.codfw.main-5b7ccf7b7c-sn2gt","timestamp":"20250317164440","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Rhineland massacres","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Rhineland_massacres","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51651","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q51651","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-12-21T01:06:47Z","dateModified":"2025-01-23T07:41:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/84\/Massacre_of_Jews.jpg","headline":"pogroms of 1096"}</script> </body> </html>