CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Martian regolith - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"53cc369e-0f8b-483e-b7c4-73830cb9be45","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Martian_regolith","wgTitle":"Martian regolith","wgCurRevisionId":1255264206,"wgRevisionId":1255264206,"wgArticleId":21025499,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from March 2014","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Mars","Missions to Mars","Regolith","Rocks on Mars","Surface features of Mars","Water on Mars"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Martian_regolith","wgRelevantArticleId":21025499,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Martian_soil","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Martian_regolith","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q6774744","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform", "platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc", "skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/1200px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="792"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/800px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="528"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/640px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="423"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Martian regolith - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_regolith"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martian_regolith"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Martian_regolith rootpage-Martian_regolith skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Martian+regolith" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martian+regolith" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Martian+regolith" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Martian+regolith" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Toxicity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dust_hazard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dust_hazard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Dust hazard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dust_hazard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atmospheric_dust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atmospheric_dust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Atmospheric dust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atmospheric_dust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_on_Earth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_on_Earth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Research on Earth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_on_Earth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Martian regolith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 9 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-9" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">9 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="تربة المريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تربة المريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="মঙ্গল গ্রহের মাটি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মঙ্গল গ্রহের মাটি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2l_de_Mart" title="Sòl de Mart – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sòl de Mart" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suelo_marciano" title="Suelo marciano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suelo marciano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%DA%A9_%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE" title="خاک مریخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خاک مریخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sol_martien" title="Sol martien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sol martien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superficie_di_Marte" title="Superficie di Marte – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Superficie di Marte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Марсіанські породи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Марсіанські породи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%9F%E5%A3%A4" title="火星土壤 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火星土壤" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6774744#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Martian_regolith" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Martian_regolith" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Martian_regolith" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&oldid=1255264206" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Martian_regolith&id=1255264206&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMartian_regolith"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMartian_regolith"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Martian_regolith&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Martian_soil" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6774744" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_soil&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Fine regolith found on the surface of Mars</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/300px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/450px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg/600px-PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4326" data-file-height="2856" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> view of Martian soil and boulders after crossing the "Dingo Gap" <a href="/wiki/Sand_dune" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand dune">sand dune</a> (February 9, 2014; image transformed to Earth-like atmospheric view, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA17944">original image</a>).</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Martian regolith</b> is the fine blanket of unconsolidated, loose, heterogeneous superficial deposits covering the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. The term <i>Martian soil</i> typically refers to the finer fraction of regolith. So far, no samples have been returned to Earth, the goal of a <a href="/wiki/Mars_sample-return_mission" title="Mars sample-return mission">Mars sample-return mission</a>, but the soil has been studied remotely with the use of <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rovers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mars_orbiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars orbiter">Mars orbiters</a>. Its properties can differ significantly from those of terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, including its toxicity due to the presence of <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorates</a>. </p><p>On Earth, the term "soil" usually includes <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic</a> content.<sup id="cite_ref-CertiniUgolini2013_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CertiniUgolini2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, planetary scientists adopt a functional definition of soil to distinguish it from rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocks generally refer to 10 cm scale and larger materials (e.g., fragments, <a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a>, and exposed outcrops) with high thermal inertia, with areal fractions consistent with the Viking Infrared Thermal Mapper (IRTM) data, and immobile under current <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">aeolian (wind) conditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, rocks classify as grains exceeding the size of cobbles on the <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Wentworth scale">Wentworth scale</a>. </p><p>This approach enables agreement across Martian remote sensing methods that span the electromagnetic spectrum from <a href="/wiki/Gamma_ray" title="Gamma ray">gamma</a> to <a href="/wiki/Radio_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio waves">radio waves</a>. ‘‘Soil’’ refers to all other, typically unconsolidated, material including those sufficiently fine-grained to be mobilized by wind.<sup id="cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karunatillake2007-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil consequently encompasses a variety of <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> components identified at landing sites. Typical examples include: <a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">bedform</a> (a feature that develops at the interface of fluid and a moveable bed such as ripples and dunes), <a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">clasts</a> (fragments of pre-existing minerals and rock such as sediment deposits), <a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">concretions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drift_(geology)" title="Drift (geology)">drift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dust" title="Dust">dust</a>, rocky fragments, and <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a>. The functional definition reinforces a recently proposed generic definition of soil on terrestrial bodies (including <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a>) as an unconsolidated and chemically weathered surficial layer of fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">mineral</a> or organic material exceeding centimeter scale thickness, with or without coarse elements and cemented portions.<sup id="cite_ref-CertiniUgolini2013_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CertiniUgolini2013-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Martian dust</b> generally connotes even finer materials than Martian soil, the fraction which is less than 30 micrometres in diameter. Disagreement over the significance of soil's definition arises due to the lack of an integrated concept of soil in the literature. The pragmatic definition "medium for plant growth" has been commonly adopted in the planetary science community but a more complex definition describes soil as "(bio)geochemically/physically altered material at the surface of a planetary body that encompasses surficial extraterrestrial telluric deposits." This definition emphasizes that soil is a body that retains information about its environmental history and that does not need the presence of life to form. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif/800px-PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif" decoding="async" width="800" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif/1200px-PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/PIA25361-MarsPerseveranceRover-WindLiftsDustCloud-20210618.gif 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption><div align="center">Mars <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_(rover)" title="Perseverance (rover)"><i>Perseverance</i> rover</a> – wind lifts a massive dust cloud (June 18, 2021)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Martian regolith is toxic, due to relatively high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a> compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elemental chlorine was first discovered during localised investigations by <a href="/wiki/Mars_rover" title="Mars rover">Mars rover</a> <a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i></a>, and has been confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i></a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a></i> orbiter has also detected <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorates</a> across the surface of the planet. </p><p>The NASA <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a> first detected chlorine-based compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_perchlorate" title="Calcium perchlorate">calcium perchlorate</a>. The levels detected in the Martian regolith are around 0.5%, which is a level considered toxic to humans.<sup id="cite_ref-toxicmars_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicmars-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These compounds are also toxic to plants. A 2013 terrestrial study found that a 0.5 g per liter concentration caused: </p> <ul><li>a significant decline in the chlorophyll content in plant leaves</li> <li>reduction in the oxidizing power of plant roots</li> <li>reduction in the size of the plant both above and below ground</li> <li>an accumulation of concentrated perchlorates in the leaves</li></ul> <p>The report noted that one of the types of plant studied, <i><a href="/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichhornia crassipes">Eichhornia crassipes</a></i>, seemed resistant to the perchlorates and could be used to help remove the toxic salts from the environment, although the plants themselves would end up containing a high concentration of perchlorates as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-Effects_of_perchlorates_on_plants_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Effects_of_perchlorates_on_plants-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is evidence that some bacterial lifeforms are able to overcome perchlorates<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by physiological adaptations to increasing perchlorate concentrations,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some even live off them.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2022, NASA and the U.S. National Science Foundation co-funded a multi-year grant to study the use of the bacteria <i><a href="/wiki/Dehalococcoides" title="Dehalococcoides">Dehalococcoides</a> mccartyi</i> to break down perchlorates into harmless chlorides and oxygen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the added effect of the high levels of UV reaching the surface of Mars breaks molecular bonds, creating even more dangerous chemicals which in lab tests on Earth were shown to be more lethal to bacteria than the perchlorates alone.<sup id="cite_ref-toxicsoil1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicsoil1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This, along with cold temperature, would add to the need to grow plants indoors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dust_hazard">Dust hazard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dust hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/220px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/330px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif/440px-PIA25287-MarsInSightLander-BeforeAfterDustySelfies-20220523.gif 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/InSight" title="InSight">InSight</a> lander at its mission start and end having been covered by Martian dust eventually rendering it inoperable</figcaption></figure> <p>The potential danger to human health of the fine Martian dust has long been recognized by <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. A 2002 study warned about the potential threat, and a study was carried out using the most common silicates found on Mars: <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>. It found that the dust reacted with small amounts of water to produce highly reactive molecules that are also produced during the mining of quartz and known to produce <a href="/wiki/Lung_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung disease">lung disease</a> in miners on Earth, including cancer (the study also noted that <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar dust">lunar dust</a> may be worse).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following on from this, since 2001 NASA's Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG) has had a goal to determine the possible toxic effects of the dust on humans. In 2010, the group noted that although the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a> and the rovers <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)" title="Spirit (rover)"><i>Spirit</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Opportunity_(rover)" title="Opportunity (rover)"><i>Opportunity</i></a> had contributed to answering this question, none of the instruments have been suitable for measuring the particular <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a> that are of concern.<sup id="cite_ref-MEPAG_Toxic_Dust_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MEPAG_Toxic_Dust-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> rover is an astrobiology mission that will also make measurements to help designers of a future <a href="/wiki/Human_mission_to_Mars" title="Human mission to Mars">human expedition</a> understand any hazards posed by Martian dust. It employs the following related instruments: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Environmental_Dynamics_Analyzer" title="Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer">MEDA</a>, a set of atmospheric sensors that measure various things including radiation, and dust size and shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_Instrument_for_X-Ray_Lithochemistry" title="Planetary Instrument for X-Ray Lithochemistry">PIXL</a>, an <a href="/wiki/X-ray_fluorescence" title="X-ray fluorescence">X-ray fluorescence</a> <a href="/wiki/Spectrometer" title="Spectrometer">spectrometer</a> to determine the fine scale elemental composition of Martian surface materials.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140731PIXL_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140731PIXL-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scanning_Habitable_Environments_with_Raman_and_Luminescence_for_Organics_and_Chemicals" title="Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals">SHERLOC</a>, an ultraviolet <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectrometer</a> that uses fine-scale imaging and an ultraviolet (UV) laser to determine fine-scale mineralogy<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20140731SHER_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20140731SHER-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Mars 2020 rover mission will cache samples that could potentially be retrieved by a future mission for their transport to Earth. Any questions about dust toxicity that have not already been answered <i><a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a></i> can then be tackled by labs on Earth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observations">Observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg/350px-PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg/525px-PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg/700px-PIA16572-MarsCuriosityRover-RoverSoils-20121203.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Comparison of Soils on Mars – Samples by <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover">Curiosity</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunity rover">Opportunity</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Spirit_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit rover">Spirit</a></i> rovers (December 3, 2012). (SiO<sub>2</sub> and FeO are divided by 10, and Ni, Zn, and Br are multiplied by 100.)<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20121203_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20121203_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20121203-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/200px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/300px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg/400px-PIA16225-MarsCuriosityRover-ScooperTest-20121008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/200px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/300px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg/400px-PIA16226-MarsCuriosityRover-FirstScoopOfSoil-20121007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3020" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">First use of the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i></a> rover's <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover#Robotic_arm" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover">scooper</a> as it sifts a load of sand at <i>"<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>"</i> (October 7, 2012)</div></div></div></div> <p>Mars is covered with vast expanses of sand and dust and its surface is littered with rocks and boulders. The dust is occasionally picked up in vast planet-wide <a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">dust storms</a>. Mars dust is very fine, and enough remains suspended in the atmosphere to give the sky a reddish hue. The reddish <a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">hue</a> is due to rusting iron minerals presumably formed a few billion years ago when Mars was warm and wet, but now that Mars is cold and dry, modern rusting may be due to a <a href="/wiki/Superoxide" title="Superoxide">superoxide</a> that forms on minerals exposed to ultraviolet rays in sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-Yen2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yen2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sand is believed to move only slowly in the Martian winds due to the very low density of the atmosphere in the present epoch. In the past, liquid water flowing in gullies and river valleys may have shaped the Martian regolith. Mars researchers are studying whether <a href="/wiki/Groundwater_sapping" title="Groundwater sapping">groundwater sapping</a> is shaping the Martian regolith in the present epoch, and whether <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_clathrate" title="Carbon dioxide clathrate">carbon dioxide hydrates</a> exist on Mars and play a role. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/220px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/330px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg/440px-PIA16217-MarsCuriosityRover-1stXRayView-20121017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>First <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Mineralogy_and_metallurgy" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction view</a> of <i>Martian soil</i> – <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">CheMin analysis</a> reveals <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroxenes">pyroxenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and more (<a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> at "<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>", October 17, 2012).<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20121030_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121030-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>It is believed that large quantities of water and carbon dioxide <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ices remain frozen within the regolith in the equatorial parts of Mars and on its surface at higher latitudes. According to the High Energy Neutron Detector of the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Odyssey" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Odyssey">Mars Odyssey</a> satellite the water content of Martian regolith is up to 5% by weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitrofanov2002_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitrofanov2002-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Horneck2008_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horneck2008-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, which is an easily weatherable primary mineral, has been interpreted to mean that physical rather than chemical weathering processes currently dominate on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morris2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morris2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High concentrations of ice in regolith is thought to be the cause of accelerated <a href="/wiki/Downslope_creep" class="mw-redirect" title="Downslope creep">soil creep</a>, which forms the rounded "<a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrain softening (Mars)">softened terrain</a>" characteristic of the Martian midlatitudes. </p><p>In June 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)"><i>Phoenix</i> lander</a> returned data showing Martian regolith to be slightly alkaline and containing vital nutrients such as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a>, all of which are ingredients for living organisms to grow on Earth. Scientists compared the regolith near Mars' north pole to that of backyard gardens on Earth, and concluded that it could be suitable for growth of plants.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in August 2008, the Phoenix Lander conducted simple <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> experiments, mixing water from Earth with Martian soil in an attempt to test its <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>, and discovered traces of the <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salt</a> <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorate</a>, while also confirming many scientists' theories that the Martian surface was considerably <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a>, measuring at 8.3. The presence of the perchlorate makes Martian regolith more exotic than previously believed (see <a href="#Toxicity">Toxicity</a> section).<sup id="cite_ref-marssalt_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marssalt-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further testing was necessary to eliminate the possibility of the perchlorate readings being caused by terrestrial sources, which at the time were thought could have migrated from the spacecraft either into samples or the instrumentation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, each new lander has confirmed their presence in the regoltih locally and the <i>Mars Odyssey</i> orbiter confirmed they are spread globally across the entire surface of the planet.<sup id="cite_ref-toxicmars_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-toxicmars-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif/220px-PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif/330px-PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif/440px-PIA17262-MarsCuriosityRover-SuttonInlierRockLaserTarget-20130511.gif 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars#Curiosity" title="List of rocks on Mars">Sutton Inlier</a>" soil on Mars – target of <a href="/wiki/ChemCam" class="mw-redirect" title="ChemCam">ChemCam</a>'s laser – <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> (May 11, 2013)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Pathfinder" title="Mars Pathfinder">Mars Pathfinder</a> rover performed an indirect electrostatics measurement of the Martian regolith. The Wheel Abrasion Experiment (WAE) was designed with fifteen metal samples and film insulators mounted on the wheel to reflect sunlight to a photovoltaic sensor. Lander cameras showed dust accumulating on the wheels as the rover moved and the WAE detected a drop in the amount of light hitting the sensor. It is believed that the dust may have acquired an electrostatic charge as the wheels rolled across the surface causing the dust to adhere to the film surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_of_The_Institute_of_Electrostatics_Japan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_of_The_Institute_of_Electrostatics_Japan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On October 17, 2012 (<a href="/wiki/Curiosity_rover" class="mw-redirect" title="Curiosity rover"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> at "<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>"), the first <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography#Mineralogy_and_metallurgy" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray diffraction analysis</a> of Martian regolith was performed. The results revealed the presence of several minerals, including <a href="/wiki/Feldspar" title="Feldspar">feldspar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroxenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyroxenes">pyroxenes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a>, and suggested that the Martian regolith in the sample was similar to the "weathered <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic soils</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Volcanoes">Hawaiian volcanoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20121030_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121030-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawaiian volcanic ash has been used as <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant" title="Martian regolith simulant">Martian regolith simulant</a> by researchers since 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2012, scientists working on the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Science_Laboratory" title="Mars Science Laboratory">Mars Science Laboratory</a> mission announced that an extensive <a href="/wiki/CheMin" title="CheMin">analysis</a> of Martian regolith performed by the <i>Curiosity</i> rover showed evidence of <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water molecules</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulphur" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur">sulphur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>, as well as hints of <a href="/wiki/Organic_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic compounds">organic compounds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20121203_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20121203-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20121203_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20121203-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NZ-20121204_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NZ-20121204-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">terrestrial</a> contamination, as the source of the organic compounds, could not be ruled out. </p><p>On September 26, 2013, NASA scientists reported the <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> <i>Curiosity</i> rover detected "abundant, easily accessible" <a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">water</a> (1.5 to 3 weight percent) in regolith samples at the <a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gale_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Gale Crater">Gale Crater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ST-20130926_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-20130926-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130926a_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130926a-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130926_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130926-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20130926a_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130926a-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20130926b_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130926b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131001_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, NASA reported that the <i>Curiosity</i> rover found two principal regolith types: a fine-grained <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic type</a> and a locally derived, coarse-grained <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic type</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130926_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130926-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20130926b_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20130926b-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130913b_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130913b-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mafic type, similar to other Martian regolith and <a href="/wiki/Martian_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian dust">Martian dust</a>, was associated with hydration of the amorphous phases of the regolith.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130913b_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130913b-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Perchlorates" class="mw-redirect" title="Perchlorates">perchlorates</a>, the presence of which may make detection of life-related <a href="/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic molecules</a> difficult, were found at the <i>Curiosity</i> rover landing site (and earlier at the more polar site of the <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(spacecraft)" title="Phoenix (spacecraft)">Phoenix lander</a>) suggesting a "global distribution of these salts".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20131001_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20131001-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NASA also reported that <a href="/wiki/Jake_M_(rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jake M (rock)">Jake M rock</a>, a rock encountered by <i>Curiosity</i> on the way to <a href="/wiki/Glenelg,_Mars" title="Glenelg, Mars">Glenelg</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Mugearite" title="Mugearite">mugearite</a> and very similar to terrestrial mugearite rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Science-20130926c_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Science-20130926c-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 11, 2019, NASA announced that the <i>Curiosity</i> rover on Mars drilled into, and closely studied, a "<a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay-bearing unit</a>" which, according to the rover Project Manager, is a "major milestone" in <i>Curiosity</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> journey up <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NASA-20190411_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA-20190411-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Humans will need in situ resources for colonising Mars. That demands an understanding of the local unconsolidated bulk sediment, but the classification of such sediment remains a work in progress. Too little of the entire Martian surface is known to draw a sufficiently representative picture.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atmospheric_dust">Atmospheric dust</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atmospheric dust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars" title="Atmosphere of Mars">Atmosphere of Mars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dust_devil_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust devil tracks">Dust devil tracks</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_storm_co.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dust_storm_co.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Dust_storm_co.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dust_storm_co.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Dust_storm_co.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dust_storm_co.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Dust_storm_co.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9614" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>Detail of a Marsian dust storm, as viewed from orbit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg/220px-PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg/330px-PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg/440px-PIA03170_fig1duststroms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Mars without a dust storm in June 2001 (on left) and with a global dust storm in July 2001 (on right), as seen by Mars Global Surveyor</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/220px--PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="129" data-durationhint="99" data-mwtitle="PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="818" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1228" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1842" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1126" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="246" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="410" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="614" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm/PIA22737-Mars-2018DustStorm-MCS-MRO-Animation-20181030.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="614" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Mars dust storm in <a href="/wiki/Optical_depth" title="Optical depth">optical depth tau</a> from May to September 2018<br />(by <a href="/wiki/Mars_Climate_Sounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Climate Sounder">Mars Climate Sounder</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg/220px-PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg/330px-PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg/440px-PIA23513-Mars-DustTower-20101130.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1144" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Difference of dust and water clouds: the yellow cloud at the bottom center of the image is a large dust cloud, the other white clouds are water clouds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Similarly sized dust will settle from the thinner Martian atmosphere sooner than it would on Earth. For example, the dust suspended by the 2001 global dust storms on Mars only remained in the Martian atmosphere for 0.6 years, while the dust from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> took about two years to settle.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantor2001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantor2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, under current Martian conditions, the mass movements involved are generally much smaller than on Earth. Even the 2001 global dust storms on Mars moved only the equivalent of a very thin dust layer – about 3 μm thick if deposited with uniform thickness between 58° north and south of the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantor2001_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantor2001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dust deposition at the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">two rover sites</a> has proceeded at a rate of about the thickness of a grain every 100 <a href="/wiki/Timekeeping_on_Mars" title="Timekeeping on Mars">sols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Claudin2006_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claudin2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difference in the concentration of dust in Earth's atmosphere and that of Mars stems from a key factor. On Earth, dust that leaves atmospheric suspension usually gets aggregated into larger particles through the action of soil moisture or gets suspended in oceanic waters. It helps that most of Earth's surface is covered by liquid water. Neither process occurs on Mars, leaving deposited dust available for suspension back into the Martian atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-Sullivan2008_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sullivan2008-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the composition of Martian atmospheric dust – very similar to <a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">surface dust</a> – as observed by the <a href="/wiki/Mars_Global_Surveyor" title="Mars Global Surveyor">Mars Global Surveyor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thermal_Emission_Spectrometer" title="Thermal Emission Spectrometer">Thermal Emission Spectrometer</a>, may be volumetrically dominated by composites of plagioclase feldspar and zeolite<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton2005_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton2005-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can be mechanically derived from Martian basaltic rocks without chemical alteration. Observations of the Mars Exploration Rovers’ magnetic dust traps suggest that about 45% of the <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">elemental iron</a> in atmospheric dust is maximally oxidized (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">Fe<sup>3+</sup></span>) and that nearly half exists in titanomagnetite,<sup id="cite_ref-Goetz2007_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goetz2007-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> both consistent with mechanical derivation of dust with aqueous alteration limited to just thin films of water.<sup id="cite_ref-Goetz2005_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goetz2005-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Collectively, these observations support the absence of water-driven dust aggregation processes on Mars. Furthermore, wind activity dominates the surface of Mars at present, and the abundant dune fields of Mars can easily yield particles into atmospheric suspension through effects such as larger grains disaggregating fine particles through collisions.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgett2002_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgett2002-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Martian atmospheric dust particles are generally 3 μm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-Lemmon2004_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lemmon2004-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the atmosphere of Mars is thinner, Mars also has a lower gravitational acceleration, so the size of particles that will remain in suspension cannot be estimated with atmospheric thickness alone. Electrostatic and <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Waals forces">van der Waals forces</a> acting among fine particles introduce additional complexities to calculations. Rigorous modeling of all relevant variables suggests that 3 μm diameter particles can remain in suspension indefinitely at most wind speeds, while particles as large as 20 μm diameter can enter suspension from rest at surface wind turbulence as low as 2 ms<sup>−1</sup> or remain in suspension at 0.8 ms<sup>−1</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Claudin2006_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Claudin2006-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2018, researchers reported that the largest single source of dust on the planet <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Medusae_Fossae_Formation" title="Medusae Fossae Formation">Medusae Fossae Formation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NC-20180720_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NC-20180720-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:792px;max-width:792px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Dust devils</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:328px;max-width:328px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif/326px-PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif" decoding="async" width="326" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif/489px-PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif/652px-PIA24039-MarsCuriosityRover-DustDevil-20200809.gif 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="384" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dust devil on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a> as viewed by the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity rover</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg/184px-The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg/276px-The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg/368px-The_Serpent_Dust_Devil_on_Mars_PIA15116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2093" data-file-height="1389" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">A 30 meter wide and 800 meter high dust devil. Dust devils of 20 kilometer height have been observed.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/103px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG" decoding="async" width="103" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/155px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG/206px-Dust_Devil_with_Labels.JPG 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="483" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg/163px-Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg/245px-Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg/326px-Martian_Dust_Devil_Trails.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dust devils cause twisting dark trails on the Martian surface</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_Earth">Research on Earth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Research on Earth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG/220px-Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG/330px-Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG/440px-Martian_regolith_simulant_-_pile.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>A small pile of JSC MARS-1A soil simulant<sup id="cite_ref-orbitec_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-orbitec-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Research on <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> is currently limited to using <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant" title="Martian regolith simulant">Martian regolith simulants</a>, such as the MGS-1 simulant produced by Exolith Lab,<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which are based on the analysis from the various Mars <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. These are a terrestrial material that is used to simulate the chemical and mechanical properties of Martian <a href="/wiki/Regolith" title="Regolith">regolith</a> for research, experiments and <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> testing of activities related to Martian regolith such as dust mitigation of transportation equipment, advanced <a href="/wiki/Life_support_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Life support system">life support systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/In-situ_resource_utilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In-situ resource utilization">in-situ resource utilization</a>. </p><p>A number of <a href="/wiki/Mars_sample_return" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars sample return">Mars sample return</a> missions are being planned, which would allow actual Martian regolith to be returned to <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> for more advanced analysis than is possible in situ on the surface of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>. This should allow even more accurate simulants. The first of these missions is a multi-part mission beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a> lander. This will collect samples over a long period. A second lander will then gather the samples and return them to Earth. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant" title="Martian regolith simulant">Martian regolith simulant</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Mars_2020" title="Mars 2020">Mars 2020</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Martian sand and boulders photographed by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit (April 13, 2006)"><img alt="Martian sand and boulders photographed by NASA's Mars Exploration Rover Spirit (April 13, 2006)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg/195px-PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg/292px-PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg/389px-PIA08440-Mars_Rover_Spirit-Volcanic_Rock_Fragment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Martian sand and boulders photographed by NASA's <a href="/wiki/Mars_Exploration_Rover" title="Mars Exploration Rover">Mars Exploration Rover</a> <i>Spirit</i> (April 13, 2006)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Hottah" rock outcrop (close-up; 3D) (September 12, 2012)"><img alt=""Hottah" rock outcrop (close-up; 3D) (September 12, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg/145px-PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg/218px-PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg/290px-PIA17062-MarsCuriosityRover-HottahRockOutcrop-20120915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="5883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Hottah_(Mars)" title="Hottah (Mars)">Hottah</a>" <a href="/wiki/Rock_outcrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock outcrop">rock outcrop</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/figures/PIA16156_fig1.jpg">close-up</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521042719/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/images/pia16223-stereoHattah-Mastcam-br2.jpg">3D</a>) (September 12, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rocknest" sand on Mars – scoffmark made by the Curiosity rover (MAHLI, October 4, 2012)"><img alt=""Rocknest" sand on Mars – scoffmark made by the Curiosity rover (MAHLI, October 4, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg/261px-PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg/392px-PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg/522px-PIA16193-MarsCuriosityRover-ScoffmarkInSand-2011004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1579" data-file-height="1180" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a>" sand on Mars – scoffmark made by the <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> rover (<a href="/wiki/MAHLI" class="mw-redirect" title="MAHLI">MAHLI</a>, October 4, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Rocknest 3" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on Curiosity (October 5, 2012)"><img alt=""Rocknest 3" rock on Mars – as viewed by the MastCam on Curiosity (October 5, 2012)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg/251px-PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg/377px-PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg/501px-PIA16452-MarsCuriosityRover-Rocknest3Rock-20121005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1440" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"<a href="/wiki/Rocknest_3_(rock)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocknest 3 (rock)">Rocknest 3</a>" rock on Mars – as viewed by the <a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)#Mast_Camera_(MastCam)" title="Curiosity (rover)">MastCam</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> (October 5, 2012)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tracks of the Curiosity rover in the sands of "Hidden Valley" (August 4, 2014)"><img alt="Tracks of the Curiosity rover in the sands of "Hidden Valley" (August 4, 2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg/195px-PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg/293px-PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg/390px-PIA18590-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValleyTracks-20140804.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tracks of the <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> rover in the sands of "<a href="/wiki/File:PIA18409-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-ncam-CYL-Sol705-20140731.jpg" title="File:PIA18409-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-ncam-CYL-Sol705-20140731.jpg">Hidden Valley</a>" (August 4, 2014)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wheel of the Curiosity rover partially submerged in sand at Hidden Valley (August 6, 2014)"><img alt="Wheel of the Curiosity rover partially submerged in sand at Hidden Valley (August 6, 2014)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg/265px-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg/399px-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg/531px-MarsCuriosityRover-HiddenValley-WheelCloseup-20140806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wheel of the <i><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)">Curiosity</a></i> rover partially submerged in sand at Hidden Valley (August 6, 2014)</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 249.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 247.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity,_One_Day_to_Next,_Animation.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Sand moving on Mars – as viewed by Curiosity (January 23, 2017)"><img alt="Sand moving on Mars – as viewed by Curiosity (January 23, 2017)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif/371px-PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif" decoding="async" width="248" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif/557px-PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif/743px-PIA21143_-_Sand_Moving_Under_Curiosity%2C_One_Day_to_Next%2C_Animation.gif 2x" data-file-width="2108" data-file-height="1533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sand moving on Mars – as viewed by <i>Curiosity</i> (January 23, 2017)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 300.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 298.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A dune on Mars appears in false colors blue. In false colour colours yellow to blue represent warmer to colder regolith.[54]"><img alt="A dune on Mars appears in false colors blue. In false colour colours yellow to blue represent warmer to colder regolith.[54]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg/448px-ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg" decoding="async" width="299" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg/672px-ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg/895px-ESP_053894_2295-Mars-BlueDune-EnhancedColor-20180124.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="969" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A dune on Mars appears in false colors blue. In false colour colours yellow to blue represent warmer to colder regolith.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 433.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 431.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mars_Avalanche_Dust_Clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An avalanche of dust"><img alt="An avalanche of dust" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Mars_Avalanche_Dust_Clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="432" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="267" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An avalanche of dust</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/22px-Solar_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="22" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/34px-Solar_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Solar_system.jpg/45px-Solar_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="5600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Solar_System" title="Portal:Solar System">Solar System portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biology" title="Portal:Biology">Biology portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil_simulant" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil simulant">Martian soil simulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis quadrangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">List of rocks on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_regolith_simulant" title="Martian regolith simulant">Martian regolith simulant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralogy_of_Mars" title="Mineralogy of Mars">Mineralogy of Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_information_from_the_Mars_Exploration_Rover_mission" title="Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission">Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_carbonate_catastrophe" title="Mars carbonate catastrophe">Mars carbonate catastrophe</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CertiniUgolini2013-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CertiniUgolini2013_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CertiniUgolini2013_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCertiniUgolini2013" class="citation journal cs1">Certini, Giacomo; Ugolini, Fiorenzo C. (2013). "An updated, expanded, universal definition of soil". <i>Geoderma</i>. <b>192</b>: 378–379. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Geode.192..378C">2013Geode.192..378C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.07.008">10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.07.008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=An+updated%2C+expanded%2C+universal+definition+of+soil&rft.volume=192&rft.pages=378-379&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2012.07.008&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Geode.192..378C&rft.aulast=Certini&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Ugolini%2C+Fiorenzo+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karunatillake2007-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karunatillake2007_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarunatillakeKellerSquyresBoynton2007" class="citation journal cs1">Karunatillake, Suniti; Keller, John M.; Squyres, Steven W.; Boynton, William V.; Brückner, Johannes; Janes, Daniel M.; Gasnault, Olivier; Newsom, Horton E. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JE002859">"Chemical compositions at Mars landing sites subject to Mars Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer constraints"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>112</b> (E8): E08S90. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007JGRE..112.8S90K">2007JGRE..112.8S90K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2006JE002859">10.1029/2006JE002859</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Chemical+compositions+at+Mars+landing+sites+subject+to+Mars+Odyssey+Gamma+Ray+Spectrometer+constraints&rft.volume=112&rft.issue=E8&rft.pages=E08S90&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2006JE002859&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007JGRE..112.8S90K&rft.aulast=Karunatillake&rft.aufirst=Suniti&rft.au=Keller%2C+John+M.&rft.au=Squyres%2C+Steven+W.&rft.au=Boynton%2C+William+V.&rft.au=Br%C3%BCckner%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Janes%2C+Daniel+M.&rft.au=Gasnault%2C+Olivier&rft.au=Newsom%2C+Horton+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2006JE002859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJune_20132013" class="citation web cs1">June 2013, Leonard David 13 (June 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html">"Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet"</a>. <i>Space.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Toxic+Mars%3A+Astronauts+Must+Deal+with+Perchlorate+on+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft.aulast=June+2013&rft.aufirst=Leonard+David+13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toxicmars-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-toxicmars_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-toxicmars_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html">"Toxic Mars: Astronauts Must Deal with Perchlorate on the Red Planet"</a>. <i>space.com</i>. June 13, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=space.com&rft.atitle=Toxic+Mars%3A+Astronauts+Must+Deal+with+Perchlorate+on+the+Red+Planet&rft.date=2013-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F21554-mars-toxic-perchlorate-chemicals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Effects_of_perchlorates_on_plants-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Effects_of_perchlorates_on_plants_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeGaoChenLi2013" class="citation journal cs1">He, H; Gao, H; Chen, G; Li, H; Lin, H; Shu, Z (May 15, 2013). "Effects of perchlorate on growth of four wetland plants and its accumulation in plant tissues". <i>Environmental Science and Pollution Research International</i>. <b>20</b> (10): 7301–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013ESPR...20.7301H">2013ESPR...20.7301H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1744-4">10.1007/s11356-013-1744-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23673920">23673920</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21398332">21398332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+and+Pollution+Research+International&rft.atitle=Effects+of+perchlorate+on+growth+of+four+wetland+plants+and+its+accumulation+in+plant+tissues&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=7301-8&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11356-013-1744-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21398332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23673920&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013ESPR...20.7301H&rft.aulast=He&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Gao%2C+H&rft.au=Chen%2C+G&rft.au=Li%2C+H&rft.au=Lin%2C+H&rft.au=Shu%2C+Z&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzWaajenAiroAlibrandi2019" class="citation journal cs1">Heinz, Jacob; Waajen, Annemiek C.; Airo, Alessandro; Alibrandi, Armando; Schirmack, Janosch; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (November 1, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6818489">"Bacterial Growth in Chloride and Perchlorate Brines: Halotolerances and Salt Stress Responses of Planococcus halocryophilus"</a>. <i>Astrobiology</i>. <b>19</b> (11): 1377–1387. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AsBio..19.1377H">2019AsBio..19.1377H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fast.2019.2069">10.1089/ast.2019.2069</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-1074">1531-1074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6818489">6818489</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31386567">31386567</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrobiology&rft.atitle=Bacterial+Growth+in+Chloride+and+Perchlorate+Brines%3A+Halotolerances+and+Salt+Stress+Responses+of+Planococcus+halocryophilus&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1377-1387&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6818489%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019AsBio..19.1377H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31386567&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fast.2019.2069&rft.issn=1531-1074&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Waajen%2C+Annemiek+C.&rft.au=Airo%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Alibrandi%2C+Armando&rft.au=Schirmack%2C+Janosch&rft.au=Schulze-Makuch%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6818489&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzKrahnSchulze-Makuch2020" class="citation journal cs1">Heinz, Jacob; Krahn, Tim; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (April 28, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7281446">"A New Record for Microbial Perchlorate Tolerance: Fungal Growth in NaClO4 Brines and its Implications for Putative Life on Mars"</a>. <i>Life</i>. <b>10</b> (5): 53. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Life...10...53H">2020Life...10...53H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Flife10050053">10.3390/life10050053</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2075-1729">2075-1729</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7281446">7281446</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32353964">32353964</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=A+New+Record+for+Microbial+Perchlorate+Tolerance%3A+Fungal+Growth+in+NaClO4+Brines+and+its+Implications+for+Putative+Life+on+Mars&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=53&rft.date=2020-04-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7281446%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Life...10...53H&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32353964&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Flife10050053&rft.issn=2075-1729&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Krahn%2C+Tim&rft.au=Schulze-Makuch%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7281446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinzDoellingerMausSchneider2022" class="citation journal cs1">Heinz, Jacob; Doellinger, Joerg; Maus, Deborah; Schneider, Andy; Lasch, Peter; Grossart, Hans-Peter; Schulze-Makuch, Dirk (August 10, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.16152">"Perchlorate-specific proteomic stress responses of Debaryomyces hansenii could enable microbial survival in Martian brines"</a>. <i>Environmental Microbiology</i>. <b>24</b> (11): 1462–2920.16152. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022EnvMi..24.5051H">2022EnvMi..24.5051H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1462-2920.16152">10.1111/1462-2920.16152</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1462-2912">1462-2912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35920032">35920032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Perchlorate-specific+proteomic+stress+responses+of+Debaryomyces+hansenii+could+enable+microbial+survival+in+Martian+brines&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1462-2920.16152&rft.date=2022-08-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1462-2920.16152&rft.issn=1462-2912&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35920032&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022EnvMi..24.5051H&rft.aulast=Heinz&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft.au=Doellinger%2C+Joerg&rft.au=Maus%2C+Deborah&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Andy&rft.au=Lasch%2C+Peter&rft.au=Grossart%2C+Hans-Peter&rft.au=Schulze-Makuch%2C+Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252F1462-2920.16152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoganWuUnz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Logan, Bruce E; Wu, Jun; Unz, Richard F (August 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0043135401000136">"Biological Perchlorate Reduction in High-Salinity Solutions"</a>. <i>Water Research</i>. <b>35</b> (12): 3034–3038. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001WatRe..35.3034L">2001WatRe..35.3034L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0043-1354%2801%2900013-6">10.1016/S0043-1354(01)00013-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1354">0043-1354</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11471705">11471705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Research&rft.atitle=Biological+Perchlorate+Reduction+in+High-Salinity+Solutions&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3034-3038&rft.date=2001-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0043-1354%2801%2900013-6&rft.issn=0043-1354&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11471705&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2001WatRe..35.3034L&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=Bruce+E&rft.au=Wu%2C+Jun&rft.au=Unz%2C+Richard+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0043135401000136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2024" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David W. (November 2024). "Red Mars, green Mars". <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. <b>127</b> (6). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 24–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Red+Mars%2C+green+Mars&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=24-25&rft.date=2024-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-toxicsoil1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-toxicsoil1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/jul/06/mars-covered-in-toxic-chemicals-that-can-wipe-out-living-organisms-tests-reveal">"Mars covered in toxic chemicals that can wipe out living organisms, tests reveal"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. July 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mars+covered+in+toxic+chemicals+that+can+wipe+out+living+organisms%2C+tests+reveal&rft.date=2017-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2017%2Fjul%2F06%2Fmars-covered-in-toxic-chemicals-that-can-wipe-out-living-organisms-tests-reveal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2024" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, David W. (November 2024). "Red Mars, green Mars". <i>MIT Technology Review</i>. <b>127</b> (6). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Massachusetts Institute of Technology: 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MIT+Technology+Review&rft.atitle=Red+Mars%2C+green+Mars&rft.volume=127&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=26-27&rft.date=2024-11&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHecht2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hecht, Jeff (March 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn11357-martian-dust-may-be-hazardous-to-your-health/">"Martian dust may be hazardous to your health"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. <b>225</b> (Earth & Planetary Sciences Letters): 41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Martian+dust+may+be+hazardous+to+your+health&rft.volume=225&rft.issue=Earth+%26+Planetary+Sciences+Letters&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2007-03-09&rft.aulast=Hecht&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fdn11357-martian-dust-may-be-hazardous-to-your-health%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEPAG_Toxic_Dust-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MEPAG_Toxic_Dust_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mepag.jpl.nasa.gov/goal.cfm?goal=5">"MEPAG Goal 5: Toxic Effects of Martian Dust on Humans"</a>. <i>Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group</i>. NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 30,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mars+Exploration+Program+Analysis+Group&rft.atitle=MEPAG+Goal+5%3A+Toxic+Effects+of+Martian+Dust+on+Humans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmepag.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fgoal.cfm%3Fgoal%3D5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20140731PIXL-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140731PIXL_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2014" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Guy (July 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-253">"Mars 2020 Rover's PIXL to Focus X-Rays on Tiny Targets"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mars+2020+Rover%27s+PIXL+to+Focus+X-Rays+on+Tiny+Targets&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808034737/http://www.davidraythompson.com/publications/Thompson_2014_iSAIRAS_PIXL.pdf">"Adaptive sampling for rover x-ray lithochemistry"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davidraythompson.com/publications/Thompson_2014_iSAIRAS_PIXL.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adaptive+sampling+for+rover+x-ray+lithochemistry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.davidraythompson.com%2Fpublications%2FThompson_2014_iSAIRAS_PIXL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20140731SHER-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20140731SHER_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster2014" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Guy (July 31, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-254">"SHERLOC to Micro-Map Mars Minerals and Carbon Rings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 31,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHERLOC+to+Micro-Map+Mars+Minerals+and+Carbon+Rings&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2014-07-31&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Frelease%3D2014-254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/georaman2014/pdf/5101.pdf">"SHERLOC: Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals, an Investigation for 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SHERLOC%3A+Scanning+Habitable+Environments+with+Raman+and+Luminescence+for+Organics+and+Chemicals%2C+an+Investigation+for+2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hou.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Fgeoraman2014%2Fpdf%2F5101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20121203-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20121203_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20121203_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownWebsterNeal-Jones2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Dwayne; Webster, Guy; Neal-Jones, Nancy (December 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205005911/http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1399">"NASA Mars Rover Fully Analyzes First Martian Soil Samples"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/news/whatsnew/index.cfm?FuseAction=ShowNews&NewsID=1399">the original</a> on December 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=NASA+Mars+Rover+Fully+Analyzes+First+Martian+Soil+Samples&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft.au=Webster%2C+Guy&rft.au=Neal-Jones%2C+Nancy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fmsl%2Fnews%2Fwhatsnew%2Findex.cfm%3FFuseAction%3DShowNews%26NewsID%3D1399&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20121203-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20121203_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20121203_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2012" class="citation web cs1">Chang, Ken (December 3, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/12/03/mars-rover-discovery-revealed">"Mars Rover Discovery Revealed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mars+Rover+Discovery+Revealed&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthelede.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F12%2F03%2Fmars-rover-discovery-revealed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yen2000-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yen2000_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYen,_A.S.Kim,_S.S.Hecht,_M.H.Frant,_M.S.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Yen, A.S.; Kim, S.S.; Hecht, M.H.; Frant, M.S.; Murray, B. (2000). "Evidence that the reactivity of the Martian soil is due to superoxide ions". <i>Science</i>. <b>289</b> (5486): 1909–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...289.1909Y">2000Sci...289.1909Y</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.289.5486.1909">10.1126/science.289.5486.1909</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10988066">10988066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Evidence+that+the+reactivity+of+the+Martian+soil+is+due+to+superoxide+ions&rft.volume=289&rft.issue=5486&rft.pages=1909-12&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10988066&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.289.5486.1909&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Sci...289.1909Y&rft.au=Yen%2C+A.S.&rft.au=Kim%2C+S.S.&rft.au=Hecht%2C+M.H.&rft.au=Frant%2C+M.S.&rft.au=Murray%2C+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20121030-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20121030_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20121030_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2012" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Dwayne (October 30, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603091908/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html">"NASA Rover's First Soil Studies Help Fingerprint Martian Minerals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2012/oct/HQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html">the original</a> on June 3, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Rover%27s+First+Soil+Studies+Help+Fingerprint+Martian+Minerals&rft.pub=NASA&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fhome%2Fhqnews%2F2012%2Foct%2FHQ_12-383_Curiosity_CheMin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinneryHagermannKaufmannLewis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chinnery, H.E.; Hagermann, A.; Kaufmann, E.; Lewis, S.R. (February 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JE005771">"The Penetration of Solar Radiation Into Water and Carbon Dioxide Snow, With Reference to Mars"</a>. <i>Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets</i>. <b>124</b> (2): 337–348. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019JGRE..124..337C">2019JGRE..124..337C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2018JE005771">10.1029/2018JE005771</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1893%2F28687">1893/28687</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85509108">85509108</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research%3A+Planets&rft.atitle=The+Penetration+of+Solar+Radiation+Into+Water+and+Carbon+Dioxide+Snow%2C+With+Reference+to+Mars&rft.volume=124&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=337-348&rft.date=2019-02&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1893%2F28687&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85509108%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2018JE005771&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019JGRE..124..337C&rft.aulast=Chinnery&rft.aufirst=H.E.&rft.au=Hagermann%2C+A.&rft.au=Kaufmann%2C+E.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+S.R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2018JE005771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitrofanov2002-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mitrofanov2002_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitrofanov,_I._et_11_al.AnfimovKozyrevLitvak2004" class="citation journal cs1">Mitrofanov, I. et 11 al.; Anfimov; Kozyrev; Litvak; Sanin; Tret'Yakov; Krylov; Shvetsov; Boynton; Shinohara; Hamara; Saunders (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1073616">"Mineralogy at Gusev crater from the Mössbauer spectrometer on the Spirit rover"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>297</b> (5578): 78–81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Sci...297...78M">2002Sci...297...78M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1073616">10.1126/science.1073616</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12040089">12040089</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:589477">589477</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+at+Gusev+crater+from+the+M%C3%B6ssbauer+spectrometer+on+the+Spirit+rover&rft.volume=297&rft.issue=5578&rft.pages=78-81&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1073616&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A589477%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12040089&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Sci...297...78M&rft.au=Mitrofanov%2C+I.+et+11+al.&rft.au=Anfimov&rft.au=Kozyrev&rft.au=Litvak&rft.au=Sanin&rft.au=Tret%27Yakov&rft.au=Krylov&rft.au=Shvetsov&rft.au=Boynton&rft.au=Shinohara&rft.au=Hamara&rft.au=Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1073616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horneck2008-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Horneck2008_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneck,_G.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Horneck, G. (2008). "The microbial case for Mars and its implications for human expeditions to Mars". <i>Acta Astronautica</i>. <b>63</b> (7–10): 1015–1024. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AcAau..63.1015H">2008AcAau..63.1015H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2007.12.002">10.1016/j.actaastro.2007.12.002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Astronautica&rft.atitle=The+microbial+case+for+Mars+and+its+implications+for+human+expeditions+to+Mars&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=7%E2%80%9310&rft.pages=1015-1024&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.actaastro.2007.12.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AcAau..63.1015H&rft.au=Horneck%2C+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2004_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris,_R.V._et_16_al.KlingelhöferBernhardtSchröder2004" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, R.V. et 16 al.; Klingelhöfer; Bernhardt; Schröder; Rodionov; De Souza; Yen; Gellert; Evlanov; Foh; Kankeleit; Gütlich; Ming; Renz; Wdowiak; Squyres; Arvidson (2004). "Mineralogy at Gusev crater from the Mössbauer spectrometer on the Spirit rover". <i>Science</i>. <b>305</b> (5685): 833–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...305..833M">2004Sci...305..833M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1100020">10.1126/science.1100020</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15297666">15297666</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8072539">8072539</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+at+Gusev+crater+from+the+M%C3%B6ssbauer+spectrometer+on+the+Spirit+rover&rft.volume=305&rft.issue=5685&rft.pages=833-6&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1100020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8072539%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15297666&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...305..833M&rft.au=Morris%2C+R.V.+et+16+al.&rft.au=Klingelh%C3%B6fer&rft.au=Bernhardt&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der&rft.au=Rodionov&rft.au=De+Souza&rft.au=Yen&rft.au=Gellert&rft.au=Evlanov&rft.au=Foh&rft.au=Kankeleit&rft.au=G%C3%BCtlich&rft.au=Ming&rft.au=Renz&rft.au=Wdowiak&rft.au=Squyres&rft.au=Arvidson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7477310.stm">"Martian soil 'could support life'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. June 27, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Martian+soil+%27could+support+life%27&rft.date=2008-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fscience%2Fnature%2F7477310.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marssalt-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marssalt_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2008" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Alicia (August 5, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm">"Scientists: Salt in Mars soil not bad for life"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Scientists%3A+Salt+in+Mars+soil+not+bad+for+life&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Alicia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2Fspace%2F2008-08-04-mars-soil_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170522063940/https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816">"NASA Spacecraft Analyzing Martian Soil Data"</a>. JPL. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/phoenix/release.php?ArticleID=1816">the original</a> on May 22, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Spacecraft+Analyzing+Martian+Soil+Data&rft.pub=JPL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fphoenix%2Frelease.php%3FArticleID%3D1816&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Proceedings_of_The_Institute_of_Electrostatics_Japan-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Proceedings_of_The_Institute_of_Electrostatics_Japan_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physics.ksc.nasa.gov/Publications/Measuring%20Electrostatic%20Phenomena%20on%20Mars%20and%20the%20Moon-fin..pdf">"Measuring Electrostatic Phenomena on Mars and the Moon"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of The Institute of Electrostatics Japan Annual Meeting, Tokyo, Japan, September 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Measuring+Electrostatic+Phenomena+on+Mars+and+the+Moon&rft.pub=Proceedings+of+The+Institute+of+Electrostatics+Japan+Annual+Meeting%2C+Tokyo%2C+Japan%2C+September+2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysics.ksc.nasa.gov%2FPublications%2FMeasuring%2520Electrostatic%2520Phenomena%2520on%2520Mars%2520and%2520the%2520Moon-fin..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL._W._BeegleG._H._PetersG._S._MungasG._H._Bearman2007" class="citation book cs1">L. W. Beegle; G. H. Peters; G. S. Mungas; G. H. Bearman; J. A. Smith; R. C. Anderson (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2007/pdf/2005.pdf"><i>Mojave Martian Simulant: A New Martian Soil Simulant</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lunar and Planetary Science XXXVIII<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 28,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mojave+Martian+Simulant%3A+A+New+Martian+Soil+Simulant&rft.pub=Lunar+and+Planetary+Science+XXXVIII&rft.date=2007&rft.au=L.+W.+Beegle&rft.au=G.+H.+Peters&rft.au=G.+S.+Mungas&rft.au=G.+H.+Bearman&rft.au=J.+A.+Smith&rft.au=R.+C.+Anderson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lpi.usra.edu%2Fmeetings%2Flpsc2007%2Fpdf%2F2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NZ-20121204-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NZ-20121204_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSatherley2012" class="citation news cs1">Satherley, Dan (December 4, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309023648/http://www.3news.co.nz/Complex-chemistry-found-on-Mars/tabid/1160/articleID/279080/Default.aspx">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Complex chemistry' found on Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/3_News" class="mw-redirect" title="3 News">3 News</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3news.co.nz/Complex-chemistry-found-on-Mars/tabid/1160/articleID/279080/Default.aspx">the original</a> on March 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 4,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=3+News&rft.atitle=%27Complex+chemistry%27+found+on+Mars&rft.date=2012-12-04&rft.aulast=Satherley&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.3news.co.nz%2FComplex-chemistry-found-on-Mars%2Ftabid%2F1160%2FarticleID%2F279080%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ST-20130926-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ST-20130926_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2013" class="citation web cs1">Lieberman, Josh (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isciencetimes.com/articles/6131/20130926/mars-water-soil-nasa-curiosity-rover-martian.htm">"Mars Water Found: Curiosity Rover Uncovers 'Abundant, Easily Accessible' Water In Martian Soil"</a>. <i>iSciencetimes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 26,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iSciencetimes&rft.atitle=Mars+Water+Found%3A+Curiosity+Rover+Uncovers+%27Abundant%2C+Easily+Accessible%27+Water+In+Martian+Soil&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isciencetimes.com%2Farticles%2F6131%2F20130926%2Fmars-water-soil-nasa-curiosity-rover-martian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-20130926a-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130926a_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeshinCabaneCollConrad2013" class="citation journal cs1">Leshin, L. A.; Cabane, M.; Coll, P.; Conrad, P. G.; Archer, P. D.; Atreya, S. K.; Brunner, A. E.; Buch, A.; Eigenbrode, J. L.; Flesch, G. J.; Franz, H. B.; Freissinet, C.; Glavin, D. P.; McAdam, A. C.; Miller, K. E.; Ming, D. W.; Morris, R. V.; Navarro-Gonzalez, R.; Niles, P. B.; Owen, T.; Pepin, R. O.; Squyres, S.; Steele, A.; Stern, J. C.; Summons, R. E.; Sumner, D. Y.; Sutter, B.; Szopa, C. (September 27, 2013). "Volatile, Isotope, and Organic Analysis of Martian Fines with the Mars Curiosity Rover". <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6153): 1238937. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341E...3L">2013Sci...341E...3L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1238937">10.1126/science.1238937</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24072926">24072926</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206549244">206549244</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Volatile%2C+Isotope%2C+and+Organic+Analysis+of+Martian+Fines+with+the+Mars+Curiosity+Rover&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6153&rft.pages=1238937&rft.date=2013-09-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1238937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206549244%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24072926&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341E...3L&rft.aulast=Leshin&rft.aufirst=L.+A.&rft.au=Cabane%2C+M.&rft.au=Coll%2C+P.&rft.au=Conrad%2C+P.+G.&rft.au=Archer%2C+P.+D.&rft.au=Atreya%2C+S.+K.&rft.au=Brunner%2C+A.+E.&rft.au=Buch%2C+A.&rft.au=Eigenbrode%2C+J.+L.&rft.au=Flesch%2C+G.+J.&rft.au=Franz%2C+H.+B.&rft.au=Freissinet%2C+C.&rft.au=Glavin%2C+D.+P.&rft.au=McAdam%2C+A.+C.&rft.au=Miller%2C+K.+E.&rft.au=Ming%2C+D.+W.&rft.au=Morris%2C+R.+V.&rft.au=Navarro-Gonzalez%2C+R.&rft.au=Niles%2C+P.+B.&rft.au=Owen%2C+T.&rft.au=Pepin%2C+R.+O.&rft.au=Squyres%2C+S.&rft.au=Steele%2C+A.&rft.au=Stern%2C+J.+C.&rft.au=Summons%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Sumner%2C+D.+Y.&rft.au=Sutter%2C+B.&rft.au=Szopa%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-20130926-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130926_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130926_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrotzinger2013" class="citation journal cs1">Grotzinger, John (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244258">"Introduction To Special Issue: Analysis of Surface Materials by the Curiosity Mars Rover"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6153): 1475. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341.1475G">2013Sci...341.1475G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1244258">10.1126/science.1244258</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24072916">24072916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Introduction+To+Special+Issue%3A+Analysis+of+Surface+Materials+by+the+Curiosity+Mars+Rover&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6153&rft.pages=1475&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24072916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1244258&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341.1475G&rft.aulast=Grotzinger&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1244258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20130926a-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20130926a_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeal-JonesZubritskyWebsterMartialay2013" class="citation web cs1">Neal-Jones, Nancy; Zubritsky, Elizabeth; Webster, Guy; Martialay, Mary (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/curiositys-sam-instrument-finds-water-and-more-in-surface-sample/">"Curiosity's SAM Instrument Finds Water and More in Surface Sample"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Curiosity%27s+SAM+Instrument+Finds+Water+and+More+in+Surface+Sample&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Neal-Jones&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft.au=Zubritsky%2C+Elizabeth&rft.au=Webster%2C+Guy&rft.au=Martialay%2C+Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Fgoddard%2Fcuriositys-sam-instrument-finds-water-and-more-in-surface-sample%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20130926b-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20130926b_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20130926b_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebsterBrown2013" class="citation web cs1">Webster, Guy; Brown, Dwayne (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502194152/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130926.html">"Science Gains From Diverse Landing Area of Curiosity"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/msl/news/msl20130926.html">the original</a> on May 2, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Science+Gains+From+Diverse+Landing+Area+of+Curiosity&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft.au=Brown%2C+Dwayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fmission_pages%2Fmsl%2Fnews%2Fmsl20130926.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20131001-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131001_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20131001_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChang2013" class="citation news cs1">Chang, Kenneth (October 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/01/science/space/hitting-pay-dirt-on-mars.html">"Hitting Pay Dirt on Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hitting+Pay+Dirt+on+Mars&rft.date=2013-10-01&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F10%2F01%2Fscience%2Fspace%2Fhitting-pay-dirt-on-mars.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-20130913b-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130913b_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130913b_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeslin,_P.-Y.ForniSchroderCousin2013" class="citation journal cs1">Meslin, P.-Y.; Forni, O.; Schroder, S.; Cousin, A.; Berger, G.; Clegg, S. M.; Lasue, J.; Maurice, S.; <a href="/wiki/Violaine_Sautter" title="Violaine Sautter">Sautter, V.</a>; Le Mouelic, S.; Wiens, R. C.; Fabre, C.; Goetz, W.; Bish, D.; Mangold, N.; Ehlmann, B.; Lanza, N.; Harri, A.- M.; Anderson, R.; Rampe, E.; McConnochie, T. H.; Pinet, P.; <a href="/wiki/Diana_Blaney" title="Diana Blaney">Blaney, D.</a>; Leveille, R.; Archer, D.; Barraclough, B.; Bender, S.; Blake, D.; Blank, J. G.; et al. (September 26, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1238670">"Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6153): 1238670. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341E...1M">2013Sci...341E...1M</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.397.5426">10.1.1.397.5426</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1238670">10.1126/science.1238670</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24072924">24072924</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:7418294">7418294</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Soil+Diversity+and+Hydration+as+Observed+by+ChemCam+at+Gale+Crater%2C+Mars&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6153&rft.pages=1238670&rft.date=2013-09-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A7418294%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341E...1M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.397.5426%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24072924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1238670&rft.au=Meslin%2C+P.-Y.&rft.au=Forni%2C+O.&rft.au=Schroder%2C+S.&rft.au=Cousin%2C+A.&rft.au=Berger%2C+G.&rft.au=Clegg%2C+S.+M.&rft.au=Lasue%2C+J.&rft.au=Maurice%2C+S.&rft.au=Sautter%2C+V.&rft.au=Le+Mouelic%2C+S.&rft.au=Wiens%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Fabre%2C+C.&rft.au=Goetz%2C+W.&rft.au=Bish%2C+D.&rft.au=Mangold%2C+N.&rft.au=Ehlmann%2C+B.&rft.au=Lanza%2C+N.&rft.au=Harri%2C+A.-+M.&rft.au=Anderson%2C+R.&rft.au=Rampe%2C+E.&rft.au=McConnochie%2C+T.+H.&rft.au=Pinet%2C+P.&rft.au=Blaney%2C+D.&rft.au=Leveille%2C+R.&rft.au=Archer%2C+D.&rft.au=Barraclough%2C+B.&rft.au=Bender%2C+S.&rft.au=Blake%2C+D.&rft.au=Blank%2C+J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1238670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Science-20130926c-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Science-20130926c_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStolperBakerNewcombeSchmidt2013" class="citation journal cs1">Stolper, E.M.; Baker, M.B.; Newcombe, M.E.; Schmidt, M.E.; Treiman, A.H.; Cousin, A.; Dyar, M.D.; Fisk, M.R.; Gellert, R.; King, P.L.; Leshin, L.; Maurice, S.; McLennan, S.M.; Minitti, M.E.; Perrett, G.; Rowland, S.; <a href="/wiki/Violaine_Sautter" title="Violaine Sautter">Sautter, V.</a>; Wiens, R.C.; MSL ScienceTeam, O.; Bridges, N.; Johnson, J. R.; Cremers, D.; Bell, J. F.; Edgar, L.; Farmer, J.; Godber, A.; <a href="/wiki/Meenakshi_Wadhwa" title="Meenakshi Wadhwa">Wadhwa, M.</a>; Wellington, D.; McEwan, I.; et al. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811150621/https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41547/13/Jake_M%20Stolper%20et%20al.%20(2013)%20Science.pdf">"The Petrochemistry of Jake_M: A Martian Mugearite"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a></i>. <b>341</b> (6153): 1239463. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013Sci...341E...4S">2013Sci...341E...4S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1239463">10.1126/science.1239463</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24072927">24072927</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16515295">16515295</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41547/13/Jake_M%20Stolper%20et%20al.%20%282013%29%20Science.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 17,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+Petrochemistry+of+Jake_M%3A+A+Martian+Mugearite&rft.volume=341&rft.issue=6153&rft.pages=1239463&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1239463&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A16515295%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24072927&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013Sci...341E...4S&rft.aulast=Stolper&rft.aufirst=E.M.&rft.au=Baker%2C+M.B.&rft.au=Newcombe%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Treiman%2C+A.H.&rft.au=Cousin%2C+A.&rft.au=Dyar%2C+M.D.&rft.au=Fisk%2C+M.R.&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R.&rft.au=King%2C+P.L.&rft.au=Leshin%2C+L.&rft.au=Maurice%2C+S.&rft.au=McLennan%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Minitti%2C+M.E.&rft.au=Perrett%2C+G.&rft.au=Rowland%2C+S.&rft.au=Sautter%2C+V.&rft.au=Wiens%2C+R.C.&rft.au=MSL+ScienceTeam%2C+O.&rft.au=Bridges%2C+N.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Cremers%2C+D.&rft.au=Bell%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Edgar%2C+L.&rft.au=Farmer%2C+J.&rft.au=Godber%2C+A.&rft.au=Wadhwa%2C+M.&rft.au=Wellington%2C+D.&rft.au=McEwan%2C+I.&rft.au=Newman%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F41547%2F13%2FJake_M%2520Stolper%2520et%2520al.%2520%25282013%2529%2520Science.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-20190411-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA-20190411_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2019" class="citation news cs1">Good, Andrew (April 11, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?feature=7376">"Curiosity Tastes First Sample in 'Clay-Bearing Unit'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 12,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Curiosity+Tastes+First+Sample+in+%27Clay-Bearing+Unit%27&rft.date=2019-04-11&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fnews%2Fnews.php%3Ffeature%3D7376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCertiniKarunatillakeZhaoMeslin2020" class="citation journal cs1">Certini, Giacomo; Karunatillake, Suniti; Zhao, Yu-Yan Sara; Meslin, Pierre-Yves; Cousin, Agnes; Hood, Donald R.; Scalenghe, Riccardo (2020). "Disambiguating the soils of Mars". <i>Earth & Planetary and Space Science</i>. <b>186</b>: 104922. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020P&SS..18604922C">2020P&SS..18604922C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pss.2020.104922">10.1016/j.pss.2020.104922</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10447%2F408671">10447/408671</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:216509538">216509538</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+%26+Planetary+and+Space+Science&rft.atitle=Disambiguating+the+soils+of+Mars&rft.volume=186&rft.pages=104922&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10447%2F408671&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A216509538%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pss.2020.104922&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020P%26SS..18604922C&rft.aulast=Certini&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft.au=Karunatillake%2C+Suniti&rft.au=Zhao%2C+Yu-Yan+Sara&rft.au=Meslin%2C+Pierre-Yves&rft.au=Cousin%2C+Agnes&rft.au=Hood%2C+Donald+R.&rft.au=Scalenghe%2C+Riccardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cantor2001-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cantor2001_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cantor2001_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCantor,_B2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cantor, B (2007). "MOC observations of the 2001 Mars planet-encircling dust storm". <i><a href="/wiki/Icarus_(journal)" title="Icarus (journal)">Icarus</a></i>. <b>186</b> (1): 60–96. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Icar..186...60C">2007Icar..186...60C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.08.019">10.1016/j.icarus.2006.08.019</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=MOC+observations+of+the+2001+Mars+planet-encircling+dust+storm&rft.volume=186&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60-96&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.icarus.2006.08.019&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Icar..186...60C&rft.au=Cantor%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Claudin2006-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Claudin2006_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Claudin2006_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudin,_PAndreotti2006" class="citation journal cs1">Claudin, P; Andreotti, B (2006). "A scaling law for aeolian dunes on Mars, Venus, Earth, and for subaqueous ripples". <i><a href="/wiki/Earth_and_Planetary_Science_Letters" title="Earth and Planetary Science Letters">Earth and Planetary Science Letters</a></i>. <b>252</b> (1–2): 30–44. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/cond-mat/0603656">cond-mat/0603656</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006E&PSL.252...30C">2006E&PSL.252...30C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.09.004">10.1016/j.epsl.2006.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13910286">13910286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+scaling+law+for+aeolian+dunes+on+Mars%2C+Venus%2C+Earth%2C+and+for+subaqueous+ripples&rft.volume=252&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=30-44&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fcond-mat%2F0603656&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13910286%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2006.09.004&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006E%26PSL.252...30C&rft.au=Claudin%2C+P&rft.au=Andreotti%2C+B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sullivan2008-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sullivan2008_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan,_R.ArvidsonBellGellert2008" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, R.; Arvidson, R.; Bell, J. F.; Gellert, R.; Golombek, M.; Greeley, R.; Herkenhoff, K.; Johnson, J.; Thompson, S.; Whelley, P.; Wray, J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JE003101">"Wind-driven particle mobility on Mars: Insights from Mars Exploration Rover observations at "El Dorado" and surroundings at Gusev Crater"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a></i>. <b>113</b> (E6): E06S07. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JGRE..113.6S07S">2008JGRE..113.6S07S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2008JE003101">10.1029/2008JE003101</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Wind-driven+particle+mobility+on+Mars%3A+Insights+from+Mars+Exploration+Rover+observations+at+%22El+Dorado%22+and+surroundings+at+Gusev+Crater&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=E6&rft.pages=E06S07&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2008JE003101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JGRE..113.6S07S&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+R.&rft.au=Arvidson%2C+R.&rft.au=Bell%2C+J.+F.&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R.&rft.au=Golombek%2C+M.&rft.au=Greeley%2C+R.&rft.au=Herkenhoff%2C+K.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+J.&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.&rft.au=Whelley%2C+P.&rft.au=Wray%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2008JE003101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton2005-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton2005_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton,_Victoria_E.McSweenHapke2005" class="citation journal cs1">Hamilton, Victoria E.; McSween, Harry Y.; Hapke, Bruce (2005). "Mineralogy of Martian atmospheric dust inferred from thermal infrared spectra of aerosols". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>110</b> (E12): E12006. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRE..11012006H">2005JGRE..11012006H</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.579.2798">10.1.1.579.2798</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2005JE002501">10.1029/2005JE002501</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+of+Martian+atmospheric+dust+inferred+from+thermal+infrared+spectra+of+aerosols&rft.volume=110&rft.issue=E12&rft.pages=E12006&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.579.2798%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005JE002501&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRE..11012006H&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Victoria+E.&rft.au=McSween%2C+Harry+Y.&rft.au=Hapke%2C+Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goetz2007-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goetz2007_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goetz et al. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/7thmars2007/pdf/3104.pdf">Seventh Mars Conference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goetz2005-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goetz2005_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoetz,_WBertelsen,_PBinau,_CsGunnlaugsson,_Hp2005" class="citation journal cs1">Goetz, W; Bertelsen, P; Binau, Cs; Gunnlaugsson, Hp; Hviid, Sf; Kinch, Km; Madsen, De; Madsen, Mb; Olsen, M; Gellert, R; Klingelhöfer, G; Ming, Dw; Morris, Rv; Rieder, R; Rodionov, Ds; De Souza, Pa Jr; Schröder, C; Squyres, Sw; Wdowiak, T; Yen, A (July 2005). "Indication of drier periods on Mars from the chemistry and mineralogy of atmospheric dust". <i>Nature</i>. <b>436</b> (7047): 62–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Natur.436...62G">2005Natur.436...62G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03807">10.1038/nature03807</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16001062">16001062</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10341702">10341702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Indication+of+drier+periods+on+Mars+from+the+chemistry+and+mineralogy+of+atmospheric+dust&rft.volume=436&rft.issue=7047&rft.pages=62-5&rft.date=2005-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10341702%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Natur.436...62G&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature03807&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16001062&rft.au=Goetz%2C+W&rft.au=Bertelsen%2C+P&rft.au=Binau%2C+Cs&rft.au=Gunnlaugsson%2C+Hp&rft.au=Hviid%2C+Sf&rft.au=Kinch%2C+Km&rft.au=Madsen%2C+De&rft.au=Madsen%2C+Mb&rft.au=Olsen%2C+M&rft.au=Gellert%2C+R&rft.au=Klingelh%C3%B6fer%2C+G&rft.au=Ming%2C+Dw&rft.au=Morris%2C+Rv&rft.au=Rieder%2C+R&rft.au=Rodionov%2C+Ds&rft.au=De+Souza%2C+Pa+Jr&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+C&rft.au=Squyres%2C+Sw&rft.au=Wdowiak%2C+T&rft.au=Yen%2C+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgett2002-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edgett2002_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdgett,_Kenneth_S.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Edgett, Kenneth S. (2002). "Low-albedo surfaces and eolian sediment: Mars Orbiter Camera views of western Arabia Terra craters and wind streaks". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i>. <b>107</b> (E6): 5038. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002JGRE..107.5038E">2002JGRE..107.5038E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2001JE001587">10.1029/2001JE001587</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2060%2F20010069272">2060/20010069272</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=Low-albedo+surfaces+and+eolian+sediment%3A+Mars+Orbiter+Camera+views+of+western+Arabia+Terra+craters+and+wind+streaks&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=E6&rft.pages=5038&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2060%2F20010069272&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2001JE001587&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002JGRE..107.5038E&rft.au=Edgett%2C+Kenneth+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lemmon2004-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lemmon2004_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemmon,_MtWolff,_MjSmith,_MdClancy,_Rt2004" class="citation journal cs1">Lemmon, Mt; Wolff, Mj; Smith, Md; Clancy, Rt; Banfield, D; Landis, Ga; Ghosh, A; Smith, Ph; Spanovich, N; Whitney, B; Whelley, P; Greeley, R; Thompson, S; Bell, Jf 3Rd; Squyres, Sw (December 2004). "Atmospheric imaging results from the Mars exploration rovers: Spirit and Opportunity". <i>Science</i>. <b>306</b> (5702): 1753–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306.1753L">2004Sci...306.1753L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1104474">10.1126/science.1104474</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15576613">15576613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5645412">5645412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Atmospheric+imaging+results+from+the+Mars+exploration+rovers%3A+Spirit+and+Opportunity&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5702&rft.pages=1753-6&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5645412%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306.1753L&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1104474&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15576613&rft.au=Lemmon%2C+Mt&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Mj&rft.au=Smith%2C+Md&rft.au=Clancy%2C+Rt&rft.au=Banfield%2C+D&rft.au=Landis%2C+Ga&rft.au=Ghosh%2C+A&rft.au=Smith%2C+Ph&rft.au=Spanovich%2C+N&rft.au=Whitney%2C+B&rft.au=Whelley%2C+P&rft.au=Greeley%2C+R&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S&rft.au=Bell%2C+Jf+3Rd&rft.au=Squyres%2C+Sw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NC-20180720-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NC-20180720_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOjhaLewisKarunatillakeSchmidt2018" class="citation journal cs1">Ojha, Lujendra; Lewis, Kevin; Karunatillake, Suniti; Schmidt, Mariek (July 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054634">"The Medusae Fossae Formation as the single largest source of dust on Mars"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_Communications" title="Nature Communications">Nature Communications</a></i>. <b>9</b> (2867 (2018)): 2867. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatCo...9.2867O">2018NatCo...9.2867O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-018-05291-5">10.1038/s41467-018-05291-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6054634">6054634</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30030425">30030425</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=The+Medusae+Fossae+Formation+as+the+single+largest+source+of+dust+on+Mars&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2867+%282018%29&rft.pages=2867&rft.date=2018-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6054634%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30030425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41467-018-05291-5&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018NatCo...9.2867O&rft.aulast=Ojha&rft.aufirst=Lujendra&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Kevin&rft.au=Karunatillake%2C+Suniti&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Mariek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6054634&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-orbitec-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-orbitec_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orbitec.com/store/simulant.html">"Lunar & Mars Soil Simulant"</a>. Orbitec<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lunar+%26+Mars+Soil+Simulant&rft.pub=Orbitec&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orbitec.com%2Fstore%2Fsimulant.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLab" class="citation web cs1">Lab, Exolith. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.shopify.com/s/files/1/0398/9268/0862/files/mgs-1-spec-sheet-June2023.pptx.pdf?v=1688151381">"MGS-1 Mars Global Simulant | Fact Sheet"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Exolith Simulants</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Exolith+Simulants&rft.atitle=MGS-1+Mars+Global+Simulant+%7C+Fact+Sheet&rft.aulast=Lab&rft.aufirst=Exolith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.shopify.com%2Fs%2Ffiles%2F1%2F0398%2F9268%2F0862%2Ffiles%2Fmgs-1-spec-sheet-June2023.pptx.pdf%3Fv%3D1688151381&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inverse.com/article/46381-mars-blue-sand-dune-nasa">"NASA Captures Mars' Mesmerizing Blue Sand Dune — but What Caused It?"</a>. June 25, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NASA+Captures+Mars%27+Mesmerizing+Blue+Sand+Dune+%E2%80%94+but+What+Caused+It%3F&rft.date=2018-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inverse.com%2Farticle%2F46381-mars-blue-sand-dune-nasa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMartian+regolith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jr1Xu2i-Uc0">Video (04:32) – Evidence: Water "Vigorously" Flowed On Mars – September, 2012</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geography_and_geology_of_Mars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Mars" title="Template:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geography_of_Mars" title="Template talk:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geography_of_Mars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geography of Mars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geography_and_geology_of_Mars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Areography_(geography_of_Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Areography (geography of Mars)">Geography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">geology</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cartography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cartography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abalos_Undae" title="Abalos Undae">Abalos Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspledon_Undae" title="Aspledon Undae">Aspledon Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Terra" title="Arabia Terra">Arabia Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(Mars)" title="Cerberus (Mars)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Lake" title="Eridania Lake">Eridania Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperboreae_Undae" title="Hyperboreae Undae">Hyperboreae Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogygis_Undae" title="Ogygis Undae">Ogygis Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia_Undae" title="Olympia Undae">Olympia Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Meridiani" title="Sinus Meridiani">Sinus Meridiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siton_Undae" title="Siton Undae">Siton Undae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Terra" title="Tempe Terra">Tempe Terra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Cimmeria" title="Terra Cimmeria">Terra Cimmeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Sabaea" title="Terra Sabaea">Terra Sabaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis" title="Tharsis">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastitas_Borealis" title="Vastitas Borealis">Vastitas Borealis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_quadrangles_on_Mars" title="List of quadrangles on Mars">Quadrangles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle" title="Aeolis quadrangle">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_quadrangle" title="Amazonis quadrangle">Amazonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_quadrangle" title="Amenthes quadrangle">Amenthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_quadrangle" title="Arabia quadrangle">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_quadrangle" title="Arcadia quadrangle">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyre_quadrangle" title="Argyre quadrangle">Argyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casius_quadrangle" title="Casius quadrangle">Casius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebrenia_quadrangle" title="Cebrenia quadrangle">Cebrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprates_quadrangle" title="Coprates quadrangle">Coprates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacria_quadrangle" title="Diacria quadrangle">Diacria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_quadrangle" title="Elysium quadrangle">Elysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_quadrangle" title="Eridania quadrangle">Eridania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_quadrangle" title="Hellas quadrangle">Hellas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygia_quadrangle" title="Iapygia quadrangle">Iapygia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismenius_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Ismenius Lacus quadrangle">Ismenius Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Acidalium_quadrangle" title="Mare Acidalium quadrangle">Mare Acidalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Australe_quadrangle" title="Mare Australe quadrangle">Mare Australe (South Pole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Boreum_quadrangle" title="Mare Boreum quadrangle">Mare Boreum (North Pole)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_Tyrrhenum_quadrangle" title="Mare Tyrrhenum quadrangle">Mare Tyrrhenum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaritifer_Sinus_quadrangle" title="Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle">Margaritifer Sinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachis_quadrangle" title="Noachis quadrangle">Noachis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Palus_quadrangle" title="Oxia Palus quadrangle">Oxia Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethontis_quadrangle" title="Phaethontis quadrangle">Phaethontis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicis_Lacus_quadrangle" title="Phoenicis Lacus quadrangle">Phoenicis Lacus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinus_Sabaeus_quadrangle" title="Sinus Sabaeus quadrangle">Sinus Sabaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_quadrangle" title="Syrtis Major quadrangle">Syrtis Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_quadrangle" title="Tharsis quadrangle">Tharsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumasia_quadrangle" title="Thaumasia quadrangle">Thaumasia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Mars" title="Geology of Mars">Geology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_surface_features_of_Mars" title="Common surface features of Mars">Surface<br />features</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_terrain" title="Brain terrain">Brain terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonates_on_Mars" title="Carbonates on Mars">Carbonates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_chaos_terrain" title="Martian chaos terrain">Chaos terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_surface_color" title="Mars surface color">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composition_of_Mars" title="Composition of Mars">Composition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_crater_fill" title="Concentric crater fill">Concentric crater fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_slope_streak" title="Dark slope streak">Dark slope streak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_dichotomy" title="Martian dichotomy">Dichotomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_dune_fields#Mars" title="List of extraterrestrial dune fields">Dune fields</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hagal_dune_field" title="Hagal dune field">Hagal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nili_Patera_dune_field" title="Nili Patera dune field">Nili Patera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fretted_terrain" title="Fretted terrain">Fretted terrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geysers_on_Mars" title="Geysers on Mars">Geysers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_on_Mars" title="Groundwater on Mars">Groundwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullies_on_Mars" title="Gullies on Mars">Gullies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_relief" title="Inverted relief">Inverted relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_on_Mars" title="Lakes on Mars">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_lava_tube" title="Martian lava tube">Lava tubes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineated_valley_fill" title="Lineated valley fill">Lineated valley fill</a> (LVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobate_debris_apron" title="Lobate debris apron">Lobate debris apron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Polar_Basin_(Mars)" title="North Polar Basin (Mars)">North Polar Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_ocean_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars ocean hypothesis">Ocean hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ore_resources_on_Mars" title="Ore resources on Mars">Ore resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outflow_channels" title="Outflow channels">Outflow channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_polar_ice_caps" title="Martian polar ice caps">Polar caps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_mold_crater" title="Ring mold crater">Ring mold craters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cone" title="Rootless cone">Rootless cones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloped_topography" title="Scalloped topography">Scalloped topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_flows_on_warm_Martian_slopes" title="Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes">Seasonal flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_spherules" title="Martian spherules">Spherules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_surface" title="Martian surface">Surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cheese_features" title="Swiss cheese features">Swiss cheese features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrain_softening" title="Terrain softening">Terrain softening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholus" title="Tholus">Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_plains_unit" title="Upper plains unit">Upper plains unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_network_(Mars)" title="Valley network (Mars)">Valley networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_on_Mars" title="Water on Mars">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_discoveries_of_water_on_Mars" title="Chronology of discoveries of water on Mars">discovery chronology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yardangs_on_Mars" title="Yardangs on Mars">Yardangs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Mars" title="Geological history of Mars">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_(Mars)" title="Amazonian (Mars)">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperian" title="Hesperian">Hesperian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noachian" title="Noachian">Noachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mars_observation" title="History of Mars observation">Observation history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_canals" title="Martian canals">Canals</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_canals" title="List of Martian canals">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_albedo_features_on_Mars" title="Classical albedo features on Mars">Classical albedo features</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Rocks<br />observed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curiosity_(rover)" title="Curiosity (rover)"><i>Curiosity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Inlet_(rock)" title="Bathurst Inlet (rock)">Bathurst Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N165" title="N165">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulburn_(Mars)" title="Goulburn (Mars)">Goulburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottah_(Mars)" title="Hottah (Mars)">Hottah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Matijevic_(rock)" title="Jake Matijevic (rock)">Jake Matijevic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Link_(Mars)" title="Link (Mars)">Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_(Mars)" title="Rocknest (Mars)">Rocknest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocknest_3" title="Rocknest 3">Rocknest 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintina_(rock)" title="Tintina (rock)">Tintina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity"><i>Opportunity</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bounce_Rock" title="Bounce Rock">Bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Capitan_(Mars)" title="El Capitan (Mars)">El Capitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_(Mars)" title="Last Chance (Mars)">Last Chance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_(rover)" title="Sojourner (rover)"><i>Sojourner</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnacle_Bill_(Martian_rock)" title="Barnacle Bill (Martian rock)">Barnacle Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi_Rock" title="Yogi Rock">Yogi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surface_features_of_Mars_visited_by_Spirit_and_Opportunity" title="List of surface features of Mars visited by Spirit and Opportunity"><i>Spirit</i> rover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_(Mars)" title="Adirondack (Mars)">Adirondack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Plate_(Mars)" title="Home Plate (Mars)">Home Plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_(rover)#Mimi_rock_.28Sol_40.29" title="Spirit (rover)">Mimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pot_of_Gold_(Mars)" title="Pot of Gold (Mars)">Pot of Gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>Viking <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle#Results_From_Viking_I_Mission" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Big Joe</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)#.22Face_on_Mars.22" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Face</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_monolith" title="Mars monolith">Monolith</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rocks_on_Mars" title="List of rocks on Mars">Meteorites found on Mars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Block_Island_meteorite" title="Block Island meteorite">Block Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Shield_Rock" title="Heat Shield Rock">Heat Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackinac_Island_meteorite" title="Mackinac Island meteorite">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_Shield_Rock" title="Heat Shield Rock">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oile%C3%A1n_Ruaidh_(Mars_rock)" title="Oileán Ruaidh (Mars rock)">Oileán Ruaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelter_Island_meteorite" title="Shelter Island meteorite">Shelter Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite" title="Martian meteorite">Martian meteorites found on Earth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">Balsaltic Breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Chassignites" title="Martian meteorite">Chassignites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhlite" title="Nakhlite">Nakhlites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Shergottites" title="Martian meteorite">Shergottites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_meteorite#Ungrouped_meteorites" title="Martian meteorite">Other</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Martian_meteorites" title="List of Martian meteorites">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topography</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars" title="List of mountains on Mars">Mountains</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">volcanoes</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_on_Mars_by_height" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mountains on Mars by height">list by height</a>)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidalia_Colles" title="Acidalia Colles">Acidalia Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alba_Mons" title="Alba Mons">Alba Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anseris_Mons" title="Anseris Mons">Anseris Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollinaris_Mons" title="Apollinaris Mons">Apollinaris Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariadnes_Colles" title="Ariadnes Colles">Ariadnes Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astapus_Colles" title="Astapus Colles">Astapus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonia_Montes" title="Ausonia Montes">Ausonia Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avernus_Colles" title="Avernus Colles">Avernus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblis_Tholus" title="Biblis Tholus">Biblis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centauri_Montes" title="Centauri Montes">Centauri Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charitum_Montes" title="Charitum Montes">Charitum Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echus_Montes" title="Echus Montes">Echus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_(volcanic_province)" title="Elysium (volcanic province)">Elysium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Mons" title="Elysium Mons">Elysium Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albor_Tholus" title="Albor Tholus">Albor Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecates_Tholus" title="Hecates Tholus">Hecates Tholus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_Montes" title="Erebus Montes">Erebus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxius_Mons" title="Galaxius Mons">Galaxius Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadriacus_Mons" title="Hadriacus Mons">Hadriacus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_Montes" title="Hellas Montes">Hellas Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovis_Tholus" title="Jovis Tholus">Jovis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Montes" title="Libya Montes">Libya Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Sharp" title="Mount Sharp">Mount Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereidum_Montes" title="Nereidum Montes">Nereidum Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phlegra_Montes" title="Phlegra Montes">Phlegra Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Colles" title="Tartarus Colles">Tartarus Colles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarus_Montes" title="Tartarus Montes">Tartarus Montes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Montes" title="Tharsis Montes">Tharsis Montes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavonis_Mons" title="Pavonis Mons">Pavonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharsis_Tholus" title="Tharsis Tholus">Tharsis Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenus_Mons" title="Tyrrhenus Mons">Tyrrhenus Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Tholus" title="Ulysses Tholus">Ulysses Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_group_of_volcanoes" title="Uranius group of volcanoes">Uranius group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_Mons" title="Uranius Mons">Uranius Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceraunius_Tholus" title="Ceraunius Tholus">Ceraunius Tholus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranius_Tholus" title="Uranius Tholus">Uranius Tholus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plains_on_Mars" title="List of plains on Mars">Plains,<br />plateaus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidalia_Planitia" title="Acidalia Planitia">Acidalia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Palus" title="Aeolis Palus">Aeolis Palus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazonis_Planitia" title="Amazonis Planitia">Amazonis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Planitia" title="Arcadia Planitia">Arcadia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentea_Planum" title="Argentea Planum">Argentea Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argyre_Planitia" title="Argyre Planitia">Argyre Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_Planitia" title="Chryse Planitia">Chryse Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daedalia_Planum" title="Daedalia Planum">Daedalia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Planitia" title="Elysium Planitia">Elysium Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridania_Planitia" title="Eridania Planitia">Eridania Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellas_Planitia" title="Hellas Planitia">Hellas Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesperia_Planum" title="Hesperia Planum">Hesperia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaria_Planum" title="Icaria Planum">Icaria Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isidis_Planitia" title="Isidis Planitia">Isidis Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunae_Palus_quadrangle" title="Lunae Palus quadrangle">Lunae Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meridiani_Planum" title="Meridiani Planum">Meridiani Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxia_Planum" title="Oxia Planum">Oxia Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Australe" title="Planum Australe">Planum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planum_Boreum" title="Planum Boreum">Planum Boreum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Planum" title="Syria Planum">Syria Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrtis_Major_Planum" title="Syrtis Major Planum">Syrtis Major Planum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia_Planitia" title="Utopia Planitia">Utopia Planitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Patera" title="Eden Patera">Eden Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orcus_Patera" title="Orcus Patera">Orcus Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peneus_Patera" title="Peneus Patera">Peneus Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pityusa_Patera" title="Pityusa Patera">Pityusa Patera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siloe_Patera" title="Siloe Patera">Siloe Patera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chasma#Mars" title="Chasma">Canyons</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Vallis_(planetary_geology)" title="Vallis (planetary geology)">valleys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Chaos" title="Aram Chaos">Aram Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsia_Chasmata" title="Arsia Chasmata">Arsia Chasmata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromatum_Chaos" title="Aromatum Chaos">Aromatum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_Chaos" title="Atlantis Chaos">Atlantis Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aureum_Chaos" title="Aureum Chaos">Aureum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candor_Chasma" title="Candor Chasma">Candor Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasma_Boreale" title="Chasma Boreale">Chasma Boreale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coprates_Chasma" title="Coprates Chasma">Coprates Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echus_Chasma" title="Echus Chasma">Echus Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_Chaos" title="Eos Chaos">Eos Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_Chasma" title="Eos Chasma">Eos Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxias_Chaos" title="Galaxias Chaos">Galaxias Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Chasma" title="Ganges Chasma">Ganges Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgonum_Chaos" title="Gorgonum Chaos">Gorgonum Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebes_Chasma" title="Hebes Chasma">Hebes Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydaspis_Chaos" title="Hydaspis Chaos">Hydaspis Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraotes_Chaos" title="Hydraotes Chaos">Hydraotes Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iani_Chaos" title="Iani Chaos">Iani Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ister_Chaos" title="Ister Chaos">Ister Chaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ius_Chasma" title="Ius Chasma">Ius Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventae_Chasma" title="Juventae Chasma">Juventae Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melas_Chasma" title="Melas Chasma">Melas Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophir_Chasma" title="Ophir Chasma">Ophir Chasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithonium Chasma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valles_on_Mars" title="List of valles on Mars">List of valles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apsus_Vallis" title="Apsus Vallis">Apsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ares_Vallis" title="Ares Vallis">Ares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnus_Vallis" title="Arnus Vallis">Arnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asopus_Vallis" title="Asopus Vallis">Asopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athabasca_Valles" title="Athabasca Valles">Athabasca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auqakuh_Vallis" title="Auqakuh Vallis">Auqakuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahram_Vallis" title="Bahram Vallis">Bahram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buvinda_Vallis" title="Buvinda Vallis">Buvinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dao_Vallis" title="Dao Vallis">Dao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enipeus_Vallis" title="Enipeus Vallis">Enipeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frento_Vallis" title="Frento Vallis">Frento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granicus_Valles" title="Granicus Valles">Granicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Valley_(Mars)" title="Green Valley (Mars)">Green Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmakhis_Vallis" title="Harmakhis Vallis">Harmakhis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrus_Valles" title="Hebrus Valles">Hebrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Her_Desher_Vallis" title="Her Desher Vallis">Her Desher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrad_Vallis" title="Hrad Vallis">Hrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huo_Hsing_Vallis" title="Huo Hsing Vallis">Huo Hsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypanis_Valles" title="Hypanis Valles">Hypanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberus_Vallis" title="Iberus Vallis">Iberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Vallis" title="Indus Vallis">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ituxi_Vallis" title="Ituxi Vallis">Ituxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasei_Valles" title="Kasei Valles">Kasei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labou_Vallis" title="Labou Vallis">Labou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladon_Valles" title="Ladon Valles">Ladon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lethe_Vallis" title="Lethe Vallis">Lethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licus_Vallis" title="Licus Vallis">Licus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louros_Valles" title="Louros Valles">Louros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%CA%BCadim_Vallis" title="Maʼadim Vallis">Maʼadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mad_Vallis" title="Mad Vallis">Mad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maja_Valles" title="Maja Valles">Maja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamers_Valles" title="Mamers Valles">Mamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Valles" title="Mangala Valles">Mangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valles_Marineris" title="Valles Marineris">Marineris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Labes_on_Mars" title="List of Labes on Mars">Labes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marte_Vallis" title="Marte Vallis">Marte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maumee_Valles" title="Maumee Valles">Maumee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawrth_Vallis" title="Mawrth Vallis">Mawrth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minio_Vallis" title="Minio Vallis">Minio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naktong_Vallis" title="Naktong Vallis">Naktong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanedi_Valles" title="Nanedi Valles">Nanedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger_Vallis" title="Niger Vallis">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgal_Vallis" title="Nirgal Vallis">Nirgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padus_Vallis" title="Padus Vallis">Padus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_Valles" title="Paraná Valles">Paraná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patapsco_Vallis" title="Patapsco Vallis">Patapsco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Vallis" title="Peace Vallis">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahway_Valles" title="Rahway Valles">Rahway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Vallis" title="Ravi Vallis">Ravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reull_Vallis" title="Reull Vallis">Reull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabis_Vallis" title="Sabis Vallis">Sabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_Vallis" title="Sabrina Vallis">Sabrina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_Valles" title="Samara Valles">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamander_Vallis" title="Scamander Vallis">Scamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalbatana_Vallis" title="Shalbatana Vallis">Shalbatana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simud_Valles" title="Simud Valles">Simud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stura_Vallis" title="Stura Vallis">Stura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tader_Valles" title="Tader Valles">Tader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinia_Valles" title="Tinia Valles">Tinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinjar_Valles" title="Tinjar Valles">Tinjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiu_Valles" title="Tiu Valles">Tiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras_Vallis" title="Tyras Vallis">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzboi_Vallis" title="Uzboi Vallis">Uzboi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uzboi-Landon-Morava" title="Uzboi-Landon-Morava">ULM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedra_Valles" title="Vedra Valles">Vedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verde_Vallis" title="Verde Vallis">Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warrego_Valles" title="Warrego Valles">Warrego</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fossa_(planetary_nomenclature)" title="Fossa (planetary nomenclature)">Fossae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mensa_(geology)" title="Mensa (geology)">mensae</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Rupes" title="Rupes">rupes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labyrinthi_(planetary_geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labyrinthi (planetary geology)">labyrinthi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenthes_Fossae" title="Amenthes Fossae">Amenthes Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceraunius_Fossae" title="Ceraunius Fossae">Ceraunius Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_Fossae" title="Cerberus Fossae">Cerberus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coloe_Fossae" title="Coloe Fossae">Coloe Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyane_Fossae" title="Cyane Fossae">Cyane Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elysium_Fossae" title="Elysium Fossae">Elysium Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hephaestus_Fossae" title="Hephaestus Fossae">Hephaestus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icaria_Fossae" title="Icaria Fossae">Icaria Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labeatis_Fossae" title="Labeatis Fossae">Labeatis Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangala_Fossa" title="Mangala Fossa">Mangala Fossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mareotis_Fossae" title="Mareotis Fossae">Mareotis Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medusae_Fossae_Formation" title="Medusae Fossae Formation">Medusae Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memnonia_quadrangle#Fossa_on_Mars" title="Memnonia quadrangle">Memnonia Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nili_Fossae" title="Nili Fossae">Nili Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympica_Fossae" title="Olympica Fossae">Olympica Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oti_Fossae" title="Oti Fossae">Oti Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirenum_Fossae" title="Sirenum Fossae">Sirenum Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantalus_Fossae" title="Tantalus Fossae">Tantalus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tempe_Fossae" title="Tempe Fossae">Tempe Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithonium Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractus_Fossae" title="Tractus Fossae">Tractus Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Fossae" title="Ulysses Fossae">Ulysses Fossae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis_Mensae" title="Aeolis Mensae">Aeolis Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ausonia_Mensa" title="Ausonia Mensa">Ausonia Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capri_Mensa" title="Capri Mensa">Capri Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cydonia_(Mars)" title="Cydonia (Mars)">Cydonia Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deuteronilus_Mensae" title="Deuteronilus Mensae">Deuteronilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganges_Mensa" title="Ganges Mensa">Ganges Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilosyrtis_Mensae" title="Nilosyrtis Mensae">Nilosyrtis Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonilus_Mensae" title="Protonilus Mensae">Protonilus Mensae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacra_Mensa" title="Sacra Mensa">Sacra Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claritas_Rupes" title="Claritas Rupes">Claritas Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilokeras_Scopulus" title="Nilokeras Scopulus">Nilokeras Scopulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Rupes" title="Olympus Rupes">Olympus Rupes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupes_Tenuis" title="Rupes Tenuis">Rupes Tenuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angustus_Labyrinthus" title="Angustus Labyrinthus">Angustus Labyrinthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctis_Labyrinthus" title="Noctis Labyrinthus">Noctis Labyrinthus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crater_chain" title="Crater chain">Catenae</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_craters_on_Mars" title="List of craters on Mars">craters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artynia_Catena" class="mw-redirect" title="Artynia Catena">Artynia Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithonium_Chasma" title="Tithonium Chasma">Tithoniae Catenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tractus_Catena" title="Tractus Catena">Tractus Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adams (Martian crater)">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agassiz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agassiz (crater)">Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Airy (Martian crater)">Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airy-0" title="Airy-0">Airy-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aniak_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aniak (crater)">Aniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoniadi_(Martian_crater)" title="Antoniadi (Martian crater)">Antoniadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arandas_(crater)" title="Arandas (crater)">Arandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Argo (crater)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsky_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkhangelsky (crater)">Arkhangelsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrhenius_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrhenius (Martian crater)">Arrhenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asimov_(crater)" title="Asimov (crater)">Asimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacolor_(crater)" title="Bacolor (crater)">Bacolor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhuysen_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bakhuysen (crater)">Bakhuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldet_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baldet (Martian crater)">Baldet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltisk_(crater)" title="Baltisk (crater)">Baltisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamberg_(crater)" title="Bamberg (crater)">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabashov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barabashov (crater)">Barabashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnard_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnard (Martian crater)">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beagle_(crater)" title="Beagle (crater)">Beagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becquerel_(Martian_crater)" title="Becquerel (Martian crater)">Becquerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_(Martian_crater)" title="Beer (Martian crater)">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belz_(crater)" title="Belz (crater)">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_(crater)" title="Bernard (crater)">Bernard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianchini_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bianchini (Martian crater)">Bianchini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeddicker_(crater)" title="Boeddicker (crater)">Boeddicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bok_(Martian_crater)" title="Bok (Martian crater)">Bok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bond (crater)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonestell_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonestell (crater)">Bonestell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonneville_(crater)" title="Bonneville (crater)">Bonneville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brashear_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brashear (Martian crater)">Brashear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briault_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Briault (crater)">Briault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burroughs_(crater)" title="Burroughs (crater)">Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burton_(crater)" title="Burton (crater)">Burton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell (Martian crater)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canso_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canso (Martian crater)">Canso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassini_(Martian_crater)" title="Cassini (Martian crater)">Cassini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caxias_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caxias (crater)">Caxias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerulli_(crater)" title="Cerulli (crater)">Cerulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafe_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chafe (crater)">Chafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapais_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapais (crater)">Chapais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chincoteague_(crater)" title="Chincoteague (crater)">Chincoteague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chryse_Alien" title="Chryse Alien">Chryse Alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clark_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clark (Martian crater)">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblentz_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblentz (Martian crater)">Coblentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_(crater)" title="Columbus (crater)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicus_(Martian_crater)" title="Copernicus (Martian crater)">Copernicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corby_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corby (crater)">Corby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crewe_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crewe (crater)">Crewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crivitz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crivitz (crater)">Crivitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crommelin_(Martian_crater)" title="Crommelin (Martian crater)">Crommelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruls_(crater)" title="Cruls (crater)">Cruls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curie_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Curie (Martian crater)">Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da_Vinci_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Da Vinci (Martian crater)">Da Vinci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danielson_(crater)" title="Danielson (crater)">Danielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin (Martian crater)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davies_(crater)" title="Davies (crater)">Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawes_(Martian_crater)" title="Dawes (Martian crater)">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dejnev_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dejnev (Martian crater)">Dejnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denning_(Martian_crater)" title="Denning (Martian crater)">Denning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilly_(crater)" title="Dilly (crater)">Dilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinorwic_(crater)" title="Dinorwic (crater)">Dinorwic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglass_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglass (Martian crater)">Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dromore_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromore (crater)">Dromore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Martheray_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Du Martheray (crater)">Du Martheray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Acidalia_Planitia_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Acidalia Planitia crater)">Eagle (Acidalia Planitia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_(Meridiani_Planum_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eagle (Meridiani Planum crater)">Eagle (Meridiani Planum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eberswalde_(crater)" title="Eberswalde (crater)">Eberswalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_(crater)" title="Eddie (crater)">Eddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejriksson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejriksson (Martian crater)">Ejriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Dean_(crater)" title="Emma Dean (crater)">Emma Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_(crater)" title="Endeavour (crater)">Endeavour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matijevic_Hill" title="Matijevic Hill">Matijevic Hill</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endurance_(crater)" title="Endurance (crater)">Endurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erebus_(crater)" title="Erebus (crater)">Erebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escalante_(Martian_crater)" title="Escalante (Martian crater)">Escalante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eudoxus (Martian crater)">Eudoxus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenagh_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenagh (crater)">Fenagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fesenkov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fesenkov (Martian crater)">Fesenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firsoff_(Martian_crater)" title="Firsoff (Martian crater)">Firsoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammarion_(Martian_crater)" title="Flammarion (Martian crater)">Flammarion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaugergues_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaugergues (crater)">Flaugergues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focas_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Focas (Martian crater)">Focas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fontana_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fontana (Martian crater)">Fontana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fournier_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fournier (crater)">Fournier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fram_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fram (crater)">Fram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom (crater)">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdakao_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galdakao (crater)">Galdakao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_(crater)" title="Gale (crater)">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galle_(Martian_crater)" title="Galle (Martian crater)">Galle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garni_(crater)" title="Garni (crater)">Garni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasa_(crater)" title="Gasa (crater)">Gasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert (Martian crater)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill (Martian crater)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gledhill_(crater)" title="Gledhill (crater)">Gledhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_(crater)" title="Gold (crater)">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graff_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Graff (Martian crater)">Graff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_(Martian_crater)" title="Green (Martian crater)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindavik_(crater)" title="Grindavik (crater)">Grindavik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusev_(Martian_crater)" title="Gusev (Martian crater)">Gusev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_1_Hills" title="Apollo 1 Hills">Apollo 1 Hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaffee_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaffee Hill">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grissom_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Grissom Hill">Grissom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hill,_Mars" class="mw-redirect" title="White Hill, Mars">White</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Hills_(Mars)" title="Columbia Hills (Mars)">Columbia Hills</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Husband_Hill" title="Husband Hill">Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCool_Hill" title="McCool Hill">McCool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleepy_Hollow_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sleepy Hollow (Mars)">Sleepy Hollow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadley (crater)">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haldane_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haldane (Martian crater)">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hale_(Martian_crater)" title="Hale (Martian crater)">Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Halley (Martian crater)">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargraves_(crater)" title="Hargraves (crater)">Hargraves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartwig_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartwig (Martian crater)">Hartwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaviside_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heaviside (Martian crater)">Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdal_(crater)" title="Heimdal (crater)">Heimdal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinlein (crater)">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz (Martian crater)">Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_(Martian_crater)" title="Henry (Martian crater)">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herschel_(Martian_crater)" title="Herschel (Martian crater)">Herschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipparchus_(Martian_crater)" title="Hipparchus (Martian crater)">Hipparchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_(Martian_crater)" title="Holden (Martian crater)">Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holmes_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Holmes (crater)">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooke_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hooke (Martian crater)">Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huggins_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huggins (Martian crater)">Huggins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hussey_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussey (crater)">Hussey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutton_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hutton (Martian crater)">Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huxley (Martian crater)">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huygens_(crater)" title="Huygens (crater)">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazu_(crater)" title="Iazu (crater)">Iazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibragimov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibragimov (crater)">Ibragimov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuvik_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inuvik (crater)">Inuvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janssen_(Martian_crater)" title="Janssen (Martian crater)">Janssen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarry-Desloges_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarry-Desloges (crater)">Jarry-Desloges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeans_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeans (Martian crater)">Jeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jezero_(crater)" title="Jezero (crater)">Jezero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jez%C5%BEa_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jezža (crater)">Jezža</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joly_(crater)" title="Joly (crater)">Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jones (Martian crater)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_(Martian_crater)" title="Kaiser (Martian crater)">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keeler (Martian crater)">Keeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepler (Martian crater)">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinkora_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinkora (crater)">Kinkora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipini_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kipini (crater)">Kipini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knobel_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knobel (crater)">Knobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koga_(crater)" title="Koga (crater)">Koga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korolev_(Martian_crater)" title="Korolev (Martian crater)">Korolev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufra_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kufra (crater)">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuiper_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper (Martian crater)">Kuiper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunowsky_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunowsky (Martian crater)">Kunowsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambert (Martian crater)">Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamont_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamont (Martian crater)">Lamont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampland_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampland (Martian crater)">Lampland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lassell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lassell (Martian crater)">Lassell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lau (crater)">Lau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Verrier_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Verrier (Martian crater)">Le Verrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Fan_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Fan (crater)">Li Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liais_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liais (crater)">Liais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipik_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipik (crater)">Lipik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Hsin_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Hsin (crater)">Liu Hsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanesco" class="mw-redirect" title="Llanesco">Llanesco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lockyer_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockyer (Martian crater)">Lockyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lod_(crater)" title="Lod (crater)">Lod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohse_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohse (Martian crater)">Lohse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomonosov_(Martian_crater)" title="Lomonosov (Martian crater)">Lomonosov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louth_(crater)" title="Louth (crater)">Louth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_(Martian_crater)" title="Lowell (Martian crater)">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyell (Martian crater)">Lyell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyot_(Martian_crater)" title="Lyot (Martian crater)">Lyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dler_(Martian_crater)" title="Mädler (Martian crater)">Mädler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magelhaens_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magelhaens (Martian crater)">Magelhaens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggini_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggini (crater)">Maggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_(Martian_crater)" title="Main (Martian crater)">Main</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandora_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mandora (crater)">Mandora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraldi_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraldi (Martian crater)">Maraldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariner_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariner (crater)">Mariner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marth_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marth (Martian crater)">Marth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martz (crater)">Martz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masursky_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Masursky (Martian crater)">Masursky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maunder_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maunder (Martian crater)">Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLaughlin_(Martian_crater)" title="McLaughlin (Martian crater)">McLaughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMurdo_(crater)" title="McMurdo (crater)">McMurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellish_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mellish (crater)">Mellish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendel_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendel (Martian crater)">Mendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mie_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mie (crater)">Mie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milankovi%C4%8D_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Milankovič (Martian crater)">Milankovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millochau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Millochau (crater)">Millochau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchel_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchel (crater)">Mitchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_(crater)" title="Miyamoto (crater)">Miyamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk (crater)">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojave_(crater)" title="Mojave (crater)">Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molesworth_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Molesworth (crater)">Molesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montevallo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Montevallo (crater)">Montevallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moreux_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moreux (crater)">Moreux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCller_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Müller (Martian crater)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansen_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nansen (Martian crater)">Nansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereus_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nereus (crater)">Nereus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newton_(Martian_crater)" title="Newton (Martian crater)">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhill_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhill (crater)">Nhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholson (Martian crater)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niesten_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niesten (crater)">Niesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipigon_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nipigon (crater)">Nipigon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onon_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Onon (crater)">Onon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Orson Welles (crater)">Orson Welles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oudemans_(crater)" title="Oudemans (crater)">Oudemans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palana_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palana (crater)">Palana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangboche_(crater)" title="Pangboche (crater)">Pangboche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasteur_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasteur (Martian crater)">Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penticton_(crater)" title="Penticton (crater)">Penticton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perepelkin_(Martian_crater)" title="Perepelkin (Martian crater)">Perepelkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peridier_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peridier (crater)">Peridier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persbo_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Persbo (crater)">Persbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pettit_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pettit (Martian crater)">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips (Martian crater)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickering_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pickering (Martian crater)">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Playfair (Martian crater)">Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollack_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollack (Martian crater)">Pollack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poona_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poona (crater)">Poona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_(Martian_crater)" title="Porter (Martian crater)">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porth_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Porth (crater)">Porth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priestley_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestley (Martian crater)">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor_(Martian_crater)" title="Proctor (Martian crater)">Proctor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_(Martian_crater)" title="Ptolemaeus (Martian crater)">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%C5%84sk_(crater)" title="Puńsk (crater)">Puńsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quenisset_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quenisset (crater)">Quenisset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabe_(crater)" title="Rabe (crater)">Rabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radau_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Radau (crater)">Radau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahe_(crater)" title="Rahe (crater)">Rahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayleigh_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rayleigh (Martian crater)">Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Redi (crater)">Redi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaudot_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Renaudot (crater)">Renaudot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuyl_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reuyl (crater)">Reuyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_(crater)" title="Reynolds (crater)">Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richardson_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richardson (Martian crater)">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritchey_(Martian_crater)" title="Ritchey (Martian crater)">Ritchey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sharp_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Sharp (crater)">Robert Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roddenberry_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roddenberry (crater)">Roddenberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ross (Martian crater)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rossby_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossby (crater)">Rossby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudaux_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudaux (crater)">Rudaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell (Martian crater)">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rutherford (Martian crater)">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagan_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagan (crater)">Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saheki_(crater)" title="Saheki (crater)">Saheki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Maria_(crater)" title="Santa Maria (crater)">Santa Maria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeberle_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schaeberle (Martian crater)">Schaeberle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiaparelli_(Martian_crater)" title="Schiaparelli (Martian crater)">Schiaparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schmidt_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schmidt (Martian crater)">Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secchi_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Secchi (Martian crater)">Secchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semeykin_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Semeykin (crater)">Semeykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharonov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharonov (Martian crater)">Sharonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibu_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sibu (crater)">Sibu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinton_(crater)" title="Sinton (crater)">Sinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitka_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sitka (crater)">Sitka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sklodowska_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sklodowska (Martian crater)">Sklodowska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slipher_(Martian_crater)" title="Slipher (Martian crater)">Slipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith (Martian crater)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_(Martian_crater)" title="South (Martian crater)">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spallanzani_(Martian_crater)" title="Spallanzani (Martian crater)">Spallanzani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sr%C4%ABpur_(crater)" title="Srīpur (crater)">Srīpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steno_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Steno (Martian crater)">Steno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokes_(Martian_crater)" title="Stokes (Martian crater)">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoney_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoney (Martian crater)">Stoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suess_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suess (Martian crater)">Suess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhi_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suzhi (crater)">Suzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarsus_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarsus (crater)">Tarsus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taytay_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taytay (crater)">Taytay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teisserenc_de_Bort_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Teisserenc de Bort (crater)">Teisserenc de Bort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terby_(crater)" title="Terby (crater)">Terby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thila_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thila (crater)">Thila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thira_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thira (crater)">Thira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhonravov_(crater)" title="Tikhonravov (crater)">Tikhonravov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhov_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhov (Martian crater)">Tikhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbuktu_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timbuktu (crater)">Timbuktu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombaugh_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tombaugh (crater)">Tombaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooting_(crater)" title="Tooting (crater)">Tooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trouvelot_(Martian_crater)" title="Trouvelot (Martian crater)">Trouvelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Troy (crater)">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trud_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trud (crater)">Trud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpler_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trumpler (Martian crater)">Trumpler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugaske_(crater)" title="Tugaske (crater)">Tugaske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tycho Brahe (Martian crater)">Tycho Brahe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndall_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyndall (Martian crater)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udzha" class="mw-redirect" title="Udzha">Udzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_(Martian_crater)" title="Vernal (Martian crater)">Vernal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_(Martian_crater)" title="Very (Martian crater)">Very</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_(crater)" title="Victoria (crater)">Victoria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde_(Mars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Verde (Mars)">Cape Verde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinogradov_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinogradov (crater)">Vinogradov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinogradsky_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinogradsky (crater)">Vinogradsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virrat_(crater)" title="Virrat (crater)">Virrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishniac_(crater)" title="Vishniac (crater)">Vishniac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vogel_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogel (Martian crater)">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n_(Martian_crater)" title="Von Kármán (Martian crater)">Von Kármán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vostok_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vostok (crater)">Vostok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace (Martian crater)">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wegener_(Martian_crater)" title="Wegener (Martian crater)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinbaum_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weinbaum (crater)">Weinbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wells (crater)">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Williams (Martian crater)">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winslow_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Winslow (crater)">Winslow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirtz_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wirtz (crater)">Wirtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wislicenus_(crater)" title="Wislicenus (crater)">Wislicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_(Martian_crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright (Martian crater)">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuty_(crater)" title="Yuty (crater)">Yuty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumba_(crater)" title="Zumba (crater)">Zumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zunil_(crater)" title="Zunil (crater)">Zunil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soil_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_type" title="Template talk:Soil type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base<br /> for Soil Resources</a> (1998–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisol" title="Acrisol">Acrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisols">Alisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">Andosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrosol" title="Anthrosol">Anthrosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamment" title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6774744#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85081567">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553215805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&oldid=1255264206">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&oldid=1255264206</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mars" title="Category:Mars">Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Missions_to_Mars" title="Category:Missions to Mars">Missions to Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regolith" title="Category:Regolith">Regolith</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rocks_on_Mars" title="Category:Rocks on Mars">Rocks on Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Surface_features_of_Mars" title="Category:Surface features of Mars">Surface features of Mars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Water_on_Mars" title="Category:Water on Mars">Water on Mars</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_March_2014" title="Category:Use mdy dates from March 2014">Use mdy dates from March 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 November 2024, at 00:35<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martian_regolith&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c4dcdbb87-kcq9p","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.214","walltime":"1.648","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4305,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":277890,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":903,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":252065,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1338.089 1 -total"," 42.21% 564.843 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.38% 353.052 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.24% 230.752 2 Template:Multiple_image"," 10.19% 136.397 1 Template:Geography_of_Mars"," 9.97% 133.347 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"," 7.70% 102.988 19 Template:Cite_web"," 7.38% 98.770 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.12% 55.146 2 Template:Pagetype"," 2.81% 37.626 3 Template:Further"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.712","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6892046,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-fjfpb","timestamp":"20241203072143","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Martian regolith","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Martian_regolith","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6774744","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q6774744","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2009-01-10T00:11:29Z","dateModified":"2024-11-04T00:35:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/dc\/PIA17944-MarsCuriosityRover-AfterCrossingDingoGapSanddune-20140209.jpg","headline":"fine regolith found on the surface of Mars"}</script> </body> </html>