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href="#Canadian_and_United_States_soil_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Canadian and United States soil classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canadian_and_United_States_soil_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories_of_Chernozem_origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories_of_Chernozem_origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Theories of Chernozem origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories_of_Chernozem_origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Chernozem</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE" title="কৃষ্ণমৃত্তিকা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কৃষ্ণমৃত্তিকা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BC" title="Чарназём – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарназём" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Черноземни почви – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черноземни почви" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txernozem" title="Txernozem – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Txernozem" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernozem" title="Černozem – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černozem" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sortjord" title="Sortjord – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sortjord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzerde" title="Schwarzerde – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schwarzerde" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustmuld" title="Mustmuld – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mustmuld" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%B7_%CE%B3%CE%B7" title="Μαύρη γη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαύρη γη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chernozem" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%88ernozjomo" title="Ĉernozjomo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĉernozjomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txernozem" title="Txernozem – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txernozem" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85" title="چرنوزم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرنوزم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchernoziom" title="Tchernoziom – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tchernoziom" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B2%B4%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%A0%AC" title="체르노젬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="체르노젬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernozem" title="Černozem – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Černozem" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Chernozem" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernoz%C3%ABm" title="Černozëm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Černozëm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9D" title="צ'רנוזיום – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ'רנוזיום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="შავმიწა ნიადაგი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="შავმიწა ნიადაგი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Қара топырақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қара топырақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dor_du" title="Dor du – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Dor du" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solum_nigrum" title="Solum nigrum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Solum nigrum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juod%C5%BEemis" title="Juodžemis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodžemis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feketef%C3%B6ld" title="Feketeföld – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feketeföld" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Црница (почва) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црница (почва)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernozem" title="Chernozem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Chernozem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC%E3%83%A0" title="チェルノーゼム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チェルノーゼム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartjord" title="Svartjord – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartjord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartjord" title="Svartjord – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Svartjord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qora_tuproqlar" title="Qora tuproqlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qora tuproqlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarnoziemy" title="Czarnoziemy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarnoziemy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chernossolo" title="Chernossolo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chernossolo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_topraq" title="Qara topraq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qara topraq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cernoziom" title="Cernoziom – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cernoziom" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%91%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Чернозёмы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чернозёмы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ernozmet" title="Çernozmet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çernozmet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernozem" title="Černozem – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Černozem" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cernozjom" title="Černozjom – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Černozjom" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_(%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Црница (педологија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Црница (педологија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnica" title="Crnica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crnica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustamulta" title="Mustamulta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mustamulta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartjord" title="Svartjord – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Svartjord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D" title="கரிசல் மண் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கரிசல் மண்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ernezyom" title="Çernezyom – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çernezyom" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Чорнозем – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорнозем" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A5t_%C4%91en" title="Đất đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đất đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joud%C5%BEemis" title="Joudžemis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Joudžemis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%9C%9F" title="黑土 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑土" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Chernozem</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">Chernozemic soil</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollisol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Mollisol.jpg/250px-Mollisol.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Mollisol.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="284" data-file-height="490" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Mollisol (<a href="/wiki/USDA" class="mw-redirect" title="USDA">USDA</a>-<a href="/wiki/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service" title="Natural Resources Conservation Service">NRCS</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Used in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">WRB</a>, other</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">WRB</a> code</th><td class="infobox-data">CH</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Profile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">AhBC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent material</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Climate</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Humid continental</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chernozem</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/tʃ/: 'ch' in 'China'">tʃ</span><span title="/ɜːr/: 'ur' in 'fur'">ɜːr</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">CHUR-nə-zem</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also called <b>black soil</b>, <b>regur soil</b> or <b>black cotton soil</b>, is a black-colored <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> containing a high percentage of <a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">humus</a><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (4% to 16%) and high percentages of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chernozem is very <a href="/wiki/Soil_fertility" title="Soil fertility">fertile</a> soil and can produce high <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_yield" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural yield">agricultural yields</a> with its high moisture-storage capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chernozems are a Reference Soil Group of the <a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a> (WRB). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distribution">Distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chernozem_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chernozem_map.svg/220px-Chernozem_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chernozem_map.svg/330px-Chernozem_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Chernozem_map.svg/440px-Chernozem_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of chernozem soils according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a> classification: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d95f0e; color:black;"> </span> Dominant (more than 50% of soil cover)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fec44f; color:black;"> </span> Codominant (25-50%)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#fff7bc; color:black;"> </span> Associated (5-25%)</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The name comes from the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> terms for black (чёрный <i>čjornyj</i>) and soil, earth or land (земля <i>zemlja</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Etymonline_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-Webster-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil, rich in organic matter presenting a black color, was first identified by the <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a> geologist <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev" title="Vasily Dokuchaev">Vasily Dokuchaev</a> in 1883 in the tallgrass <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> or prairie of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ukraine" title="Eastern Ukraine">Eastern Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">Western Russia</a>. </p><p>Chernozem covers about 230 million <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a> of land. There are two "chernozem belts" in the world. One is the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_steppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian steppe">Eurasian steppe</a> that extends from eastern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a>), along the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Danubian_Plain_(Bulgaria)" title="Danubian Plain (Bulgaria)">Danubian Plain</a>), southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Plain" title="Wallachian Plain">Wallachian Plain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Plain" title="Moldavian Plain">Moldavian Plain</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, to northeast <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Central-Chernozem_Strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Central-Chernozem Strip">Central-Chernozem Strip</a> of <a href="/wiki/Central_Russia" title="Central Russia">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> into <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>. The other stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> of the United States as far south as Kansas.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chernozem layer thickness may vary widely, from several centimetres up to 1.5 metres (60 inches) in Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Red_River_Valley" title="Red River Valley">Red River Valley</a> region in the northern United States and Canada (location of the prehistoric <a href="/wiki/Lake_Agassiz" title="Lake Agassiz">Lake Agassiz</a>). </p><p>The terrain can also be found in small quantities elsewhere (for example, in 1% of Poland, Hungary, and Texas). It also exists in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_China" title="Northeast China">Northeast China</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Harbin#Economy" title="Harbin">Harbin</a>. The only true chernozem in Australia is located around <a href="/wiki/Nimmitabel" title="Nimmitabel">Nimmitabel</a>, some of the richest soils on the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Previously, there was a <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black market</a> for the soil in Ukraine. The sale of agricultural land was illegal in Ukraine from 1992 to 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the soil, transported by truck, could be traded legally. According to the <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>-based Green Front NGO, the black market for illegally acquired chernozem in Ukraine was projected to reach approximately US$900 million per year in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canadian_and_United_States_soil_classification">Canadian and United States soil classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Canadian and United States soil classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Chernozemic soils</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Soil_type" title="Soil type">soil type</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base for Soil Resources</a> (WRB). </p><p>Chernozemic soil type "equivalents", in the Canadian system, <a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">WRB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">U.S. Department of Agriculture soil taxonomy</a>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr style="border-bottom:1px solid black;"> <th align="left" style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">Canadian </th> <th align="left" style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">WRB </th> <th align="left" style="border-bottom:1px solid black;">United States </th></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soilsofcanada.ca/orders/chernozemic-soils.php">Chernozemic</a> </td> <td>Kastanozem, Chernozem, Phaeozem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Brown Chernozem </td> <td>Kastanozem (Aridic) </td> <td>Aridic Mollisol subgroups (Xerolls and Ustolls) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark Brown Chernozem </td> <td>Haplic Kastanozem </td> <td>Typic Mollisol subgroups </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black Chernozem </td> <td>Chernozem </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Udic_moisture_regime" title="Udic moisture regime">Udic</a> Mollisol subgroups </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dark Grey Chernozem </td> <td>Greyzemic Phaeozem </td> <td>Boralfic Mollisol subgroups, Albolls </td></tr> <tr> <td>Source: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pedosphere.com/resources/cssc3rd/chapter16.html">Pedosphere.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314065655/http://pedosphere.com/resources/cssc3rd/chapter16.html">Archived</a> 14 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories_of_Chernozem_origin">Theories of Chernozem origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theories of Chernozem origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1761: <a href="/wiki/Johan_Gottschalk_Wallerius" title="Johan Gottschalk Wallerius">Johan Gottschalk Wallerius</a> (plant decomposition)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1763: <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Lomonosov" title="Mikhail Lomonosov">Mikhail Lomonosov</a> (plant and animal decomposition)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1799: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Simon_Pallas" title="Peter Simon Pallas">Peter Simon Pallas</a> (reeds marsh)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1835: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> (loess)<sup id="cite_ref-Geik75_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geik75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1840: <a href="/wiki/Sir_Roderick_Murchison" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Roderick Murchison">Sir Roderick Murchison</a> (weathered from Jurassic marine shales)<sup id="cite_ref-Geik75_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geik75-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1850: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Eichwald" title="Karl Eichwald">Karl Eichwald</a> (peat)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1851: А. Petzgold (swamps)</li> <li>1852: Nikifor Borisyak (peat)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1853: Vangengeim von Qualen (silt from northern swamps)</li> <li>1862: Rudolf Ludwig (bog on place of forests)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>1866: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Ruprecht" title="Franz Josef Ruprecht">Franz Josef Ruprecht</a> (decomposed steppe grasses) <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1879: First chernozem papers translated from Russian<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1883: <a href="/wiki/Vasily_Dokuchaev" title="Vasily Dokuchaev">Vasily Dokuchaev</a> published his book <i>Russian Chernozem</i> with a complete study of this soil in European Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schl%C3%BCter" title="Otto Schlüter">Otto Schlüter</a> (man-made)<sup id="cite_ref-eckm07_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckm07-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1999: Michael W. I. Schmidt (neolithic biomass burning)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>As seen in the list above, the 19th and 20th-century discussions on the <a href="/wiki/Pedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedogenesis">pedogenesis</a> of Chernozem originally stemmed from climatic conditions from the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> to roughly 5500 BC. However, no single paleo-climate reconstruction could accurately explain geochemical variations found in Chernozems throughout central Europe. Evidence of anthropomorphic origins of stable <a href="/wiki/Black_carbon#Presence_in_soils" title="Black carbon">pyrogenic carbon</a> in Chernozem led to improved formation theories.<sup id="cite_ref-eckm07_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eckm07-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vegetation burning could explain Chernozem's high <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">magnetic susceptibility</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the highest of the major soil types.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordanova_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordanova-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soil magnetism increases when soil minerals <a href="/wiki/Goethite" title="Goethite">goethite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferrihydrite" title="Ferrihydrite">ferrihydrite</a> convert to <a href="/wiki/Maghemite" title="Maghemite">maghemite</a> on exposure to heat.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Temperatures sufficient to elevate maghemite on a landscape scale indicate the influence of fire. Given the rarity of such natural phenomena in the modern day, magnetic susceptibility in Chernozem likely relates to <a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">control of fire by early humans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jordanova_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jordanova-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Humification" class="mw-redirect" title="Humification">Humification</a> can darken soils (<a href="/wiki/Melanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanization">melanization</a>) absent a pyrogenic carbon component. Given the symphony of <a href="/wiki/Pedogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedogenesis">pedogenic</a> processes that contribute to the formation of dark earth, Chernozem summarizes different types of black soils with the same appearance but different formation histories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_organic_matter" title="Soil organic matter">Soil organic matter</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Чернозём</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Černozjom</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[tɕɪrnɐˈzʲɵm]</a></span>; <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">black ground</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Etymonline_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etymonline-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prolonged use may still require replenishment with fertilizers because it easily can get depleted of nutrients.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>IUSS Working Group WRB: World Reference Base for Soil Resources, fourth edition. International Union of Soil Sciences, Vienna 2022. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-8-9862451-1-9" title="Special:BookSources/979-8-9862451-1-9">979-8-9862451-1-9</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://wrb.isric.org/files/WRB_fourth_edition_2022-12-18.pdf">[1]</a>).</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BFC0zTM4TkAC&q=Chernozyom&pg=PA63"><i>Russia Investment and Business Guide</i></a>. International Business Publications. 2007. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433041686" title="Special:BookSources/9781433041686"><bdi>9781433041686</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+Investment+and+Business+Guide&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781433041686&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBFC0zTM4TkAC%26q%3DChernozyom%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Etymonline-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Etymonline_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Etymonline_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/chernozem">"chernozem | Etymology, origin and meaning of chernozem by etymonline"</a>. <i>www.etymonline.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.etymonline.com&rft.atitle=chernozem+%7C+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+chernozem+by+etymonline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fchernozem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-Webster-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merriam-Webster_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chernozem">"Chernozem"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+Online+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Chernozem&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fchernozem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=20616">"How Chemical Pre-Treatments in Particle Size Analysis Impact Wind Erosion Modeling"</a>. <i>AZoM.com</i>. 28 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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St.-Ptb.: Soc. Imp. libre économ., 1879. 66 p. (Comptes-rendus Soc. Imp. libre économ. T. 4).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dokuchaev V. V.</i> Russian Chernozem (1883) // Israel Program for Scientific Translations Ltd. (for USDA-NSF), S. Monson, Jerusalem, 1967. (Translated from Russian into English by N. Kaner)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eckm07-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eckm07_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eckm07_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmeierGerlachGehrtSchmidt2007" class="citation cs2">Eckmeier, Eileen; Gerlach, Renate; Gehrt, Ernst; Schmidt, Michael W.I. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308210844/http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~mschmidt/downloads/Eckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf">"Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe—A review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geoderma</i>, <b>139</b> (3–4): 288–299, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geode.139..288E">2007Geode.139..288E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.01.009">10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~mschmidt/downloads/Eckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Pedogenesis+of+Chernozems+in+Central+Europe%E2%80%94A+review&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=288-299&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.01.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geode.139..288E&rft.aulast=Eckmeier&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+Renate&rft.au=Gehrt%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael+W.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.unizh.ch%2F~mschmidt%2Fdownloads%2FEckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidtSkjemstadJäger2002" class="citation cs2">Schmidt, M.W.I.; Skjemstad, J.O.; Jäger, C. (2002), "Carbon isotope geochemistry and nanomorphology of soil black carbon: Black chernozemic soils in central Europe originate from ancient biomass burning", <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i>, <b>16</b> (4): 70–1–70–8, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002GBioC..16.1123S">2002GBioC..16.1123S</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2002GB001939">10.1029/2002GB001939</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56045817">56045817</a>, <q>These data challenge the common paradigm that chernozems are zonal soils with climate, parent material and bioturbation dominating soil formation, and introduce fire as a novel, important factor in the formation of these soils</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Global+Biogeochemical+Cycles&rft.atitle=Carbon+isotope+geochemistry+and+nanomorphology+of+soil+black+carbon%3A+Black+chernozemic+soils+in+central+Europe+originate+from+ancient+biomass+burning&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=70-1-70-8&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56045817%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2002GB001939&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002GBioC..16.1123S&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=M.W.I.&rft.au=Skjemstad%2C+J.O.&rft.au=J%C3%A4ger%2C+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmeier2007" class="citation cs2">Eckmeier, E. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zora.uzh.ch/3752"><i>Detecting prehistoric fire-based farming using biogeochemical markers</i></a> (Dissertation), University of Zurich, Faculty of Science., <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5167%2Fuzh-3752">10.5167/uzh-3752</a>, <q>It is now an open question as to whether Neolithic settlers did indeed prefer to grow crops where Chernozems occurred or if Neolithic burning formed the chernozemic soils.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detecting+prehistoric+fire-based+farming+using+biogeochemical+markers&rft.pub=University+of+Zurich%2C+Faculty+of+Science.&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5167%2Fuzh-3752&rft.aulast=Eckmeier&rft.aufirst=E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zora.uzh.ch%2F3752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEckmeierGerlachGehrtSchmidt2007" class="citation cs2">Eckmeier, Eileen; Gerlach, Renate; Gehrt, Ernst; Schmidt, Michael W.I. (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308210844/http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~mschmidt/downloads/Eckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf">"Pedogenesis of Chernozems in Central Europe—A review"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Geoderma</i>, <b>139</b> (3–4): 288–299, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Geode.139..288E">2007Geode.139..288E</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.01.009">10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.01.009</a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geo.unizh.ch/~mschmidt/downloads/Eckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2016, <q>magnetic susceptibility of soil material may reflect past fires</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geoderma&rft.atitle=Pedogenesis+of+Chernozems+in+Central+Europe%E2%80%94A+review&rft.volume=139&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=288-299&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.geoderma.2007.01.009&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007Geode.139..288E&rft.aulast=Eckmeier&rft.aufirst=Eileen&rft.au=Gerlach%2C+Renate&rft.au=Gehrt%2C+Ernst&rft.au=Schmidt%2C+Michael+W.I.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geo.unizh.ch%2F~mschmidt%2Fdownloads%2FEckmeier_Geoderma_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jordanova-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jordanova_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jordanova_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordanova2017" class="citation book cs1">Jordanova, Neli, ed. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128092392000085">"Chapter 8 - The discriminating power of soil magnetism for the characterization of different soil types"</a>. <i>Soil Magnetism</i>. Academic Press. pp. 349–365. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809239-2.00008-5">10.1016/B978-0-12-809239-2.00008-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-809239-2"><bdi>978-0-12-809239-2</bdi></a>. <q>Chernozem soils exhibit similar features worldwide and are generally characterized by significant magnetic enhancement in the upper soil horizons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8+-+The+discriminating+power+of+soil+magnetism+for+the+characterization+of+different+soil+types&rft.btitle=Soil+Magnetism&rft.pages=349-365&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809239-2.00008-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-809239-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780128092392000085&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNørnbergSchwertmannStanjekAndersen2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nørnberg, P.; Schwertmann, U.; Stanjek, H.; Andersen, T.; Gunnlaugsson, H.P. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/claymin/article-abstract/39/1/85/56468/Mineralogy-of-a-burned-soil-compared-with-four?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Mineralogy of a burned soil compared with four anomalously red Quaternary deposits in Denmark"</a>. <i>Clay Minerals</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 85–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004ClMin..39...85N">2004ClMin..39...85N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1180%2F0009855043910122">10.1180/0009855043910122</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129974901">129974901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clay+Minerals&rft.atitle=Mineralogy+of+a+burned+soil+compared+with+four+anomalously+red+Quaternary+deposits+in+Denmark&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=85-98&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129974901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1180%2F0009855043910122&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004ClMin..39...85N&rft.aulast=N%C3%B8rnberg&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Schwertmann%2C+U.&rft.au=Stanjek%2C+H.&rft.au=Andersen%2C+T.&rft.au=Gunnlaugsson%2C+H.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.geoscienceworld.org%2Fclaymin%2Farticle-abstract%2F39%2F1%2F85%2F56468%2FMineralogy-of-a-burned-soil-compared-with-four%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChernozem" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>W. Zech, P. Schad, G. Hintermaier-Erhard: Soils of the World. Springer, Berlin 2022, Chapter 5.3.2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30460-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30460-9">978-3-540-30460-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Chernozem" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Chernozem">Chernozem</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chernozem" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:chernozem">chernozem</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrb.isric.org/picture-gallery/">profile photos (with classification)</a> WRB homepage</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iuss.org/index.php?article_id=73">IUSS profile photos (with classification)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180909150525/https://www.iuss.org/index.php?article_id=73">Archived</a> 9 September 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> IUSS World of Soils</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soil_type" title="Template:Soil type"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soil_type" title="Template talk:Soil type"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soil_type" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soil type"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soil_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soil_classification" title="Soil classification">Soil classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_Reference_Base_for_Soil_Resources" title="World Reference Base for Soil Resources">World Reference Base<br /> for Soil Resources</a> (1998–)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrisol" title="Acrisol">Acrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Alisols">Alisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andosol" title="Andosol">Andosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthrosol" title="Anthrosol">Anthrosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamment" title="Psamment">Arenosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcisol" title="Calcisol">Calcisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambisol" title="Cambisol">Cambisols</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chernozem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryosols" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryosols">Cryosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durisol" title="Durisol">Durisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferralsols" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferralsols">Ferralsols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvisol" title="Fluvisol">Fluvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleysol" title="Gleysol">Gleysols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsisols" class="mw-redirect" title="Gypsisols">Gypsisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastanozem" title="Kastanozem">Kastanozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosol" title="Leptosol">Leptosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lixisol" title="Lixisol">Lixisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luvisol" title="Luvisol">Luvisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisol" title="Nitisol">Nitisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaeozem" title="Phaeozem">Phaeozems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planosol" title="Planosol">Planosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plinthosol" title="Plinthosol">Plinthosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Podzols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regosol" title="Regosol">Regosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retisol" title="Retisol">Retisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonchak" title="Solonchak">Solonchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solonetz" title="Solonetz">Solonetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnosol" title="Stagnosol">Stagnosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technosol" title="Technosol">Technosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrisol" title="Umbrisol">Umbrisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="USDA soil taxonomy">USDA soil taxonomy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfisol" title="Alfisol">Alfisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andisol" title="Andisol">Andisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aridisol" title="Aridisol">Aridisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entisol" title="Entisol">Entisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelisol" title="Gelisol">Gelisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inceptisol" title="Inceptisol">Inceptisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollisol" title="Mollisol">Mollisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisol" title="Oxisol">Oxisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podzol" title="Podzol">Spodosols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultisol" title="Ultisol">Ultisols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertisol" title="Vertisol">Vertisols</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FAO_soil_classification" title="FAO soil classification">FAO soil classification</a> (1974–1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Soil_Classification_System" title="Unified Soil Classification System">Unified Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AASHTO_Soil_Classification_System" title="AASHTO Soil Classification System">AASHTO Soil Classification System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rentiel_p%C3%A9dologique" title="Référentiel pédologique">Référentiel pédologique</a> (French classification system)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_system_of_soil_classification" title="Canadian system of soil classification">Canadian system of soil classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Soil_Classification" title="Australian Soil Classification">Australian Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Soil_Classification" title="Polish Soil Classification">Polish Soil Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938_USDA_soil_taxonomy" title="1938 USDA soil taxonomy">1938 USDA soil taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._state_soils" title="List of U.S. state soils">List of U.S. state soils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vineyard_soil_types" title="List of vineyard soil types">List of vineyard soil types</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic soil types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">Silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loam" title="Loam">Loam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topsoil" title="Topsoil">Topsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsoil" title="Subsoil">Subsoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_crust" title="Soil crust">Soil crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claypan" title="Claypan">Claypan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardpan" title="Hardpan">Hardpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypcrust" title="Gypcrust">Gypcrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliche" title="Caliche">Caliche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parent_material" title="Parent material">Parent material</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedosphere" title="Pedosphere">Pedosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laimosphere" title="Laimosphere">Laimosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_soil" title="Bulk soil">Bulk soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_soil" title="Alkali soil">Alkali soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_goo" title="Blue goo">Blue goo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brickearth" title="Brickearth">Brickearth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_earth" title="Brown earth">Brown earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_grassland" title="Calcareous grassland">Calcareous grassland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_earth" title="Dark earth">Dark earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_quicksand" title="Dry quicksand">Dry quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duplex_soil" title="Duplex soil">Duplex soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eluvium" title="Eluvium">Eluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansive_clay" title="Expansive clay">Expansive clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_dirt" title="Fill dirt">Fill dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller%27s_earth" title="Fuller's earth">Fuller's earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrophobic_soil" title="Hydrophobic soil">Hydrophobic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loess" title="Loess">Loess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Lunar soil">Lunar soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martian_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Martian soil">Martian soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud" title="Mud">Mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleosol" title="Paleosol">Paleosol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_farmland" title="Prime farmland">Prime farmland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quicksand" title="Quicksand">Quicksand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpentine_soil" title="Serpentine soil">Serpentine soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spodic_soil" class="mw-redirect" title="Spodic soil">Spodic soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stagnogley" title="Stagnogley">Stagnogley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_soil" title="Subaqueous soil">Subaqueous soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takir_(soil)" title="Takir (soil)">Takir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_preta" title="Terra preta">Terra preta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_rossa_(soil)" title="Terra rossa (soil)">Terra rossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedoma" title="Yedoma">Yedoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_soil" title="Category:Types of soil">Types of soil</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193158#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/853661/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4183114-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chernozem soils"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85023077">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chernozems"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169148823">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chernozems"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169148823">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="černozemě"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph688097&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007285056305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&oldid=1258105752">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chernozem&oldid=1258105752</a>"</div></div> <div 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