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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attributed_artworks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attributed_artworks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Attributed artworks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attributed_artworks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Relays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Federal support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Patent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Political views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Anti-Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pro-slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pro-slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pro-slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pro-slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Later years</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later years subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Litigation_over_telegraph_patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litigation_over_telegraph_patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Litigation over telegraph patent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litigation_over_telegraph_patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Foreign recognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transatlantic_cable" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transatlantic_cable"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Transatlantic cable</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transatlantic_cable-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_years_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_years_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Last years and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Patents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Patents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Samuel Morse</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="صمويل مورس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صمويل مورس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morze" title="Samuel Morze – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Samuel Morze" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="স্যামুয়েল মোর্স – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্যামুয়েল মোর্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Самуэль Морзэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Самуэль Морзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%E2%80%99%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D1%8D" title="Сэм’юэл Морзэ – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сэм’юэл Морзэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8A%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Самюъл Морз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Самюъл Морз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse" title="Samuel F. B. Morse – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Samuel F. B. Morse" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse" title="Samuel F. B. Morse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Samuel F. B. Morse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B5%CE%BB_%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%82" title="Σάμιουελ Μορς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σάμιουελ Μορς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ساموئل مورس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساموئل مورس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8" title="સેમ્યુઅલ મોર્સ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સેમ્યુઅલ મોર્સ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88%EB%AE%A4%EC%96%BC_%EB%AA%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="새뮤얼 모스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새뮤얼 모스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D5%84%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A6%D5%A5" title="Սեմյուել Մորզե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեմյուել Մորզե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AB.%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80._%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सेम्युल एफ.बी. मोर्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेम्युल एफ.बी. मोर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse" title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Морзе, Сэмюэл – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Морзе, Сэмюэл" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="סמואל מורס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סמואל מורס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="სემიუელ მორზე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სემიუელ მორზე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semjuels_Morze" title="Semjuels Morze – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Semjuels Morze" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7" title="Семјуел Морз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семјуел Морз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सॅम्युएल मॉर्स – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सॅम्युएल मॉर्स" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%96%E1%83%94" title="სემიუელ მორზე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სემიუელ მორზე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%85%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="صمويل مورس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صمويل مورس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9A%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7" title="ဆယ်မျူယယ် မော့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆယ်မျူယယ် မော့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="サミュエル・モールス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サミュエル・モールス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B8" title="ସାମୁଏଲ ମୋର୍ସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସାମୁଏଲ ମୋର୍ସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8" title="ਸੈਮੁਏਲ ਮੋਰਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੈਮੁਏਲ ਮੋਰਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="سیموئل مورس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سیموئل مورس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse" title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semuel_Morze" title="Semuel Morze – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Semuel Morze" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5,_%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Морзе, Сэмюэл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Морзе, Сэмюэл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="සැමුවෙල් මෝර්ස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සැමුවෙල් මෝර්ස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse" title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Samuel Finley Breese Morse" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Самјуел Морзе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Самјуел Морзе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="சாமுவெல் மோர்சு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாமுவெல் மோர்சு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_F._B._%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="సామ్యూల్ F. B. మోర్స్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సామ్యూల్ F. B. మోర్స్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9F._%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA" title="ซามูเอล เอฟ. บี. มอร์ส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซามูเอล เอฟ. บี. มอร์ส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%8E%D1%8D%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Сэмюэл Морзе – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сэмюэл Морзе" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8E%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%96_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="Семюел Фінлі Бріз Морзе – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Семюел Фінлі Бріз Морзе" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ساموئىل مورس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ساموئىل مورس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Samuel Morse" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American inventor and painter (1791–1872)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Samuel Morse (disambiguation)">Samuel Morse (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Samuel Morse</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/220px-Samuel_Morse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/330px-Samuel_Morse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/440px-Samuel_Morse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Morse in 1866</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Samuel Finley Breese Morse</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1791-04-27</span>)</span>April 27, 1791<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Boston" title="Charlestown, Boston">Charlestown, Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">April 2, 1872<span style="display:none">(1872-04-02)</span> (aged 80)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a>, New York City<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Samuel_Morse&params=40.650486_N_73.9943314_W_type:landmark"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">40°39′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">73°59′40″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">40.650486°N 73.9943314°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">40.650486; -73.9943314</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Arts" title="Royal Academy of Arts">Royal Academy of Arts</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Inventor</li><li>painter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Lucretia Pickering Walker</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1818; died 1825)<wbr /></div><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sarah Elizabeth Griswold</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1848)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Jedidiah Morse</a></li><li>Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Edwards_Morse" title="Sidney Edwards Morse">Sidney Edwards Morse</a> (brother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Samuel_Morse_signature.svg/150px-Samuel_Morse_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Samuel_Morse_signature.svg/225px-Samuel_Morse_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Samuel_Morse_signature.svg/300px-Samuel_Morse_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="144" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Samuel Finley Breese Morse</b> (April 27, 1791 – April 2, 1872) was an American inventor and painter. After establishing his reputation as a portrait painter, Morse, in his middle age, contributed to the invention of a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#Morse_system" title="Electrical telegraph">single-wire telegraph system</a> based on European telegraphs. He was a co-developer of <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> in 1837 and helped to develop the commercial use of telegraphy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg/240px-MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg/360px-MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg/480px-MorseHouseCharlestown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1133" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Morse, Charlestown, Massachusetts, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1898</span> photo</figcaption></figure> <p>Samuel F. B. Morse was born in <a href="/wiki/Charlestown,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlestown, Massachusetts">Charlestown, Massachusetts</a>, the first child of the pastor <a href="/wiki/Jedidiah_Morse" title="Jedidiah Morse">Jedidiah Morse</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1761–1826), who was also a geographer, and his wife Elizabeth Ann Finley Breese (1766–1828).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabee2004_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabee2004-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His father was a great preacher of the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a> faith and supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>. He thought it helped preserve <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> traditions (strict observance of <a href="/wiki/Christian_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Sabbath">Sabbath</a>, among other things), and believed in the Federalist support of an alliance with Britain and a strong central government. Morse strongly believed in education within a Federalist framework, alongside the instillation of Calvinist virtues, morals, and prayers for his first son. His first ancestor in America was Anthony Morse, of <a href="/wiki/Marlborough,_Wiltshire" title="Marlborough, Wiltshire">Marlborough, Wiltshire</a>, who had emigrated to America in 1635, and settled in <a href="/wiki/Newbury,_Massachusetts" title="Newbury, Massachusetts">Newbury, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro1891_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro1891-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After attending <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andover,_Massachusetts" title="Andover, Massachusetts">Andover, Massachusetts</a>, Samuel Morse went on to <a href="/wiki/Yale_College" title="Yale College">Yale College</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Religious_philosophy" title="Religious philosophy">religious philosophy</a>, mathematics, and science. While at Yale, he attended lectures on electricity from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Silliman" title="Benjamin Silliman">Benjamin Silliman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Day" title="Jeremiah Day">Jeremiah Day</a> and was a member of the Society of <a href="/wiki/Brothers_in_Unity" title="Brothers in Unity">Brothers in Unity</a>. He supported himself by painting. In 1810, he graduated from Yale with <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a> honors. </p><p>Morse married Lucretia Pickering Walker on September 29, 1818, in <a href="/wiki/Concord,_New_Hampshire" title="Concord, New Hampshire">Concord, New Hampshire</a>. She died on February 7, 1825, of a heart attack shortly after the birth of their third child.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Susan b. 1819, Charles b. 1823, James b. 1825). He married his second wife, Sarah Elizabeth Griswold on August 10, 1848, in <a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica, New York</a> and had four children (Samuel b. 1849, Cornelia b. 1851, William b. 1853, Edward b. 1857). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Painting">Painting</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Samuel_Morse" title="Special:EditPage/Samuel Morse">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Samuel+Morse%22">"Samuel Morse"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Samuel+Morse%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Samuel+Morse%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Samuel+Morse%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Samuel+Morse%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Samuel+Morse%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/240px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/360px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/480px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Self-Portrait_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3585" data-file-height="4287" /></a><figcaption>Self-portrait of Morse in 1812 (<a href="/wiki/National_Portrait_Gallery_(United_States)" title="National Portrait Gallery (United States)">National Portrait Gallery</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Morse expressed some of his Calvinist beliefs in his painting, <i>Landing of the Pilgrims</i>, through the depiction of simple clothing as well as the people's austere facial features. His image captured the psychology of the Federalists; Calvinists from England brought to North America ideas of religion and government, thus linking the two countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This work attracted the attention of the notable artist, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Allston" title="Washington Allston">Washington Allston</a>. Allston wanted Morse to accompany him to England to meet the artist <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>. Allston arranged—with Morse's father—a three-year stay for painting study in England. The two men set sail aboard the <i>Libya</i> on July 15, 1811. </p><p>In England, Morse perfected his painting techniques under Allston's watchful eye; by the end of 1811, he gained admittance to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a>. At the academy, he was moved by the art of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and paid close attention to the works of <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>. After observing and practicing <a href="/wiki/Figure_drawing" title="Figure drawing">life drawing</a> and absorbing its anatomical demands, the young artist produced his masterpiece, the <i>Dying Hercules</i>. (He first made a sculpture as a study for the painting.) </p><p>To some, the <i>Dying Hercules</i> seemed to represent a political statement against the British and also the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">American Federalists</a>. The muscles symbolized the strength of the young and vibrant United States versus the British and British-American supporters. During Morse's time in Britain, the Americans and British were engaged in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Both societies were conflicted over loyalties. Anti-Federalist Americans aligned themselves with the French, abhorred the British, and believed a strong central government to be inherently dangerous to democracy. </p><p>As the war raged on, Morse's letters to his parents became more anti-Federalist in tone. In one such letter, Morse wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>I assert ... that the Federalists in the Northern States have done more injury to their country by their violent opposition measures than a French alliance could. Their proceedings are copied into the English papers, read before <a href="/wiki/British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">Parliament</a>, and circulated through their country, and what do they say of them ... they call them [Federalists] cowards, a base set, say they are traitors to their country and ought to be hanged like traitors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg/220px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg/330px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg/440px-Brooklyn_Museum_-_Jonas_Platt_-_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_overall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Platt" title="Jonas Platt">Jonas Platt</a></i>, New York politician, by Morse. Oil on canvas, 1828, <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Museum" title="Brooklyn Museum">Brooklyn Museum</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_(1822).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg/220px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg/330px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg/440px-Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_-_The_House_of_Representatives_%281822%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3404" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_House_of_Representatives" title="The House of Representatives">The House of Representatives</a></i>. Oil on canvas, 1822, <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art" title="National Gallery of Art">National Gallery of Art</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Jedidiah Morse did not change Samuel's political views, he continued as an influence. Critics believe that the elder Morse's Calvinist ideas are integral to Morse's <i>Judgment of Jupiter,</i> another significant work completed in England. <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a> is shown in a cloud, accompanied by his <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagle</a>, with his hand spread above the parties and he is pronouncing judgment. <a href="/wiki/Marpessa_of_Aetolia" title="Marpessa of Aetolia">Marpessa</a>, with an expression of compunction and shame, is throwing herself into the arms of her husband. Idas, who tenderly loved Marpessa, is eagerly rushing forward to receive her while <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> stares with surprise. </p><p>Critics have suggested that Jupiter represents God's omnipotence—watching every move that is made. Some call the portrait a moral teaching by Morse on <a href="/wiki/Infidelity" title="Infidelity">infidelity</a>. Although Marpessa fell victim, she realized that her <a href="/wiki/Eternal_salvation" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal salvation">eternal salvation</a> was important and desisted from her wicked ways. Apollo shows no remorse for what he did but stands with a puzzled look. Many American paintings throughout the early nineteenth century had religious themes, and Morse was an early exemplar of this. <i>Judgment of Jupiter</i> allowed Morse to express his support of Anti-Federalism while maintaining his strong spiritual convictions. Benjamin West sought to present the <i>Jupiter</i> at another Royal Academy exhibition, but Morse's time had run out. He left England on August 21, 1815, to return to the United States and begin his full-time career as a painter. </p><p>The decade 1815–1825 marked significant growth in Morse's work, as he sought to capture the essence of America's culture and life. He painted the Federalist former President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (1816). The Federalists and Anti-Federalists clashed over <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a>. Morse painted portraits of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Brown_(1784%E2%80%931820)" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Brown (1784–1820)">Francis Brown</a>—the college's president—and Judge Woodward (1817), who was involved in bringing <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College_v._Woodward" title="Dartmouth College v. Woodward">the Dartmouth case</a> before the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:94_Tradd.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/94_Tradd.JPG/220px-94_Tradd.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/94_Tradd.JPG/330px-94_Tradd.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/94_Tradd.JPG/440px-94_Tradd.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Morse maintained a studio at <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wainwright_House" title="Samuel Wainwright House">94 Tradd St.</a>, Charleston, South Carolina, for a short period.</figcaption></figure> <p>Morse also sought commissions among the elite of <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. Morse's 1818 painting of Mrs. Emma Quash symbolized the opulence of Charleston. The young artist was doing well for himself. Between 1819 and 1821, Morse went through great changes in his life, including a decline in commissions due to the <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1819" title="Panic of 1819">Panic of 1819</a>. </p><p>Morse was commissioned to paint President <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> in 1820. He embodied Jeffersonian democracy by favoring the common man over the aristocrat. </p><p>Morse had moved to <a href="/wiki/New_Haven,_Connecticut" title="New Haven, Connecticut">New Haven</a>. His commissions for <i>The House of Representatives</i> (1821) and a portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a> (1825) engaged his sense of democratic nationalism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i>The House of Representatives</i> was designed to capitalize on the success of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marius_Granet" title="François Marius Granet">François Marius Granet</a>'s <i>The Capuchin Chapel in Rome,</i> which toured the United States extensively throughout the 1820s, attracting audiences<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellion2011289–291_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellion2011289–291-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> willing to pay the 25-cent admission fee. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg/220px-Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg/330px-Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg/440px-Samuel_Finley_Breeze_Morse_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1614" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>The Chapel of the Virgin at Subiaco</i>, 1830</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The artist chose to paint the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a>, in a similar way, with careful attention to architecture and dramatic lighting. He also wished to select a uniquely American topic that would bring glory to the young nation. His subject did just that, showing American democracy in action. He traveled to Washington D.C. to draw the architecture of the new Capitol and placed eighty individuals within the painting. He chose to portray a night scene, balancing the architecture of the Rotunda with the figures, and using lamplight to highlight the work. Pairs of people, those who stood alone, individuals bent over their desks working, were each painted simply but with faces of character. Morse chose nighttime to convey that Congress' dedication to the principles of democracy transcended day. </p><p><i>The House of Representatives</i> failed to draw a crowd when exhibited in New York City in 1823. By contrast, John Trumbull's <i>Declaration of Independence</i> had won popular acclaim a few years earlier. Viewers may have felt that the architecture of <i>The House of Representatives</i> overshadows the individuals, making it hard to appreciate the drama of what was happening. </p><p>Morse was honored to paint the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, the leading French supporter of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>. He felt compelled to paint a grand portrait of the man who helped to establish a free and independent America. He features Lafayette against a magnificent sunset. He has positioned Lafayette to the right of three pedestals: one has a bust of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, another of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, and the third seems reserved for Lafayette. A peaceful woodland landscape below him symbolized American tranquility and prosperity as it approached the age of fifty. The developing friendship between Morse and Lafayette and their discussions of the Revolutionary War affected the artist after his return to New York City. </p><p>In 1826, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Design" title="National Academy of Design">National Academy of Design</a> in New York City. He served as the academy's president from 1826 to 1845 and again from 1861 to 1862. </p><p>From 1830 to 1832, Morse traveled and studied in Europe to improve his painting skills, visiting Italy, Switzerland, and France. During his time in Paris, he developed a friendship with the writer <a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a project, he painted miniature copies of 38 of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>'s famous paintings on a single canvas (6 ft. x 9 ft), which he entitled <i>The Gallery of the Louvre.</i> He completed the work upon his return to the United States. </p><p>In 1832, after his return to the United States, Morse was appointed professor of painting and sculpture at the University of the City of New York, now <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJacksonKellerFlood2010_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJacksonKellerFlood2010-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first such professorship in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a subsequent visit to Paris in 1839, Morse met <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a>. He became interested in the latter's <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>—the first practical means of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse wrote a letter to the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Observer">New York Observer</a></i> describing the invention, which was published widely in the American press and provided broad awareness of the new technology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorse2006Letter_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2006Letter-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a>, one of the earliest photographers in American history, famous for his depictions of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, initially studied under Morse and later took photographs of him. </p><p>Some of Morse's paintings and sculptures are on display at his <a href="/wiki/Locust_Grove_(Samuel_F._B._Morse_House)" class="mw-redirect" title="Locust Grove (Samuel F. B. Morse House)">Locust Grove</a> estate in <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-collection_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collection-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Morse artworks</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DyingHercules.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dying Hercules, Morse's early masterpiece"><img alt="Dying Hercules, Morse's early masterpiece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DyingHercules.jpg/243px-DyingHercules.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DyingHercules.jpg/365px-DyingHercules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/DyingHercules.jpg/487px-DyingHercules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="658" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dying <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a></i>, Morse's early masterpiece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1925,_Morse,_Samuel_F.B.,_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester,_Massachusetts.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Captain Demaresque of Gloucester, Massachusetts, Princeton University Art Museum"><img alt="Captain Demaresque of Gloucester, Massachusetts, Princeton University Art Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/237px-1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/356px-1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg/475px-1925%2C_Morse%2C_Samuel_F.B.%2C_Captain_Demaresque_of_Gloucester%2C_Massachusetts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="3254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Captain Demaresque of Gloucester, Massachusetts</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Art_Museum" title="Princeton University Art Museum">Princeton University Art Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of John Adams"><img alt="Portrait of John Adams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg/247px-John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg/370px-John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/John_Adams-SFBMorse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="455" data-file-height="553" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Portrait of <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 294.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 292.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Gallery of the Louvre 1831–33"><img alt="The Gallery of the Louvre 1831–33" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg/439px-Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg" decoding="async" width="293" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg/658px-Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg/877px-Gallery_of_the_Louvre_1831-33_Samuel_Morse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1711" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Gallery of the Louvre</i> 1831–33</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (c. 1819)"><img alt="Portrait of James Monroe, 5th President of the United States (c. 1819)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/249px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/374px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg/498px-James_Monroe_White_House_portrait_1819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2491" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a>, 5th President of the United States (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1819</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eli Whitney, inventor, 1822. Yale University Art Gallery"><img alt="Eli Whitney, inventor, 1822. Yale University Art Gallery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg/232px-Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg" decoding="async" width="155" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg/348px-Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg/464px-Eli_Whitney_by_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse_1822.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2323" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a>, inventor, 1822. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Art_Gallery" title="Yale University Art Gallery">Yale University Art Gallery</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 216.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 214.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chart of Colors, drawn to illustrate his palette of colors"><img alt="Chart of Colors, drawn to illustrate his palette of colors" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg/322px-Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg/483px-Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg/645px-Chart_of_Colors_Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="715" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <i>Chart of Colors</i>, drawn to illustrate his palette of colors</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 132.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 130.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette, 1826"><img alt="Portrait of the Marquis de Lafayette, 1826" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg/196px-Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="131" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg/294px-Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg/393px-Portrait_of_Marquis_de_Lafayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="982" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of the <a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Lafayette" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, 1826</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of Lafayette"><img alt="Portrait of Lafayette" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg/250px-Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg/374px-Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg/499px-Portrait_of_Lafayette.jpg 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of Lafayette</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributed_artworks">Attributed artworks</h2></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50px;">Year </th> <th scope="col" style="width:150px;">Title </th> <th scope="col" style="width:200px;">Image </th> <th scope="col" style="width:150px;">Collection </th> <th scope="col" style="width:150px;">Comments </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1820</td> <td><i>Latham Avery</i> (c. 1820), oil on canvas (attributed to Samuel F. B. Morse)</td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.si.edu/exhibit/capital/pop-ups/01-06.html">view</a></td> <td></td> <td>Subject: lived 1775–1845; husband of Betsey Wood Lester (m. 1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=135G33D223A54.498&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100009~!1670751~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=3&source=~!siartinventories&term=Latham+Avery+%281775-1845%29%2C&index=ALTIT#focus">IAP 8E110005</a> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>1820</td> <td><i>Mrs. Latham Avery</i> (c. 1820), oil on canvas (attributed to Samuel F. B. Morse)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>Subject: Betsey Wood Lester (1787–1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=135G33D223A54.498&profile=ariall&uri=full=3100001~!437963~!34&ri=4&aspect=Browse&menu=search&source=~!siartinventories&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Morse,+Samuel+Finley+Breese,+1791-1872,+painter.+(attributed+to)&index=AUTHOR&uindex=&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=4#focus">IAP 8E110006</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telegraph">Telegraph</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morse_telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morse_telegraph.jpg/220px-Morse_telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morse_telegraph.jpg/330px-Morse_telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Morse_telegraph.jpg/440px-Morse_telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1308" data-file-height="1988" /></a><figcaption>Original Samuel Morse telegraph</figcaption></figure> <p>While returning by ship from Europe in 1832, Morse encountered <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomas_Jackson" title="Charles Thomas Jackson">Charles Thomas Jackson</a> of Boston, a man who was well schooled in <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>. Witnessing various experiments with Jackson's <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a>, Morse developed the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#Morse_system" title="Electrical telegraph">single-wire telegraph</a>. He set aside the painting he had been working on, <i>The Gallery of the Louvre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage199828–29_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage199828–29-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original Morse telegraph, submitted with his <a href="/wiki/Patent_application" title="Patent application">patent application</a>, is part of the collections of the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NMAH_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NMAH-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In time, the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> that he developed would become the primary language of telegraphy in the world. It is still the standard for rhythmic transmission of data. </p><p>Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Cooke</a> and Professor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> had learned of the <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gauss" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gauss">Carl Gauss</a> electromagnetic telegraph in 1833. They had reached the stage of launching a commercial telegraph prior to Morse, despite starting later. In England, Cooke became fascinated by electrical telegraphy in 1836, four years after Morse. Aided by his greater financial resources, Cooke abandoned his primary subject of anatomy and built a small electrical telegraph within three weeks. Wheatstone also was experimenting with telegraphy and (most importantly) understood that a single large <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a> would not carry a telegraphic signal over long distances. He theorized that numerous small batteries were far more successful and efficient in this task. (Wheatstone was building on the primary research of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>, an American physicist.) Cooke and Wheatstone formed a partnership and patented the electrical telegraph in May 1837, and within a short time had provided the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> with a 13-mile (21 km) stretch of telegraph. However, within a few years, Cooke and Wheatstone's multiple-wire signaling method would be overtaken by Morse's cheaper method. </p><p>In an 1848 letter to a friend, Morse describes how vigorously he fought to be called the sole inventor of the electromagnetic telegraph despite the previous inventions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcEwen1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I have been so constantly under the necessity of watching the movements of the most unprincipled set of <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement#"Piracy"" title="Patent infringement">pirates</a> I have ever known, that all my time has been occupied in defense, in putting evidence into something like legal shape that I am the inventor of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph! Would you have believed it ten years ago that a question could be raised on that subject?</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>S. Morse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorse2013_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2013-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relays">Relays</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg/220px-Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg/330px-Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg/440px-Leonard_D._Gale_cph.3a00116.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="1278" /></a><figcaption>Leonard Gale, who helped Morse achieve the technological breakthrough of getting the telegraphic signal to travel long distances over wire</figcaption></figure> <p>Morse encountered the problem of getting a telegraphic signal to carry over more than a few hundred yards of wire. His breakthrough came from the insights of Professor <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Gale" title="Leonard Gale">Leonard Gale</a>, who taught chemistry at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> (he was a personal friend of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a>). With Gale's help, Morse introduced extra circuits or <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relays</a> at frequent intervals and was soon able to send a message through ten miles (16 km) of wire. This was the great breakthrough he had been seeking.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage199840_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage199840-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse and Gale were soon joined by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a>, an enthusiastic young man with excellent skills, insights, and money. </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Speedwell_Ironworks" title="Speedwell Ironworks">Speedwell Ironworks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a> on January 11, 1838, Morse and Vail made the first public demonstration of the electric telegraph. Although Morse and Alfred Vail had done most of the research and development in the ironworks facilities, they chose a nearby factory house as the demonstration site. Without the <a href="/wiki/Relay#History" title="Relay">repeater</a>, Morse devised a system of electromagnetic relays. This was the key innovation, as it freed the technology from being limited by distance in sending messages.<sup id="cite_ref-McCullough_2011,_pp._80-88_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCullough_2011,_pp._80-88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The range of the telegraph was limited to two miles (3.2 km), and the inventors had pulled two miles (3.2 km) of wires inside the factory house through an elaborate scheme. The first public transmission, with the message, "A patient waiter is no loser", was witnessed by a mostly local crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-McCullough_2011,_pp._80-88_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCullough_2011,_pp._80-88-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Morse traveled to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1838 seeking federal sponsorship for a telegraph line but was not successful. He went to Europe, seeking both sponsorship and patents, but in London discovered that Cooke and Wheatstone had already established priority. After his return to the US, Morse finally gained financial backing by Maine congressman <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ormand_Jonathan_Smith" title="Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith">Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith</a>. This funding may be the first instance of government support to a private researcher, especially funding for applied (as opposed to basic or theoretical) research.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_support">Federal support</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg/220px-Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg/330px-Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg/440px-Samuel_Morse_plaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at the first telegraph office</figcaption></figure> <p>Morse made his last trip to Washington, D.C., in December 1842, stringing "wires between two committee rooms in the Capitol, and sent messages back and forth" to demonstrate his telegraph system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage199847_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage199847-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Congress appropriated $30,000 (equivalent to $981,000 in 2023) in 1843 for construction of an experimental 38-mile (61 km) telegraph line between Washington, D.C., and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> along the right-of-way of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover198759–60_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover198759–60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An impressive demonstration occurred on May 1, 1844, when news of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a>'s nomination of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> for U.S. president was telegraphed from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStover198759–60_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStover198759–60-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 24, 1844, the line was officially opened as Morse sent the now-famous words, "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what_hath_God_wrought" class="extiw" title="wikt:what hath God wrought">What hath God wrought</a>," from the Supreme Court chamber in the basement of the U.S. Capitol building in Washington, D.C., to the B&O's <a href="/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum" title="B&O Railroad Museum">Mount Clare Station</a> in Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilson200311_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson200311-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Annie Ellsworth chose these words from the Bible (<a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> 23:23); her father, U.S. Patent Commissioner <a href="/wiki/Henry_Leavitt_Ellsworth" title="Henry Leavitt Ellsworth">Henry Leavitt Ellsworth</a>, had championed Morse's invention and secured early funding for it. His telegraph could transmit thirty characters per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGleick2011144_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGleick2011144-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Magnetic_Telegraph_Company"></span> In May 1845, the Magnetic Telegraph Company was formed in order to build telegraph lines from New York City toward <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage199854_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage199854-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telegraphic lines <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_North_American_telegraphy" title="Timeline of North American telegraphy">rapidly spread throughout the United States</a> in the next few years, with 12,000 miles of wire laid by 1850. </p><p>Morse at one time adopted Wheatstone and <a href="/wiki/Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Carl August von Steinheil</a>'s idea of broadcasting an electrical telegraph signal through a body of water or down steel railroad tracks or anything conductive. He went to great lengths to win a lawsuit for the right to be called "inventor of the telegraph" and promoted himself as being an inventor. But <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> also played an important role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>, which was based on earlier codes for the electromagnetic telegraph. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patent">Patent</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady,_1857.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png/220px-Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png/330px-Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png/440px-Samuel_Morse_with_his_Recorder_by_Brady%2C_1857.png 2x" data-file-width="1988" data-file-height="2316" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Morse with his recorder. Photograph taken by Mathew Brady in 1857.</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Morse received a patent for the telegraph in 1847, at the old Beylerbeyi Palace (the present <a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Palace" title="Beylerbeyi Palace">Beylerbeyi Palace</a> was built in 1861–1865 on the same location) in Istanbul, which was issued by <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Sultan Abdülmecid</a>, who personally tested the new invention.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected an Associate Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original patent went to the Breese side of the family after the death of Samuel Morse. </p><p>In 1856, Morse went to Copenhagen and visited the <a href="/wiki/Thorvaldsens_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorvaldsens Museum">Thorvaldsens Museum</a>, where the sculptor's grave is in the inner courtyard. He was received by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_VII_of_Denmark" title="Frederick VII of Denmark">King Frederick VII</a>, who decorated him with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> for the telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESilverman2004_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESilverman2004-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse expressed his wish to donate his <a href="/wiki/Bertel_Thorvaldsen" title="Bertel Thorvaldsen">Thorvaldsen</a> portrait from 1831 in Rome to the king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorse2013347–348_+_370–374Letter_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorse2013347–348_+_370–374Letter-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thorvaldsen portrait today belongs to <a href="/wiki/Margrethe_II_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Margrethe II of Denmark">Margrethe II of Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-thorvaldsensmuseum.dk_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorvaldsensmuseum.dk-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Morse telegraphic apparatus was officially adopted as the standard for European telegraphy in 1851. Only the United Kingdom (with its extensive <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">overseas empire</a>) kept the needle telegraph of Cooke and Wheatstone.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1858, Morse introduced wired communication to Latin America when he established a telegraph system in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, then a Spanish Colony. Morse's oldest daughter, Susan Walker Morse (1819–1885), would often visit her uncle Charles Pickering Walker, who owned the Hacienda Concordia in the town of <a href="/wiki/Guayama,_Puerto_Rico" title="Guayama, Puerto Rico">Guayama</a>. During one of her visits, she met Edward Lind, a Danish merchant who worked in his brother-in-law's Hacienda La Henriqueta in the town of <a href="/wiki/Arroyo,_Puerto_Rico" title="Arroyo, Puerto Rico">Arroyo</a>. They later married.<sup id="cite_ref-NYJ_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lind purchased the Hacienda from his sister when she became a widow. Morse, who often spent his winters at the Hacienda with his daughter and son-in-law, set a two-mile telegraph line connecting his son-in-law's Hacienda to their house in Arroyo. The line was inaugurated on March 1, 1859, in a ceremony flanked by the Spanish and American flags.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first words transmitted by Samuel Morse that day in Puerto Rico were: </p> <blockquote><p>Puerto Rico, beautiful jewel! When you are linked with the other jewels of the Antilles in the necklace of the world's telegraph, yours will not shine less brilliantly in the crown of your Queen!<sup id="cite_ref-NYJ_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYJ-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_views">Political views</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_Conspiracy.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Foreign_Conspiracy.png/220px-Foreign_Conspiracy.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Foreign_Conspiracy.png/330px-Foreign_Conspiracy.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Foreign_Conspiracy.png/440px-Foreign_Conspiracy.png 2x" data-file-width="2236" data-file-height="3476" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <i>Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States</i> by Samuel F.B. Morse, 1835 edition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-Catholic">Anti-Catholic</h3></div> <p>Morse was a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Catholic">anti-Catholic</a> and anti-immigration movement of the mid-19th century. In 1836, he ran unsuccessfully for <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of New York">mayor of New York</a> under the anti-immigrant <a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing_party" class="mw-redirect" title="Know Nothing party">Nativist Party</a>'s banner, receiving only 1,496 votes. When Morse visited Rome, he allegedly refused to take his hat off in the presence of the Pope. </p><p>Morse worked to unite Protestants against Catholic institutions (including schools), wanted to forbid Catholics from holding public office, and promoted changing immigration laws to limit immigration from Catholic countries. On this topic, he wrote, "We must first stop the leak in the ship through which muddy waters from without threaten to sink us."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote numerous letters to the New York <i>Observer</i> (his brother Sidney was the editor at the time) urging people to fight the perceived Catholic menace. These were widely reprinted in other newspapers. Among other claims, he believed that the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrian government">Austrian government</a> and Catholic aid organizations were subsidizing Catholic immigration to the United States in order to gain control of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i>Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse wrote: </p> <blockquote><p>Surely American Protestants, freemen, have discernment enough to discover beneath them the cloven foot of this subtle foreign heresy. They will see that <a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">Popery</a> is now, what it has ever been, a system of the darkest political intrigue and despotism, cloaking itself to avoid attack under the sacred name of religion. They will be deeply impressed with the truth, that Popery is a political as well as a religious system; that in this respect it differs totally from all other sects, from all other forms of religion in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In the same book, published in 1835 under the name of "Brutus", in speaking of "the foreign Emissaries of Popery re-warded in their own country," said : "Where is <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(bishop_of_Waterford_and_Lismore)" title="Patrick Kelly (bishop of Waterford and Lismore)">Bishop Kelly</a> of Richmond, Va.? He also sojourns with us until his duties to foreign masters are performed, and then is rewarded by promotion."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Patrick_Kelly_(bishop_of_Waterford_and_Lismore)" title="Patrick Kelly (bishop of Waterford and Lismore)">Patrick Kelly</a> was a native of Ireland, and the first bishop of Richmond, Virginia. When after a couple of years, differences regarding questions of jurisdiction arose between him and <a href="/wiki/Ambrose_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Ambrose Maréchal">Ambrose Maréchal</a>, Archbishop of Baltimore, Kelly was offered the recently vacant <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Waterford_and_Lismore" title="Bishop of Waterford and Lismore">See of Waterford and Lismore</a> in his homeland.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pro-slavery">Pro-slavery</h3></div> <p>In the 1850s, Morse became well known as a defender of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a>, considering it to be sanctioned by God. In his treatise "An Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery," he wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My creed on the subject of slavery is short. Slavery <i>per se</i> is not sin. It is a social condition ordained from the beginning of the world for the wisest purposes, benevolent and disciplinary, by Divine Wisdom. The mere holding of slaves, therefore, is a condition having <i>per se</i> nothing of moral character in it, any more than the being a parent, or employer, or ruler.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_years">Later years</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Litigation_over_telegraph_patent">Litigation over telegraph patent</h3></div> <p>In the United States, Morse held his telegraph patent for many years, but it was both ignored and contested. In 1853, <i><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_v._Morse" title="O'Reilly v. Morse">The Telegraph Patent case – O'Reilly v. Morse</a></i> came before the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> where, after very lengthy investigation, Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> ruled that Morse had been the first to combine the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">battery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a>, and the correct battery configuration into a workable practical telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998172–173_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998172–173-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in spite of this clear ruling, Morse still received no official recognition from the United States government. </p><p>The Supreme Court did not accept all of Morse's claims. The <i>O'Reilly v. Morse</i> case has become widely known among patent lawyers because the Supreme Court explicitly denied Morse's claim 8<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for any and all use of the electromagnetic force for purposes of transmitting intelligible signals to any distance.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court sustained, however, Morse's claim to such telecommunication when effectuated by means of Morse's inventive "repeater" apparatus. This was an electrical circuit in which a cascade of many sets comprising a relay and a battery were connected in series, so that when each relay closed, it closed a circuit to cause the next battery to power the succeeding relay, as suggested in the accompanying figure. This caused Morse's signal to pass along the cascade without degrading into noise as its amplitude decreased with the distance traveled. (Each time the amplitude of the signal approaches the noise level, the repeater [in effect, a nonlinear amplifier] boosts the signal amplitude well above the noise level.) This use of "repeaters" permitted a message to be sent to great distances, which was previously not feasible. </p><p>The Supreme Court thus held that Morse could properly claim a patent monopoly on the system or process of transmitting signals at any distance by means of the repeater circuitry indicated above, but he could not properly claim a monopoly over any and all uses of electromagnetic force to transmit signals. The apparatus limitation in the former type of claim limited the patent monopoly to what Morse taught and gave the world. The lack of that limitation in the latter type of claim (i.e., claim 8) both gave Morse more than was commensurate with what he had contributed to society and discouraged the inventive efforts of others who might come up with different and/or better ways to send signals at a distance using the electromagnetic force.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The problem that Morse faced (the deterioration of the signal with distance)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and how he solved it is discussed in more detail in the article <i><a href="/wiki/O%27Reilly_v._Morse" title="O'Reilly v. Morse">O'Reilly v. Morse</a></i>. In summary, the solution, as the Supreme Court stated, was the repeater apparatus described in the preceding paragraphs. </p><p>The importance of this legal precedent in patent law cannot be overstated, as it became the foundation of the law governing the eligibility of computer program-implemented inventions (as well as inventions implementing natural laws) to be granted patents.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 135px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:TelRelays.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was the basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid."><img alt="Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was the basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/TelRelays.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="66" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="66" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morse's "repeater" circuit for telegraphy was the basis for the Supreme Court's holding some claims of Morse's patent valid.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 285px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 280px; height: 135px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SigDecays.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Effect of repeaters"><img alt="Effect of repeaters" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SigDecays.jpg/250px-SigDecays.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/SigDecays.jpg/375px-SigDecays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/SigDecays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="178" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Effect of repeaters</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_recognition">Foreign recognition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/170px-Samuel_Morse.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/255px-Samuel_Morse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Samuel_Morse.jpg/340px-Samuel_Morse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Samuel F. B. Morse taken by Mathew Brady, in 1866. Medals worn (from wearer's right to left, top row): <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)">Nichan Iftikhar</a> (Ottoman); <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and Sword</a> (Portugal); <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> (Denmark); cross of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a> (Spain); <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (France); <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> (Italy). Bottom row: Grand cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic (Spain)</figcaption></figure> <p>Assisted by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Ambassador to France">American ambassador</a> in Paris, the governments of Europe were approached about their long neglect of Morse while their countries were using his invention. There was a widespread recognition that something must be done, and in 1858 Morse was awarded the sum of 400,000 <a href="/wiki/French_franc" title="French franc">French francs</a> (equivalent to about $80,000 at the time) by the governments of France, Austria, Belgium, the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, Russia, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, each of which contributed a share according to the number of Morse instruments in use in each country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998174_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998174-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1858, he was also elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transatlantic_cable">Transatlantic cable</h3></div> <p>Morse lent his support to <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus West Field">Cyrus West Field</a>'s ambitious plan to construct the first transoceanic telegraph line. Morse had experimented with underwater telegraph circuits since 1842. He invested $10,000 in Field's <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a>, took a seat on its board of directors, and was appointed honorary "Electrician".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1856, Morse traveled to London to help <a href="/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright" title="Charles Tilston Bright">Charles Tilston Bright</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Whitehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Whitehouse">Edward Whitehouse</a> test a 2,000-mile-length of spooled cable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968123_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968123-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the first two cable-laying attempts failed, Field reorganized the project, removing Morse from direct involvement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968149_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968149-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the cable broke three times during the third attempt, it was successfully repaired, and the first transatlantic telegraph messages were sent in 1858. The cable failed after just three months of use. Though Field had to wait out the Civil War, the cable laid in 1866 proved more durable, and the era of reliable transatlantic telegraph service had begun. </p><p>In addition to the telegraph, Morse invented a marble-cutting machine that could carve <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> sculptures in marble or stone. He could not patent it, however, because of an existing 1820 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blanchard_(inventor)" title="Thomas Blanchard (inventor)">Thomas Blanchard</a> design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years_and_death">Last years and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_(1910)_Art_Nouveau,_obverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg/220px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg/330px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg/440px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_obverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3349" data-file-height="3349" /></a><figcaption>New York University Samuel F. B. Morse <a href="/wiki/Art_Nouveau" title="Art Nouveau">Art Nouveau</a> medal by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wissaert" title="Paul Wissaert">Paul Wissaert</a>, obverse</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_(1910)_Art_Nouveau,_reverse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg/220px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg/330px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg/440px-New_York_University_Samuel_F._B._Morse_Medal_ND_%281910%29_Art_Nouveau%2C_reverse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3273" data-file-height="3273" /></a><figcaption>The reverse of this annual university award for physics students, provided by Morse in his will</figcaption></figure> <p>Samuel Morse gave large sums to charity. He also became interested in the relationship of science and religion and provided the funds to establish a lectureship on "the relation of the Bible to the Sciences".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998189_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998189-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he was rarely awarded any royalties for the later uses and implementations of his inventions, he was able to live comfortably. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Morsemere,_New_Jersey" title="Morsemere, New Jersey">Morsemere</a> in Ridgefield, New Jersey, takes its name from Morse, who had bought property there to build a home, but died before its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died of meningitis in New York City on April 2, 1872,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvent_Now_staff2007_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvent_Now_staff2007-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was interred at <a href="/wiki/Green-Wood_Cemetery" title="Green-Wood Cemetery">Green-Wood Cemetery</a> in Brooklyn.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of his death, his estate was valued at some $500,000 ($12.7 million today).<sup id="cite_ref-inflation-US_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his will he provided an award medal that is presented annually by the New York University to one undergraduate student who shows special ability in physics.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div> <p>Morse was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite honors and financial awards received from foreign countries, there was no such recognition in the U.S. until he neared the end of his life when on June 10, 1871, a bronze statue of Samuel Morse was unveiled in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>, New York City. An engraved portrait of Morse appeared on the reverse side of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_two-dollar_bill" title="United States two-dollar bill">United States two-dollar bill</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_certificate_(United_States)" title="Silver certificate (United States)">silver certificate</a> series of 1896. He was depicted along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a>. An example can be seen on the website of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_San_Francisco" title="Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco">Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco</a>'s website in their "American Currency Exhibit":<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Blue_plaque" title="Blue plaque">blue plaque</a> was erected to commemorate him at 141 Cleveland Street, London, where he lived from 1812 to 1815. </p><p>In 1848, Morse was elected as a member to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to his <i>The New York Times</i> obituary published on April 3, 1872, Morse received respectively the decoration of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Glory_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Order of Glory (Ottoman Empire)">Atiq Nishan-i-Iftikhar</a> (English: Order of Glory) [first medal on wearer's right depicted in photo of Morse with medals], set in diamonds, from <a href="/wiki/Abd%C3%BClmecid_I" title="Abdülmecid I">Sultan Abdülmecid</a> of Turkey (c.1847<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a "golden snuff box containing the Prussian gold medal for scientific merit" from the King of Prussia (1851); the <i>Great Gold Medal of Arts and Sciences</i> from the <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Imperial Germany">King of Württemberg</a> (1852); and the <i>Great Golden Medal of Science and Arts</i> from <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Emperor of Austria</a> (1855); a cross of Chevalier in the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a> from the Emperor of France; the <i>Cross of a Knight</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Dannebrog" title="Order of the Dannebrog">Order of the Dannebrog</a> from the King of Denmark (1856); the Cross of Knight Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>, from the Queen of Spain, besides being elected member of innumerable scientific and art societies in this [United States] and other countries. Other awards include <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Tower_and_Sword" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of the Tower and Sword">Order of the Tower and Sword</a> from the kingdom of Portugal (1860), and Italy conferred on him the insignia of chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saints_Maurice_and_Lazarus" title="Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus">Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus</a> in 1864. Morse's telegraph was recognized as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEEE_milestones" class="mw-redirect" title="List of IEEE milestones">IEEE Milestone</a> in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Morse was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Inventors_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Inventors Hall of Fame">National Inventors Hall of Fame</a>. </p><p>On April 1, 2012, Google announced the release of "Gmail Tap", an <a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools' Day</a> joke that allowed users to use Morse Code to send text from their mobile phones. Morse's great-great-grandnephew Reed Morse—a Google engineer—was instrumental in the prank, which became a real product.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Samuel F. B. Morse by Byron M. Picket, New York's Central Park, dedicated 1871"><img alt="Statue of Samuel F. B. Morse by Byron M. Picket, New York's Central Park, dedicated 1871" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG/117px-Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG/176px-Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG/234px-Morse_statue_72_jeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1564" data-file-height="2667" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statue of Samuel F. B. Morse by Byron M. Picket, <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">New York's Central Park</a>, dedicated 1871</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Morse was honored on the US Famous Americans Series postal issue of 1940."><img alt="Morse was honored on the US Famous Americans Series postal issue of 1940." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/180px-Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/270px-Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg/359px-Samuel_FB_Morse_1940_Issue-2c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="690" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Morse was honored on the <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_United_States#Famous_Americans_Series_of_1940" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the United States">US Famous Americans Series</a> postal issue of 1940.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Samuel Morse"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Samuel Morse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg/240px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg/320px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Samuel_Morse.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of Arms of Samuel Morse</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patents">Patents</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1647">US Patent 1,647, Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, June 20, 1840</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101018220824/http://www.google.com/patents?id=C1cqAAAAEBAJ&printsec=abstract&zoom=4&dq=re79">US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #79), Improvement in the mode of communicating information by signals by the application of electro-magnetism, January 15, 1846</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USRE117">US Patent 1,647 (Reissue #117), Improvement in electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3316">US Patent 3,316, Method of introducing wire into metallic pipes, October 5, 1843</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4453">US Patent 4,453, Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, April 11, 1846</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/USRE118">US Patent 4,453 (Reissue #118), Improvement in Electro-magnetic telegraphs, June 13, 1848</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6420">US Patent 6,420, Improvement in electric telegraphs, May 1, 1849</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seconds_pendulum" title="Seconds pendulum">Seconds pendulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_in_United_States_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph in United States history">Telegraph in United States history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"It was in the month of J, a century ago, that Franklin made his celebrated experiment with the Electric Kite, by means of which he demonstrated the identity of electricity and lightning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1852_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENYT_staff1852-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Lightning Man</i> (listed below under "References"), Kenneth Silverman spells the name "Jedediah."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMabee2004-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMabee2004_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMabee2004">Mabee 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro1891-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Munro1891_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMunro1891" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(author)" title="John Munro (author)">Munro, John</a> (1891). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Heroes of the Telegraph/Chapter 3"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Heroes_of_the_Telegraph/Chapter_3"><i>Heroes of the Telegraph</i> </a></span>. London: <a href="/wiki/Religious_Tract_Society" title="Religious Tract Society">Religious Tract Society</a>. p. 45 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+the+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Religious+Tract+Society&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200525131507/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/04/160426-samuel-morse-wife-lucretia-telegraph-invention/">"The Heartbreak That May Have Inspired the Telegraph"</a>. <i>National Geographic News</i>. April 26, 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/news/2016/04/160426-samuel-morse-wife-lucretia-telegraph-invention/">the original</a> on May 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+News&rft.atitle=The+Heartbreak+That+May+Have+Inspired+the+Telegraph&rft.date=2016-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fnews%2F2016%2F04%2F160426-samuel-morse-wife-lucretia-telegraph-invention%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorseMorse1912" class="citation journal cs1">Morse, Edward; Morse, Samuel (1912). "Letters of Samuel Morse 1812. 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Morse"</a>. <i>Art in Embassies</i>. U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Topuertorico.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012174815/http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+Puerto+Rico&rft.pub=Topuertorico.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topuertorico.org%2Fhistory4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillington1935" class="citation journal cs1">Billington, Ray A. (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892624">"Anti-Catholic Propaganda and the Home Missionary Movement, 1800-1860"</a>. <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 361–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1892624">10.2307/1892624</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1892624">1892624</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Anti-Catholic+Propaganda+and+the+Home+Missionary+Movement%2C+1800-1860&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=361-384&rft.date=1935&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1892624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1892624%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Billington&rft.aufirst=Ray+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1892624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran1966" class="citation journal cs1">Curran, Thomas J. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3002916">"Assimilation and Nativism"</a>. <i>The International Migration Digest</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 15–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3002916">10.2307/3002916</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3002916">3002916</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149476629">149476629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Migration+Digest&rft.atitle=Assimilation+and+Nativism&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-25&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149476629%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3002916%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3002916&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3002916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foreignconspiracy00morsrich"><i>Foreign conspiracy against the liberties of the United States</i></a>. 1835<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foreign+conspiracy+against+the+liberties+of+the+United+States&rft.date=1835&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforeignconspiracy00morsrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerry_Golway2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Terry Golway (February 9, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=3508">"America | The National Catholic Weekly – Return of the Know-Nothings"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/America_(magazine)" title="America (magazine)">America</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070626214442/http://www.americamagazine.org/content/article.cfm?article_id=3508">Archived</a> from the original on June 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=America&rft.atitle=America+%26%23124%3B+The+National+Catholic+Weekly+%E2%80%93+Return+of+the+Know-Nothings&rft.date=2007-02-09&rft.au=Terry+Golway&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americamagazine.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle.cfm%3Farticle_id%3D3508&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagennis1910" class="citation journal cs1">Magennis, Michael I. J. (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/44374830.pdf">"Bishop Patrick Kelly of Richmond, Va"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The American Catholic Historical Researches</i>. <b>6</b> (4): 347–349. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44374830">44374830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Catholic+Historical+Researches&rft.atitle=Bishop+Patrick+Kelly+of+Richmond%2C+Va&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=347-349&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44374830%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Magennis&rft.aufirst=Michael+I.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fpdf%2F44374830.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1863" class="citation cs2">Morse, Samuel (1863), "An Argument on the Ethical Position of Slavery in the Social System, and its Relation to the Politics of the Day", <i>New York, Papers from the Society for the Diffusion of Political Knowledge</i> (12)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York%2C+Papers+from+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Political+Knowledge&rft.atitle=An+Argument+on+the+Ethical+Position+of+Slavery+in+the+Social+System%2C+and+its+Relation+to+the+Politics+of+the+Day&rft.issue=12&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Slavery Pamphlets # 60</i>, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript library, Yale University</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+Pamphlets+%23+60&rft.pub=Beinecke+Rare+Book+and+Manuscript+library%2C+Yale+University&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> Quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/morse.html"><i>Yale, Slavery, & Abolition</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190921193022/http://www.yaleslavery.org/WhoYaleHonors/morse.html">archived</a> from the original on September 21, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yale%2C+Slavery%2C+%26+Abolition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yaleslavery.org%2FWhoYaleHonors%2Fmorse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> — an online report about Yale honorees and their relation to slavery</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998172–173-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998172–173_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandage1998">Standage 1998</a>, pp. 172–173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morse's actual language in his claim 8 was: "Eighth. I do not propose to limit myself to the specific machinery or parts of machinery described in the foregoing specification and claims, the essence of my invention being the use of the motive power of the electric or galvanic current, which I call electro-magnetism, however developed, for marking or printing intelligible characters, signs, or letters, at any distances, being a new application of that power of which I claim to be the first inventor or discoverer."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Supreme Court said: "Professor Morse has not discovered that the electric or galvanic current will always print at a distance, no matter what may be the form of the machinery or mechanical contrivances through which it passes. You may use electro-magnetism as a motive power, and yet not produce the described effect, that is, print at a distance intelligible marks or signs. To produce that effect, it must be combined with, and passed through, and operate upon, certain complicated and delicate machinery, adjusted and arranged upon philosophical principles, and prepared by the highest mechanical skill. And it is the high praise of Professor Morse, that he has been able, by a new combination of known powers, of which electro-magnetism is one, to discover a method by which intelligible marks or signs may be printed at a distance. And for the method or process thus discovered, he is entitled to a patent. But he has not discovered that the electro-magnetic current, used as motive power, in any other method, and with any other combination, will do as well."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <i>O'Reilly v. Morse</i>, 56 U.S. 62, 113, 120 (1853).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Supreme Court said, "The great difficulty in their way was the fact that the galvanic current, however strong in the beginning, became gradually weaker as it advanced on the wire; and was not strong enough to produce a mechanical effect, after a certain distance had been traversed." 56 U.S. at 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example, <i>Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd v CLS Bank International</i>, 573 U.S. __, 134 S. Ct. 2347 (2014); <i>Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Labs., Inc.</i>, 566 U.S. __, 132 S. Ct. 1289 (2012); <i>Bilski v. Kappos</i>, 561 U.S. 593, 130 S. Ct. 3218 (2010); <i>Gottschalk v. Benson</i>, 409 U.S. 63 (1972) – all building on the <i>Morse</i> case as the seminal case in the field.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998174-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998174_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandage1998">Standage 1998</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968104-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968104_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1968">Carter 1968</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968123-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968123_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1968">Carter 1968</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarter1968149-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarter1968149_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarter1968">Carter 1968</a>, p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStandage1998189-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStandage1998189_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStandage1998">Standage 1998</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ridgefieldnj.gov/?SEC=9842071E-0EBB-4CC1-A535-56CF6832C4A8">"History of Ridgefield – Ridgefield, New Jersey"</a>. <i>www.ridgefieldnj.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806234340/https://www.ridgefieldnj.gov/?SEC=9842071E-0EBB-4CC1-A535-56CF6832C4A8">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 29,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Among the noted people who owned property in the new borough was Samuel F. B. Morse. He owned property running from Morse Avenue east to Dallytown Road (Bergen Boulevard). Morse bought the property with the intention of building a home here. A barn was the only structure completed when the inventor died in 1872.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ridgefieldnj.gov&rft.atitle=History+of+Ridgefield+%E2%80%93+Ridgefield%2C+New+Jersey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ridgefieldnj.gov%2F%3FSEC%3D9842071E-0EBB-4CC1-A535-56CF6832C4A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInvent_Now_staff2007-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInvent_Now_staff2007_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInvent_Now_staff2007">Invent Now staff 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.green-wood.com/scans/Volume%2020/Volume%2020_099.jpg">"Green-wood Cemetery burial records"</a>. Green-wood Cemetery. April 3, 1872<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2024</span>. <q>April 3, 1872 burial records</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Green-wood+Cemetery+burial+records&rft.pub=Green-wood+Cemetery&rft.date=1872-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.green-wood.com%2Fscans%2FVolume%252020%2FVolume%252020_099.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf"><i>How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 29,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://as.nyu.edu/departments/physics/programs/undergraduate/prizes-and-awards.html">"Samuel F. B. Morse Medal"</a>. <i>Department of Physics Prizes and Awards</i>. New York University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Physics+Prizes+and+Awards&rft.atitle=Samuel+F.+B.+Morse+Medal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fas.nyu.edu%2Fdepartments%2Fphysics%2Fprograms%2Fundergraduate%2Fprizes-and-awards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistm">"MemberListM"</a>. <i>American Antiquarian Society</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624005252/http://www.americanantiquarian.org/memberlistm">Archived</a> from the original on June 24, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 26,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.atitle=MemberListM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fmemberlistm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frbsf.org/currency/metal/silvercerts/581.html">"American Currency Exhibit: Silver Certificate, $2, 1896"</a>. Frbsf.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090430143743/http://www.frbsf.org/currency/metal/silvercerts/581.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 24,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+Currency+Exhibit%3A+Silver+Certificate%2C+%242%2C+1896&rft.pub=Frbsf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frbsf.org%2Fcurrency%2Fmetal%2Fsilvercerts%2F581.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1847&year-max=1848&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210603141339/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1847&year-max=1848&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on June 3, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1847%26year-max%3D1848%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/genel/etelgraf.php">Turkish PTT e-telegraph page history section</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090911035500/http://www.ptt.gov.tr/tr/genel/etelgraf.php">Archived</a> September 11, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the Ottoman ruler was the first head of state to award a medal to Morse and it was issued after the demonstration in Istanbul.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Demonstration_of_Practical_Telegraphy,_1838">"Milestones:Demonstration of Practical Telegraphy, 1838"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306051046/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Demonstration_of_Practical_Telegraphy,_1838">Archived</a> from the original on March 6, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3ADemonstration+of+Practical+Telegraphy%2C+1838&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3ADemonstration_of_Practical_Telegraphy%2C_1838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mail.google.com/mail/help/promos/tap/index.html">Introducing Gmail Tap</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120908225415/http://mail.google.com/mail/help/promos/tap/index.html">Archived</a> September 8, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mail.google.com. Retrieved on October 6, 2013.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellion2011" class="citation cs2">Bellion, Wendy (2011), <i>Citizen Spectator: Art, Illusion, and Visual Perception in Early National America</i>, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3388-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3388-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-3388-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Citizen+Spectator%3A+Art%2C+Illusion%2C+and+Visual+Perception+in+Early+National+America&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-3388-9&rft.aulast=Bellion&rft.aufirst=Wendy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis2009" class="citation cs2">Bellis, Mary (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/biography-of-samuel-morse-1992165"><i>Biography of Samuel F.B. Morse, Inventor of the Telegraph</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biography+of+Samuel+F.B.+Morse%2C+Inventor+of+the+Telegraph&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fbiography-of-samuel-morse-1992165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellis2009a" class="citation cs2">Bellis, Mary (2009a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/communication-revolution-telegraph-1991939"><i>Samuel Morse and the Invention of the Telegraph</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Morse+and+the+Invention+of+the+Telegraph&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bellis&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fcommunication-revolution-telegraph-1991939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1968" class="citation cs2">Carter, Samuel III (1968), <i>Cyrus Field: Man of Two Worlds</i>, New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyrus+Field%3A+Man+of+Two+Worlds&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Samuel+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGleick2011" class="citation cs2">Gleick, J. (2011), <a href="/wiki/The_Information:_A_History,_a_Theory,_a_Flood" title="The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood"><i>The Information: a History, a Theory, a Flood, London</i></a>, Fourth Estate</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Information%3A+a+History%2C+a+Theory%2C+a+Flood%2C+London&rft.pub=Fourth+Estate&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Gleick&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInvent_Now_staff2007" class="citation cs2">Invent Now staff (February 19, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131027220509/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/106.html"><i>Inventor profile: Samuel F. B. Morse</i></a>, National Inventors Hall of Fame Foundation, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/106.html">the original</a> on October 27, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inventor+profile%3A+Samuel+F.+B.+Morse&rft.pub=National+Inventors+Hall+of+Fame+Foundation&rft.date=2007-02-19&rft.au=Invent+Now+staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.invent.org%2Fhall_of_fame%2F106.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonKellerFlood2010" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Kenneth T.; Keller, Lisa; Flood, Nancy, eds. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lF_uDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22professor+of+painting+and+sculpture+at+the+University+of+the+City+of+New+York%22&pg=PA855"><i>The Encyclopedia of New York City</i></a> (2nd ed.), Yale University Press, p. 855, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11465-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-11465-2"><bdi>978-0-300-11465-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.pages=855&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-300-11465-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlF_uDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522professor%2Bof%2Bpainting%2Band%2Bsculpture%2Bat%2Bthe%2BUniversity%2Bof%2Bthe%2BCity%2Bof%2BNew%2BYork%2522%26pg%3DPA855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMabee2004" class="citation cs2">Mabee, Carleton (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212073521/http://www.morsehistoricsite.org/history/morse.html"><i>Samuel F. B. Morse</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morsehistoricsite.org/history/morse.html">the original</a> on December 12, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+F.+B.+Morse&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Mabee&rft.aufirst=Carleton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.morsehistoricsite.org%2Fhistory%2Fmorse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/The_Greater_Journey:_Americans_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris"><i>The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris</i></a>, Simon & Schuster, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7176-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-7176-6"><bdi>978-1-4165-7176-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Greater+Journey%3A+Americans+in+Paris&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-7176-6&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2011" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (September 2011), "Reversal of Fortune", <i><a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_(magazine)" title="Smithsonian (magazine)">Smithsonian</a></i>, <b>42</b> (5): 80–88</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Reversal+of+Fortune&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=80-88&rft.date=2011-09&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwen1997" class="citation cs2">McEwen, Neal (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/vail.html"><i>Morse Code or Vail Code? Did Samuel F. B. Morse Invent the Code as We Know it Today?</i></a>, The Telegraph Office<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2009</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morse+Code+or+Vail+Code%3F+Did+Samuel+F.+B.+Morse+Invent+the+Code+as+We+Know+it+Today%3F&rft.pub=The+Telegraph+Office&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McEwen&rft.aufirst=Neal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph-office.com%2Fpages%2Fvail.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse2006" class="citation cs2">Morse, Samuel (December 26, 2006) [1839], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081115000710/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/04-20-1839_morse.html">"Letter to the New-York Observer Vol. 17, No. 16 (April 20, 1839) p. 62."</a>, <i>The Daguerrotipe</i>, The Daguerreian Society, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/04-20-1839_morse.html">the original</a> on November 15, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+New-York+Observer+Vol.+17%2C+No.+16+%28April+20%2C+1839%29+p.+62.&rft.btitle=The+Daguerrotipe&rft.pub=The+Daguerreian+Society&rft.date=2006-12-26&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.daguerre.org%2Fresource%2Ftexts%2F04-20-1839_morse.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse2013" class="citation cs2">Morse, Samuel F. B. (May 2, 2013) [19], <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulltextarchive.com/page/Samuel-F-B-Morse-His-Letters-and-Journalsx5165/"><i>Samuel F. B. Morse, His Letters and Journals (Part 5 of 9)</i></a>, FullTextArchive.com</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+F.+B.+Morse%2C+His+Letters+and+Journals+%28Part+5+of+9%29&rft.pub=FullTextArchive.com&rft.date=2013-05-02&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Samuel+F.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulltextarchive.com%2Fpage%2FSamuel-F-B-Morse-His-Letters-and-Journalsx5165%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> — Produced by Carlo Traverso, Richard Prairie, and PG Distributed Proofreaders. This file was produced from images generously made available by the <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">Bibliothèque nationale de France</a> (BnF/Gallica)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorse1840" class="citation cs2">Morse, Samuel F. B. (June 20, 1840), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211205183956/https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&idkey=NONE&SectionNum=3&HomeUrl=&docid=0001647"><i>U.S. Patent No. 1647, Telegraph Signs</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdfpiw.uspto.gov/.piw?PageNum=0&idkey=NONE&SectionNum=3&HomeUrl=&docid=0001647">the original</a> on December 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2021</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Patent+No.+1647%2C+Telegraph+Signs&rft.date=1840-06-20&rft.aulast=Morse&rft.aufirst=Samuel+F.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdfpiw.uspto.gov%2F.piw%3FPageNum%3D0%26idkey%3DNONE%26SectionNum%3D3%26HomeUrl%3D%26docid%3D0001647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNYT_staff1852" class="citation cs2">NYT staff (November 11, 1852), "Franklin and his Electric Kite – Prosecution and Progress of Electrical researches – Historical Sketch of the Electric Telegraph – Claims of Morse and others – Uses of Electricity – Telegraphic Statistics", <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Franklin+and+his+Electric+Kite+%E2%80%93+Prosecution+and+Progress+of+Electrical+researches+%E2%80%93+Historical+Sketch+of+the+Electric+Telegraph+%E2%80%93+Claims+of+Morse+and+others+%E2%80%93+Uses+of+Electricity+%E2%80%93+Telegraphic+Statistics&rft.date=1852-11-11&rft.au=NYT+staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilverman2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Silverman" title="Kenneth Silverman">Silverman, Kenneth</a> (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eKKxswEACAAJ"><i>Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse</i></a>, Hachette Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-81394-8"><bdi>978-0-306-81394-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lightning+Man%3A+The+Accursed+Life+of+Samuel+F.+B.+Morse&rft.pub=Hachette+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-306-81394-8&rft.aulast=Silverman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeKKxswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStover1987" class="citation cs2">Stover, John F. (1987), <i>History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</i>, <a href="/wiki/West_Lafayette,_Indiana" title="West Lafayette, Indiana">West Lafayette, Indiana</a>: <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>, pp. 59–60, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-81-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911198-81-2"><bdi>978-0-911198-81-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Baltimore+and+Ohio+Railroad&rft.place=West+Lafayette%2C+Indiana&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-911198-81-2&rft.aulast=Stover&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStandage1998" class="citation cs2">Standage, Tom (1998), <i>The Victorian Internet</i>, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorian+Internet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Standage&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson2003" class="citation cs2">Wilson, Courtney B. (2003), <i>The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad Museum: The Birthplace of American Railroading</i>, Baltimore, Maryland: Traub Company, p. 11, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-932387-59-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-932387-59-9"><bdi>978-1-932387-59-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltimore+%26+Ohio+Railroad+Museum%3A+The+Birthplace+of+American+Railroading&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Traub+Company&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-932387-59-9&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Courtney+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Attribution</b> </p> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Morse,_Samuel_Finley_Breese" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Morse, Samuel Finley Breese">Morse, Samuel Finley Breese</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Morse%2C+Samuel+Finley+Breese&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?179914-1/lightning-man-samuel-fb-morse"><i>Booknotes</i> interview with Kenneth Silverman on <i>Lightning Man: The Accursed Life of Samuel F. B. Morse</i>, February 22, 2004</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Reinhardt, Joachim, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050415213312/https://th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/gif/stamps/s_morse2.jpg">Samuel F. B. Morse</a> (1791–1872), Congo, 1988.</li> <li>Mabee, Carleton, <i>The American Leonardo: A Life of Samuel F. B. Morse</i>, (1943, reissued 1969); William Kloss, Samuel F. B. Morse (1988); Paul J. Staiti, Samuel F. B. Morse (1989) (<a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Knopf</a>, 1944) (Pulitzer Prize winner for biography for 1944).</li> <li>Samuel F. B. Morse, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_J-LChYFcUf8C">Foreign Conspiracy Against the Liberties of the United States: The Numbers Under the Signature</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a> 1835, 1855)</li> <li>Paul J. Staiti, <i>Samuel F. B. Morse</i> (Cambridge 1989).</li> <li>Lauretta Dimmick, <i>Mythic Proportion: Bertel Thorvaldsen's Influence in America</i>, <i>Thorvaldsen: l'ambiente, l'influsso, il mito,</i> ed. P. Kragelund and M. Nykjær, Rome 1991 (Analecta Romana Instituti Danici, Supplementum 18.), pp. 169–191.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_I._Prime" title="Samuel I. Prime">Samuel I. Prime</a>, <i>Life of S. F. B. Morse</i> (New York, 1875)</li> <li>E. L. Morse (editor), his son, <i>Samuel Finley Breese Morse, his Letters and Journals</i> (two volumes, Boston, 1914)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIles1912" class="citation journal cs1">Iles, George (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich">"<i>Leading American Inventors</i>"</a>. New York: Henry Holt and Company: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/leadingamericani00ilesrich/page/119">119</a>–157.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Leading+American+Inventors&rft.pages=119-157&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Iles&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fleadingamericani00ilesrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li>Andrew Wheen, <i>DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet</i> (Springer, 2011) pp. 3–29</li> <li>James D. Reid, <i>The Telegraph in America: Its Founders, Promoters and Noted Men</i> New York: Arno Press, 1974.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwayne1906" class="citation book cs1">Swayne, Josephine Latham (1906). <i>The Story of Concord Told by Concord Writers</i>. Boston: E.F. Worcester Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Concord+Told+by+Concord+Writers&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=E.F.+Worcester+Press&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Swayne&rft.aufirst=Josephine+Latham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robert Luther Thompson, <i>Wiring A Continent, The History of the Telegraph Industry in the United States 1832–1866</i> Princeton University Press, 1947.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVail,_J._Cummings1914" class="citation book cs1">Vail, J. Cummings (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earlyhistoryofel00vailrich"><i>Early History of the Electro-Magnetic Telegraph, from Letters and Journals of Alfred Vail: Arranged by his Son, J. Cummings Vail</i></a>. New York: Hine Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+History+of+the+Electro-Magnetic+Telegraph%2C+from+Letters+and+Journals+of+Alfred+Vail%3A+Arranged+by+his+Son%2C+J.+Cummings+Vail&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Hine+Brothers&rft.date=1914&rft.au=Vail%2C+J.+Cummings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearlyhistoryofel00vailrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfe,_Richard_J._/_Patterson,_Richard2007" class="citation book cs1">Wolfe, Richard J. / Patterson, Richard (2007). <i>Charles Thomas Jackson – "Head Behind The Hands" – Applying Science to Implement Discovery and Invention in Early Nineteenth Century America</i>. Novato, California: Historyofscience.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charles+Thomas+Jackson+%E2%80%93+%22Head+Behind+The+Hands%22+%E2%80%93+Applying+Science+to+Implement+Discovery+and+Invention+in+Early+Nineteenth+Century+America&rft.place=Novato%2C+California&rft.pub=Historyofscience.com&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Richard+J.+%2F+Patterson%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASamuel+Morse" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samuel_Finley_Breese_Morse" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Samuel Finley Breese Morse">Samuel Finley Breese Morse</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:Author:Samuel_Morse" class="extiw" title="s:en:Author:Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse" class="extiw" title="q:Samuel F. B. Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/56268/rec/16"><i>Art and the empire city: New York, 1825–1861</i></a>, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Morse (see index)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/741">Samuel Morse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032613/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/morse_cp.html">Speech of Morse</a> given at the National Academy of Design, 1840, regarding the daguerreotype</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518032916/http://www.daguerre.org/resource/texts/morse.html">Reminiscence</a> by Morse regarding the early days of the daguerreotype</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/ft4c600567">Samuel Finley Brown Morse Papers, 1911–1969</a> (call number JL016; 42.5 linear ft.) are housed in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html">Department of Special Collections and University Archives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604212605/http://library.stanford.edu/depts/spc/spc.html">Archived</a> June 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.stanford.edu/">Stanford University Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lgny.org">Locust Grove (official site)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/3797">Works by Samuel Finley Breese Morse</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Morse%2C%20Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%20Morse%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Morse%2C%20Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%20Morse%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Morse%2C%20S%2E%20F%2E%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%20Morse%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Samuel%20Finley%20Breese%20Morse%22%29%20OR%20%28%221791-1872%22%20AND%20Morse%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Samuel Morse</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tulloch_Jeans" title="William Tulloch Jeans">Jeans, W. T.</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/73641">The Lives of Electricians</a></i>: Professors Tyndall, Wheatstone, and Morse. (1887, Whittaker & Co.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pid.emory.edu/ark:/25593/8zpjg">Samuel Finley Breese Morse papers</a> at the Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. 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href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75698#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75698#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080818611">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2530161">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19181/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfrKKTJvTwkHhPbtj3YT3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118584308">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50070284">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12263995r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12263995r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35364434">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2004148458&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1481289">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p084349832">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90582077">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000281986">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201619859">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01502026?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500026460">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/57877">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/65058">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/61086">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/294451">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/926548">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118584308.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118584308">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03380740X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582241">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, 1791-1872"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6z037b1">SNAC</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Morse, Samuel Finley Breeze, 1791-1872."><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h51871">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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