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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman" title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman" title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman" title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman" title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9E%D7%9F" title="שרלוטה קושמן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרלוטה קושמן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شارلوت كوشمان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شارلوت كوشمان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman" title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charlotte Saunders Cushman" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Кушман, Шарлотта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кушман, Шарлотта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Charlotte Cushman" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Шарлотта Кушман – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Шарлотта Кушман" 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Charlotte Saunders Cushman</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Cushman_ambrotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="844" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cushman in 1859</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1816-07-23</span>)</span>July 23, 1816<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston, Massachusetts">Boston, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 18, 1876<span style="display:none">(1876-02-18)</span> (aged 59)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Actress</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charlotte Saunders Cushman</b> (July 23, 1816 – February 18, 1876) was an American stage actress.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her voice was noted for its full contralto register, and she was able to play both male and female parts. She lived intermittently in Rome, in an expatriate colony of prominent artists and sculptors, some of whom became part of her tempestuous private life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Special:EditPage/Charlotte Cushman">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22">"Charlotte Cushman"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Charlotte+Cushman%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>She was a descendant in the eighth generation from Pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cushman" title="Robert Cushman">Robert Cushman</a>, who helped organize the <i><a href="/wiki/Mayflower" title="Mayflower">Mayflower</a></i> voyage and brought the family name to the United States on the <i><a href="/wiki/Fortune_(Plymouth_Colony_ship)" title="Fortune (Plymouth Colony ship)">Fortune</a></i> in 1621.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Cushman was a leader and a great advocate for emigration to America. He became a preacher in the colonies and was known for giving the first sermon in America. Charlotte's father, Elkanah, rose from poverty to be a successful West Indian merchant. Charlotte was a remarkably bright, sportive child, excelling over her schoolmates and developing a voice of remarkable compass and richness, with a full contralto register. Two friends of her father, one of them <a href="/wiki/John_Mackay_(industrialist)" title="John Mackay (industrialist)">John Mackay</a>, in whose piano factory <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Chickering" title="Jonas Chickering">Jonas Chickering</a> was then foreman, provided her with musical instruction. Cushman was forced to take on serious responsibilities at a very young age. When she was thirteen, her father was beset by serious financial troubles and shortly thereafter died, leaving his family with nearly nothing. This caused Charlotte to seek some way to bring income to her family. Although she was an outstanding student and achieved much academically, she left school to pursue a career in the opera. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Paton" title="Mary Ann Paton">Mrs. Joseph Wood</a> visited Boston in 1834, Capt. Mackay introduced Cushman, who sang with her in two of her concerts. Through Mrs. Wood's influence she became a pupil of James G. Maeder, a ladies' musical director, and under his instruction made her first appearance in opera in the <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Theatre,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremont Theatre, Boston">Tremont Theatre</a> as the Countess Almaviva in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Marriage_of_Figaro" title="The Marriage of Figaro">The Marriage of Figaro</a></i>, with great success, and her second as Lucy Bertram in <i><a href="/wiki/Guy_Mannering" title="Guy Mannering">Guy Mannering</a></i>. She went with his company to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, where her voice, which had been strained by the soprano parts assigned to her, suddenly failed. Seeking the counsel of James H. Caldwell, manager of the principal theatre of New Orleans, she was advised by him and by Barton, the tragedian, to become an actress and was given the part of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a> to study. She made her dramatic debut in it, with complete success, in 1835.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatrical_career">Theatrical career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theatrical career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Saunders_Cushman_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4744" /></a><figcaption>Charlotte Cushman as Meg Merrilees</figcaption></figure> <p>Cushman made her initial professional appearance at age eighteen on April 8, 1835, at Boston's <a href="/wiki/Tremont_Theatre,_Boston" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremont Theatre, Boston">Tremont Theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then went to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> where she performed successfully for one season, after which she returned to New York City to act under contract with the <a href="/wiki/Bowery_Theatre" title="Bowery Theatre">Bowery Theatre</a>. She scored rave reviews in Albany, New York for her portrayal of <a href="/wiki/Lady_Macbeth" title="Lady Macbeth">Lady Macbeth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg/220px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg/330px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg/440px-Harvard_Theatre_Collection_-_Charlotte_and_Susan_Cushman_TCS_45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>The Cushman sisters, Charlotte and Susan, as <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> in 1846</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1839, her younger sister <a href="/wiki/Susan_Webb_Cushman" title="Susan Webb Cushman">Susan Webb Cushman</a> became an actress, and at the age of 14 had married Nelson Merriman. Her husband abandoned her when she was pregnant and Charlotte cared for her sister. The two sisters became famous for playing <i><a href="/wiki/Romeo_and_Juliet" title="Romeo and Juliet">Romeo and Juliet</a></i> together, with Charlotte playing Romeo and Susan playing Juliet.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1843, Cushman became involved romantically with <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_Sully" title="Rosalie Sully">Rosalie Sully</a>, daughter of artist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a>. By 1844, the romance had ended. She began traveling abroad, acting in theater, and Sully died shortly thereafter. She was also very close to the writer <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hampton_Brewster" title="Anne Hampton Brewster">Anne Hampton Brewster</a> around 1844 but social pressure from Brewster's brother meant that they had to part. Brewster reminisced about their idyllic time together in letters in 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She eventually left a portrait of Cushman by Thomas Sully as a bequest to the Library of Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Cushman_and_Matilda_Hays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption>Charlotte Cushman and Matilda Hays</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1848, Cushman met journalist, writer and part-time actress <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Hays" title="Matilda Hays">Matilda Hays</a>. The two women became close friends, and after a short amount of time and some correspondence, they became involved in an affair. For the next ten years the two would be together almost constantly. They became known for dressing alike, and in Europe were publicly known as <i>a couple</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1849, Cushman returned to the United States and by 1852 had decided to retire from the stage. She took up residence with Hays in <a href="/wiki/Rome,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome, Italy">Rome, Italy</a>. They began living in an American expatriate community there, made up mostly of the many lesbian artists and sculptors of the time. Cushman used her notoriety to promote the works of African American/Native American sculptor <a href="/wiki/Edmonia_Lewis" title="Edmonia Lewis">Edmonia Lewis</a>, who had become a close friend and whose work Cushman greatly admired. </p><p>In 1854, Hays left Cushman for sculptor <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hosmer" title="Harriet Hosmer">Harriet Hosmer</a>, which launched a series of jealous interactions among the three women. Hays eventually returned to live with Cushman, but the tensions between her and Cushman would never be repaired. By late 1857, Cushman was secretly involved with sculptor <a href="/wiki/Emma_Stebbins" title="Emma Stebbins">Emma Stebbins</a>. One night while Cushman was writing a note, Hays walked in on her. Suspecting that the note was to Stebbins, Hays demanded to see it. Although Cushman maintained that the note was not to Stebbins, she refused to show it to Hays. The altercation that followed was explosive. Hays became enraged and began chasing Cushman around the house, pounding her with her fists at every opportunity. The relationship ended immediately and Hays moved out. She then sued Cushman, stating in her claim that she had sacrificed her own career to support Cushman's career and therefore was due a certain payment. Cushman paid her an unknown sum and the two women parted company forever.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg/100px-Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg/150px-Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg/200px-Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Poster advertising Cushman's appearance as <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hamlet" title="Prince Hamlet">Hamlet</a> in February, 1861.</figcaption></figure> <p>Emma Stebbins moved in with Cushman shortly after the break-up. Cushman traveled to America for a short tour a couple of months later. Although Cushman maintained that she was devoted to Stebbins, she became involved with another woman not long after her relationship with Stebbins began. Cushman met an 18-year-old actress, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Crow" title="Emma Crow">Emma Crow</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Wayman_Crow" title="Wayman Crow">Wayman Crow</a>, and fell for her. The two women began an affair, and Cushman often called her "my little lover".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charlotte_Cushman_(Sully,_1843).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg/220px-Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg/330px-Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg/440px-Charlotte_Cushman_%28Sully%2C_1843%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>An unfinished portrait of Cushman by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a> that was kept by <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hampton_Brewster" title="Anne Hampton Brewster">Anne Hampton Brewster</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Before her departure to Italy, Cushman offered a farewell performance at the Washington Theater in the title role of <i><a href="/wiki/Hamlet" title="Hamlet">Hamlet</a></i>. The poster advertising her appearance describes her as "a lady universally acknowledged as the greatest living tragic actress".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Cushman returned to Italy, Crow followed. Not long after arriving in Italy, Crow attracted the attention of Cushman's nephew, Ned Cushman. In April 1861, Ned Cushman and Emma Crow married.<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cushman was friends with artists, writers and politicians; when she came to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in the 1860s, she often stayed at the home of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William Seward</a>, with whom she was very close friends. In July 1861, Seward introduced her to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, who told her that <i><a href="/wiki/Macbeth" title="Macbeth">Macbeth</a></i> was his favorite Shakespearean play and that he hoped someday to see her in the role of Lady Macbeth. In 1863 she again returned to the United States, appearing on several occasions for the benefit of the <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary Commission">Sanitary Commission</a>. Lincoln saw her perform in <i>Macbeth</i> in October at <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="National Theatre (Washington, D.C.)">Grover's Theatre</a> with his family. During the last six years of her life Cushman developed a remarkable ability as a dramatic reader, giving scenes from Shakespeare, ballad poetry, dialect poems and humorous pieces with a success not less decided than her earlier dramatic triumphs. In 1871, after a residence in Europe, she resumed her career in the United States as a reader, besides fulfilling several dramatic engagements.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her farewell appearance was announced at least seven times in as many different years. Her final performance in New York was at Booth's theatre, where she played the part of Lady Macbeth. She took a similar demonstrative farewell in the same character in Philadelphia and other cities and her career closed in Boston, at the <a href="/wiki/Globe_Theatre,_Boston_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe Theatre, Boston (1871)">Globe Theatre</a>, on 15 May 1875. After a reading tour to Rochester, Buffalo, and Syracuse, she retired with a large fortune to her villa at Newport, where she was seized with her final illness. In October she went to Boston and placed herself under medical treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery,_Cambridge,_MA,_USA_6_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg/220px-I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg/330px-I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg/440px-I_Mount_Auburn_Cemetery%2C_Cambridge%2C_MA%2C_USA_6_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a><figcaption>Mount Auburn Cemetery, Cambridge, Mass.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charlotte Cushman died of pneumonia<sup id="cite_ref-glbtq2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glbtq2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in her hotel room on the third floor at the <a href="/wiki/Omni_Parker_House" title="Omni Parker House">Parker House Hotel</a> in Boston in 1876, aged 59, and was interred in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Auburn_Cemetery" title="Mount Auburn Cemetery">Mount Auburn Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-appletons_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915 she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She made England her home for several years, becoming friends with the author <a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Jewsbury" title="Geraldine Jewsbury">Geraldine Jewsbury</a>, who is said to have based a character on Cushman in her 1848 novel <i>The Half Sisters</i>. There is a one-woman play about her titled <i>The Last Reading of Charlotte Cushman</i> written by <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Gage" title="Carolyn Gage">Carolyn Gage</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emma_Stebbins" title="Emma Stebbins">Emma Stebbins</a>' statue <i>The Angel of the Waters</i>, the angel above the fountain in <a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central Park</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bethesda_Terrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Bethesda Terrace">Bethesda Terrace</a>, is said to be inspired by Cushman.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1907, the Charlotte Cushman Club was founded and named in her honor. In 2000, it became the <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman_Foundation" title="Charlotte Cushman Foundation">Charlotte Cushman Foundation</a>. </p><p>Her Charlestown home is a site on the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Women%27s_Heritage_Trail" title="Boston Women's Heritage Trail">Boston Women's Heritage Trail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClement1882" class="citation book cs1">Clement, Clara Erskine (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charlottecushman00clemuoft"><i>Charlotte Cushman</i></a>. Boston: JR Osgood.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlotte+Cushman&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=JR+Osgood&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Clement&rft.aufirst=Clara+Erskine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharlottecushman00clemuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2023" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Arthur W. (2023). <i>Charlotte Cushman: A Biography and Performance History</i>. Jefferson, NC: McFarland and Co. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476648545" title="Special:BookSources/9781476648545"><bdi>9781476648545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlotte+Cushman%3A+A+Biography+and+Performance+History&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+NC&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=McFarland+and+Co.&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781476648545&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Arthur+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-appletons-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-appletons_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilsonFiske1900" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson" title="James Grant Wilson">Wilson, J. G.</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)" title="John Fiske (philosopher)">Fiske, J.</a>, eds. (1900). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Cushman, Charlotte Saunders"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Cushman,_Charlotte_Saunders">"Cushman, Charlotte Saunders" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. New York: D. Appleton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cushman%2C+Charlotte+Saunders&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=D.+Appleton&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billy J. Harbin, Kim Marra, and Robert A. Schanke, The Gay and Lesbian Theatrical Legacy: A Biographical Dictionary of Major Figures in American Stage History in the Pre-Stonewall Era (Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2005), 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtq-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-glbtq_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/arts/cushman_c.html">Charlotte Cushman biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418152943/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/cushman_c.html">Archived</a> 2007-04-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Accessed online 9 November 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2003669982/">"Charlotte and Susan Cushman as Romeo and Juliet"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Charlotte+and+Susan+Cushman+as+Romeo+and+Juliet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fitem%2F2003669982%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarycompany.org/gayatlcp/section8.html">"That's So Gay: Outing Early America"</a>. <i>www.librarycompany.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.librarycompany.org&rft.atitle=That%27s+So+Gay%3A+Outing+Early+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.librarycompany.org%2Fgayatlcp%2Fsection8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.librarycompany.org/artifacts/painters_sully.htm">"LCP Art & Artifacts"</a>. <i>www.librarycompany.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.librarycompany.org&rft.atitle=LCP+Art+%26+Artifacts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.librarycompany.org%2Fartifacts%2Fpainters_sully.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronski2011" class="citation book cs1">Bronski, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/title/662402765"><i>A queer history of the United States</i></a>. ReVisioning American history. Boston: Beacon Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4439-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-4439-1"><bdi>978-0-8070-4439-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/662402765">662402765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+queer+history+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston&rft.series=ReVisioning+American+history&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F662402765&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-4439-1&rft.aulast=Bronski&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F662402765&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the poster <a href="/wiki/File:Cushman_in_Hamlet_poster.jpg" title="File:Cushman in Hamlet poster.jpg">Image:Cushman in Hamlet poster.jpg</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glbtq2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glbtq2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glbtq.com/arts/stebbins_e.html">Emma Stebbins biography</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071109172345/http://www.glbtq.com/arts/stebbins_e.html">Archived</a> 2007-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on <a href="/wiki/Glbtq.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Glbtq.com">glbtq.com</a>. Accessed online 29 December 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Scott. <i>Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons</i>, 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Locations 10758-10759). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Notable American Women, 1607–1950: A Biographical Dictionary</i>, Volume 2, by Edward T. James, Janet Wilson James, Paul S. Boyer, Radcliffe College</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lesser-Known Tales of the Old Croton Aqueduct: The Angel of the Waters," <i>Friends of the Old Croton Aqueduct</i>, Issue 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://aqueduct.org/article/lesser-known-tales-old-croton-aqueduct-angel-waters">https://aqueduct.org/article/lesser-known-tales-old-croton-aqueduct-angel-waters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bwht.org/charlestown/#ct12">"Charlestown"</a>. <i>Boston Women's Heritage Trail</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Boston+Women%27s+Heritage+Trail&rft.atitle=Charlestown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbwht.org%2Fcharlestown%2F%23ct12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACharlotte+Cushman" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charlotte_Cushman&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Charlotte_Cushman" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cushman,_Charlotte_Saunders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cushman, Charlotte Saunders">Cushman, Charlotte Saunders</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/caption/captioncushman.html">Daguerreotype (Library of Congress)</a></li> <li>Boston Public Library. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100612224708/http://bpl.org/research/special/collections.htm">Cushman, Charlotte S. (1816-1876) Collection</a></li> <li>Colorado College Special Collections. Transcriptions of letters from Cushman to Helen Hunt Jackson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032735/http://www.coloradocollege.edu/library/SpecialCollections/Manuscript/HHJ2-1-16.html">1869-70</a> another set <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529032513/http://www.coloradocollege.edu/library/SpecialCollections/Manuscript/HHJ2-2-34.html">1869-1870</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033536/http://www.coloradocollege.edu/library/SpecialCollections/Manuscript/HHJ2-1-17.html">1871-75</a></li> <li>Library of Congress, by way of CC Special Collections. 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Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. 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