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id="toc-Corrosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High-temperature_creep_and_flammability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-temperature_creep_and_flammability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 High-temperature creep and flammability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-temperature_creep_and_flammability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Occurrence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production_quantities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_quantities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Production quantities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_quantities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pidgeon_and_Bolzano_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pidgeon_and_Bolzano_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pidgeon and Bolzano processes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pidgeon_and_Bolzano_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dow_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dow_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Dow process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dow_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carbothermic_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carbothermic_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Carbothermic process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carbothermic_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-YSZ_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#YSZ_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 YSZ process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-YSZ_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rieke_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rieke_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Rieke process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rieke_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Uses </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Uses subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnesium_metal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnesium_metal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Magnesium metal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnesium_metal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Aircraft </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automotive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automotive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 Automotive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automotive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electronics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electronics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.3 Electronics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electronics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Source_of_light" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Source_of_light"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.4 Source of light </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Source_of_light-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_reagent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_reagent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.5 Chemical reagent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_reagent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.6 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compounds_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_roles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_roles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Biological roles </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_roles-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biological roles subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_roles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Mechanism of action </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nutrition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nutrition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Nutrition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nutrition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dietary_recommendations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dietary_recommendations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Dietary recommendations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dietary_recommendations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 Supplementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Metabolism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_in_serum_and_plasma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_in_serum_and_plasma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Detection in serum and plasma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection_in_serum_and_plasma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Deficiency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Therapy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Overdose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Function_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Function_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Function in plants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Function_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Safety precautions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cited sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Magnesium</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 169 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-169" aria-hidden="true" > 169 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9B%E1%8C%8D%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%A5%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9D" title="ማግኒዥየም – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ማግኒዥየም" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="मैग्नीशियम – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मैग्नीशियम" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="مغنيسيوم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مغنيسيوم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Magneziu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiu" title="Magnesiu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Magnesiu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="म्याग्नेजियम – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="म्याग्नेजियम" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maqnezium" title="Maqnezium – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Maqnezium" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%85" title="منیزیوم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منیزیوم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Magnésium" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ম্যাগনেসিয়াম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ম্যাগনেসিয়াম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Магній – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Магній" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD" title="Магн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Магн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="मैग्नीशियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मैग्नीशियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesyo" title="Magnesyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Magnesyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магнезий – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магнезий" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%A0%E0%BC%8D" title="དཀར་གཡའ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="དཀར་གཡའ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Magnezij" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneziom" title="Magneziom – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Magneziom" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Magnesi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesyo" title="Magnesyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Magnesyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99%C4%8D%C3%ADk" title="Hořčík – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hořčík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiu" title="Magnesiu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Magnesiu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiwm" title="Magnesiwm – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Magnesiwm" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DD%A3%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="ماݣنيزيوم – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ماݣنيزيوم" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%89%DE%AC%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%82%DE%A9%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%B0" title="މެގްނީޒިއަމް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="މެގްނީޒިއަމް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9%C3%A9sh_%C5%82ikon%C3%AD" title="Béésh łikoní – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Béésh łikoní" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneesium" title="Magneesium – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Magneesium" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CE%AE%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μαγνήσιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαγνήσιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezio" title="Magnezio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Magnezio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85" title="منیزیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منیزیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magnésium" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Magnesi" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maign%C3%A9isiam" title="Maignéisiam – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Maignéisiam" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnaishum" title="Magnaishum – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Magnaishum" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82" title="ЦӀокъболат – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ЦӀокъболат" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%82" title="鎂 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="鎂" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%AE" title="મેગ્નેશિયમ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેગ્નેશિયમ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D2%A3%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Маңһанис – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Маңһанис" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EA%B7%B8%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%98" title="마그네슘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마그네슘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makanekiuma" title="Makanekiuma – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makanekiuma" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մագնեզիում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մագնեզիում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="मैग्नीसियम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मैग्नीसियम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Magnezij" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezo" title="Magnezo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Magnezo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Магни – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Магни" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/UmGethe" title="UmGethe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="UmGethe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnes%C3%ADn" title="Magnesín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Magnesín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מגנזיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגנזיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A8siyum" title="Magnèsiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Magnèsiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%C3%B1%C9%A9z%C9%A9y%C9%94m" title="Mañɩzɩyɔm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mañɩzɩyɔm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮೆಗ್ನೀಸಿಯಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮೆಗ್ನೀಸಿಯಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მაგნიუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მაგნიუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnez" title="Magnez – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Magnez" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiom" title="Magnesiom – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Magnesiom" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Magnesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manyezy%C3%B2m" title="Manyezyòm – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Manyezyòm" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezy%C3%BBm" title="Magnezyûm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Magnezyûm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnejie" title="Magnejie – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Magnejie" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%A1" title="ແມກນີຊຽມ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແມກນີຊຽມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnijs" title="Magnijs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Magnijs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnis" title="Magnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Magnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manezu" title="Manezu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Manezu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnii" title="Magnii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Magnii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lidgusyjinme" title="lidgusyjinme – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lidgusyjinme" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesio" title="Magnesio – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Magnesio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9zium" title="Magnézium – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Magnézium" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Магнезиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manezi%C3%B4ma" title="Maneziôma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Maneziôma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="മഗ്നീഷ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഗ്നീഷ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konupora" title="Konupora – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Konupora" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="मॅग्नेशियम – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मॅग्नेशियम" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%BA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="مغنسيوم – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مغنسيوم" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%AB_(g%C4%ADng-s%E1%B9%B3%CC%86k)" title="Mī (gĭng-sṳ̆k) – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mī (gĭng-sṳ̆k)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%8C" title="Магнезь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Магнезь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Магни – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Магни" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="မဂ္ဂနီစီယမ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မဂ္ဂနီစီယမ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="म्याग्नेसियम – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="म्याग्नेसियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="म्याग्नेजियम – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="म्याग्नेजियम" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B0%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A6%E3%83%A0" title="マグネシウム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マグネシウム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneesium" title="Magneesium – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Magneesium" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesie" title="Magnesie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Magnesie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A8si" title="Magnèsi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Magnèsi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maagniziyeemii" title="Maagniziyeemii – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maagniziyeemii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magniy" title="Magniy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Magniy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE" title="ਮੈਗਨੀਸ਼ੀਅਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੈਗਨੀਸ਼ੀਅਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="म्याग्नेजियम – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="म्याग्नेजियम" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%85" title="میگنیشیئم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="میگنیشیئم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B2%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA" title="မဲဂ္ဂနီသီယမ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="မဲဂ္ဂနီသီယမ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%90%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85" title="مگنېزيوم – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مگنېزيوم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Magnesi" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnez" title="Magnez – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Magnez" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sio" title="Magnésio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magnésio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magneziu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qunta_q%27illay" title="Qunta q'illay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Qunta q'illay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезиум – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Магнезиум" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="मैग्नीसियम – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="मैग्नीसियम" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A2" title="ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱮᱜᱽᱱᱤᱥᱤᱭᱟᱢ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A8siu" title="Magnèsiu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Magnèsiu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneziumi" title="Magneziumi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magneziumi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesiu" title="Magnesiu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Magnesiu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%93%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A" title="මැග්නීසියම් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මැග්නීසියම්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%85" title="ميگنيشيئم – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ميگنيشيئم" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hor%C4%8D%C3%ADk" title="Horčík – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Horčík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Magnezij" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magniisiyaam" title="Magniisiyaam – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Magniisiyaam" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%85" title="مەگنیزیۆم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەگنیزیۆم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Магнезијум – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Магнезијум" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezij" title="Magnezij – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Magnezij" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9sium" title="Magnésium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Magnésium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Magnesium" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnisyo" title="Magnisyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Magnisyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்னீசியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்னீசியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="మాగ్నీషియం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మాగ్నీషియం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="แมกนีเซียม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แมกนีเซียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Магний – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Магний" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnezyum" title="Magnezyum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Magnezyum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9" title="Магній – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Магній" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85" title="میگنیشیم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="میگنیشیم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86%D9%89%D9%8A" title="ماگنىي – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ماگنىي" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnii" title="Magnii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Magnii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Magnesi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magneziom" title="Magneziom – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Magneziom" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%82" title="鎂 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鎂" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnesyo" title="Magnesyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magnesyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="镁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="מאגנעזיום – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאגנעזיום" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magn%C3%A9s%C3%AD%E1%BB%8D%CC%80m%C3%B9" title="Magnésíọ̀mù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Magnésíọ̀mù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%8E%82" title="鎂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="鎂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%81" title="镁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="镁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B3%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%8E" title="ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵎⴰⴳⵏⵉⵣⵢⵓⵎ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q660#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the chemical element. For the use of magnesium as a medication, see <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_(medical_use)" title="Magnesium (medical use)">Magnesium (medical use)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> (Mn).</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical element with atomic number 12 (Mg)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1158442001">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>.wikitable,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox .periodictable{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data{width:calc(100% - 20px)}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data>div{max-width:100%;overflow:auto}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Magnesium, 12Mg</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_2893_Crystalised_magnesium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2296" data-file-height="1728" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Magnesium</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/mæɡˈniːziəm/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">mag-NEE-zee-əm</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Appearance</th><td class="infobox-data">shiny grey solid</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align: left; color:inherit; background: transparent;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">Standard atomic weight</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Ar°(Mg)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>[24.304, 24.307]<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW-1">[1]</a></li><li>24.305±0.002 (<a href="/wiki/Standard_atomic_weight#Abridged_atomic_weight" title="Standard atomic weight">abridged</a>)<a href="#cite_note-CIAAW2021-2">[2]</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Magnesium in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; width:100%; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="periodictable" style="margin:0 auto"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none; width:5px"><div style="background-color:transparent; color:inherit; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:center; border:none;"> <table style="empty-cells:hidden; border:none; padding:0; border-spacing:1px; border-collapse:separate; margin:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="border:none;padding:0;"> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">Helium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Lithium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> </td> 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title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Rhenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Osmium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Iridium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Platinum</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Gold</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Mercury (element)</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Thallium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Lead</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bismuth</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Polonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">Astatine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Radon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Francium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Actinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Thorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Protactinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Neptunium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Plutonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Americium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Curium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Berkelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Californium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Einsteinium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fermium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Mendelevium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Darmstadtium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Roentgenium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Copernicium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Moscovium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Livermorium</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Tennessine</a> </td> <td style="border:none;padding:0;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Oganesson</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; width:10px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> ↑ Mg ↓ <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="nowrap" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; line-height:100%; padding-top:0; padding-bottom:1px; border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> ← magnesium → <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Atomic number</a> (Z)</th><td class="infobox-data">12</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Group</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">group 2 (alkaline earth metals)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Period</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">period 3</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Block</a></th><td class="infobox-data">  <a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)#s-block" title="Block (periodic table)">s-block</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">Electron configuration</a></th><td class="infobox-data">[<a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a>] 3s2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Electrons per shell</th><td class="infobox-data">2, 8, 2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Phase_(matter)" title="Phase (matter)">Phase</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">STP</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">923 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a> (650 °C, 1202 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1363 K (1091 °C, 1994 °F) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> (at 20° C)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.737 g/cm3<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">when liquid (at <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">m.p.</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.584 g/cm3 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion" title="Enthalpy of fusion">Heat of fusion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8.48 <a href="/wiki/Kilojoule_per_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilojoule per mole">kJ/mol</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Heat of vaporization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">128 kJ/mol </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Molar_heat_capacity" title="Molar heat capacity">Molar heat capacity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">24.869<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> J/(mol·K) </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a><div style="position:relative; margin:0 auto; padding:0; text-align:initial; width:-moz-fit-content;width:-webkit-fit-content;width:fit-content;"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%; border-collapse:collapse; margin:0"> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Pressure">P</abbr> (Pa) </th> <th>1 </th> <th>10 </th> <th>100 </th> <th>1 k </th> <th>10 k </th> <th>100 k </th></tr> <tr> <th>at <abbr title="Temperature">T</abbr> (K) </th> <td>701 </td> <td>773 </td> <td>861 </td> <td>971 </td> <td>1132 </td> <td>1361 </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Atomic properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="infobox-data">common: +2 0,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> +1<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pauling scale: 1.31 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energy" title="Ionization energy">Ionization energies</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1st: 737.7 kJ/mol </li><li>2nd: 1450.7 kJ/mol </li><li>3rd: 7732.7 kJ/mol </li><li>(<a href="/wiki/Molar_ionization_energies_of_the_elements#magnesium" title="Molar ionization energies of the elements">more</a>) </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radius" title="Atomic radius">Atomic radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">empirical: 160 <a href="/wiki/Picometre" title="Picometre">pm</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Covalent_radius" title="Covalent radius">Covalent radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">141±7 pm </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Van_der_Waals_radius" title="Van der Waals radius">Van der Waals radius</a></th><td class="infobox-data">173 pm </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:12_(Mg_I)_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Color lines in a spectral range" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/240px-12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/360px-12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png/480px-12_%28Mg_I%29_NIST_ASD_emission_spectrum.png 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><a href="/wiki/Spectral_line" title="Spectral line">Spectral lines</a> of magnesium</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">Other properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Natural occurrence</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Crystal_structure" title="Crystal structure">Crystal structure</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <a href="/wiki/Close-packing_of_equal_spheres" title="Close-packing of equal spheres">hexagonal close-packed</a> (hcp) (<a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">hP2</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lattice_constant" title="Lattice constant">Lattice constants</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexagonal_close_packed.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for magnesium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/50px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/75px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Hexagonal_close_packed.svg/100px-Hexagonal_close_packed.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="307" /></a></div>a = 320.91 pm c = 521.03 pm (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25.91×10−6/K (at 20 °C)<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">156<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> W/(m⋅K) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivity_and_conductivity" title="Electrical resistivity and conductivity">Electrical resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">43.9<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C) </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetism" title="Magnetism">Magnetic ordering</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paramagnetism" title="Paramagnetism">paramagnetic</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Molar magnetic susceptibility</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+13.1×10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">45 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Shear_modulus" title="Shear modulus">Shear modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">17 GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Bulk_modulus" title="Bulk modulus">Bulk modulus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">35.4<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> GPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a> thin rod</th><td class="infobox-data">4940 m/s (at <a href="/wiki/Room_temperature" title="Room temperature">r.t.</a>) (annealed)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson ratio</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.290 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mohs_scale_of_mineral_hardness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohs scale of mineral hardness">Mohs hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1–2.5 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Brinell_hardness_test" title="Brinell hardness test">Brinell hardness</a></th><td class="infobox-data">44–260 MPa </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7439-95-4 </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Naming</th><td class="infobox-data">after <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_(regional_unit)" title="Magnesia (regional unit)">Magnesia</a>, Greece<a href="#cite_note-r1-12">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemical_element_discoveries" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of chemical element discoveries">Discovery</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> (1755<a href="#cite_note-r1-12">[11]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First isolation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1808<a href="#cite_note-r1-12">[11]</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">Isotopes of magnesium</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_magnesium_isotopes" title="Template:Infobox magnesium isotopes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_magnesium_isotopes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox magnesium isotopes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; margin: 0; padding: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Main isotopes<a href="#cite_note-NUBASE2020-13">[12]</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Decay</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_abundance" title="Natural abundance">abundance</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(t1/2) </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay#Types_of_decay" title="Radioactive decay">mode</a> </th> <th style="padding: 0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Decay_product" title="Decay product">product</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">24Mg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">79% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Stable isotope">stable</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">25Mg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">10% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="1" style="vertical-align: top;">26Mg </th> <td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: right;">11% </td> <td rowspan="1" colspan="3" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">stable </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint" style="color:inherit; background:#ff9999"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Magnesium" title="Category:Magnesium">Category: Magnesium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Infobox_magnesium" title="Template:Infobox magnesium">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Infobox_magnesium" title="Template talk:Infobox magnesium">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox_magnesium" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Infobox magnesium">edit</a></li></ul></div> | <a href="/wiki/List_of_data_references_for_chemical_elements" title="List of data references for chemical elements">references</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Magnesium is a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical element</a>; it has <a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">symbol</a> Mg and <a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic number</a> 12. It is a shiny gray metal having a low density, low melting point and high chemical reactivity. Like the other <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth metals</a> (group 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>) it occurs naturally only in combination with other elements and almost always has an <a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">oxidation state</a> of +2. It reacts readily with air to form a thin <a href="/wiki/Passivation_(chemistry)" title="Passivation (chemistry)">passivation</a> coating of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> that inhibits further corrosion of the metal. The free metal burns with a brilliant-white light. The metal is obtained mainly by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of magnesium <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> obtained from <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a>. It is less dense than <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and is used primarily as a component in strong and lightweight <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_alloy" title="Magnesium alloy">alloys</a> that contain aluminium. In the <a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos">cosmos</a>, magnesium is produced in large, aging <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> by the sequential addition of three <a href="/wiki/Helium_nucleus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helium nucleus">helium nuclei</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> nucleus. When such stars explode as <a href="/wiki/Supernova" title="Supernova">supernovas</a>, much of the magnesium is expelled into the <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">interstellar medium</a> where it may recycle into new star systems. Magnesium is the eighth most abundant element in the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a><a href="#cite_note-Abundance-14">[13]</a> and the fourth most common element in the Earth (after <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a>), making up 13% of the planet's mass and a large fraction of the planet's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>. It is the third most abundant element dissolved in seawater, after <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> This element is the eleventh most abundant element by mass in the <a href="/wiki/Human_body" title="Human body">human body</a> and is essential to all cells and some 300 <a href="/wiki/Enzymes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzymes">enzymes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nih-16">[15]</a> Magnesium ions interact with <a href="/wiki/Polyphosphate" title="Polyphosphate">polyphosphate</a> compounds such as <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Hundreds of enzymes require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common <a href="/wiki/Laxatives" class="mw-redirect" title="Laxatives">laxatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antacids" class="mw-redirect" title="Antacids">antacids</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Milk_of_magnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk of magnesia">milk of magnesia</a>), and to stabilize abnormal nerve excitation or blood vessel spasm in such conditions as <a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nih-16">[15]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_properties">Physical properties</h3></div> Elemental magnesium is a gray-white lightweight metal, two-thirds the density of aluminium. Magnesium has the lowest melting (923 K (650 °C)) and the lowest boiling point (1,363 K (1,090 °C)) of all the alkaline earth metals.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Pure polycrystalline magnesium is brittle and easily fractures along <a href="/wiki/Shear_band" title="Shear band">shear bands</a>. It becomes much more <a href="/wiki/Ductility" title="Ductility">malleable</a> when alloyed with small amounts of other metals, such as 1% aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> The malleability of polycrystalline magnesium can also be significantly improved by reducing its grain size to about 1 <a href="/wiki/Micrometre" title="Micrometre">μm</a> or less.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> When finely powdered, magnesium reacts with water to produce hydrogen gas: <dl><dd>Mg(s) + 2 H2O(g) → Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) + 1203.6 kJ/mol</dd></dl> However, this reaction is much less dramatic than the reactions of the alkali metals with water, because the magnesium hydroxide builds up on the surface of the magnesium metal and inhibits further reaction.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_properties">Chemical properties</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxidation">Oxidation</h4></div> The principal property of magnesium metal is its reducing power. One hint is that it <a href="/wiki/Tarnish" title="Tarnish">tarnishes</a> slightly when exposed to air, although, unlike the heavier <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkaline earth metals">alkaline earth metals</a>, an oxygen-free environment is unnecessary for storage because magnesium is protected by a thin layer of oxide that is fairly impermeable and difficult to remove.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> Direct reaction of magnesium with air or oxygen at ambient pressure forms only the "normal" oxide MgO. However, this oxide may be combined with hydrogen peroxide to form <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">magnesium peroxide</a>, MgO2, and at low temperature the peroxide may be further reacted with ozone to form magnesium superoxide Mg(O2)2.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Magnesium reacts with nitrogen in the solid state if it is powdered and heated to just below the melting point, forming <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitride" title="Magnesium nitride">Magnesium nitride</a> Mg3N2.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Magnesium reacts with water at room temperature, though it reacts much more slowly than calcium, a similar group 2 metal.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> When submerged in water, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> bubbles form slowly on the surface of the metal; this reaction happens much more rapidly with powdered magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> The reaction also occurs faster with higher temperatures (see <a href="#Safety_precautions">§ Safety precautions</a>). Magnesium's reversible reaction with water can be harnessed to store energy and run a <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_injection_cycle" title="Magnesium injection cycle">magnesium-based engine</a>. Magnesium also reacts exothermically with most acids such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> (HCl), producing <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> and hydrogen gas, similar to the HCl reaction with aluminium, zinc, and many other metals.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Although it is difficult to ignite in mass or bulk, magnesium metal will ignite. Magnesium may also be used as an igniter for <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">thermite</a>, a mixture of aluminium and iron oxide powder that ignites only at a very high temperature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Organic_chemistry">Organic chemistry</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagent</a></div> Organomagnesium compounds are widespread in <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">organic chemistry</a>. They are commonly found as <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grignard reagents">Grignard reagents</a>, formed by reaction of magnesium with <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkanes</a>. Examples of <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grignard reagents">Grignard reagents</a> are <a href="/wiki/Phenylmagnesium_bromide" title="Phenylmagnesium bromide">phenylmagnesium bromide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethylmagnesium_bromide" title="Ethylmagnesium bromide">ethylmagnesium bromide</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Grignard reagents">Grignard reagents</a> function as a common <a href="/wiki/Nucleophile" title="Nucleophile">nucleophile</a>, attacking the <a href="/wiki/Electrophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophilic">electrophilic</a> group such as the carbon atom that is present within the polar bond of a <a href="/wiki/Carbonyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonyl">carbonyl</a> group. A prominent organomagnesium reagent beyond Grignard reagents is <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_anthracene" title="Magnesium anthracene">magnesium anthracene</a>, which is used as a source of highly active magnesium. The related <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a>-magnesium adduct serves as a source for the butadiene dianion. Complexes of dimagnesium(I) have been observed.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detection_in_solution">Detection in solution</h4></div> The presence of magnesium ions can be detected by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monosodium_phosphate" title="Monosodium phosphate">monosodium phosphate</a> to an aqueous or dilute HCl solution of the salt. The formation of a white precipitate indicates the presence of magnesium ions. <a href="/wiki/Azo_violet" title="Azo violet">Azo violet</a> dye can also be used, turning deep blue in the presence of an alkaline solution of magnesium salt. The color is due to the <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorption</a> of azo violet by <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Mg(OH)2</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alloys">Alloys</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_alloy" title="Magnesium alloy">Magnesium alloy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg/310px-Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg/465px-Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg/620px-Cold_rolling_of_Mg_and_Mg-1Al-0.1Ca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption>Magnesium is brittle, and fractures along <a href="/wiki/Shear_band" title="Shear band">shear bands</a> when its thickness is reduced by only 10% by <a href="/wiki/Cold_rolling" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold rolling">cold rolling</a> (top). However, after alloying Mg with 1% Al and 0.1% Ca, its thickness could be reduced by 54% using the same process (bottom).</figcaption></figure> As of 2013, magnesium alloys consumption was less than one million tonnes per year, compared with 50 million tonnes of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_alloy" title="Aluminium alloy">aluminium alloys</a>. Their use has been historically limited by the tendency of Mg alloys to corrode,<a href="#cite_note-makar13-26">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> at high temperatures, and combust.<a href="#cite_note-giz-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corrosion">Corrosion</h4></div> In magnesium alloys, the presence of <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> strongly activates <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a>. In more than trace amounts, these metals precipitate as <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Intermetallic compound">intermetallic compounds</a>, and the precipitate locales function as active <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathodic</a> sites that reduce water, causing the loss of magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-giz-27">[26]</a> Controlling the quantity of these metals improves corrosion resistance. Sufficient <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> overcomes the corrosive effects of iron. This requires precise control over composition, increasing costs.<a href="#cite_note-giz-27">[26]</a> Adding a cathodic poison captures atomic hydrogen within the structure of a metal. This prevents the formation of free hydrogen gas, an essential factor of corrosive chemical processes. The addition of about one in three hundred parts <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> reduces the corrosion rate of magnesium in a salt solution by a factor of nearly ten.<a href="#cite_note-giz-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-temperature_creep_and_flammability">High-temperature creep and flammability</h4></div> Magnesium's tendency to <a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> (gradually deform) at high temperatures is greatly reduced by alloying with zinc and <a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Rare-earth elements">rare-earth elements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Flammability is significantly reduced by a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> in the alloy.<a href="#cite_note-giz-27">[26]</a> By using rare-earth elements, it may be possible to manufacture magnesium alloys that are able to not catch fire at higher temperatures compared to magnesium's <a href="/wiki/Liquidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidus">liquidus</a> and in some cases potentially pushing it close to magnesium's boiling point.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds">Compounds</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_compounds" title="Magnesium compounds">Magnesium compounds</a></div> Magnesium forms a variety of compounds important to industry and biology, including <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">magnesium carbonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_citrate" title="Magnesium citrate">magnesium citrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">magnesium hydroxide</a> (milk of magnesia), <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a>, and magnesium sulfate heptahydrate (<a href="/wiki/Epsom_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom salts">Epsom salts</a>).<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> As recently as 2020, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">magnesium hydride</a> was under investigation as a way to store hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-ren14-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-baran20-34">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes">Isotopes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">Isotopes of magnesium</a></div> Magnesium has three stable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>: 24 Mg, 25 Mg and 26 Mg. All are present in significant amounts in nature (see table of isotopes above). About 79% of Mg is 24 Mg. The isotope 28 Mg is radioactive and in the 1950s to 1970s was produced by several nuclear power plants for use in scientific experiments. This isotope has a relatively short half-life (21 hours) and its use was limited by shipping times. The nuclide 26 Mg has found application in <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>, similar to that of aluminium. 26 Mg is a <a href="/wiki/Radiogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiogenic">radiogenic</a> daughter product of <a href="/wiki/Aluminium-26" title="Aluminium-26">26 Al</a>, which has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of 717,000 years. Excessive quantities of stable 26 Mg have been observed in the <a href="/wiki/Ca-Al-rich_inclusions" class="mw-redirect" title="Ca-Al-rich inclusions">Ca-Al-rich inclusions</a> of some <a href="/wiki/Carbonaceous_chondrite" title="Carbonaceous chondrite">carbonaceous chondrite</a> <a href="/wiki/Meteorite" title="Meteorite">meteorites</a>. This anomalous abundance is attributed to the decay of its parent 26 Al in the inclusions, and researchers conclude that such meteorites were formed in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_nebula" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar nebula">solar nebula</a> before the 26 Al had decayed. These are among the oldest objects in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> and contain preserved information about its early history. It is conventional to plot 26 Mg/24 Mg against an Al/Mg ratio. In an <a href="/wiki/Isochron_dating" title="Isochron dating">isochron dating</a> plot, the Al/Mg ratio plotted is 27 Al/24 Mg. The slope of the isochron has no age significance, but indicates the initial 26 Al/27 Al ratio in the sample at the time when the systems were separated from a common reservoir. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_production_by_country" title="Magnesium production by country">Magnesium production by country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg/220px-Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg/330px-Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg/440px-Mg_sheets_and_ingots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Magnesium sheets and ingots</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Occurrence">Occurrence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Magnesium_minerals" title="Category:Magnesium minerals">Category:Magnesium minerals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Boninite" title="Boninite">Boninite</a></div> Magnesium is the eighth-most-abundant element in the Earth's crust by mass and tied in seventh place with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Molarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarity">molarity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abundance-14">[13]</a> It is found in large deposits of <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, and in mineral waters, where magnesium ion is soluble.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Although magnesium is found in more than 60 <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerals</a>, only <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesite" title="Magnesite">magnesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brucite" title="Brucite">brucite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnallite" title="Carnallite">carnallite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talc" title="Talc">talc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> are of commercial importance.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> The Mg2+ <a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">cation</a> is the second-most-abundant cation in seawater (about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1⁄8 the mass of sodium ions in a given sample), which makes seawater and sea salt attractive commercial sources for Mg. To extract the magnesium, <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> is added to the <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> to <a href="/wiki/Precipitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitate">precipitate</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">magnesium hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> <dl><dd>MgCl 2 + Ca(OH) 2 → Mg(OH) 2 + CaCl 2</dd></dl> Magnesium hydroxide (<a href="/wiki/Brucite" title="Brucite">brucite</a>) is poorly soluble in water and can be collected by filtration. It reacts with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <dl><dd>Mg(OH) 2 + 2 HCl → MgCl 2 + 2 H 2O</dd></dl> From magnesium chloride, <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> produces magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_quantities">Production quantities</h3></div> World production was approximately 1,100 kt in 2017, with the bulk being produced in China (930 kt) and Russia (60 kt).<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> The United States was in the 20th century the major world supplier of this metal, supplying 45% of world production even as recently as 1995. Since the Chinese mastery of the Pidgeon process the US market share is at 7%, with a single US producer left as of 2013: US Magnesium, a <a href="/wiki/Renco_Group" title="Renco Group">Renco Group</a> company located on the shores of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Salt_Lake#Oil_and_minerals" title="Great Salt Lake">Great Salt Lake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vardi-41">[40]</a> In September 2021, China took steps to reduce production of magnesium as a result of a government initiative to reduce energy availability for manufacturing industries, leading to a significant price increase.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pidgeon_and_Bolzano_processes">Pidgeon and Bolzano processes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="994" /></a><figcaption>An Iranian worker tends to the Pidgeon process</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pidgeon_process" title="Pidgeon process">Pidgeon process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bolzano_process" title="Bolzano process">Bolzano process</a> are similar. In both, magnesium oxide is the precursor to magnesium metal. The magnesium oxide is produced as a solid solution with calcium oxide by calcining the mineral <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a>, which is a solid solution of calcium and magnesium carbonates: <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>CaCO3·MgCO3 → MgO·CaO + 2 CO2</dd></dl> Reduction occurs at high temperatures with silicon. A ferrosilicon alloy is used rather than pure silicon as it is more economical. The iron component has no bearing on the reaction, having the simplified equation:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgO·CaO +Si → 2 Mg + Ca2SiO4</dd></dl> The calcium oxide combines with silicon as the oxygen scavenger, yielding the very stable calcium silicate. The Mg/Ca ratio of the precursors can be adjusted by the addition of MgO or CaO.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The Pidgeon and the Bolzano process differ in the details of the heating and the configuration of the reactor. Both generate gaseous Mg that is condensed and collected. The Pidgeon process dominates the worldwide production.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> The Pidgeon method is less technologically complex and because of distillation/vapour deposition conditions, a high purity product is easily achievable.<a href="#cite_note-:1-44">[43]</a> China is almost completely reliant on the <a href="/wiki/Silicothermic_reaction" title="Silicothermic reaction">silicothermic</a> <a href="/wiki/Pidgeon_process" title="Pidgeon process">Pidgeon process</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dow_process">Dow process</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Dow process (magnesium)" redirects here. For other Dow processes, see <a href="/wiki/Dow_process_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dow process (disambiguation)">Dow process (disambiguation)</a>.</div> Besides the Pigeon process, the second most used process for magnesium production is <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a>. This is a two step process. The first step is to prepare feedstock containing magnesium chloride and the second step is to dissociate the compound in <a href="/wiki/Electrolytic_cell" title="Electrolytic cell">electrolytic cells</a> as magnesium metal and <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine gas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> The basic reaction is as follows: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">MgCl2 → Mg(g) + Cl2(g)</dd></dl> The temperatures at which this reaction is operated is between 680 and 750 °C.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> The magnesium chloride can be obtained using the <a href="/wiki/Dow_process_(magnesium)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dow process (magnesium)">Dow process</a>, a process that mixes sea water and dolomite in a flocculator or by dehydration of magnesium chloride brines. The electrolytic cells are partially submerged in a molten salt electrolyte to which the produced magnesium chloride is added in concentrations between 6–18%.<a href="#cite_note-:2-45">[44]</a> This process does have its share of disadvantages including production of harmful <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorine gas">chlorine gas</a> and the overall reaction being very energy intensive, creating environmental risks.<a href="#cite_note-lee21-46">[45]</a> The Pidgeon process is more advantageous regarding its simplicity, shorter construction period, low power consumption and overall good magnesium quality compared to the electrolysis method.<a href="#cite_note-:0-21">[20]</a> In the United States, magnesium was once obtained principally with the Dow process in <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_TX" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi TX">Corpus Christi TX</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of fused magnesium chloride from <a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">brine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea water">sea water</a>. A saline solution containing Mg2+ ions is first treated with <a href="/wiki/Calcium_oxide" title="Calcium oxide">lime</a> (calcium oxide) and the precipitated <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">magnesium hydroxide</a> is collected: <dl><dd>Mg2+ (aq) + CaO(s) + H 2O(l) → Ca2+ (aq) + Mg(OH) 2(s)</dd></dl> The hydroxide is then converted to <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">magnesium chloride</a> by treatment with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and heating of the product to eliminate water: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mg(OH)2 + 2 HCl → MgCl2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> The salt is then electrolyzed in the molten state. At the <a href="/wiki/Cathode" title="Cathode">cathode</a>, the Mg2+ ion is reduced by two <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> to magnesium metal: <dl><dd>Mg2+ + 2 e− → Mg</dd></dl> At the <a href="/wiki/Anode" title="Anode">anode</a>, each pair of Cl− ions is oxidized to <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> gas, releasing two electrons to complete the circuit: <dl><dd>2Cl− → Cl 2(g) + 2 e− </dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbothermic_process">Carbothermic process</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Carbothermic_reaction" title="Carbothermic reaction">carbothermic</a> route to magnesium has been recognized as a low energy, yet high productivity path to magnesium extraction. The chemistry is as follows: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png/220px-Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png/330px-Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png/440px-Rotary_kiln_Johannsen_patent_US1618204.png 2x" data-file-width="1016" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The rotary kiln is used for calcination</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C + MgO → CO + Mg A disadvantage of this method is that slow cooling the vapour can cause the reaction to quickly revert. To prevent this from happening, the magnesium can be dissolved directly in a suitable metal solvent before reversion starts happening. Rapid <a href="/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching">quenching</a> of the vapour can also be performed to prevent reversion.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="YSZ_process">YSZ process</h3></div> A newer process, solid oxide membrane technology, involves the electrolytic reduction of MgO. At the cathode, Mg2+ ion is reduced by two <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> to magnesium metal. The electrolyte is <a href="/wiki/Yttria-stabilized_zirconia" title="Yttria-stabilized zirconia">yttria-stabilized zirconia</a> (YSZ). The anode is a liquid metal. At the YSZ/liquid metal anode O2− is oxidized. A layer of graphite borders the liquid metal anode, and at this interface carbon and oxygen react to form carbon monoxide. When silver is used as the liquid metal anode, there is no reductant carbon or hydrogen needed, and only oxygen gas is evolved at the anode.<a href="#cite_note-pal07-48">[47]</a> It was reported in 2011 that this method provides a 40% reduction in cost per pound over the electrolytic reduction method.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rieke_process">Rieke process</h3></div> Rieke et al. developed a "general approach for preparing highly reactive metal powders by reducing metal salts in ethereal or hydrocarbon solvents using alkali metals as reducing agents" now known as the <a href="/wiki/Rieke_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Rieke process">Rieke process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rieke16-50">[49]</a> Rieke finalized the identification of <a href="/wiki/Rieke_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rieke metals">Rieke metals</a> in 1989,<a href="#cite_note-rieke95-51">[50]</a> one of which was Rieke-magnesium, first produced in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-rieke74-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> The name magnesium originates from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> word for locations related to the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Magnetes" title="Magnetes">Magnetes</a>, either a district in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Magnesia" title="Ancient Magnesia">Magnesia</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_ad_Sipylum" title="Magnesia ad Sipylum">Magnesia ad Sipylum</a>, now in Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-LanguageHAt-54">[53]</a> It is related to <a href="/wiki/Magnetite" title="Magnetite">magnetite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, which also originated from this area, and required differentiation as separate substances. See <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> for this history. In 1618, a farmer at Epsom in England attempted to give his cows water from a local well. The cows refused to drink because of the water's bitter taste, but the farmer noticed that the water seemed to heal scratches and rashes. The substance obtained by evaporating the water became known as <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Epsom salts</a> and its fame spread.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> It was eventually recognized as hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO 4·7 H 2O.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The metal itself was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Sir Humphry Davy</a> in England in 1808. He used electrolysis on a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Magnesia_alba" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesia alba">magnesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_oxide" title="Mercury(II) oxide">mercuric oxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davy1808-57">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Bussy" title="Antoine Bussy">Antoine Bussy</a> prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was 'magnium',<a href="#cite_note-Davy1808-57">[56]</a> but the name magnesium is now used in most European languages.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Magnesium_metal">Magnesium metal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062,_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-12062%2C_Wasserreiter_mit_Magnesiumfackeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>An unusual application of magnesium as an <a href="/wiki/Illumination_(lighting)" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination (lighting)">illumination</a> source while <a href="/wiki/Wakeskating" title="Wakeskating">wakeskating</a> in 1930</figcaption></figure> Magnesium is the third-most-commonly-used structural metal, following <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and aluminium.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> The main applications of magnesium are, in order: aluminium alloys, <a href="/wiki/Die-casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Die-casting">die-casting</a> (alloyed with <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>),<a href="#cite_note-BakerM._M._Avedesian1999-60">[59]</a> removing <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> in the production of iron and steel, and the production of <a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Kroll_process" title="Kroll process">Kroll process</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Magnesium is used in lightweight materials and alloys. For example, when infused with silicon carbide <a href="/wiki/Nanoparticle" title="Nanoparticle">nanoparticles</a>, it has extremely high specific strength.<a href="#cite_note-ucla-62">[61]</a> Historically, magnesium was one of the main aerospace construction metals and was used for German military aircraft as early as World War I and extensively for German aircraft in World War II. The Germans coined the name "<a href="/wiki/Elektron_(alloy)" title="Elektron (alloy)">Elektron</a>" for magnesium alloy, a term which is still used today. In the commercial aerospace industry, magnesium was generally restricted to engine-related components, due to fire and corrosion hazards. Magnesium alloy use in aerospace is increasing in the 21st century, driven by the importance of fuel economy.<a href="#cite_note-aghion00-63">[62]</a> Magnesium alloys can act as replacements for aluminium and steel alloys in structural applications.<a href="#cite_note-shu10-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-ma17-65">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft">Aircraft</h4></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Aeronautical" title="Wright Aeronautical">Wright Aeronautical</a> used a magnesium <a href="/wiki/Crankcase" title="Crankcase">crankcase</a> in the WWII-era <a href="/wiki/Wright_R-3350_Duplex_Cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone">Wright R-3350 Duplex Cyclone</a> aviation engine. This presented a serious problem for the earliest models of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-29_Superfortress" title="Boeing B-29 Superfortress">Boeing B-29 Superfortress</a> heavy bomber when an in-flight engine fire ignited the engine crankcase. The resulting combustion was as hot as 5,600 °F (3,100 °C) and could sever the wing spar from the <a href="/wiki/Fuselage" title="Fuselage">fuselage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Automotive">Automotive</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg/220px-Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg/330px-Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg/440px-Bugatti_A%C3%A9rolithe_AV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Type_57#1935_Bugatti_Type_57_Aérolithe_Chassis_No._57331_Prototype" title="Bugatti Type 57">Bugatti Type 57 Aérolithe</a> featured a lightweight body made of <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(alloy)" title="Elektron (alloy)">Elektron</a>, a trademarked magnesium alloy.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> used the alloy <a href="/wiki/Elektron_(alloy)" title="Elektron (alloy)">Elektron</a> in the bodywork of an early model <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_300_SLR" title="Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR">Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR</a>; these cars competed in the <a href="/wiki/1955_World_Sportscar_Championship" title="1955 World Sportscar Championship">1955 World Sportscar Championship</a> including a win at the <a href="/wiki/1955_Mille_Miglia" title="1955 Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">Le Mans</a> where one was involved in the <a href="/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster" title="1955 Le Mans disaster">1955 Le Mans disaster</a> when spectators were showered with burning fragments of elektron.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> used magnesium alloy frames in the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_917" title="Porsche 917">917/053</a> that won Le Mans in 1971, and continues to use magnesium alloys for its engine blocks due to the weight advantage.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a> has used magnesium in its engine components for many years.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors" title="Mitsubishi Motors">Mitsubishi Motors</a> uses magnesium for its <a href="/wiki/Paddle_shifters" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle shifters">paddle shifters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMW" title="BMW">BMW</a> used magnesium alloy blocks in their <a href="/wiki/BMW_N52" title="BMW N52">N52</a> engine, including an aluminium alloy insert for the cylinder walls and cooling jackets surrounded by a high-temperature magnesium alloy <a href="/wiki/AJ_alloys" title="AJ alloys">AJ62A</a>. The engine was used worldwide between 2005 and 2011 in various 1, 3, 5, 6, and 7 series models; as well as the Z4, X1, X3, and X5.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevrolet" title="Chevrolet">Chevrolet</a> used the magnesium alloy AE44 in the 2006 Corvette <a href="/wiki/Corvette_C6" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvette C6">Z06</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a></li></ul> Both AJ62A and AE44 are recent developments in high-temperature low-<a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">creep</a> magnesium alloys. The general strategy for such alloys is to form <a href="/wiki/Intermetallic" title="Intermetallic">intermetallic</a> precipitates at the <a href="/wiki/Crystallite" title="Crystallite">grain boundaries</a>, for example by adding <a href="/wiki/Mischmetal" title="Mischmetal">mischmetal</a> or <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electronics">Electronics</h4></div> Because of low density and good mechanical and electrical properties, magnesium is used for manufacturing of mobile phones, laptop and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Tablet computers">tablet computers</a>, cameras, and other electronic components.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> It was used as a premium feature because of its light weight in some 2020 laptops.<a href="#cite_note-bma-77">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesium-products.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-products.jpg/220px-Magnesium-products.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-products.jpg/330px-Magnesium-products.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Magnesium-products.jpg/440px-Magnesium-products.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Products made of magnesium: firestarter and shavings, sharpener, magnesium ribbon</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Source_of_light">Source of light</h4></div> When burning in air, magnesium produces a brilliant white light that includes strong ultraviolet wavelengths. Magnesium powder (<a href="/wiki/Flash_powder" title="Flash powder">flash powder</a>) was used for subject illumination in the early days of <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Later, magnesium filament was used in electrically ignited single-use photography <a href="/wiki/Flash_(photography)#Flashbulbs" title="Flash (photography)">flashbulbs</a>. Magnesium powder is used in <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a> and marine <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">flares</a> where a brilliant white light is required. It was also used for various theatrical effects,<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> such as lightning,<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> pistol flashes,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> and supernatural appearances.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Magnesium is flammable, burning at a temperature of approximately 3,100 °C (3,370 K; 5,610 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Dreizin,_Edward_L.;_Berman,_Charles_H._and_Vicenzi,_Edward_P._2000_30-84">[83]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a> of magnesium ribbon is approximately 473 °C (746 K; 883 °F).<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> Magnesium's high combustion temperature makes it a useful tool for starting emergency fires. Other uses include flash <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, flares, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a>, fireworks sparklers, and trick birthday candles. Magnesium is also often used to ignite thermite or other materials that require a high ignition temperature. Magnesium continues to be used as an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> element in warfare.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnesium_Sparks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Magnesium_Sparks.jpg/220px-Magnesium_Sparks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Magnesium_Sparks.jpg/330px-Magnesium_Sparks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Magnesium_Sparks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="430" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Magnesium firestarter (in left hand), used with a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_knife" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket knife">pocket knife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> to create sparks that ignite the shavings</figcaption></figure> Flame temperatures of magnesium and magnesium alloys can reach 3,100 °C (5,610 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Dreizin,_Edward_L.;_Berman,_Charles_H._and_Vicenzi,_Edward_P._2000_30-84">[83]</a> although flame height above the burning metal is usually less than 300 mm (12 in).<a href="#cite_note-DOE-87">[86]</a> Once ignited, such fires are difficult to extinguish because they resist several substances commonly used to put out fires; combustion continues in <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitride" title="Magnesium nitride">magnesium nitride</a>),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] in <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> (forming <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>),<a href="#cite_note-CO2-88">[87]</a> and in water (forming magnesium oxide and hydrogen, which also combusts due to heat in the presence of additional oxygen). This property was used in incendiary weapons during the <a href="/wiki/Firebombing" title="Firebombing">firebombing</a> of cities in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, where the only practical <a href="/wiki/Civil_defense" title="Civil defense">civil defense</a> was to smother a burning flare under dry sand to exclude atmosphere from the combustion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chemical_reagent">Chemical reagent</h4></div> In the form of turnings or ribbons, to prepare <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>, which are useful in <a href="/wiki/Organic_synthesis" title="Organic synthesis">organic synthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4></div> <ul><li>As an additive agent in conventional propellants and the production of <a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron" title="Ductile iron">nodular graphite in cast iron</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a></li> <li>As a reducing agent to separate <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and other metals from their <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a></li> <li>As a <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial (galvanic) anode</a> to protect boats, underground tanks, pipelines, buried structures, and water heaters.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a></li> <li>Alloyed with zinc to produce the zinc sheet used in <a href="/wiki/Photoengraving" title="Photoengraving">photoengraving</a> plates in the printing industry, <a href="/wiki/Dry_cell" title="Dry cell">dry-cell battery</a> walls, and <a href="/wiki/Flashing_(weatherproofing)" title="Flashing (weatherproofing)">roofing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BakerM._M._Avedesian1999-60">[59]</a></li> <li>Alloyed with aluminium with aluminium-magnesium alloys being used mainly for <a href="/wiki/Beverage_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage can">beverage cans</a>,<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> sports equipment such as golf clubs,<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> fishing reels,<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> and archery bows and arrows.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a></li> <li>Many car and aircraft manufacturers have made engine and body parts from magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_battery" title="Magnesium battery">Magnesium batteries</a> have been commercialized as <a href="/wiki/Primary_battery" title="Primary battery">primary batteries</a>, and are an active topic of research for <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable batteries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds_2">Compounds</h3></div> Magnesium compounds, primarily <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> (MgO), are used as a <a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">refractory</a> material in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnace</a> linings for producing <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonferrous_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonferrous metal">nonferrous metals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>. Magnesium oxide and other magnesium compounds are also used in the agricultural, chemical, and construction industries. Magnesium oxide from <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a> is used as an electrical insulator in <a href="/wiki/Mineral-insulated_copper-clad_cable" title="Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable">fire-resistant cables</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> Magnesium reacts with <a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">haloalkanes</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Grignard_reagent" title="Grignard reagent">Grignard reagents</a>, which are used for a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Organic_reaction" title="Organic reaction">organic reactions</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Carbon%E2%80%93carbon_bond" title="Carbon–carbon bond">carbon–carbon bonds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> Magnesium salts are included in various <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foods</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizers</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> (magnesium is a component of <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Culture_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture medium">microbe culture media</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfite" title="Magnesium sulfite">Magnesium sulfite</a> is used in the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">sulfite process</a>).<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_phosphate" title="Magnesium phosphate">Magnesium phosphate</a> is used to fireproof wood used in construction.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Magnesium hexafluorosilicate is used for moth-proofing <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_roles">Biological roles</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_in_biology" title="Magnesium in biology">Magnesium in biology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_(medical_use)" title="Magnesium (medical use)">Magnesium (medical use)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h3></div> The important interaction between <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> and magnesium ions makes magnesium essential to the basic <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acid</a> chemistry of all cells of all known living organisms. More than 300 <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> require magnesium ions for their catalytic action, including all enzymes using or synthesizing <a href="/wiki/Adenosine_triphosphate" title="Adenosine triphosphate">ATP</a> and those that use other <a href="/wiki/Nucleotides" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleotides">nucleotides</a> to synthesize <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> and <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. The ATP molecule is normally found in a <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelate</a> with a magnesium ion.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Diet">Diet</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="refer to caption; follow link for complete description" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg/220px-FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg/330px-FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg/440px-FoodSourcesOfMagnesium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1759" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Examples of food sources of magnesium (clockwise from top left): <a href="/wiki/Bran" title="Bran">bran</a> <a href="/wiki/Muffin" title="Muffin">muffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin_seed" title="Pumpkin seed">pumpkin seeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckwheat_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Buckwheat flour">buckwheat flour</a>, low-fat vanilla <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trail_mix" title="Trail mix">trail mix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halibut" title="Halibut">halibut</a> steaks, <a href="/wiki/Garbanzo_bean" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbanzo bean">garbanzo beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lima_bean" title="Lima bean">lima beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">soybeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a></figcaption></figure> Spices, nuts, <a href="/wiki/Cereals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cereals">cereals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_solids" title="Cocoa solids">cocoa</a> and vegetables are good sources of magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-nih-16">[15]</a> Green leafy vegetables such as <a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a> are also rich in magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-mlp-109">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dietary_recommendations">Dietary recommendations</h4></div> In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">recommended daily values</a> for magnesium are 300 mg for men and 270 mg for women.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> In the U.S. the <a href="/wiki/Recommended_Dietary_Allowances" class="mw-redirect" title="Recommended Dietary Allowances">Recommended Dietary Allowances</a> (RDAs) are 400 mg for men ages 19–30 and 420 mg for older; for women 310 mg for ages 19–30 and 320 mg for older.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supplementation">Supplementation</h4></div> Numerous <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_(pharmaceutical_preparation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium (pharmaceutical preparation)">pharmaceutical preparations of magnesium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">dietary supplements</a> are available. In two human trials magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium dietary supplements because of its high magnesium content per weight, was less bioavailable than <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_citrate" title="Magnesium citrate">magnesium citrate</a>, chloride, lactate or aspartate.<a href="#cite_note-Firoz2001-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lindberg1990-113">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3></div> An adult body has 22–26 grams of magnesium,<a href="#cite_note-nih-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> with 60% in the <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>, 39% intracellular (20% in skeletal muscle), and 1% extracellular.<a href="#cite_note-nih-16">[15]</a> Serum levels are typically 0.7–1.0 mmol/L or 1.8–2.4 <a href="/wiki/Equivalent_(chemistry)" title="Equivalent (chemistry)">mEq</a>/L. Serum magnesium levels may be normal even when intracellular magnesium is deficient. The mechanisms for maintaining the magnesium level in the serum are varying <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal</a> absorption and <a href="/wiki/Renal" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal">renal</a> excretion. Intracellular magnesium is correlated with intracellular <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>. Increased magnesium lowers <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a><a href="#cite_note-ummedu-115">[114]</a> and can either prevent hypercalcemia or cause hypocalcemia depending on the initial level.<a href="#cite_note-ummedu-115">[114]</a> Both low and high protein intake conditions inhibit magnesium absorption, as does the amount of <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phytate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytate">phytate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> in the gut. Unabsorbed dietary magnesium is excreted in feces; absorbed magnesium is excreted in urine and sweat.<a href="#cite_note-Wester1987-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detection_in_serum_and_plasma">Detection in serum and plasma</h3></div> Magnesium status may be assessed by measuring serum and erythrocyte magnesium concentrations coupled with <a href="/wiki/Urinary_system" title="Urinary system">urinary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">fecal</a> magnesium content, but intravenous magnesium loading tests are more accurate and practical.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> A retention of 20% or more of the injected amount indicates deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> As of 2004, no <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> has been established for magnesium.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Magnesium concentrations in plasma or serum may be monitored for efficacy and safety in those receiving the drug <a href="/wiki/Therapy" title="Therapy">therapeutically</a>, to confirm the diagnosis in potential <a href="/wiki/Poison" title="Poison">poisoning</a> victims, or to assist in the <a href="/wiki/Forensic_science" title="Forensic science">forensic</a> investigation in a case of fatal overdose. The newborn children of mothers who received <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">parenteral</a> magnesium sulfate during labor may exhibit toxicity with normal serum magnesium levels.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deficiency">Deficiency</h3></div> Low plasma magnesium (<a href="/wiki/Hypomagnesemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypomagnesemia">hypomagnesemia</a>) is common: it is found in 2.5–15% of the general population.<a href="#cite_note-Ayuk-121">[120]</a> From 2005 to 2006, 48 percent of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> population consumed less magnesium than recommended in the <a href="/wiki/Dietary_Reference_Intake" title="Dietary Reference Intake">Dietary Reference Intake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Other causes are increased renal or gastrointestinal loss, an increased intracellular shift, and proton-pump inhibitor antacid therapy. Most are asymptomatic, but symptoms referable to <a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_medicine" title="Neuromuscular medicine">neuromuscular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a>, and metabolic dysfunction may occur.<a href="#cite_note-Ayuk-121">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">Alcoholism</a> is often associated with magnesium deficiency. Chronically low serum magnesium levels are associated with <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_syndrome" title="Metabolic syndrome">metabolic syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus_type_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus type 2">diabetes mellitus type 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fasciculation" title="Fasciculation">fasciculation</a>, and hypertension.<a href="#cite_note-Geiger2012-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapy">Therapy</h3></div> <ul><li>Intravenous magnesium is recommended by the ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Management of Patients With Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death for patients with ventricular <a href="/wiki/Heart_arrhythmia" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Torsades_de_pointes" title="Torsades de pointes">torsades de pointes</a> who present with <a href="/wiki/Long_QT_syndrome" title="Long QT syndrome">long QT syndrome</a>; and for the treatment of patients with digoxin induced arrhythmias.<a href="#cite_note-Zipes2006-124">[123]</a></li> <li>Intravenous magnesium sulfate is used for the management of <a href="/wiki/Pre-eclampsia" title="Pre-eclampsia">pre-eclampsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eclampsia" title="Eclampsia">eclampsia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-James2010-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Euser2009-126">[125]</a></li> <li>Hypomagnesemia, including that caused by alcoholism, is reversible by oral or parenteral magnesium administration depending on the degree of deficiency.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a></li> <li>There is limited evidence that magnesium supplementation may play a role in the prevention and treatment of <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-migraine-128">[127]</a></li></ul> Sorted by type of magnesium salt, other therapeutic applications include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">Magnesium sulfate</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Hydrate" title="Hydrate">heptahydrate</a> called Epsom salts, is used as <a href="/wiki/Bath_salts" title="Bath salts">bath salts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxative</a>, and a highly soluble <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Magnesium hydroxide</a>, suspended in water, is used in <a href="/wiki/Milk_of_magnesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Milk of magnesia">milk of magnesia</a> <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">laxatives</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">Magnesium chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">oxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_gluconate" title="Magnesium gluconate">gluconate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_malate" title="Magnesium malate">malate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_orotate" title="Magnesium orotate">orotate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_glycinate" title="Magnesium glycinate">glycinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_ascorbate" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium ascorbate">ascorbate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_citrate" title="Magnesium citrate">citrate</a> are all used as oral magnesium supplements.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borate" title="Borate">Magnesium borate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_salicylate" title="Magnesium salicylate">magnesium salicylate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">magnesium sulfate</a> are used as <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptics</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_bromide" title="Magnesium bromide">Magnesium bromide</a> is used as a mild <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">sedative</a> (this action is due to the <a href="/wiki/Bromide" title="Bromide">bromide</a>, not the magnesium).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_stearate" title="Magnesium stearate">Magnesium stearate</a> is a slightly <a href="/wiki/Fire" title="Fire">flammable</a> white <a href="/wiki/Powder_(substance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Powder (substance)">powder</a> with <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricating</a> properties. In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmaceutical</a> technology, it is used in pharmacological manufacture to prevent <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a> from sticking to the equipment while compressing the ingredients into tablet form.</li> <li>Magnesium carbonate powder is used by athletes such as <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnasts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climbing" title="Climbing">climbers</a> to eliminate palm sweat, prevent sticking, and improve the grip on gymnastic apparatus, lifting bars, and climbing rocks.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overdose">Overdose</h3></div> Overdose from dietary sources alone is unlikely because excess magnesium in the blood is promptly filtered by the <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Ayuk-121">[120]</a> and overdose is more likely in the presence of impaired renal function. Overdose is not unlikely in case of excessive intake of supplements. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Megavitamin_therapy" title="Megavitamin therapy">megadose therapy</a> has caused death in a young child,<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> and severe <a href="/wiki/Hypermagnesemia" title="Hypermagnesemia">hypermagnesemia</a> in a woman<a href="#cite_note-Kontani_M,_Hara_A,_Ohta_S,_Ikeda_T_2005_448–452-131">[130]</a> and a young girl<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> who had healthy kidneys. The most common symptoms of overdose are <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>; other symptoms include <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, confusion, slowed heart and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory</a> rates, deficiencies of other minerals, <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrhythmia/bradycardia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac arrhythmia/bradycardia">cardiac arrhythmia</a>, and death from <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ummedu-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Function_in_plants">Function in plants</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plants">Plants</a> require magnesium to synthesize <a href="/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a>, essential for <a href="/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Magnesium in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Porphyrin_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Porphyrin ring">porphyrin ring</a> in chlorophyll functions in a manner similar to the iron in the center of the porphyrin ring in <a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">heme</a>. <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_deficiency_(plants)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnesium deficiency (plants)">Magnesium deficiency</a> in plants causes late-season yellowing between leaf veins,<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> especially in older leaves, and can be corrected by either applying <a href="/wiki/Epsom_salts" class="mw-redirect" title="Epsom salts">epsom salts</a> (which is rapidly <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemical_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaching (chemical science)">leached</a>), or crushed <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomitic</a> <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, to the soil. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_precautions">Safety precautions</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1268415487">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ib-chembox figure:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent){background:var(--background-color-inverted,#f8f9fa)}}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Magnesium </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba;color:inherit; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>: </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS02: Flammable"><img alt="GHS02: Flammable" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H228: Flammable solid">H228</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H251: Self-heating: may catch fire">H251</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H261: In contact with water releases flammable gas">H261</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P210: Keep away from heat, hot surfaces, sparks, open flames and other ignition sources. No smoking.">P210</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P231: Handle and store contents under inert gas/...">P231</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P235: Keep cool.">P235</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P410: Protect from sunlight.">P410</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P422: Store contents under ...">P422</abbr><a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-74-diamond-refs"><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_a9d9aed72bb573a8" /><map name="ImageMap_a9d9aed72bb573a8"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" title="Health 0: Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material. E.g. sodium chloride" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" title="Instability 1: Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures. E.g. calcium" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazards (white): no code" title="Special hazards (white): no code" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/220px--Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="592" data-mwtitle="Burning_Magnesium_Block!.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Burning_Magnesium_Block!.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv/Burning_Magnesium_Block%21.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video><figcaption>Magnesium block heated with <a href="/wiki/Blow_torch" class="mw-redirect" title="Blow torch">blowtorch</a> to self-combustion, emitting intense white light</figcaption></figure> Magnesium metal and its alloys can be explosive hazards; they are highly flammable in their pure form when molten or in powder or ribbon form. Burning or molten magnesium reacts violently with water. When working with powdered magnesium, <a href="/wiki/Safety_glasses" class="mw-redirect" title="Safety glasses">safety glasses</a> with <a href="/wiki/Eye_protection" title="Eye protection">eye protection</a> and UV filters (such as welders use) are employed because burning magnesium produces <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light that can permanently damage the <a href="/wiki/Retina" title="Retina">retina</a> of a human eye.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> Magnesium is capable of reducing <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a> and releasing highly flammable <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> gas:<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <dl><dd>Mg(s) + 2 H 2O(l) → <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Mg(OH) 2</a>(s) + H 2(g)</dd></dl> Therefore, water cannot extinguish magnesium fires. The hydrogen gas produced intensifies the fire. Dry sand is an effective smothering agent, but only on relatively level and flat surfaces. Magnesium reacts with <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> exothermically to form <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>:<a href="#cite_note-CO2-88">[87]</a> <dl><dd>2 Mg(s) + CO 2(g) → 2 MgO(s) + C(s)</dd></dl> Hence, carbon dioxide fuels rather than extinguishes magnesium fires. Burning magnesium can be quenched by using a <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher#Class_D_dry_powder_and_other_agents_for_metal_fires" title="Fire extinguisher">Class D</a> dry chemical fire extinguisher, or by covering the fire with <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or magnesium foundry flux to remove its air source.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_magnesium_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by magnesium production">List of countries by magnesium production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oil" title="Magnesium oil">Magnesium oil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The thermal expansion is <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropic</a>: the parameters (at 20 °C) for each crystal axis are αa = 25.31×10−6/K, αc = 27.03×10−6/K, and αaverage = αV/3 = 25.91×10−6/K.<a href="#cite_note-Arblaster_2018-3">[3]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAAW-1"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAAW_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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John Wiley & Sons. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470431764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470431764"><bdi>978-0470431764</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fertilizer+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009-04-08&rft.isbn=978-0470431764&rft.aulast=Gowariker&rft.aufirst=Vasant&rft.au=Krishnamurthy%2C+V.+P.&rft.au=Gowariker%2C+Sudha&rft.au=Dhanorkar%2C+Manik&rft.au=Paranjape%2C+Kalyani&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGP1caeWDUWkC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGuireKulkarniBaden2000" class="citation journal cs1">McGuire, John K.; Kulkarni, Mona Shah; Baden, Harris P. 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Pediatrics. 105 (2): e18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.105.2.e18">10.1542/peds.105.2.e18</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10654978">10654978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Fatal+Hypermagnesemia+in+a+Child+Treated+with+Megavitamin%2FMegamineral+Therapy&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e18&rft.date=2000-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.105.2.e18&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10654978&rft.aulast=McGuire&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft.au=Kulkarni%2C+Mona+Shah&rft.au=Baden%2C+Harris+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kontani_M,_Hara_A,_Ohta_S,_Ikeda_T_2005_448–452-131"><a href="#cite_ref-Kontani_M,_Hara_A,_Ohta_S,_Ikeda_T_2005_448–452_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKontani_MHara_AOhta_SIkeda_T2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kontani M; Hara A; Ohta S; Ikeda T (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2169%2Finternalmedicine.44.448">"Hypermagnesemia induced by massive cathartic ingestion in an elderly woman without pre-existing renal dysfunction"</a>. Intern. Med. 44 (5): 448–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2169%2Finternalmedicine.44.448">10.2169/internalmedicine.44.448</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2297%2F16751">2297/16751</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15942092">15942092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intern.+Med.&rft.atitle=Hypermagnesemia+induced+by+massive+cathartic+ingestion+in+an+elderly+woman+without+pre-existing+renal+dysfunction&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E448-%3C%2Fspan%3E452&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2297%2F16751&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15942092&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2169%2Finternalmedicine.44.448&rft.au=Kontani+M&rft.au=Hara+A&rft.au=Ohta+S&rft.au=Ikeda+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2169%252Finternalmedicine.44.448&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKutsalAydemirEldesDemirel2000" class="citation journal cs1">Kutsal, Ebru; Aydemir, Cumhur; Eldes, Nilufer; Demirel, Fatma; Polat, Recep; Taspınar, Ozan; Kulah, Eyup (February 2000). "Severe Hypermagnesemia as a Result of Excessive Cathartic Ingestion in a Child Without Renal Failure". Pediatrics. 205 (2): 570–572. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FPEC.0b013e31812eef1c">10.1097/PEC.0b013e31812eef1c</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17726419">17726419</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Severe+Hypermagnesemia+as+a+Result+of+Excessive+Cathartic+Ingestion+in+a+Child+Without+Renal+Failure&rft.volume=205&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E570-%3C%2Fspan%3E572&rft.date=2000-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FPEC.0b013e31812eef1c&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17726419&rft.aulast=Kutsal&rft.aufirst=Ebru&rft.au=Aydemir%2C+Cumhur&rft.au=Eldes%2C+Nilufer&rft.au=Demirel%2C+Fatma&rft.au=Polat%2C+Recep&rft.au=Tasp%C4%B1nar%2C+Ozan&rft.au=Kulah%2C+Eyup&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318010641/https://www.tfi.org/sites/default/files/tfi-magnesium.pdf">"Magnesium"</a> (PDF). The Fertilizer Institute. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tfi.org/sites/default/files/tfi-magnesium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 March 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Magnesium&rft.pub=The+Fertilizer+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tfi.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Ftfi-magnesium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allthingsnature.org/what-is-the-connection-between-chlorophyll-and-magnesium.htm">"What Is the Connection between Chlorophyll and Magnesium?"</a>. All Things Nature. 12 June 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=All+Things+Nature&rft.atitle=What+Is+the+Connection+between+Chlorophyll+and+Magnesium%3F&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allthingsnature.org%2Fwhat-is-the-connection-between-chlorophyll-and-magnesium.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/US/en/product/aldrich/299405">"Magnesium rod, diam. 6mm, 99.9+ trace metals 7439-95-4"</a>. MilliporeSigma.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MilliporeSigma&rft.atitle=Magnesium+rod%2C+diam.+6mm%2C+99.9%2B+trace+metals+7439-95-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigmaaldrich.com%2FUS%2Fen%2Fproduct%2Faldrich%2F299405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cameochemicals.noaa.gov/chemical/6949">"MAGNESIUM"</a>. CAMEO Chemicals. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CAMEO+Chemicals&rft.atitle=MAGNESIUM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcameochemicals.noaa.gov%2Fchemical%2F6949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/docs/support/scisafe/chapter8.html">"Science Safety: Chapter 8"</a>. Government of Manitoba. Retrieved 21 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+Safety%3A+Chapter+8&rft.pub=Government+of+Manitoba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edu.gov.mb.ca%2Fk12%2Fdocs%2Fsupport%2Fscisafe%2Fchapter8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Mg/chem.html">"Chemistry : Periodic Table : magnesium : chemical reaction data"</a>. webelements.com. Retrieved 26 June 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%3A+Periodic+Table+%3A+magnesium+%3A+chemical+reaction+data&rft.pub=webelements.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webelements.com%2Fwebelements%2Felements%2Ftext%2FMg%2Fchem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCote2003" class="citation book cs1">Cote, Arthur E. (2003). Operation of Fire Protection Systems. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 667. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0877655848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0877655848"><bdi>978-0877655848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+of+Fire+Protection+Systems&rft.pages=667&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0877655848&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumble2018" class="citation book cs1">Rumble, John R., ed. (2018). <a href="/wiki/CRC_Handbook_of_Chemistry_and_Physics" title="CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics">CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics</a> (99th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1385-6163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1385-6163-2"><bdi>978-1-1385-6163-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=CRC+Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+Florida&rft.edition=99th&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-1385-6163-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/012.htm">Magnesium</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Periodic_Table_of_Videos" class="mw-redirect" title="The Periodic Table of Videos">The Periodic Table of Videos</a> (University of Nottingham)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/element.asp">Chemistry in its element podcast</a> (MP3) from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" title="Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_World" title="Chemistry World">Chemistry World</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsc.org/images/CIIE_Magnesium_48kbps_tcm18-128524.mp3">Magnesium</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455823">"Magnesium -- a versatile and often overlooked element: New perspectives with a focus on chronic kidney disease"</a>. Clinical Kidney Journal. 5 (Suppl 1): NP. February 2012. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndtplus%2Fsfs035">10.1093/ndtplus/sfs035</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455823">4455823</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26069823">26069823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Kidney+Journal&rft.atitle=Magnesium+--+a+versatile+and+often+overlooked+element%3A+New+perspectives+with+a+focus+on+chronic+kidney+disease&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=NP&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455823%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26069823&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fndtplus%2Fsfs035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMagnesium" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/29px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/38px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output 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sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Magnesium at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnesium" class="extiw" title="wikt:magnesium">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Magnesium" class="extiw" title="c:Magnesium">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:The_Elements/Magnesium" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:The Elements/Magnesium">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Magnesium_atom" class="extiw" title="v:Magnesium atom">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Periodic_table18" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Template talk:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic_table_(navbox)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Periodic table (navbox)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table18" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table style="table-layout:fixed; width:100%;" aria-describedby="periodic-table-legend"> <tbody><tr> <td style="line-height:100%;"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2</a> </th> <td colspan="14"> </td> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a> </th> <td title="H, Hydrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a> </td> <td colspan="30"> </td> <td title="He, Helium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">He</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a> </th> <td title="Li, Lithium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">Li</a> </td> <td title="Be, Beryllium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Be</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="B, Boron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">B</a> </td> <td title="C, Carbon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">C</a> </td> <td title="N, Nitrogen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a> </td> <td title="O, Oxygen" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O</a> </td> <td title="F, Fluorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">F</a> </td> <td title="Ne, Neon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">Ne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a> </th> <td title="Na, Sodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">Na</a> </td> <td title="Mg, Magnesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:3px solid black; ;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mg</a> </td> <td colspan="24"> </td> <td title="Al, Aluminium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">Al</a> </td> <td title="Si, Silicon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">Si</a> </td> <td title="P, Phosphorus" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a> </td> <td title="S, Sulfur" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">S</a> </td> <td title="Cl, Chlorine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">Cl</a> </td> <td title="Ar, Argon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">Ar</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a> </th> <td title="K, Potassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">K</a> </td> <td title="Ca, Calcium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Sc, Scandium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">Sc</a> </td> <td title="Ti, Titanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">Ti</a> </td> <td title="V, Vanadium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">V</a> </td> <td title="Cr, Chromium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Cr</a> </td> <td title="Mn, Manganese" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">Mn</a> </td> <td title="Fe, Iron" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Fe</a> </td> <td title="Co, Cobalt" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">Co</a> </td> <td title="Ni, Nickel" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">Ni</a> </td> <td title="Cu, Copper" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">Cu</a> </td> <td title="Zn, Zinc" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zn</a> </td> <td title="Ga, Gallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">Ga</a> </td> <td title="Ge, Germanium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td> <td title="As, Arsenic" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">As</a> </td> <td title="Se, Selenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">Se</a> </td> <td title="Br, Bromine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">Br</a> </td> <td title="Kr, Krypton" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">Kr</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a> </th> <td title="Rb, Rubidium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">Rb</a> </td> <td title="Sr, Strontium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a> </td> <td colspan="14"> </td> <td title="Y, Yttrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">Y</a> </td> <td title="Zr, Zirconium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">Zr</a> </td> <td title="Nb, Niobium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Nb</a> </td> <td title="Mo, Molybdenum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a> </td> <td title="Tc, Technetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Tc</a> </td> <td title="Ru, Ruthenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">Ru</a> </td> <td title="Rh, Rhodium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">Rh</a> </td> <td title="Pd, Palladium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Pd</a> </td> <td title="Ag, Silver" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">Ag</a> </td> <td title="Cd, Cadmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">Cd</a> </td> <td title="In, Indium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">In</a> </td> <td title="Sn, Tin" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">Sn</a> </td> <td title="Sb, Antimony" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">Sb</a> </td> <td title="Te, Tellurium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">Te</a> </td> <td title="I, Iodine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">I</a> </td> <td title="Xe, Xenon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a> </th> <td title="Cs, Caesium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">Cs</a> </td> <td title="Ba, Barium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a> </td> <td title="La, Lanthanum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">La</a> </td> <td title="Ce, Cerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">Ce</a> </td> <td title="Pr, Praseodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">Pr</a> </td> <td title="Nd, Neodymium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">Nd</a> </td> <td title="Pm, Promethium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">Pm</a> </td> <td title="Sm, Samarium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">Sm</a> </td> <td title="Eu, Europium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> </td> <td title="Gd, Gadolinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">Gd</a> </td> <td title="Tb, Terbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">Tb</a> </td> <td title="Dy, Dysprosium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">Dy</a> </td> <td title="Ho, Holmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">Ho</a> </td> <td title="Er, Erbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">Er</a> </td> <td title="Tm, Thulium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">Tm</a> </td> <td title="Yb, Ytterbium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> </td> <td title="Lu, Lutetium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lu</a> </td> <td title="Hf, Hafnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">Hf</a> </td> <td title="Ta, Tantalum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">Ta</a> </td> <td title="W, Tungsten" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">W</a> </td> <td title="Re, Rhenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">Re</a> </td> <td title="Os, Osmium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">Os</a> </td> <td title="Ir, Iridium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">Ir</a> </td> <td title="Pt, Platinum" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">Pt</a> </td> <td title="Au, Gold" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">Au</a> </td> <td title="Hg, Mercury" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">Hg</a> </td> <td title="Tl, Thallium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">Tl</a> </td> <td title="Pb, Lead" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">Pb</a> </td> <td title="Bi, Bismuth" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">Bi</a> </td> <td title="Po, Polonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">Po</a> </td> <td title="At, Astatine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">At</a> </td> <td title="Rn, Radon" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">Rn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a> </th> <td title="Fr, Francium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">Fr</a> </td> <td title="Ra, Radium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#ff9999; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Ra</a> </td> <td title="Ac, Actinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">Ac</a> </td> <td title="Th, Thorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">Th</a> </td> <td title="Pa, Protactinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">Pa</a> </td> <td title="U, Uranium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">U</a> </td> <td title="Np, Neptunium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">Np</a> </td> <td title="Pu, Plutonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">Pu</a> </td> <td title="Am, Americium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">Am</a> </td> <td title="Cm, Curium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">Cm</a> </td> <td title="Bk, Berkelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">Bk</a> </td> <td title="Cf, Californium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">Cf</a> </td> <td title="Es, Einsteinium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">Es</a> </td> <td title="Fm, Fermium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">Fm</a> </td> <td title="Md, Mendelevium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">Md</a> </td> <td title="No, Nobelium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#9bff99; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">No</a> </td> <td title="Lr, Lawrencium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lr</a> </td> <td title="Rf, Rutherfordium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rf</a> </td> <td title="Db, Dubnium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Db</a> </td> <td title="Sg, Seaborgium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Sg</a> </td> <td title="Bh, Bohrium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bh</a> </td> <td title="Hs, Hassium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hs</a> </td> <td title="Mt, Meitnerium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Mt</a> </td> <td title="Ds, Darmstadtium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">Ds</a> </td> <td title="Rg, Roentgenium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">Rg</a> </td> <td title="Cn, Copernicium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">Cn</a> </td> <td title="Nh, Nihonium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nh</a> </td> <td title="Fl, Flerovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td> <td title="Mc, Moscovium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">Mc</a> </td> <td title="Lv, Livermorium" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">Lv</a> </td> <td title="Ts, Tennessine" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">Ts</a> </td> <td title="Og, Oganesson" style="text-align:center; background-color:#fdff8c; color:inherit; border:none; ;"><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">Og</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div role="presentation" id="periodic-table-legend" style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; width:100%; line-height:120%; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; background:#f8f8f8;color:inherit; margin:0; margin:0;"><div style="padding:0.3em;"> <table style="width:100%; line-height:1.2em; table-layout:fixed; overflow:hidden; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#ff9999;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/S-block" class="mw-redirect" title="S-block">s-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#9bff99;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/F-block" class="mw-redirect" title="F-block">f-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#99ccff;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/D-block" class="mw-redirect" title="D-block">d-block</a> </td> <td style="padding:0 1px; background:#fdff8c;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/P-block" class="mw-redirect" title="P-block">p-block</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Magnesium_compounds23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magnesium_compounds" title="Template:Magnesium compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Magnesium_compounds" title="Template talk:Magnesium compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magnesium_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magnesium compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magnesium_compounds23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_compounds" title="Magnesium compounds">Magnesium compounds</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diboride" title="Magnesium diboride">MgB2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_bromide" title="Magnesium bromide">MgBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_carbonate" title="Magnesium carbonate">MgCO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxalate" title="Magnesium oxalate">MgC2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_citrate" title="Magnesium citrate">MgC6H6O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimagnesium_dicitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimagnesium dicitrate">C12H10Mg3O14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_glycinate" title="Magnesium glycinate">C4H8MgN2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_benzoate" title="Magnesium benzoate">MgC14H10O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chloride" title="Magnesium chloride">MgCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chlorate" title="Magnesium chlorate">Mg(ClO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_perchlorate" title="Magnesium perchlorate">Mg(ClO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_fluoride" title="Magnesium fluoride">MgF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">MgH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_bicarbonate" title="Magnesium bicarbonate">Mg(HCO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_formate" title="Magnesium formate">Mg(HCO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimagnesium_phosphate" title="Dimagnesium phosphate">MgHPO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monomagnesium_phosphate" title="Monomagnesium phosphate">Mg(H2PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_iodide" title="Magnesium iodide">MgI2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitrate" title="Magnesium nitrate">Mg(NO3)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">MgO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_peroxide" title="Magnesium peroxide">MgO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydroxide" title="Magnesium hydroxide">Mg(OH)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimagnesium_phosphate" title="Trimagnesium phosphate">Mg3(PO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_polonide" title="Magnesium polonide">MgPo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_selenide" title="Magnesium selenide">MgSe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfide" title="Magnesium sulfide">MgS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfite" title="Magnesium sulfite">MgSO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_sulfate" title="Magnesium sulfate">MgSO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_diuranate" title="Magnesium diuranate">MgU2O7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_aluminide" title="Magnesium aluminide">Mg2Al3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_silicide" title="Magnesium silicide">Mg2Si</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamagnesium_digallide" title="Pentamagnesium digallide">Mg5Ga2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_orthosilicate" title="Magnesium orthosilicate">Mg2SiO4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_trisilicate" title="Magnesium trisilicate">Mg2Si3O8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitride" title="Magnesium nitride">Mg3N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_chromate" title="Magnesium chromate">Mg2(CrO4)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_laurate" title="Magnesium laurate">C 24H 46MgO 4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alkaline_earth_metals25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Template talk:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline_earth_metals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alkaline earth metals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alkaline_earth_metals25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">Alkaline earth metals</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="width:5em">   </td><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">Beryllium</a> Be Atomic Number: 4 Atomic Weight: 9.012182 Melting Point: 1560.15 K Boiling Point: 2742 K Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.57 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnesium</a> Mg Atomic Number: 12 Atomic Weight: 24.3050 Melting Point: 923.15 K Boiling Point: 1363 K Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1.31 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Calcium</a> Ca Atomic Number: 20 Atomic Weight: 40.078 Melting Point: 1112.15 K Boiling Point: 1757 K Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 1 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Strontium</a> Sr Atomic Number: 38 Atomic Weight: 87.62 Melting Point: 1042.15 K Boiling Point: 1655 K Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.95 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Barium</a> Ba Atomic Number: 56 Atomic Weight: 137.327 Melting Point: 1002.15 K Boiling Point: 2170 K Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.89 </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:16%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">Radium</a> Ra Atomic Number: 88 Atomic Weight: [226] Melting Point: 973.15 K Boiling Point: 2010 K Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm3 Electronegativity: 0.9 </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators1643" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators1643" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic_acid_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor"><abbr title="α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor">AMPAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/wiki/5-Fluorowillardiine" title="5-Fluorowillardiine">5-Fluorowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acromelic_acid_A" title="Acromelic acid A">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-N-Oxalylamino-L-Alanine (page does not exist)">BOAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willardiine" title="Willardiine">Willardiine</a>; Positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Aniracetam" title="Aniracetam">Aniracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-516" title="CX-516">CX-516</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-546" title="CX-546">CX-546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX614" title="CX614">CX-614</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farampator" title="Farampator">Farampator (CX-691, ORG-24448)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX717" title="CX717">CX-717</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CX-1739" class="mw-redirect" title="CX-1739">CX-1739</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CX-1942&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CX-1942 (page does not exist)">CX-1942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrochlorothiazide" title="Hydrochlorothiazide">Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRA-21" title="IDRA-21">IDRA-21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-392098&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-392098 (page does not exist)">LY-392098</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-395153&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-395153 (page does not exist)">LY-395153</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-404187" title="LY-404187">LY-404187</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-451646&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-451646 (page does not exist)">LY-451646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-503430" title="LY-503430">LY-503430</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibampator" title="Mibampator">Mibampator (LY-451395)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nooglutyl" title="Nooglutyl">Nooglutyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ORG-26576" title="ORG-26576">ORG-26576</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxiracetam" title="Oxiracetam">Oxiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEPA_(drug)" title="PEPA (drug)">PEPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesampator" title="Pesampator">Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracetam" title="Piracetam">Piracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramiracetam" title="Pramiracetam">Pramiracetam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-18986" title="S-18986">S-18986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulrampator" title="Tulrampator">Tulrampator (S-47445, CX-1632)</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPO (page does not exist)">ATPO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Becampanel" title="Becampanel">Becampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanapanel" title="Fanapanel">Fanapanel (MPQX)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM90K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM90K (page does not exist)">YM90K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zonampanel" title="Zonampanel">Zonampanel</a>; Negative allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GYKI_52466" title="GYKI 52466">GYKI-52466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GYKI-53655&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GYKI-53655 (page does not exist)">GYKI-53655</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irampanel" title="Irampanel">Irampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perampanel" title="Perampanel">Perampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talampanel" title="Talampanel">Talampanel</a>; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor"><abbr title="Kainate receptor">KAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Kainate receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Bromowillardiine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Bromowillardiine (page does not exist)">5-Bromowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Iodowillardiine" title="5-Iodowillardiine">5-Iodowillardiine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acromelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acromelic acid (page does not exist)">Acromelic acid (acromelate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMPA" title="AMPA">AMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ATPA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATPA (page does not exist)">ATPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoic_acid" title="Domoic acid">Domoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainic_acid" title="Kainic acid">Kainic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-339434&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-339434 (page does not exist)">LY-339434</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisqualic_acid" title="Quisqualic acid">Quisqualic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYM-2081" title="SYM-2081">SYM-2081</a>; Positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Cyclothiazide" title="Cyclothiazide">Cyclothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazoxide" title="Diazoxide">Diazoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasolampanel" title="Dasolampanel">Dasolampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-D-Glutamylaminomethylsulfonic acid (page does not exist)">GAMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-382884&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-382884 (page does not exist)">LY-382884</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NBQX" title="NBQX">NBQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS102" title="NS102">NS102</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selurampanel" title="Selurampanel">Selurampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezampanel" title="Tezampanel">Tezampanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiramate" title="Topiramate">Topiramate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBP-302" title="UBP-302">UBP-302</a>; Negative allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/Barbiturates" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbiturates">Barbiturates</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pentobarbital" title="Pentobarbital">pentobarbital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiopental" title="Sodium thiopental">sodium thiopental</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evans_blue_(dye)" title="Evans blue (dye)">Evans blue</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NS-3763&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NS-3763 (page does not exist)">NS-3763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartate_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor"><abbr title="N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor">NMDAR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Agonists: Main site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-2-(3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazol-4-yl)acetic acid (page does not exist)">AMAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">Aspartate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">Glutamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteic_acid" title="Homocysteic acid">Homocysteic acid (L-HCA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homoquinolinic_acid" title="Homoquinolinic acid">Homoquinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibotenic_acid" title="Ibotenic acid">Ibotenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid">NMDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">Proline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinolinic_acid" title="Quinolinic acid">Quinolinic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazolylglycine" title="Tetrazolylglycine">Tetrazolylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theanine" title="Theanine">Theanine</a>; Glycine site agonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%92-Fluoro-D-alanine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Β-Fluoro-D-alanine (page does not exist)">β-Fluoro-D-alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACBD_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACBD (drug) (page does not exist)">ACBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="1-Aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid">ACC (ACPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACPD" title="ACPD">ACPD</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AK-51_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AK-51 (drug) (page does not exist)">AK-51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B6B21" class="mw-redirect" title="B6B21">B6B21</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carboxycyclopropylglycine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carboxycyclopropylglycine (page does not exist)">CCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">D-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">D-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">D-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-(3,3-Diphenylpropyl)glycinamide (page does not exist)">DHPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethylglycine" title="Dimethylglycine">Dimethylglycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HA-966" title="HA-966">HA-966</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-687,414" title="L-687,414">L-687,414</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">L-Alanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">L-Serine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milacemide" title="Milacemide">Milacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neboglamine" title="Neboglamine">Neboglamine (nebostinel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcosine" title="Sarcosine">Sarcosine</a>; Polyamine site agonists: <a href="/wiki/Neomycin" title="Neomycin">Neomycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermidine" title="Spermidine">Spermidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spermine" title="Spermine">Spermine</a>; Other positive allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/24S-Hydroxycholesterol" title="24S-Hydroxycholesterol">24S-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Dehydroepiandrosterone (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">prasterone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate"><abbr title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</abbr> sulfate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">prasterone sulfate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Epipregnanolone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Epipregnanolone sulfate (page does not exist)">Epipregnanolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazinemdor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazinemdor (page does not exist)">Plazinemdor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-201 (page does not exist)">SAGE-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SAGE-301&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SAGE-301 (page does not exist)">SAGE-301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SAGE-718" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE-718">SAGE-718</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Antagonists: Competitive antagonists: <a href="/wiki/AP5" title="AP5">AP5 (APV)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AP-7_(drug)" title="AP-7 (drug)">AP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-37849" title="CGP-37849">CGP-37849</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGP-39551" title="CGP-39551">CGP-39551</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-40116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-40116 (page does not exist)">CGP-40116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CGS-19755" class="mw-redirect" title="CGS-19755">CGS-19755</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid (page does not exist)">CPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitocephalin" title="Kaitocephalin">Kaitocephalin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-233053&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-233053 (page does not exist)">LY-233053</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY-235959" title="LY-235959">LY-235959</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LY-274614&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LY-274614 (page does not exist)">LY-274614</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-100453&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-100453 (page does not exist)">MDL-100453</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midafotel" title="Midafotel">Midafotel (d-CPPene)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-12626&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-12626 (page does not exist)">NPC-12626</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NPC-17742&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NPC-17742 (page does not exist)">NPC-17742</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PBPD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PBPD (page does not exist)">PBPD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEAQX" title="PEAQX">PEAQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perzinfotel" title="Perzinfotel">Perzinfotel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cis-1-(phenanthrene-2-carbonyl)piperazine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid (page does not exist)">PPDA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SDZ-220581&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SDZ-220581 (page does not exist)">SDZ-220581</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfotel" title="Selfotel">Selfotel</a>; Glycine site antagonists: <a href="/wiki/4-Chlorokynurenine" title="4-Chlorokynurenine">4-Cl-KYN (AV-101)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5,7-Dichlorokynurenic_acid" title="5,7-Dichlorokynurenic acid">5,7-DCKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Chlorokynurenic_acid" title="7-Chlorokynurenic acid">7-CKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic_acid" title="1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid">ACC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1011&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1011 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACEA-1328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ACEA-1328 (page does not exist)">ACEA-1328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apimostinel" title="Apimostinel">Apimostinel (NRX-1074)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV-101" class="mw-redirect" title="AV-101">AV-101</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carisoprodol" title="Carisoprodol">Carisoprodol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CGP-39653&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CGP-39653 (page does not exist)">CGP-39653</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNQX" title="CNQX">CNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloserine" title="Cycloserine">D-Cycloserine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNQX" title="DNQX">DNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felbamate" title="Felbamate">Felbamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavestinel" title="Gavestinel">Gavestinel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GV-196771&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GV-196771 (page does not exist)">GV-196771</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harkoseride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harkoseride (page does not exist)">Harkoseride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenic_acid" title="Kynurenic acid">Kynurenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynurenine" title="Kynurenine">Kynurenine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L-689560&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L-689560 (page does not exist)">L-689560</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-701324" title="L-701324">L-701324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licostinel" title="Licostinel">Licostinel (ACEA-1021)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LU-73068&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LU-73068 (page does not exist)">LU-73068</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-105519&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-105519 (page does not exist)">MDL-105519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprobamate" title="Meprobamate">Meprobamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MRZ_2/576&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MRZ 2/576 (page does not exist)">MRZ 2/576</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PNQX&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNQX (page does not exist)">PNQX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapastinel" title="Rapastinel">Rapastinel (GLYX-13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZD-9379" title="ZD-9379">ZD-9379</a>; Polyamine site antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arcaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arcaine (page does not exist)">Arcaine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Co_101676&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co 101676 (page does not exist)">Co 101676</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,3-Diaminopropane" title="1,3-Diaminopropane">Diaminopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethylenetriamine" title="Diethylenetriamine">Diethylenetriamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huperzine_A" title="Huperzine A">Huperzine A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine" title="Putrescine">Putrescine</a>; Uncompetitive pore blockers (mostly dizocilpine site): <a href="/wiki/2-MDP" title="2-MDP">2-MDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-HO-PCP" title="3-HO-PCP">3-HO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCE" title="3-MeO-PCE">3-MeO-PCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCMo" title="3-MeO-PCMo">3-MeO-PCMo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-MeO-PCP" title="3-MeO-PCP">3-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-MeO-PCP" title="4-MeO-PCP">4-MeO-PCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline" class="mw-redirect" title="8a-Phenyldecahydroquinoline">8A-PDHQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Methoxycoronaridine" title="18-Methoxycoronaridine">18-MC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Endopsychosin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Endopsychosin">α-Endopsychosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaproclate" title="Alaproclate">Alaproclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alazocine" title="Alazocine">Alazocine (SKF-10047)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amantadine" title="Amantadine">Amantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aptiganel" title="Aptiganel">Aptiganel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Argiotoxin-636&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Argiotoxin-636 (page does not exist)">Argiotoxin-636</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arketamine" title="Arketamine">Arketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-12495 (page does not exist)">ARL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-15896-AR" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-15896-AR">ARL-15896-AR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ARL-16247" class="mw-redirect" title="ARL-16247">ARL-16247</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budipine" title="Budipine">Budipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronaridine" title="Coronaridine">Coronaridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delucemine" title="Delucemine">Delucemine (NPS-1506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexoxadrol" title="Dexoxadrol">Dexoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrallorphan" title="Dextrallorphan">Dextrallorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethadone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dextromethadone">Dextromethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextromethorphan" title="Dextromethorphan">Dextromethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dextrorphan" title="Dextrorphan">Dextrorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieticyclidine" title="Dieticyclidine">Dieticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphenidine" title="Diphenidine">Diphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dizocilpine" title="Dizocilpine">Dizocilpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephenidine" title="Ephenidine">Ephenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esketamine" title="Esketamine">Esketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etoxadrol" title="Etoxadrol">Etoxadrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eticyclidine" title="Eticyclidine">Eticyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorolintane" title="Fluorolintane">Fluorolintane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gacyclidine" title="Gacyclidine">Gacyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogamine" title="Ibogamine">Ibogamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indantadol" title="Indantadol">Indantadol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketamine" title="Ketamine">Ketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketobemidone" title="Ketobemidone">Ketobemidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanicemine" title="Lanicemine">Lanicemine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethadone" title="Levomethadone">Levomethadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomethorphan" title="Levomethorphan">Levomethorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levomilnacipran" title="Levomilnacipran">Levomilnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levorphanol" title="Levorphanol">Levorphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">Loperamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memantine" title="Memantine">Memantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methadone" title="Methadone">Methadone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methorphan" title="Methorphan">Methorphan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxetamine" title="Methoxetamine">Methoxetamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxphenidine" title="Methoxphenidine">Methoxphenidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milnacipran" title="Milnacipran">Milnacipran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphanol" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphanol">Morphanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NEFA_(drug)" title="NEFA (drug)">NEFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neramexane" title="Neramexane">Neramexane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitromemantine" title="Nitromemantine">Nitromemantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noribogaine" title="Noribogaine">Noribogaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norketamine" title="Norketamine">Norketamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphenadrine" title="Orphenadrine">Orphenadrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCPr" title="PCPr">PCPr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PD-137889" title="PD-137889">PD-137889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pethidine" title="Pethidine">Pethidine (meperidine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Phencyclamine">Phencyclamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phencyclidine" title="Phencyclidine">Phencyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propoxyphene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propoxyphene">Propoxyphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remacemide" title="Remacemide">Remacemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchophylline" title="Rhynchophylline">Rhynchophylline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimantadine" title="Rimantadine">Rimantadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolicyclidine" title="Rolicyclidine">Rolicyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabeluzole" title="Sabeluzole">Sabeluzole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernanthine" title="Tabernanthine">Tabernanthine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenocyclidine" title="Tenocyclidine">Tenocyclidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiletamine" title="Tiletamine">Tiletamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramadol" title="Tramadol">Tramadol</a>; Ifenprodil (NR2B) site antagonists:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besonprodil" title="Besonprodil">Besonprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buphenine" title="Buphenine">Buphenine (nylidrin)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CO-101244&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CO-101244 (page does not exist)">CO-101244 (PD-174494)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliprodil" title="Eliprodil">Eliprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">Haloperidol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoxsuprine" title="Isoxsuprine">Isoxsuprine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiprodil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiprodil (page does not exist)">Radiprodil (RGH-896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rislenemdaz" title="Rislenemdaz">Rislenemdaz (CERC-301, MK-0657)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_8-4304&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 8-4304 (page does not exist)">Ro 8-4304</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_25-6981&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 25-6981 (page does not exist)">Ro 25-6981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaprodil" class="mw-redirect" title="Safaprodil">Safaprodil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traxoprodil" title="Traxoprodil">Traxoprodil (CP-101606)</a>; NR2A-selective antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-004&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-004 (page does not exist)">MPX-004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPX-007&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPX-007 (page does not exist)">MPX-007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-201&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-201 (page does not exist)">TCN-201</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TCN-213&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TCN-213 (page does not exist)">TCN-213</a>; Cations: <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Magnesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">Zinc</a>; Alcohols/volatile anesthetics/related: <a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butane" title="Butane">Butane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">Chloroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane" title="Cyclopropane">Cyclopropane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desflurane" title="Desflurane">Desflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">Diethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enflurane" title="Enflurane">Enflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(drug)" title="Alcohol (drug)">Ethanol (alcohol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halothane" title="Halothane">Halothane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanol" title="Hexanol">Hexanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflurane" title="Isoflurane">Isoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyflurane" title="Methoxyflurane">Methoxyflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octanol" title="Octanol">Octanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevoflurane" title="Sevoflurane">Sevoflurane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluene" title="Toluene">Toluene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1,1,1-Trichloroethane" title="1,1,1-Trichloroethane">Trichloroethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2,2,2-Trichloroethanol" title="2,2,2-Trichloroethanol">Trichloroethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trichloroethylene" title="Trichloroethylene">Trichloroethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">Urethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">Xenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xylene" title="Xylene">Xylene</a>; Unknown/unsorted antagonists: <a href="/w/index.php?title=ARR-15896&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARR-15896 (page does not exist)">ARR-15896</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bumetanide" title="Bumetanide">Bumetanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroverine" title="Caroverine">Caroverine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conantokin" title="Conantokin">Conantokin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-%CE%B1-Aminoadipate" class="mw-redirect" title="D-α-Aminoadipate">D-αAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexanabinol" title="Dexanabinol">Dexanabinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flufenamic_acid" title="Flufenamic acid">Flufenamic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flupirtine" title="Flupirtine">Flupirtine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FPL-12495&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FPL-12495 (page does not exist)">FPL-12495</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR-115427&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR-115427 (page does not exist)">FR-115427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furosemide" title="Furosemide">Furosemide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkinsine" title="Hodgkinsine">Hodgkinsine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipenoxazone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipenoxazone (page does not exist)">Ipenoxazone (MLV-6976)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MDL-27266&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MDL-27266 (page does not exist)">MDL-27266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphit" title="Metaphit">Metaphit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">Minocycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine" title="2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine">MPEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflumic_acid" title="Niflumic acid">Niflumic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine" title="Pentamidine">Pentamidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piretanide" title="Piretanide">Piretanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotridine" title="Psychotridine">Psychotridine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcrocetin" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcrocetin">Transcrocetin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li>Unsorted: Allosteric modulators: <a href="/wiki/AGN-241751" class="mw-redirect" title="AGN-241751">AGN-241751</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Metabotropic_glutamate_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators">Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glutamate_metabolism_and_transport_modulators" title="Template:Glutamate metabolism and transport modulators">Glutamate metabolism/transport modulators</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1341" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1341" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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