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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Colonial military career (1752–1758) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_military_career_(1752–1758)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_and_Indian_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_and_Indian_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 French and Indian War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_and_Indian_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_civilian,_and_political_life_(1759–1775)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_civilian,_and_political_life_(1759–1775)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759–1775) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Marriage,_civilian,_and_political_life_(1759–1775)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759–1775) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_civilian,_and_political_life_(1759–1775)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_British_Parliament_and_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_British_Parliament_and_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Opposition to the British Parliament and Crown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_British_Parliament_and_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commander_in_chief_of_the_army_(1775–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commander_in_chief_of_the_army_(1775–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Commander in chief of the army (1775–1783) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commander_in_chief_of_the_army_(1775–1783)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commander in chief of the army (1775–1783) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commander_in_chief_of_the_army_(1775–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Siege_of_Boston" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Siege_of_Boston"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Siege of Boston </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_of_Boston-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_and_New_Jersey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_and_New_Jersey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 New York and New Jersey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_and_New_Jersey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Long_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Long_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Battle of Long Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Long_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crossing_the_Delaware,_Trenton,_and_Princeton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crossing_the_Delaware,_Trenton,_and_Princeton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crossing_the_Delaware,_Trenton,_and_Princeton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philadelphia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philadelphia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Philadelphia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philadelphia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brandywine,_Germantown,_and_Saratoga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brandywine,_Germantown,_and_Saratoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brandywine,_Germantown,_and_Saratoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valley_Forge_and_Monmouth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valley_Forge_and_Monmouth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Valley Forge and Monmouth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valley_Forge_and_Monmouth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Point_espionage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Point_espionage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 West Point espionage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Point_espionage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_theater_and_Yorktown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_theater_and_Yorktown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Southern theater and Yorktown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_theater_and_Yorktown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demobilization_and_resignation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demobilization_and_resignation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Demobilization and resignation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demobilization_and_resignation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_republic_(1783–1789)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_republic_(1783–1789)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Early republic (1783–1789) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_republic_(1783–1789)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Early republic (1783–1789) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Early_republic_(1783–1789)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Return_to_Mount_Vernon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Mount_Vernon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Return to Mount Vernon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Mount_Vernon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constitutional_Convention_of_1787" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitutional_Convention_of_1787"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Constitutional Convention of 1787 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitutional_Convention_of_1787-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 First presidential election </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1789–1797)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1789–1797)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presidency (1789–1797) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1789–1797)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1789–1797) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1789–1797)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_and_executive_departments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_and_executive_departments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cabinet and executive departments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_and_executive_departments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Domestic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-African_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 African Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 National Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jefferson–Hamilton_feud" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson–Hamilton_feud"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Jefferson–Hamilton feud </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson–Hamilton_feud-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Whiskey_Rebellion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Whiskey_Rebellion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Whiskey Rebellion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Whiskey_Rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Foreign affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Native American affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Second term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Farewell_Address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farewell_Address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Farewell Address </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farewell_Address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-presidency_(1797–1799)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-presidency_(1797–1799)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Post-presidency (1797–1799) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-presidency_(1797–1799)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Post-presidency (1797–1799) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Post-presidency_(1797–1799)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Retirement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_burial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_burial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Death and burial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_burial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_spiritual_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Religious and spiritual views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_spiritual_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Slavery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places,_namesakes,_and_monuments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places,_namesakes,_and_monuments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Places, namesakes, and monuments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places,_namesakes,_and_monuments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Currency_and_postage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Currency_and_postage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Currency and postage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Currency_and_postage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Book_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Book sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Washington</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 202 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-202" aria-hidden="true" > 202 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%86%E1%88%AD%E1%8C%85_%E1%8B%8B%E1%88%BD%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%89%B0%E1%8A%95" title="ጆርጅ ዋሽንግተን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጆርጅ ዋሽንግተን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Washington" title="Georgius Washington – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Georgius Washington" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F%D1%8C" title="Вашингтон, Џьорџь – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Вашингтон, Џьорџь" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%86" title="جورج واشنطن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج واشنطن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%93%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%93_%DC%98%DC%90%DC%AB%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%93%DC%9B%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܓܘܪܓ ܘܐܫܝܢܓܛܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%83%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B3_%D5%88%D6%82%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A9%D5%A8%D5%B6" title="Ճորճ Ուաշինկթըն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ճորճ Ուաշինկթըն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंगटन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंगटन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Va%C5%9Finqton" title="Corc Vaşinqton – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corc Vaşinqton" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج واشینقتون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج واشینقتون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A8" title="জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জর্জ ওয়াশিংটন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашынгтон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джордж Вашынгтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашынгтон – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джордж Вашынгтон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज वाशिंगटन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जॉर्ज वाशिंगटन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج واشينطون – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جورج واشينطون" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AF%DE%96%DE%B0_%DE%88%DE%AE%DE%9D%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%8E%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޖޯޖް ވޮޝިންގޓަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޯޖް ވޮޝިންގޓަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6_%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζορτζ Ουάσινγκτον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζορτζ Ουάσινγκτον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон Джордж – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Вашингтон Джордж" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="جرج واشنگتن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج واشنگتن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93" title="喬治·華盛頓 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="喬治·華盛頓" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9C_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AA%A8" title="જ્યોર્જ વોશિંગ્ટન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્યોર્જ વોશિંગ્ટન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EC%9B%8C%EC%8B%B1%ED%84%B4" title="조지 워싱턴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지 워싱턴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keoki_Wakinekona" title="Keoki Wakinekona – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Keoki Wakinekona" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BB_%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B7%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջորջ Վաշինգտոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջորջ Վաշինգտոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंगटन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंगटन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон, Джордж – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Вашингтон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'ורג' וושינגטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' וושינגטון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ვაშინგტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯ ვაშინგტონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%90%D9%86%D9%9B%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%8E%D9%86" title="جارج واشِنٛگٹَن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جارج واشِنٛگٹَن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Уошингтон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джордж Уошингтон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Вашингтон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жорж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgius_Washingtonius" title="Georgius Washingtonius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Georgius Washingtonius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEs_Va%C5%A1ingtons" title="Džordžs Vašingtons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžs Vašingtons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Вашингтон – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Жорж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जर्ज वासिङ्टन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज वासिङ्टन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џорџ Вашингтон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BA" title="ജോർജ് വാഷിംഗ്ടൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ് വാഷിംഗ്ടൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंग्टन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जॉर्ज वॉशिंग्टन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF_%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯორჯ ვაშინგტონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯორჯ ვაშინგტონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج واشينطون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج واشينطون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="جورج واشنگتن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جورج واشنگتن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Жорж Вашингтон – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жорж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9B%E1%80%BE%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝါရှင်တန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျော့ချ် ဝါရှင်တန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जर्ज वासिङ्टन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्ज वासिङ्टन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8" title="जर्ज वाशिङ्तन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जर्ज वाशिङ्तन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="ジョージ・ワシントン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・ワシントン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%8C%DF%AC%DF%90%DF%96_%DF%A5%DF%8A%DF%9B%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%95%DF%90%DF%B2%DF%AC" title="ߖߌ߬ߐߖ ߥߊߛ߭ߌ߲ߕߐ߲߬ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߌ߬ߐߖ ߥߊߛ߭ߌ߲ߕߐ߲߬" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон, Джордж – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Вашингтон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%9C_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਸ਼ਿੰਗਟਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਰਜ ਵਾਸ਼ਿੰਗਟਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جارج واشنگٹن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جارج واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%BC%D9%86" title="جورج واشنګټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جورج واشنګټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corc_Va%C5%9Fington" title="Corc Vaşington – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Corc Vaşington" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашінґтон – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Джордж Вашінґтон" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вашингтон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyawce.huwasentun" title="Ciyawce.huwasentun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ciyawce.huwasentun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%A8" title="जार्ज वाशिंगटन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जार्ज वाशिंगटन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD_%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9D%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱚᱨᱡᱽ ᱚᱣᱟᱥᱤᱝᱴᱚᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhorxh_Uashington" title="Xhorxh Uashington – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhorxh Uashington" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%A7%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජෝර්ජ් වොෂිංටන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෝර්ජ් වොෂිංටන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%86" title="جۆرج واشینگتن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج واشینگتن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џорџ Вашингтон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџ Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சியார்ச் வாசிங்டன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியார்ச் வாசிங்டன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%A6ur%C7%A7_Wacinton" title="Ǧurǧ Wacinton – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ǧurǧ Wacinton" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%9D%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%90%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="ၵျွတ်ႉဝႃႇသျိင်ႇတၼ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၵျွတ်ႉဝႃႇသျိင်ႇတၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జార్జి వాషింగ్టన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జార్జి వాషింగ్టన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="จอร์จ วอชิงตัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ วอชิงตัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D2%B7_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Ҷорҷ Вашингтон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷорҷ Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A3%E1%8F%A5_%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%92%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%BE" title="ᏣᏥ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏣᏥ ᏩᏒᏓᎾ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorj_Wa%C5%9Fi%C5%88ton" title="Jorj Waşiňton – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Jorj Waşiňton" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон, Джордж – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Вашингтон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Вашингтон, Джордж – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Вашингтон, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джордж Вашингтон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Вашингтон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%B9%D9%86" title="جارج واشنگٹن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج واشنگٹن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%AF%D9%89_%DB%8B%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%89%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="گېئورگى ۋاشىنگتون – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گېئورگى ۋاشىنگتون" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va%C5%A1ington_D%C5%BEord%C5%BE" title="Vašington Džordž – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vašington Džordž" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93" title="華盛頓 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="華盛頓" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="乔治·华盛顿 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治·华盛顿" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%96%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%A9_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9F" title="דזשארזש וואשינגטאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דזשארזש וואשינגטאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%90%E6%B2%BB%E8%8F%AF%E7%9B%9B%E9%A0%93" title="佐治華盛頓 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="佐治華盛頓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="George Washington" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEuord%C5%BEos_Va%C5%A1ingtons" title="Džuordžos Vašingtons – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Džuordžos Vašingtons" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E7%9B%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="乔治·华盛顿 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治·华盛顿" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos_Wasingten" title="Jos Wasingten – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Jos Wasingten" data-language-autonym="Betawi" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/General_Washington_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="General Washington (disambiguation)">General Washington (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="George Washington (disambiguation)">George Washington (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">George Washington</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Head and shoulders portrait of George Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5619" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1803</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 30, 1789 – March 4, 1797</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">John Adams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">7th <a href="/wiki/Senior_Officer_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Officer of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the United States Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 13, 1798 – December 14, 1799</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">John Adams</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief">Commander in Chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office June 19, 1775 – December 23, 1783</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Appointed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Senior_Officer_of_the_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Officer of the United States Army">Senior Officer</a>)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">14th <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office April 30, 1788 – December 14, 1799</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_(bishop)" title="James Madison (bishop)">James Madison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1776)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1859)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office September 5, 1774 – June 16, 1775</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office established</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office July 24, 1758 – June 24, 1775</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Hugh West</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Office abolished</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_County,_Virginia" title="Frederick County, Virginia">Frederick County</a> (1758–1765)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_County,_Virginia" title="Fairfax County, Virginia">Fairfax County</a> (1765–1775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">February 22, 1732 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> February 11, 1731] <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Popes Creek</a>, Virginia Colony, British America</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">December 14, 1799(1799-12-14) (aged 67) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>, Virginia, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Mount Vernon, Virginia <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Washington&params=38_42_28.4_N_77_05_09.9_W_region:US-VA_type:landmark">38°42′28.4″N 77°05′09.9″W / 38.707889°N 77.086083°W / 38.707889; -77.086083</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">Independent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Dandridge</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1759)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Washington family</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Farmer</li><li>military officer</li><li>statesman</li><li>surveyor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997303-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Washington's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Washington_signature.svg/128px-George_Washington_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Washington_signature.svg/192px-George_Washington_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/George_Washington_signature.svg/256px-George_Washington_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="113" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li>United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Militia" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Militia">Virginia Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>1752–1758 (Virginia Militia)</li> <li>1775–1783 (Continental Army)</li> <li>1798–1799 (U.S. Army)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li>Colonel (1st <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Regiment" title="Virginia Regiment">Virginia Regiment</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Colonel (United Kingdom)">Colonel</a> (Virginia Militia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">General</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">Commander in Chief</a> (Continental Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> (U.S. Army)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a> (promoted posthumously in 1976 by <a href="/wiki/94th_United_States_Congress" title="94th United States Congress">Congress</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_troops_in_the_French_and_Indian_Wars#Virginia" title="Provincial troops in the French and Indian Wars">Virginia Regiment</a></li> <li>Continental Army</li> <li>United States Army</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>See list</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Battle of Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">Braddock Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> George Washington (February 22, 1732 – December 14, 1799) was a <a href="/wiki/Founding_Father_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Father of the United States">Founding Father of the United States</a>, military officer, and farmer who served as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> from 1789 to 1797. Appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> as commander of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in 1775, Washington led <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> forces to victory in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He then served as president of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787, which drafted the current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>. Washington has thus become commonly known as the "<a href="/wiki/Father_of_the_Nation" title="Father of the Nation">Father of his Country</a>". Washington's first public office, from 1749 to 1750, was as <a href="/wiki/Surveyor" class="mw-redirect" title="Surveyor">surveyor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper County</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>. In 1752, he received military training and was granted the rank of major in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Regiment" title="Virginia Regiment">Virginia Regiment</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, Washington was promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1754 and subsequently became head of the Virginia Regiment in 1755. He was later elected to the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_House_of_Burgesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a> and was named a delegate to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia, which appointed him <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">commander-in-chief of the Continental Army</a>. Washington led American forces to a decisive victory over the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_during_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="British Army during the American Revolutionary War">British in the Revolutionary War</a>, leading the British to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which acknowledged the sovereignty and independence of the United States. He <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">resigned his commission</a> in 1783 after the conclusion of the Revolutionary War. Washington played an indispensable role in the drafting of the Constitution, which replaced the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> in 1789. He was then twice elected president unanimously by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> in 1788 and 1792. As the first U.S. president, Washington implemented a strong, well-financed national government while remaining impartial in a fierce rivalry that emerged between cabinet members <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, he proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">a policy of neutrality</a> while additionally sanctioning the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>. He set enduring precedents for the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">office of president</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transfer_of_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Peaceful transfer of power">peaceful transfer of power</a>, the use of the title "<a href="/wiki/President_(government_title)#United_States" title="President (government title)">Mr. President</a>", and the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Background" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">two-term tradition</a>. His 1796 <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">farewell address</a> became a preeminent statement on republicanism in which he wrote about the importance of national unity and the dangers that regionalism, partisanship, and foreign influence pose to it. As a planter of tobacco and wheat, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington owned many slaves</a>. He grew to oppose slavery near the end of his lifetime, and provided in his will for the <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">manumission</a> of his slaves. Washington's image is an icon of <a href="/wiki/American_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="American culture">American culture</a>. He <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">has been memorialized</a> by monuments, a <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">federal holiday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">various media depictions</a>, geographical locations including <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">the national capital</a>, the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">State of Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#George_Washington" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">stamps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">currency</a>. In 1976, Washington was posthumously promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">general of the Armies</a>, the highest rank in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army">U.S. Army</a>. Washington consistently ranks in both popular and scholarly polls as one of the greatest presidents in American history. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_(1732–1758)">Early life (1732–1758)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Washington family</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg/220px-Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg/330px-Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg/440px-Residence_of_the_Washington_Family_on_the_Rappahannock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2061" data-file-height="1389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Washington family</a> residence on the <a href="/wiki/Rappahannock_River" title="Rappahannock River">Rappahannock River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stafford_County,_Virginia" title="Stafford County, Virginia">Stafford County, Virginia</a>, where Washington spent much of his youth</figcaption></figure> George Washington was born on February 22, 1732,<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Popes Creek</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia" title="Westmoreland County, Virginia">Westmoreland County, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20103–6-4">[3]</a> He was the first of six children of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling20023Chernow20105–7-5">[4]</a> His father was a <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace" title="Justice of the peace">justice of the peace</a> and a prominent public figure who had four additional children from his first marriage to Jane Butler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling20099Chernow20106–8-6">[5]</a> The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Little_Hunting_Creek" title="Little Hunting Creek">Little Hunting Creek</a> in 1734 before eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm</a> near <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg, Virginia</a>. When Augustine died in 1743, Washington inherited Ferry Farm and ten slaves; his older half-brother <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence</a> inherited Little Hunting Creek and renamed it <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Slavery-at-Mount-Vernon-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Washington did not have the formal education his elder half-brothers received at <a href="/wiki/Appleby_Grammar_School" title="Appleby Grammar School">Appleby Grammar School</a> in England, but he did attend the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Church" title="Lower Church">Lower Church</a> School in <a href="/wiki/Hartfield,_Virginia" title="Hartfield, Virginia">Hartfield</a>. He learned mathematics, including <a href="/wiki/Trigonometry" title="Trigonometry">trigonometry</a>, and land <a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">surveying</a>, and became a talented draftsman and <a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">mapmaker</a>. By early adulthood, he was writing with "considerable force" and "precision".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201010–12Ferling200214Ferling19885–6-9">[8]</a> As a teenager, to practice his penmanship, Washington compiled over a hundred rules for social interaction styled Rules of Civility and Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation, copied from an English translation of a French book of manners.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> Washington often visited Mount Vernon and <a href="/wiki/Belvoir_(plantation)" title="Belvoir (plantation)">Belvoir</a>, the plantation of <a href="/wiki/William_Fairfax" title="William Fairfax">William Fairfax</a>, Lawrence's father-in-law. Fairfax became Washington's patron and surrogate father. In 1748, Washington spent a month with a team surveying Fairfax's <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_Valley" title="Shenandoah Valley">Shenandoah Valley</a> property.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201010,_19Ferling200214–15Randall199736-11">[10]</a> The following year, he received a surveyor's license from the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> Even though Washington had not served the customary apprenticeship, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fairfax,_6th_Lord_Fairfax_of_Cameron" title="Thomas Fairfax, 6th Lord Fairfax of Cameron">Thomas Fairfax</a> appointed him surveyor of <a href="/wiki/Culpeper_County,_Virginia" title="Culpeper County, Virginia">Culpeper County, Virginia</a>, where he took his oath of office on July 20, 1749. He subsequently familiarized himself with the frontier region, and though he resigned from the job in 1750, he continued to do surveys west of the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Ridge_Mountains" title="Blue Ridge Mountains">Blue Ridge Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-professional-surveys-12">[11]</a> By 1752, he had bought almost 1,500 acres (600 ha) in the Valley and owned 2,315 acres (937 ha).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936v._19,_p._510Chernow201022–23-14">[12]</a> In 1751, Washington left mainland North America for the first and only time, when he accompanied Lawrence to <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, hoping the climate would cure his brother's tuberculosis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201024-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Washington contracted <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> during that trip, which left his face slightly scarred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner19748Chernow201025-17">[15]</a> Lawrence died in 1752, and Washington leased Mount Vernon from his widow Anne; he inherited it outright after her death in 1761.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201026,_98-18">[16]</a> Thoughout his life Washington generally had good physical health and was somewhat reserved in personality, but was known for having a strong presence. He made speeches and announcements when required, but he was not a noted orator nor debater.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200216Randall199734,_436Chernow201029–30-19">[17]</a> He was taller than most of his contemporaries;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200216-20">[18]</a> accounts of his height vary from 6 ft (1.83 m) to 6 ft 3.5 in (1.92 m) tall,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010122-21">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> he weighed between 210–220 pounds (95–100 kg) as an adult,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200216Chernow201029–30-23">[21]</a> and was known for his great strength.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010123–125-24">[22]</a> He had grey-blue eyes and long reddish-brown hair. He did not wear a <a href="/wiki/Wig#19th_and_20th_centuries" title="Wig">powdered wig</a>; instead he wore his hair curled, powdered, and tied in a queue in the <a href="/wiki/1775%E2%80%931795_in_Western_fashion#Men's_fashion" title="1775–1795 in Western fashion">fashion of the day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201030-25">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/220px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/330px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg/440px-Edward_Savage_-_The_Washington_Family_-_Google_Art_ProjectFXD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9911" data-file-height="7398" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family</a>, a late 18th century portrait by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Savage_(artist)" title="Edward Savage (artist)">Edward Savage</a> depicting George and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> with her grandchildren and an unnamed enslaved man</figcaption></figure> Though generally in good physical condition throughout his life, Washington frequently suffered from severe <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a> and ultimately lost all <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_teeth" title="George Washington's teeth">his teeth</a> but one. He had several sets of false teeth during his presidency. Contrary to common lore, these were not made of wood, but of metal, ivory, bone, animal teeth, and human teeth possibly obtained from slaves.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> These dental problems left him in constant pain, which he treated with <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">laudanum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201030,_290,_437–439,_642–643-30">[28]</a> Washington was a talented equestrian, with <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> describing him as "the best horseman of his age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010124-31">[29]</a> He collected thoroughbreds at Mount Vernon, his two favorite horses being <a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010124,_469-32">[30]</a> He enjoyed hunting foxes, deer, ducks, and other game.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010469-33">[31]</a> He was an excellent dancer and frequently attended the theater. He drank alcohol in moderation but was morally opposed to excessive drinking, smoking tobacco, gambling, and profanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010134-34">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_military_career_(1752–1758)">Colonial military career (1752–1758)</h3></div> Lawrence Washington's service as adjutant general of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_militia" title="Virginia militia">Virginia militia</a> inspired George to seek a commission. Virginia's lieutenant governor, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dinwiddie" title="Robert Dinwiddie">Robert Dinwiddie</a>, appointed Washington as a major and commander of one of the four militia districts. The British and French were competing for control of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio Valley</a>: the British were constructing forts along the Ohio River, and the French between the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200731–32Chernow201026–27,_31-35">[33]</a> In October 1753, Dinwiddie appointed Washington as a special envoy. He had sent Washington to demand French forces to vacate land that was claimed by the British. Washington was also appointed to make peace with the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquois Confederacy">Iroquois Confederacy</a>, and to gather further intelligence about the French forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200915–16-36">[34]</a> Washington met with Half-King <a href="/wiki/Tanacharison" title="Tanacharison">Tanacharison</a>, and other Iroquois chiefs, at <a href="/wiki/Logstown" title="Logstown">Logstown</a>, and gathered information about the numbers and locations of the French forts, as well as intelligence concerning individuals taken prisoner by the French. Washington was nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Conotocaurius</a> by Tanacharison. The name, meaning "devourer of villages", had been given to his great-grandfather <a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> in the late 17th century by the <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Washington's party reached the Ohio River in November 1753, and was intercepted by a French patrol. The party was escorted to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Le_Boeuf" title="Fort Le Boeuf">Fort Le Boeuf</a>, where Washington was received in a friendly manner. He delivered the British demand to vacate to the French commander <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Legardeur_de_Saint-Pierre" title="Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre">Saint-Pierre</a>, but the French refused to leave. Saint-Pierre gave Washington his official answer after a few days' delay, as well as food and winter clothing for his party's journey back to Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200915–18Lengel200523–24Randall199774Chernow201026–27,_31-38">[36]</a> Washington completed the precarious mission in 77 days, in difficult winter conditions, achieving a measure of distinction when his report was published in Virginia and London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick193619,_pp._510–511Ferling200915–18-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_and_Indian_War">French and Indian War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">George Washington in the French and Indian War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Night scene depicting Washington at center, standing among officers and Indians, around a lamp, holding a war council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg/220px-The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg/330px-The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg/440px-The_Night_Council_At_Fort_Necessity_from_the_Darlington_Collection_of_Engraving-_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption>An 1855 engraving of then Lieutenant Colonel Washington holding night council during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette County, Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> In February 1754, Dinwiddie promoted Washington to lieutenant colonel and second-in-command of the 300-strong <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Regiment" title="Virginia Regiment">Virginia Regiment</a>, with orders to confront French forces at the <a href="/wiki/Point_State_Park" title="Point State Park">Forks of the Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201031–32Ferling200918–19-40">[38]</a> Washington set out with half the regiment in April and soon learned a French force of 1,000 had begun construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Duquesne" title="Fort Duquesne">Fort Duquesne</a> there. In May, having set up a <a href="/wiki/Fort_Necessity_National_Battlefield" title="Fort Necessity National Battlefield">defensive position</a> at Great Meadows, he learned that the French had made camp seven miles (11 km) away; he decided to take the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201041–42-41">[39]</a> The French detachment proved to be only about 50 men, so Washington advanced on May 28 with a small force of Virginians and Indian allies to ambush them.<a href="#cite_note-43">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201042-44">[41]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">ambush</a>, French forces were killed outright with muskets and hatchets, including French commander <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coulon_de_Jumonville" title="Joseph Coulon de Jumonville">Joseph Coulon de Jumonville</a>, who had been carrying a diplomatic message for the British. The French later found their countrymen dead and scalped, blaming Washington, who had retreated to Fort Necessity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200924–25-45">[42]</a> The full Virginia Regiment joined Washington at Fort Necessity the following month with news that he had been promoted to command of the regiment and colonel upon the regimental commander's death. The regiment was reinforced by an <a href="/wiki/British_Army_Independent_Companies_in_South_Carolina" title="British Army Independent Companies in South Carolina">independent company of a hundred South Carolinians</a> led by Captain <a href="/wiki/James_Mackay_(British_Army_officer)" title="James Mackay (British Army officer)">James Mackay</a>; his royal commission outranked Washington's and a conflict of command ensued. On July 3, a French force attacked with 900 men, and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">ensuing battle</a> ended in Washington's surrender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200923–25Ellis200415–17-46">[43]</a> Washington did not speak French, however, he signed a surrender document in which he unwittingly took responsibility for "assassinating" Jumonville, later blaming the translator for not properly translating it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200924–25Chernow201042–45-47">[44]</a> In the aftermath, Colonel <a href="/wiki/James_Innes_(North_Carolina)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Innes (North Carolina)">James Innes</a> took command of intercolonial forces, the Virginia Regiment was divided, and Washington was offered a captaincy in one of the newly formed regiments. He refused, however, as it would have been a demotion and instead resigned his commission.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200926-48">[45]</a> The "Jumonville affair" became the incident which ignited the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a>, later to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200919–24Ellis200413Alden199613–15-49">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_the_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Washington on horseback in the middle of a battle scene with other soldiers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Washington_the_soldier.jpg/260px-Washington_the_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Washington_the_soldier.jpg/390px-Washington_the_soldier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Washington_the_soldier.jpg/520px-Washington_the_soldier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6917" data-file-height="4759" /></a><figcaption>Washington the Soldier, an 1834 portrait of Washington on horseback during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></figcaption></figure> In 1755, Washington served voluntarily as an aide to General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Braddock" title="Edward Braddock">Edward Braddock</a>, who led a British <a href="/wiki/Braddock_Expedition" title="Braddock Expedition">expedition</a> to expel the French from Fort Duquesne and the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201053-51">[48]</a> On Washington's recommendation, Braddock split the army into one main column and a lightly equipped "flying column".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden199637Ferling198835–36-52">[49]</a> Suffering from severe <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery">dysentery</a>, Washington was left behind, and when he rejoined Braddock at Monongahela the French and their Indian allies <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">ambushed</a> the divided army. Two-thirds of the British force became casualties, including the mortally wounded Braddock. Under the command of Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, Washington, still very ill, rallied the survivors and formed a rear guard, allowing the remnants of the force to disengage and retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden199637–46Ferling198835–36Chernow201057–58-53">[50]</a> During the engagement, he had two horses shot from under him, and his hat and coat were bullet-pierced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936511-54">[51]</a> His conduct under fire redeemed his reputation among critics of his command in the Battle of Fort Necessity,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200928–30-55">[52]</a> but he was not included by the succeeding commander (Colonel Thomas Dunbar) in planning subsequent operations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden199637–46-56">[53]</a> The Virginia Regiment was reconstituted in August 1755, and Dinwiddie appointed Washington its commander, again with the rank of colonel. Washington clashed over seniority almost immediately, this time with <a href="/wiki/John_Dagworthy" title="John Dagworthy">John Dagworthy</a>, another captain of superior royal rank, who commanded a detachment of Marylanders at the regiment's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(Maryland)" title="Fort Cumberland (Maryland)">Fort Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200424Ferling200930–31-57">[54]</a> Washington, impatient for an offensive against Fort Duquesne, was convinced Braddock would have granted him a royal commission and pressed his case in February 1756 with Braddock's successor as <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_North_America" title="Commander-in-Chief, North America">Commander-in-Chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Shirley" title="William Shirley">William Shirley</a>, and again in January 1757 with Shirley's successor, <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_4th_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 4th Earl of Loudoun">Lord Loudoun</a>. Shirley ruled in Washington's favor only in the matter of Dagworthy; Loudoun humiliated Washington, refused him a royal commission and agreed only to relieve him of the responsibility of manning Fort Cumberland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200931–32,_38–39-58">[55]</a> In 1758, the Virginia Regiment was assigned to the British <a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a> to capture Fort Duquesne.<a href="#cite_note-60">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1965194Fitzpatrick1936512-61">[57]</a> Washington disagreed with General <a href="/wiki/John_Forbes_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Forbes (British Army officer)">John Forbes'</a> tactics and chosen route.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936512Chernow201089–90Flexner1965194,_206–207-62">[58]</a> Forbes nevertheless made Washington a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> brigadier general and gave him command of one of the three brigades that would assault the fort. The French had abandoned the fort and the valley before the assault, however, and Washington only saw a friendly fire incident which left 14 dead and 26 injured. Frustrated, he resigned his commission soon afterwards and returned to Mount Vernon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200943Chernow201090–91Lengel200575–76,_81-63">[59]</a> Under Washington, the Virginia Regiment had defended 300 miles (480 km) of frontier against twenty Indian attacks in ten months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936511–512Flexner1965138Fischer200415–16Ellis200438-64">[60]</a> He increased the professionalism of the regiment as it grew from 300 to 1,000 men, and Virginia's frontier population suffered less than other colonies. Though he failed to realize a royal commission, he gained self-confidence, leadership skills, and knowledge of British military tactics. The destructive competition Washington witnessed among colonial politicians fostered his later support of a strong central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201092–93Ferling200232–33-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage,_civilian,_and_political_life_(1759–1775)">Marriage, civilian, and political life (1759–1775)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:170px;max-width:170px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_1772.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of Washington, by Charles Wilson Peale, standing in a formal pose, in a colonel's uniform, right hand inserted in shirt." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Washington_1772.jpg/168px-Washington_1772.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Washington_1772.jpg/252px-Washington_1772.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Washington_1772.jpg/336px-Washington_1772.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2418" data-file-height="3000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Colonel George Washington, a 1772 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mezzotint of Martha Washington, standing, wearing a formal gown, based on a 1757 portrait by John Wollaston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg/146px-Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg/219px-Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c4/Martha_Dandridge_Custis_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="287" data-file-height="409" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Martha Dandridge Custis, a 1757 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Wollaston_(painter)" title="John Wollaston (painter)">John Wollaston</a></div></div></div></div></div> On January 6, 1759, Washington, at age 26, married <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Dandridge Custis</a>, the 27-year-old widow of wealthy plantation owner <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Daniel Parke Custis</a>. The marriage took place at Martha's estate; she was intelligent, gracious, and experienced in managing a planter's estate, and the couple had a happy marriage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200233–34Wiencek200369-66">[62]</a> They moved to Mount Vernon, near <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria</a>, where he lived as a planter of tobacco and wheat, and he emerged as a political figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201097–98Fischer200414-67">[63]</a> Washington's 1751 bout with smallpox is thought to have rendered him sterile, though it is equally likely that "Martha may have sustained injury during the birth of Patsy, her final child, making additional births impossible."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010103-68">[64]</a> The couple lamented not having any children together.<a href="#cite_note-71">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010103Flexner197442–43-72">[67]</a> Despite this, the two raised Martha's children <a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (Jacky) and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Parke_Custis" title="Martha Parke Custis">Martha Parke Custis</a> (Patsy), and later Jacky's two youngest children <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (Nelly) and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (Washy), along with numerous nieces and nephews.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> The marriage gave Washington control over Martha's one-third <a href="/wiki/Dower" title="Dower">dower</a> interest in the 18,000-acre (7,300 ha) <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a>, and he managed the remaining two-thirds for Martha's children; the estate also included 84 slaves. As a result, he became one of the wealthiest men in Virginia, which increased his social standing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiencek20039–10,_67–69,_80–81-74">[69]</a> At Washington's urging, Governor <a href="/wiki/Norborne_Berkeley,_4th_Baron_Botetourt" title="Norborne Berkeley, 4th Baron Botetourt">Lord Botetourt</a> fulfilled Dinwiddie's 1754 promise of land bounties to all-volunteer militia during the French and Indian War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasmussenTilton1999100Chernow2010184-75">[70]</a> In late 1770, Washington inspected the lands in the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanawha_River" title="Kanawha River">Great Kanawha</a> regions, and he engaged surveyor <a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_(soldier)" title="William Crawford (soldier)">William Crawford</a> to subdivide it. Crawford allotted 23,200 acres (9,400 ha) to Washington; Washington told the veterans that their land was hilly and unsuitable for farming, and he agreed to purchase 20,147 acres (8,153 ha), leaving some feeling they had been duped.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200244–45Grizzard2002135–137-76">[71]</a> He also doubled the size of Mount Vernon to 6,500 acres (2,600 ha) and, by 1775, had increased its slave population by more than a hundred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200441–42,_48-77">[72]</a> As a respected military hero and large landowner, Washington held local offices and was elected to the Virginia provincial legislature, representing Frederick County in the House of Burgesses for seven years beginning in 1758.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200441–42,_48-77">[72]</a> He first ran for the seat in 1755 but was soundly beaten by Hugh West.<a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> When he ran in 1758, Washington plied voters with beer, brandy, and other beverages. Despite being away serving on the Forbes Expedition, he won the election with roughly 40 percent of the vote, defeating three opponents with the help of local supporters.<a href="#cite_note-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a> Early in his legislative career, Washington rarely spoke or even attended legislative sessions. He would later become a prominent critic of Britain's taxation policy and mercantilist policies towards the American colonies and became more politically active starting in the 1760s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200949–54,_68-82">[77]</a> Washington imported luxuries and other goods from England, paying for them by exporting tobacco. His profligate spending combined with low tobacco prices left him £1,800 in debt by 1764, prompting him to diversify his holdings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200449–50-83">[78]</a> Washington's complete reliance on London tobacco buyer and merchant Robert Cary caused alarm for his own economic security. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200451-84">[79]</a> In 1765, because of erosion and other soil problems, he changed Mount Vernon's primary cash crop from tobacco to wheat and expanded operations to include corn <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">flour milling</a> and fishing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010141-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> Washington soon was counted among the political and social elite in Virginia. From 1768 to 1775, he invited some 2,000 guests to Mount Vernon, mostly those whom he considered people of rank, and was known to be exceptionally cordial toward guests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010122-21">[19]</a> Washington also took time for leisure with fox hunting, fishing, dances, theater, cards, backgammon, and billiards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling200243–44Ellis200444-87">[82]</a> Washington's stepdaughter Patsy suffered from epileptic attacks from age 12, and she died at Mount Vernon in 1773. The following day, he wrote to <a href="/wiki/Burwell_Bassett_Sr." title="Burwell Bassett Sr.">Burwell Bassett</a>: "It is easier to conceive, than to describe, the distress of this Family".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010161-88">[83]</a> He canceled all business activity and remained with Martha every night for three months.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigginbotham2001154-89">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_British_Parliament_and_Crown">Opposition to the British Parliament and Crown</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">George Washington in the American Revolution</a></div> Washington played a central role before and during the American Revolution. His distrust of the British military had begun when he was passed over for promotion into the Regular Army. Opposed to taxes imposed by the British Parliament on the Colonies without <a href="/wiki/Virtual_representation" title="Virtual representation">proper representation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010136-90">[85]</a> he and other colonists were also angered by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a> which banned American settlement west of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Mountains" title="Allegheny Mountains">Allegheny Mountains</a> and protected the <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">British fur trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010137,_148Taylor201661,_75-91">[86]</a> Washington believed the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act 1765</a> was an "Act of Oppression" and celebrated its repeal the following year.<a href="#cite_note-93">[f]</a> In March 1766, Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory Act</a> asserting that Parliamentary law superseded colonial law.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016103-94">[88]</a> In the late 1760s, the interference of the British Crown in American lucrative western land speculation spurred the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Lehrman_Institute_(June_22,_2021)-95">[89]</a> Washington was a prosperous land speculator, and in 1767, he encouraged "adventures" to acquire backcountry western lands.<a href="#cite_note-Lehrman_Institute_(June_22,_2021)-95">[89]</a> Washington helped lead widespread protests against the <a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend Acts</a> passed by Parliament in 1767, and he introduced a proposal in May 1769 which urged Virginians to boycott British goods; the Acts were mostly repealed in 1770.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman1968174–176Taylor201675-96">[90]</a> Parliament sought to punish Massachusetts colonists for their role in the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a> in 1774 by passing the <a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Coercive Acts</a>, which Washington saw as "an invasion of our rights and privileges".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997262Chernow2010166Taylor2016119-97">[91]</a> He said Americans must not submit to acts of tyranny since "custom and use shall make us as tame and abject slaves, as the blacks we rule over with such arbitrary sway".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996101-98">[92]</a> That July, he and <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> drafted a <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">list of resolutions</a> for the Fairfax County committee, including a call to end the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, which were adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010167-99">[93]</a> On August 1, Washington attended the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Conventions" title="Virginia Conventions">First Virginia Convention</a>. There, he was selected as a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling1988100FordHuntFitzpatrick1904v._19,_p._11-100">[94]</a> As tensions rose in 1774, he helped train militias in Virginia and organized enforcement of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> boycott of British goods instituted by the Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling1988108Taylor2016126–127-101">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> broke out on April 19, 1775, with the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016132-102">[96]</a> Upon hearing the news, Washington was "sobered and dismayed",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010181-103">[97]</a> and he hastily departed Mount Vernon on May 4, 1775, to join the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010182-104">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commander_in_chief_of_the_army_(1775–1783)">Commander in chief of the army (1775–1783)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career of George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Washington's aides-de-camp</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington,_1776.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal painting of General George Washington, standing in uniform, as commander of the Continental Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/220px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/330px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg/440px-George_Washington%2C_1776.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>General Washington, Commander of the Continental Army, a 1776 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Willson_Peale" title="Charles Willson Peale">Charles Willson Peale</a></figcaption></figure> On June 14, 1775, <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Congress</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> nominated Washington as its <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a>, mainly because of his military experience and the belief that a Virginian would better unite the colonies. He was unanimously elected by Congress the next day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016132–133Ellis200467–68Chernow2010185–186Fitzpatrick1936514-105">[99]</a> Washington appeared before Congress in uniform and gave an acceptance speech on June 16, declining a salary, though he was later reimbursed expenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERasmussenTilton1999294Fitzpatrick1936514Taylor2016141–142Ferling200986–87-106">[100]</a> Washington was commissioned on June 19 and officially appointed by Congress as "General & Commander in chief of the army of the <a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> and of all the forces raised or to be raised by them".<a href="#cite_note-107">[101]</a> He was instructed to take charge of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a> on June 22, 1775.<a href="#cite_note-108">[102]</a> Congress chose his primary staff officers, including Major General <a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Artemas Ward</a>, Adjutant General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a>, Major General <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>, and Major General <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010190–191Ferling2002108-109">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a>, a young bookkeeper, impressed Adams and Washington with ordnance knowledge and was subsequently promoted to colonel and chief of artillery. Similarly, Washington was impressed by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s intelligence and bravery. He would later promote him to colonel and appoint him his <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2002109–110Puls200831-110">[104]</a> Washington initially banned the enlistment of blacks, both free and enslaved, into the Continental Army. The British saw an opportunity to divide the colonies, and the colonial governor of Virginia issued <a href="/wiki/Dunmore%27s_Proclamation" title="Dunmore's Proclamation">a proclamation</a>, which promised freedom to slaves if they joined the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000290–291-111">[105]</a> Desperate for manpower by late 1777, Washington relented and overturned his ban.<a href="#cite_note-112">[106]</a> By the end of the war, around one-tenth of Washington's army were blacks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016231-113">[107]</a> Following the British surrender, Washington sought to enforce terms of the preliminary <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a> by reclaiming slaves freed by the British and returning them to servitude. He arranged to make this request to <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Sir Guy Carleton</a> on May 6, 1783. Instead, Carleton issued 3,000 freedom certificates and all former slaves in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> were able to leave before the city was evacuated by the British in late November 1783.<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege_of_Boston">Siege of Boston</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge,_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg/220px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg/330px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg/440px-Washington_taking_command_of_the_American_Army_at_Cambridge%2C_1775_-_NARA_-_532874.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1835" /></a><figcaption>Washington arriving in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> on July 2, 1775, to take command of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a></figcaption></figure> Early in 1775, in response to the growing rebellious movement, London sent British troops to occupy <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Thomas Gage</a>, commander of British forces in America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121–123-115">[109]</a> They set up fortifications, making the city impervious to attack. Local militias surrounded the city and effectively trapped the British troops, resulting in a standoff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016121–122,_143-116">[110]</a> As Washington headed for Boston, word of his march preceded him, and he was greeted everywhere; gradually, he became a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010193-117">[111]</a> Upon Washington's arrival on July 2, 1775, two weeks after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Battle of Bunker Hill</a>, he set up headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge</a>. When he went to inspect the army, he found undisciplined militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016143-118">[112]</a> After consultation, he initiated <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>'s suggested reforms: drilling the soldiers and imposing strict discipline.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIsaacson2003303Ferling2002112Taylor2016143Fitzpatrick1936514-119">[113]</a> Washington ordered his officers to identify the skills of recruits to ensure military effectiveness, while removing incompetent officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2002112–113,_116-120">[114]</a> He petitioned Gage, his former superior, to release captured Patriot officers from prison and treat them humanely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201057,_160,_166,_201-121">[115]</a> In October 1775, King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> declared that the colonies were in open rebellion and relieved Gage of command for incompetence, replacing him with General <a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010208Taylor2016133–135-122">[116]</a> The Continental Army, reduced to only 9,600 men by January 1776 due to expiring short-term enlistments, had to be supplemented with militia. Soon, they were joined by <a href="/wiki/Noble_train_of_artillery" title="Noble train of artillery">Knox with heavy artillery</a> captured from <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Fort Ticonderoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELengel2005124–126Ferling2002116–119-123">[117]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Charles_River" title="Charles River">Charles River</a> froze over, Washington was eager to cross and storm Boston, but General Gates and others were opposed to untrained militia striking well-garrisoned fortifications. Instead, he agreed to <a href="/wiki/Fortification_of_Dorchester_Heights" title="Fortification of Dorchester Heights">secure the Dorchester Heights</a>, 100 feet (30 m) above Boston, with Knox's artillery to try to force the British out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009100-124">[118]</a> On March 9, under cover of darkness, Washington's troops bombarded British ships in Boston harbor. On March 17, 9,000 British troops and <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a> began a chaotic ten-day evacuation aboard 120 ships. Soon after, Washington entered the city with 500 men, with explicit orders not to plunder the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200947-125">[119]</a> He refrained from exerting military authority in Boston, leaving civilian matters in the hands of local authorities.<a href="#cite_note-127">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010227–228Lengel2005124–126Ferling2002116–119Taylor2016144,_153–154-128">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_and_New_Jersey">New York and New Jersey</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New York and New Jersey Campaign">New York and New Jersey Campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Long_Island">Battle of Long Island</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battleoflongisland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by Alonzo Chappel, 1858, showing the frantic battle scene of the Battle of Long Island, with smoke in the background" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battleoflongisland.jpg/220px-Battleoflongisland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battleoflongisland.jpg/330px-Battleoflongisland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Battleoflongisland.jpg/440px-Battleoflongisland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Long Island, an 1858 painting by <a href="/wiki/Alonzo_Chappel" title="Alonzo Chappel">Alonzo Chappel</a></figcaption></figure> After the victory at Boston, Washington correctly guessed that the British would return to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, a Loyalist stronghold, and retaliate. He arrived there on April 13, 1776, and ordered the construction of fortifications to thwart the expected British attack. He also ordered his occupying forces to treat civilians and their property with respect, to avoid the abuses Bostonians suffered at the hands of British troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010229–230-129">[122]</a> Howe transported his resupplied army, with the British fleet, from <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax</a> to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">George Germain</a>, who ran the British war effort in England, believed it could be won with one "decisive blow".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010235-130">[123]</a> The British forces, including more than a hundred ships and thousands of troops, began arriving on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a> on July 2 to lay siege to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936514–515Taylor2016162–163-131">[124]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> was unanimously adopted on July 4, Washington informed his troops on July 9 that Congress had declared the united colonies to be "free and independent states".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010237-132">[125]</a> Howe's troop strength totaled 32,000 regulars and <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian auxiliaries</a>, and Washington's consisted of 23,000, mostly raw recruits and militia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010244–245Taylor2016162–163-133">[126]</a> In August, Howe landed 20,000 troops at <a href="/wiki/Gravesend,_Brooklyn" title="Gravesend, Brooklyn">Gravesend, Brooklyn</a>, and approached Washington's fortifications Opposing his generals, Washington chose to fight, based on inaccurate information that Howe's army had only 8,000-plus troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis200495–96Chernow2010244-134">[127]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, Howe assaulted Washington's flank and inflicted 1,500 Patriot casualties, the British suffering 400.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016164-135">[128]</a> Washington retreated, instructing General <a href="/wiki/William_Heath" title="William Heath">William Heath</a> to acquire river craft. On August 30, General <a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">William Alexander</a> held off the British and gave cover while the army crossed the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> under darkness to <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> without loss of life or materiel, although Alexander was captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCullough2005186–195-136">[129]</a> Howe was emboldened by his Long Island victory and dispatched Washington as "George Washington, Esq." in futility to negotiate peace. Washington declined, demanding to be addressed with diplomatic protocol, as general and fellow belligerent, not as a "rebel", lest his men be hanged as such if captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010240Davis197593–94Taylor2016164-137">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> bombarded the unstable earthworks on lower Manhattan Island.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016165-138">[131]</a> Despite misgivings, Washington heeded the advice of Generals Greene and <a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a> to defend <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Manhattan)" title="Fort Washington (Manhattan)">Fort Washington</a>. They were unable to hold it; Washington abandoned the fort and ordered his army north to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">White Plains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis1975136Chernow2010257-139">[132]</a> Howe's pursuit forced Washington to retreat across the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee_Historic_Park" title="Fort Lee Historic Park">Fort Lee</a> to avoid encirclement. Howe landed his troops on Manhattan in November and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">captured Fort Washington</a>, inflicting high casualties on the Americans. Washington was responsible for delaying the retreat, though he blamed Congress and General Greene. Loyalists in New York City considered Howe a liberator and spread a rumor that Washington had set fire to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996137Taylor2016165-140">[133]</a> Patriot morale reached its lowest when Lee was captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016166–167Farner199624-141">[134]</a> Now reduced to 5,400 troops, Washington's army retreated through <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and Howe broke off pursuit to set up winter quarters in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004224–226Taylor2016166–169-142">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Crossing_the_Delaware,_Trenton,_and_Princeton">Crossing the Delaware, Trenton, and Princeton</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg/220px-1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg/330px-1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg/440px-1819_Passage_OfThe_Delaware_byThomasSully_MFABoston.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a>, an 1819 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sully" title="Thomas Sully">Thomas Sully</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Washington on horseback, accepting the surrender of Hessian troops after the Battle at Trenton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg/220px-The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg/330px-The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg/440px-The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton_December_26_1776.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Capture_of_the_Hessians_at_Trenton,_December_26,_1776" title="The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776">The Capture of the Hessians at Trenton, December 26, 1776</a>, a <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a> portrait depicting the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></figcaption></figure> Washington crossed the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware River</a> into <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, where Major General Lee's replacement General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> joined him with 2,000 more troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016166–167,_169-143">[136]</a> The future of the Continental Army was in doubt due to lack of supplies, a harsh winter, expiring enlistments, and desertions. Washington was disappointed that many New Jersey residents were Loyalists or skeptical about independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1999235Chernow2010264-144">[137]</a> Howe split up his army and posted a <a href="/wiki/Hessian_(soldier)" title="Hessian (soldier)">Hessian</a> garrison at <a href="/wiki/Trenton,_New_Jersey" title="Trenton, New Jersey">Trenton</a> to hold western New Jersey and the east shore of the Delaware.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016169-145">[138]</a> Desperate for a victory, Washington and his generals devised a surprise attack on Trenton. The army was to cross the Delaware in three divisions: one led by Washington (2,400 troops), another by General <a href="/wiki/James_Ewing_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ewing (Pennsylvania politician)">James Ewing</a> (700), and the third by Colonel <a href="/wiki/John_Cadwalader_(general)" title="John Cadwalader (general)">John Cadwalader</a> (1,500). The force was to then split, with Washington taking the <a href="/wiki/Pennington,_New_Jersey" title="Pennington, New Jersey">Pennington</a> Road and General Sullivan traveling south on the river's edge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010270–273-146">[139]</a> Washington ordered a 60-mile search for <a href="/wiki/Durham_boat" title="Durham boat">Durham boats</a> to transport his army, and the destruction of vessels that could be used by the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010270–272Randall1997319-147">[140]</a> He personally risked capture while staking out the Jersey shoreline alone leading up to the crossing. Washington <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">crossed the Delaware</a> on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> night, 1776.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcoxArnstein1988164-148">[141]</a> His men followed across the ice-obstructed river from <a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_Historic_Park#McConkey's_Ferry" title="Washington Crossing Historic Park">McConkey's Ferry</a>, with 40 men per vessel. The wind churned up the waters, and they were pelted with hail, but by 3:00 a.m. on December 26, they made it across with no losses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010273-149">[142]</a> Knox was delayed, managing frightened horses and about 18 field guns on flat-bottomed ferries. Cadwalader and Ewing failed to cross due to the ice and heavy currents. Once Knox arrived, Washington proceeded to Trenton, rather than risk being spotted returning his army to Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010273–274Fischer2004215–219Taylor2016171-150">[143]</a> The troops spotted Hessian positions a mile from Trenton, so Washington split his force into two columns, rallying his men: "Soldiers keep by your officers. For God's sake, keep by your officers." The two columns were separated at the Birmingham crossroads. General Greene's column took the upper Ferry Road, led by Washington, and General Sullivan's column advanced on River Road.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004228–230-151">[144]</a> The Americans marched in sleet and snowfall. Many were shoeless with bloodied feet, and two died of exposure. At sunrise, Washington, aided by Colonel Knox and artillery, led his men in a surprise attack on the unsuspecting Hessians and their commander, Colonel <a href="/wiki/Johann_Rall" title="Johann Rall">Johann Rall</a>. The Hessians had 22 killed, including Colonel Rall, 83 wounded, and 850 captured with supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010270,_275–276Ferling2002146–147Fischer2004170,_232–234,_254,_405-152">[145]</a> Washington retreated across the Delaware to Pennsylvania and returned to New Jersey on January 3, 1777, launching <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">an attack</a> on British regulars at <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton</a>, with 40 Americans killed or wounded and 273 British killed or captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004254Ketchum1999306–307Alden1996146-153">[146]</a> American Generals <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Hugh Mercer</a> and John Cadwalader were being driven back by the British when Mercer was mortally wounded. Washington arrived and led the men in a counterattack which advanced to within 30 yards (27 m) of the British line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996145-154">[147]</a> Some British troops retreated after a brief stand, while others took refuge in <a href="/wiki/Nassau_Hall" title="Nassau Hall">Nassau Hall</a>, which became the target of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s cannons. Washington's troops charged, the British surrendered in less than an hour, and 194 soldiers laid down their arms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKetchum1999361–364Fischer2004339Chernow2010276–278-155">[148]</a> Howe retreated to New York City where his army remained inactive until early the next year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016172-156">[149]</a> Washington took up winter headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Arnold%27s_Tavern" title="Arnold's Tavern">Jacob Arnold's Tavern</a> in <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a>,<a href="#cite_note-157">[150]</a> while he received munition from the <a href="/wiki/Hibernia_mines" title="Hibernia mines">Hibernia mines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[151]</a> While in Morristown, Washington's troops disrupted British supply lines and expelled them from parts of New Jersey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010285–286-159">[152]</a> During his stay in Morristown, Washington ordered the <a href="/wiki/Inoculation" title="Inoculation">inoculation</a> of Continental troops against smallpox. This went against the wishes of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> who had issued a proclamation prohibiting it, but Washington feared the spread of smallpox in the army. The mass inoculation proved successful, with only isolated infections occurring and no regiments incapacitated by the disease.<a href="#cite_note-160">[153]</a> The British still controlled New York, and many Patriot soldiers did not re-enlist or deserted after the harsh winter campaign. Congress instituted greater rewards for re-enlisting and punishments for desertion to effect greater troop numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004151-161">[154]</a> Strategically, Washington's victories at Trenton and Princeton were pivotal; they revived Patriot morale and quashed the British strategy of showing overwhelming force followed by offering generous terms, changing the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016172Fischer2004367-162">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcoxArnstein1988164-148">[141]</a> In February 1777, word of the American victories reached London, and the British realized the Patriots were in a position to demand unconditional independence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2007188-163">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brandywine,_Germantown,_and_Saratoga">Brandywine, Germantown, and Saratoga</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></div> In July 1777, British General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a> south from Quebec through <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">recaptured Fort Ticonderoga</a> intending to divide <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, including control of the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>. However, General Howe in British-occupied New York City blundered, taking his army south to <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> rather than up the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> to join Burgoyne near <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010300–301-164">[157]</a> Washington and <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a> rushed to Philadelphia to engage Howe. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, on September 11, 1777, Howe outmaneuvered Washington and marched unopposed into the nation's capital at Philadelphia. A Patriot <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">attack</a> failed against the British at <a href="/wiki/Germantown,_Philadelphia" title="Germantown, Philadelphia">Germantown</a> in October.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997340–341Chernow2010301–304-165">[158]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, the Patriots were led by General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a>. Concerned about Burgoyne's movements southward, Washington sent reinforcements north with Generals <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, his most aggressive field commander, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>. On October 7, 1777, Burgoyne tried to take <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Bemis Heights</a> but was isolated from support by Howe. He was forced to retreat to Saratoga and ultimately surrendered after the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a>. As Washington suspected, Gates' victory emboldened his critics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010312–313-166">[159]</a> Biographer John Alden maintains, "It was inevitable that the defeats of Washington's forces and the concurrent victory of the forces in upper New York should be compared." Admiration for Washington was waning, including little credit from John Adams.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996163-167">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Valley_Forge_and_Monmouth">Valley Forge and Monmouth</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Washington and the Marquis de Lafayette on horseback in a winter setting, at Valley Forge" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/220px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/330px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg/440px-Washington_and_Lafayette_at_Valley_Forge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="2664" /></a><figcaption>Washington and Lafayette at Valley Forge, a 1907 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Ward_Dunsmore" title="John Ward Dunsmore">John Ward Dunsmore</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BattleofMonmouth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting showing Washington on horseback, sword raised, in the midst of battle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BattleofMonmouth.jpg/220px-BattleofMonmouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BattleofMonmouth.jpg/330px-BattleofMonmouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/BattleofMonmouth.jpg/440px-BattleofMonmouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1367" /></a><figcaption>Washington Rallying the Troops at Monmouth, an 1854 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Emanuel Leutze</a> depicting Washington at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></figcaption></figure> Washington and his <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> of 11,000 men went into winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a> north of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in December 1777. There they lost between 2,000 and 3,000 men as a result of disease and lack of food, clothing, and shelter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2002186Alden1996165,_167Freedman200830-169">[162]</a> The British were comfortably quartered in Philadelphia, paying for supplies in <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" title="Pound sterling">pounds sterling</a>, while Washington struggled with a devalued <a href="/wiki/Early_American_currency" title="Early American currency">American paper currency</a>. The woodlands were soon exhausted of game. By February, Washington was facing lowered morale and increased desertions among his troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996165-170">[163]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">internal revolt</a> by his officers, led by Major General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Conway" title="Thomas Conway">Thomas Conway</a>, prompted some members of Congress to consider removing Washington from command. Washington's supporters resisted, and the matter was dropped after much deliberation.<a href="#cite_note-171">[164]</a> Once the plot was exposed, Conway wrote an apology to Washington, resigned, and returned to France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1965138Randall1997354–355-172">[165]</a> Washington made repeated petitions to Congress for provisions. He received a congressional delegation to check the Army's conditions and expressed the urgency of the situation, proclaiming: "Something must be done. Important alterations must be made." He recommended that Congress expedite supplies, and Congress agreed to strengthen and fund the army's supply lines by reorganizing the commissary department. By late February, supplies began arriving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman200842-126">[120]</a> Meanwhile, Baron <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben</a>'s incessant drilling transformed Washington's recruits into a disciplined fighting force by the end of winter camp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997342,_356,_359Ferling2009172Alden1996168-173">[166]</a> For his services, Washington promoted Von Steuben to Major General and made him chief of staff.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010336-174">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[168]</a> In early 1778, the French responded to Burgoyne's defeat and entered into a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a> with the Americans. Congress ratified the treaty in May, which amounted to a French declaration of war against Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016188-176">[169]</a> In May 1778, Howe resigned and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Sir Henry Clinton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2007296-177">[170]</a> The British evacuated Philadelphia for New York that June and Washington summoned a war council of American and French generals. He chose a partial attack on the retreating British at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a>. Generals <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a> and Lafayette moved with 4,000 men, without Washington's knowledge, and bungled their first attack on June 28. Washington relieved Lee and achieved a draw after an expansive battle. At nightfall, the British continued their retreat to New York, and Washington moved his army outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996176–177Ferling2002195–198-178">[171]</a> Monmouth was Washington's last battle in the North.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010344-179">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Point_espionage">West Point espionage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Ring</a> and <a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Benedict_Arnold,_1777%E2%80%931779" title="Military career of Benedict Arnold, 1777–1779">Military career of Benedict Arnold, 1777–1779</a></div> Washington became America's first spymaster by designing an espionage system against the British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENagy2016274-180">[173]</a> In 1778, Major <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tallmadge" title="Benjamin Tallmadge">Benjamin Tallmadge</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Ring</a> at Washington's direction to covertly collect information about the British in New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERose200675,_224,_258–261-181">[174]</a> Washington had disregarded incidents of disloyalty by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, who had distinguished himself in many campaigns, including <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold%27s_expedition_to_Quebec" title="Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec">his invasion of Quebec</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010378–387Philbrick201635-182">[175]</a> In 1780, Arnold began supplying British spymaster <a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">John André</a> with sensitive information intended to compromise Washington and capture <a href="/wiki/West_Point,_New_York" title="West Point, New York">West Point</a>, a key American defensive position on the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1928365–366Philbrick2016250–251-183">[176]</a> Historians <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Philbrick" title="Nathaniel Philbrick">Nathaniel Philbrick</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> noted possible reasons for Arnold's defection to be his anger at losing promotions to junior officers, or repeated slights from Congress. He was also deeply in debt, profiteering from the war, and disappointed by Washington's lack of support during his eventual <a href="/wiki/Court-martial" title="Court-martial">court-martial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010380Palmer2010203Flexner1991119–221Rose2006196-184">[177]</a> After repeated requests, Washington agreed to give Arnold command of West Point in August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010378,_380–381Lengel2005322Adams1928366Philbrick2016280–282-185">[178]</a> On September 21, Arnold met André and gave him plans to take over the garrison.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1928365Palmer2010306,_315,_319,_320-186">[179]</a> While returning to British lines, André was captured by militia who discovered the plans; upon hearing the news of André's capture on September 24, while waiting to greet and have breakfast with Washington, Arnold immediately fled to <a href="/wiki/HMS_Vulture_(1776)" title="HMS Vulture (1776)">HMS Vulture</a>, the ship that had brought André to West Point, and escaped to New York.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Doren1941194–195Adams1928366Palmer2010410-187">[180]</a> Upon being told about Arnold's treason, Washington recalled the commanders positioned under Arnold at key points around the fort to prevent any complicity. He assumed personal command at West Point and reorganized its defenses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer2010370–371Middlekauff2015232-188">[181]</a> André's trial for espionage ended in a death sentence, and Washington offered to return him to the British in exchange for Arnold, but <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a> refused. André was hanged on October 2, 1780, despite his request for a firing squad, to deter other spies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1991386Rose2006212-189">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_theater_and_Yorktown">Southern theater and Yorktown</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Generals Washington and Rochambeau, standing in front of HQ tent, giving last orders before the attack on Yorktown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG/220px-Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG/330px-Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG/440px-Couder_Yorktown_Versailles.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Generals Washington and <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> give final orders before launching the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yorktown,_Virginia" title="Yorktown, Virginia">Yorktown, Virginia</a> in September 1781.</figcaption></figure> In late 1778, General Clinton shipped 3,000 troops from New York to Georgia and launched a Southern invasion against <a href="/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia" title="Savannah, Georgia">Savannah</a>, reinforced by 2,000 British and Loyalist troops. They repelled an attack by American patriots and <a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">French naval forces</a>, which bolstered the British war effort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016230-190">[183]</a> In June 1778, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> warriors joined with <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> rangers led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Butler_(Loyalist)" title="Walter Butler (Loyalist)">Walter Butler</a> and killed more than 200 frontiersmen, laying waste to the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Pennsylvania" title="Northeastern Pennsylvania">Northeastern Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996184-191">[184]</a> In mid-1779, in response to this and other attacks on New England towns, Washington ordered General John Sullivan to lead an expedition to force the Iroquois out of New York by effecting "the total destruction and devastation" of their villages and taking their women and children hostage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzard2002303-192">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010360-193">[186]</a> The expedition systematically destroyed Iroquois villages and food stocks, and forced at least 5,036 Iroquois to flee to British Canada. The campaign directly killed a few hundred Iroquois, but according to historian Rhiannon Koehler, the net effect was to reduce the Iroquois by half. They became unable to survive the harsh winter of 1779–1780; some historians now describe the campaign as a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-194">[187]</a> Washington's troops went into quarters at <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown, New Jersey</a> for their worst winter of the war, with temperatures well below freezing. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> was frozen, snow covered the ground for weeks, and the troops again lacked provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann2008108-195">[188]</a> In January 1780, Clinton assembled 12,500 troops and attacked <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charles Town, South Carolina</a>, defeating General <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Benjamin Lincoln</a>. By June, they occupied the South Carolina <a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016234-196">[189]</a> Clinton returned to New York and left 8,000 troops under the command of General <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016234–235-197">[190]</a> Congress replaced Lincoln with Horatio Gates; after his defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Battle of Camden</a>, Gates was replaced by Nathanael Greene, Washington's initial choice, but the British had firm control of the South. Washington was reinvigorated, however, when Lafayette returned from France with more ships, men, and supplies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996187–188-198">[191]</a> and 5,000 veteran French troops led by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">Rochambeau</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a> in July 1780.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancasterPlumb1985311-199">[192]</a> French naval forces then landed, led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996197–199,_206-200">[193]</a> Washington's army went into winter quarters at <a href="/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York" title="New Windsor, New York">New Windsor, New York</a> in December 1780; he urged Congress and state officials to expedite provisions so the army would not "continue to struggle under the same difficulties they have hitherto endured".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996193-201">[194]</a> On March 1, 1781, Congress ratified the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>, but the government that took effect on March 2 did not have the power to levy taxes, and it loosely held the states together.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016339-202">[195]</a> General Clinton sent Benedict Arnold, now a British Brigadier General with 1,700 troops, to Virginia to capture <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Virginia" title="Portsmouth, Virginia">Portsmouth</a> and conduct raids on Patriot forces; Washington responded by sending Lafayette south to counter Arnold's efforts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010403-203">[196]</a> Washington initially hoped to bring the fight to New York, drawing off British forces from Virginia and ending the war there, but Rochambeau advised him that Cornwallis in Virginia was the better target. De Grasse's fleet arrived off the Virginia coast, cutting off British retreat. Seeing the advantage, Washington made a feint towards Clinton in New York, then headed south to Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996198–199Chernow2010403–404-204">[197]</a> The siege of Yorktown in October 1781 was a decisive victory by the combined forces of the Continental Army commanded by Washington, the French Army commanded by General Comte de Rochambeau, and the French Navy commanded by Admiral de Grasse. On August 19, the march to Yorktown led by Washington and Rochambeau began, which is known now as the "<a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">celebrated march</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELengel2005335-205">[198]</a> Washington was in command of an army of 7,800 Frenchmen, 3,100 militia, and 8,000 Continentals. Inexperienced in siege warfare, he often deferred to the judgment of General Rochambeau and relied on his advice. Despite this, Rochambeau never challenged Washington's authority as the battle's commanding officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010413-206">[199]</a> By late September, Patriot-French forces surrounded Yorktown, trapped the British Army, and prevented British reinforcements from Clinton in the North, while the French navy emerged victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Battle of the Chesapeake</a>. The final American offensive began with a shot fired by Washington.<a href="#cite_note-207">[200]</a> The siege ended with a British surrender on October 19, 1781; over 7,000 British soldiers became <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996198,_201Chernow2010372–373,_418Lengel2005337-208">[201]</a> Washington negotiated the terms of surrender for two days, and the official signing ceremony took place on October 19; Cornwallis claimed illness and was absent, sending General <a href="/wiki/Charles_O%27Hara" title="Charles O'Hara">Charles O'Hara</a> as his proxy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMann200838LancasterPlumb1985254Chernow2010419-209">[202]</a> As a gesture of goodwill, Washington held a dinner for the American, French, and British generals, all of whom fraternized on friendly terms and identified with one another as members of the same professional military <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010419-210">[203]</a> Afterwards, Washington moved the army to <a href="/wiki/New_Windsor,_New_York" title="New Windsor, New York">New Windsor, New York</a> where they remained stationed until the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on September 3, 1783, formally ending the war. Although the peace treaty did not happen for two years following the end of the battle, Yorktown proved to be the last significant battle or campaign of the Revolutionary War, with the British Parliament agreeing to cease hostilities in March 1782.<a href="#cite_note-211">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demobilization_and_resignation">Demobilization and resignation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by John Trumbull, depicting General Washington, standing in Maryland State House hall, surrounded by statesmen and others, resigning his commission" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/260px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/390px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg/520px-General_George_Washington_Resigning_his_Commission.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1962" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a>, an 1824 portrait by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a></figcaption></figure> When peace negotiations began in April 1782, both the British and French began gradually evacuating their forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016313–315-212">[205]</a> With the American treasury empty, unpaid and mutinous soldiers forced the adjournment of Congress. In March 1783, Washington successfully calmed the <a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a>, a planned munity by American officers; Congress promised each a five-year bonus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1970187–220-213">[206]</a> Washington submitted an account of $450,000 in expenses which he had advanced to the army, equivalent to $9.53 million in 2023. The account was settled, though it was allegedly vague about large sums and included expenses his wife had incurred through visits to his headquarters. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996209-214">[207]</a> The following month, a Congressional committee led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> began adapting the army for peacetime. In August 1783, Washington gave the Army's perspective to the committee in his Sentiments on a Peace Establishment, which advised Congress to keep a standing army, create a "national militia" of separate state units, and establish a navy and a national military academy.<a href="#cite_note-215">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was signed on September 3, 1783, and Britain officially recognized American independence. Washington disbanded his army, giving a farewell address to his soldiers on November 2.<a href="#cite_note-216">[209]</a> During this time, Washington oversaw the <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">evacuation of British forces in New York</a> and was greeted by parades and celebrations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010446,_448–449,_451Puls2008184–186-217">[210]</a> Along with Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, he took formal possession of the city on November 25.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997405-218">[211]</a> In early December 1783, Washington bade farewell to his officers at <a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Fraunces Tavern</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">resigned as commander-in-chief</a> soon thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016319-219">[212]</a> In a final appearance in uniform, he gave a statement to the Congress: "I consider it an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life, by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of Almighty God, and those who have the superintendence of them, to his holy keeping."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996210Chernow2010451–452,_455-220">[213]</a> Washington's resignation was acclaimed at home and abroad and showed a skeptical world that the new republic would not degenerate into chaos.<a href="#cite_note-222">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010454–455-223">[215]</a> The same month, Washington was appointed president-general of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a>, a newly established hereditary fraternity of Revolutionary War officers. He served in this capacity for the remainder of his life.<a href="#cite_note-225">[i]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010444-226">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_republic_(1783–1789)">Early republic (1783–1789)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation Period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Mount_Vernon">Return to Mount Vernon</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:26em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "I am not only retired from all public employments but I am retiring within myself, and shall be able to view the solitary walk and tread the paths of private life with heartfelt satisfaction ... I will move gently down the stream of life, until I sleep with my fathers." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— George Washington in a letter to Lafayette. February 1, 1784.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997410Flexner1974182–183DalzellDalzell1998112-227">[218]</a></cite> </div> Washington was longing to return home after spending just ten days at Mount Vernon out of <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>8+1⁄2 years of war. He arrived on Christmas Eve, delighted to be "free of the bustle of a camp and the busy scenes of public life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009246-228">[219]</a> He was a celebrity and was <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/feted" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:feted">fêted</a> during a visit to his mother at Fredericksburg in February 1784, and he received a constant stream of visitors wishing to pay their respects at Mount Vernon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010462Ferling2009255–256-229">[220]</a> Washington reactivated his interests in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac canal</a> projects begun before the war, though neither paid him any dividends, and he undertook a 34-day, 680-mile (1,090 km) trip to check on his land holdings in the Ohio Country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009247–255-230">[221]</a> He oversaw the completion of the remodeling work at Mount Vernon, which transformed his residence into the mansion that survives to this day—although his financial situation was not strong. Creditors paid him in depreciated wartime currency, and he owed significant amounts in taxes and wages. Mount Vernon had made no profit during his absence, and he saw persistently poor crop yields due to pestilence and poor weather. His estate recorded its eleventh year running at a deficit in 1787, and there was little prospect of improvement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009246–247Chernow2010552–553Ellis2004167-231">[222]</a> In 1784, Washington declined an invitation from Lafayette to visit France because he couldn't afford the trip.<a href="#cite_note-232">[223]</a> To make his estate profitable again, Washington undertook a new landscaping plan and succeeded in cultivating a range of fast-growing trees and native shrubs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWulf201252Subak201843–44-233">[224]</a> He also began breeding <a href="/wiki/Mule" title="Mule">mules</a> after being gifted a <a href="/wiki/Andalusian_donkey" title="Andalusian donkey">Spanish jack</a> by King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III of Spain</a> in 1784. There were few mules in the United States at that time, and he believed that they would revolutionize <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transportation">transportation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitutional_Convention_of_1787">Constitutional Convention of 1787</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention (United States)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by Howard Chandler Christy, depicting the signing of the Constitution of the United States, with Washington as the presiding officer standing at right" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/260px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/390px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/520px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States</a>, a 1940 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Chandler_Christy" title="Howard Chandler Christy">Howard Chandler Christy</a> depicting Washington as the presiding officer at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> in 1787</figcaption></figure> Before returning to private life in June 1783, Washington called for a strong union. Though he was concerned that he might be criticized for meddling in civil matters, he sent a circular letter to the states, maintaining that the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> was no more than "a rope of sand". He believed the nation was on the verge of "anarchy and confusion", was vulnerable to foreign intervention, and that a national constitution would unify the states under a strong central government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996221Chernow2010518Ferling2009266-235">[226]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> erupted in Massachusetts over taxation, Washington was further convinced that a national constitution was needed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010517–519-236">[227]</a> Some nationalists feared that the new republic had descended into lawlessness, and they met on September 11, 1786, at <a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis</a> to ask Congress to revise the Articles of Confederation. One of their biggest efforts was getting Washington to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016373–374Ferling2009266-237">[228]</a> Congress agreed to a Constitutional Convention to be held in Philadelphia in Spring 1787, with each state to send delegates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010523Taylor2016373–374-238">[229]</a> On December 4, 1786, Washington was chosen to lead the Virginia delegation, but he declined on December 21. He had concerns about the legality of the convention and consulted <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a>, and others. They persuaded him to attend as his presence might induce reluctant states to send delegates and smooth the way for the ratification process while also giving legitimacy to the convention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010220–221Ferling2009266-239">[230]</a> On March 28, Washington told Governor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> that he would attend the convention but made it clear that he was urged to attend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009266Chernow2010218,_220–224,_520–526-240">[231]</a> Washington arrived in Philadelphia on May 9, 1787, though a quorum was not attained until May 25. Benjamin Franklin nominated Washington to preside over the convention, and he was unanimously elected to serve as president general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010520–521,_523,_526,_529Unger201333-241">[232]</a> The convention's state-mandated purpose was to revise the Articles of Confederation, and the new government would be established when the resulting document was "duly confirmed by the several states".<a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> Randolph introduced Madison's <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a> on May 27, the third day of the convention. It called for an entirely new constitution and a sovereign national government, which Washington highly recommended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling1988359–360-243">[234]</a> On July 10, Washington wrote to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>: "I almost despair of seeing a favorable issue to the proceedings of our convention and do therefore repent having had any agency in the business."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996226–227-244">[235]</a> Nevertheless, he lent his prestige to the work of the other delegates, unsuccessfully lobbying many to support ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a>, such as anti-federalists <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996229-245">[236]</a> The final version was voted on and <a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">signed by 39 of 55 delegates</a> on September 17, 1787. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_presidential_election">First presidential election</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%931789_United_States_presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="1788–1789 United States presidential election">1788–1789 United States presidential election</a></div> Just prior to the first presidential election of 1789, in 1788 the Board of Visitors of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> decided to re-establish the position of Chancellor, and elected Washington to the office on January 18.<a href="#cite_note-chancellor-246">[237]</a> The College Rector Samuel Griffin wrote to Washington inviting him to the post, and in a letter dated April 30, 1788, Washington accepted the position of the 14th <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[238]</a> He continued to serve through his presidency until his death on December 14, 1799.<a href="#cite_note-chancellor-246">[237]</a> The delegates to the Convention for the first presidential election anticipated a Washington presidency and left it to him to define the office once elected.<a href="#cite_note-249">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlden1996226–227-244">[235]</a> The state electors under the Constitution voted for the president on February 4, 1789, and Washington suspected that most Republicans had not voted for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010559–560Ferling2009361-250">[240]</a> The mandated March 4 date passed without a Congressional quorum to count the votes, but a quorum was reached on April 5. The votes were tallied the next day, and Washington won the majority of every state's electoral votes. He was informed of his election as president by Congressional Secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010551-251">[241]</a> John Adams received the next highest number of votes and was elected vice president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009274-252">[242]</a> Despite feeling "anxious and painful sensations" about leaving Mount Vernon, he departed for New York City on April 16 to be inaugurated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009274–275Chernow2010559–561-253">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1789–1797)">Presidency (1789–1797)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_1795.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting by Gilbert Stuart (1795), formal portrait of President George Washington" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Washington_1795.jpg/220px-George_Washington_1795.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Washington_1795.jpg/330px-George_Washington_1795.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/George_Washington_1795.jpg/440px-George_Washington_1795.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3105" data-file-height="3710" /></a><figcaption>President George Washington, a 1795 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></figcaption></figure> Washington was <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">inaugurated</a> on April 30, 1789, taking the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of office of the President of the United States">oath of office</a> at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-256">[k]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20024Chernow2010550–551Fitzpatrick1936522-257">[246]</a> His coach was led by militia and a marching band and followed by statesmen and foreign dignitaries in an inaugural parade, with a crowd of 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010566–567Randall1997448-258">[247]</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston_(chancellor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)">Robert R. Livingston</a> administered the oath, using a <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">Bible provided by the Masons</a>, after which the militia fired a 13-gun salute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20024Chernow2010568-259">[248]</a> Washington read a speech in the Senate Chamber, asking "that Almighty Being ... consecrate the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997448Alden1996236-260">[249]</a> Though he wished to serve without a salary, Congress insisted that he accept it, later providing Washington $25,000 per year to defray costs of the presidency, equivalent to $6.39 million today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010552Fitzpatrick1936v._19,_p._522-261">[250]</a> Washington wrote to <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>: "As the first of everything in our situation will serve to establish a precedent, it is devoutly wished on my part that these precedents be fixed on true principles."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger201376-262">[251]</a> To that end, he preferred the title "Mr. President" over more majestic names proposed by the Senate, including "His Excellency" and "His Highness the President".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1906155-263">[252]</a> His executive precedents included the inaugural address, messages to Congress, and the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">cabinet form</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">executive branch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2013236–237-264">[253]</a> Washington planned to resign after his first term, but political strife convinced him to remain in office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010674–675-265">[254]</a> He was an able administrator and a judge of talent and character, and he regularly talked with department heads to get their advice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004197–198Unger2013236–237-266">[255]</a> He tolerated opposing views, despite fears that a democratic system would lead to political violence, and he conducted a smooth transition of power to his successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGenovese2009589Unger2013236–237-267">[256]</a> He remained non-partisan throughout his presidency (the only United States president to do so), and opposed the divisiveness of political parties, but he favored a strong central government, was sympathetic to a Federalist form of government, and leery of the Republican opposition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010696–698Randall1997478-268">[257]</a> Washington dealt with major problems. The old <a href="/wiki/Confederation_Period" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation Period">Confederation</a> lacked the powers to handle its workload and had weak leadership, no executive, a small bureaucracy of clerks, large debt, worthless paper money, and no power to establish taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20025-269">[258]</a> He had the task of assembling an executive department and relied on <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lear" title="Tobias Lear">Tobias Lear</a> for advice selecting its officers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010575-270">[259]</a> Britain refused to relinquish its forts in the American West,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20025-269">[258]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates#18th–19th_centuries" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a> preyed on American merchant ships in the Mediterranean before the United States even had a navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010514-271">[260]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_and_executive_departments">Cabinet and executive departments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Washington cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">George Washington</th><td>1789–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></th><td>1789–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (acting)</th><td>1789–1790</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></th><td>1790–1793</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a></th><td>1794–1795</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a></th><td>1795–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></th><td>1789–1795</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a></th><td>1795–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a></th><td>1789–1794</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a></th><td>1795</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></th><td>1796–1797</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a></th><td>1789–1794</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a></th><td>1794–1795</td></tr><tr class="mw-empty-elt"></tr><tr><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a></th><td>1795–1797</td></tr></tbody></table> Congress created executive departments in 1789, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> in July, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_War" title="United States Department of War">War Department</a> in August, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Treasury Department</a> in September. Washington appointed <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> as Attorney General, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Samuel Osgood</a> as Postmaster General, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>. Washington's cabinet became a consulting and advisory body, not mandated by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009281–282Cooke20024–5-272">[261]</a> Washington's cabinet members formed rival parties with sharply opposing views, most fiercely illustrated between Hamilton and Jefferson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20025Banning19745-273">[262]</a> Washington restricted cabinet discussions to topics of his choosing, without participating in the debate. He occasionally requested cabinet opinions in writing and expected department heads to agreeably carry out his decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20025-269">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_issues">Domestic issues</h3></div> Washington was apolitical and opposed the formation of parties, suspecting that conflict would undermine republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinsMcKitrick1995290-274">[263]</a> He exercised great restraint in using <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_vetoes" title="List of United States presidential vetoes">his veto power</a>, writing that "I give my Signature to many Bills with which my Judgment is at variance..."<a href="#cite_note-275">[264]</a> His closest advisors formed two factions, portending the <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a>. Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> to promote national credit and a financially powerful nation. Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> opposed Hamilton's agenda and founded the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Jeffersonian Republicans</a>. Washington favored Hamilton's agenda, however, and it ultimately went into effect—resulting in bitter controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20027-276">[265]</a> Washington proclaimed November 26, 1789, as a day of <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a> to encourage national unity. "It is the duty of all nations to acknowledge the providence of Almighty God, to obey His will, to be grateful for His benefits, and humbly to implore His protection and favor." He spent that day fasting and visiting debtors in prison to provide them with food and beer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010585,_609Henriques200665NovakNovak2007144–146-277">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="African_Americans">African Americans</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></div> In response to two antislavery petitions that were presented to Congress in 1790, slaveholders in Georgia and South Carolina threatened to "blow the trumpet of civil war". Washington and Congress responded with a series of racist measures: <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1790" title="Naturalization Act of 1790">naturalization was denied</a> to black immigrants; <a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">blacks were barred from serving</a> in state militias; the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a> (later the state of Tennessee) was permitted to maintain slavery; and two more slave states were admitted (Kentucky in 1792 and Tennessee in 1796). On February 12, 1793, Washington signed into law the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act</a>, which overrode state laws and courts, allowing agents to cross state lines to return escaped slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010758Taylor2016399–400-278">[267]</a> Many free blacks in the north decried the law believing it would allow bounty hunting and kidnapping. The Fugitive Slave Act gave effect to the Constitution's <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave Clause</a>, and the Act was passed overwhelmingly in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016399–400-279">[268]</a> At the same time, Washington signed a reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Ordinance</a> in 1789, which had freed all slaves brought after 1787 into a vast expanse of federal territory north of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>, except for slaves escaping from slave states.<a href="#cite_note-280">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[270]</a> The 1787 law lapsed when the new U.S. Constitution was ratified in 1789.<a href="#cite_note-282">[271]</a> He also signed the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a>, which sharply limited American involvement in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1906187–189-283">[272]</a> On February 18, 1791, Congress admitted the free state of Vermont into the Union as the 14th state as of March 4, 1791.<a href="#cite_note-284">[273]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Bank">National Bank</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Engraving of President Washington's House in Philadelphia, his residence from 1790 to 1797" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Presidents_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, where both Washington and then <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> worked and resided until completion of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in 1800</figcaption></figure> Washington's first term was largely devoted to economic concerns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2005345-285">[274]</a> Establishment of public credit became a primary challenge for the federal government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning19745–7-286">[275]</a> Hamilton submitted a report to a deadlocked Congress, and he, Madison, and Jefferson reached the <a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a> in which Jefferson agreed to Hamilton's debt proposals in exchange for moving the nation's capital temporarily to Philadelphia and then south near <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Georgetown (Washington, D.C.)">Georgetown</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20027-276">[265]</a> The terms were legislated in the <a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1790" title="Funding Act of 1790">Funding Act of 1790</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a>, both of which Washington signed into law. Congress authorized the assumption and payment of the nation's debts, with funding provided by customs duties and excise taxes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20027–8-287">[276]</a> Hamilton caused controversy in Cabinet by advocating for the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a>. Madison and Jefferson objected to the idea, but legislation creating the bank easily passed Congress. Jefferson and <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Randolph</a> insisted the federal government was going beyond its constitutional authority. Hamilton argued the government could charter the bank under the implied powers granted by the constitution. Washington sided with Hamilton and signed the bank legislation on February 25, 1791. The rift between Hamilton and Jefferson, meanwhile, became openly hostile.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20028-288">[277]</a> The nation's <a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1792" title="Panic of 1792">first financial crisis</a> occurred in March 1792. Hamilton's Federalists exploited large loans to gain control of U.S. debt securities, causing a run on the national bank;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESobel196827-289">[278]</a> the markets returned to normal by mid-April.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning19749Sobel196830-290">[279]</a> Jefferson believed Hamilton was part of the scheme, despite Hamilton's efforts to ameliorate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010673–674-291">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jefferson–Hamilton_feud">Jefferson–Hamilton feud</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal portrait of Thomas Jefferson, part of a dual image of Jefferson and Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/144px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/216px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg/288px-T_Jefferson_by_Charles_Willson_Peale_1791_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="506" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806,_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal portrait of Alexander Hamilton, part of a dual image of Jefferson and Hamilton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg/170px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg/255px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg/340px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806%2C_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="1959" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (right) held opposing political views and frequently clashed in cabinet meetings, much to Washington's dismay.</div></div></div></div> Jefferson and Hamilton adopted diametrically opposed political principles. Hamilton believed in a strong national government requiring a national bank and foreign loans to function, while Jefferson believed the states and the farm element should primarily direct the government; he also resented the idea of banks and foreign loans. To Washington's dismay, the two men persistently entered into disputes and infighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010515,_627–630,_648–650Randall1997452,_463,_468–471-292">[281]</a> Hamilton demanded that Jefferson resign if he could not support Washington, and Jefferson told Washington that Hamilton's fiscal system would lead to the overthrow of the republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanning19748Cooke20029-293">[282]</a> Washington urged them to call a truce for the sake of the nation, but they ignored him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20029Fitzpatrick1936v._19,_p._523-294">[283]</a> Jefferson's political actions, his support of Freneau's National Gazette,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinsMcKitrick1995240,_285,_290,_361-295">[284]</a> and his attempts to undermine Hamilton nearly led Washington to dismiss him from the cabinet; he ultimately resigned his position in December 1793, and Washington forsook him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20029Chernow2005427-296">[285]</a> The feud led to the well-defined Federalist and Republican parties, and party affiliation became necessary for election to Congress by 1794.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2013222,_283–284,_301–302-297">[286]</a> Washington remained aloof from congressional attacks on Hamilton, but did not publicly protect him. The <a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Reynolds_affair" title="Hamilton–Reynolds affair">Hamilton–Reynolds sex scandal</a> opened Hamilton to disgrace, but Washington continued to hold him in "very high esteem".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2013301–302-298">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Whiskey_Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WhiskeyRebellion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WhiskeyRebellion.jpg/220px-WhiskeyRebellion.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WhiskeyRebellion.jpg/330px-WhiskeyRebellion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/WhiskeyRebellion.jpg/440px-WhiskeyRebellion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7536" data-file-height="4778" /></a><figcaption>Washington reviews the troops near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cumberland_(Maryland)" title="Fort Cumberland (Maryland)">Fort Cumberland, Maryland</a>, before their march to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a></figcaption></figure> In March 1791, at Hamilton's urging, with support from Madison, Congress imposed an excise tax on distilled spirits to help curtail the national debt, which took effect in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2005342–343-299">[288]</a> Grain farmers strongly protested in Pennsylvania's frontier districts; they argued that they were unrepresented and were shouldering too much of the debt, comparing their situation to British taxation pre-Revolution. On August 2, Washington assembled his cabinet to discuss the situation. Unlike Washington, who had reservations about using force, Hamilton was eager to suppress the rebellion with federal authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1972567–568,_570-300">[289]</a> Wanting to avoid involving the federal government, Washington first called on <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> state officials to take the initiative, but they declined. On August 7, Washington issued his first proclamation for calling up state militias. After appealing for peace, he reminded the protestors that, unlike the rule of the British crown, the Federal law was issued by state-elected representatives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010719–721Puls2008219-301">[290]</a> Threats and violence against tax collectors, however, escalated into defiance against federal authority in 1794 and gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>. Washington issued a final proclamation on September 25, threatening the use of military force to no avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010719–721Puls2008219-301">[290]</a> The federal army was not up to the task, so Washington invoked the <a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Act of 1792</a> to summon state militias.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoakley199643–49-302">[291]</a> Governors sent troops, initially commanded by Washington, who handed over command to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee</a> to lead them into the rebellious districts. They took 150 prisoners, and the remaining rebels dispersed. Two of the prisoners were condemned to death, but Washington exercised his Constitutional authority for the first time and pardoned them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010721,_726Kohn1972567–584-303">[292]</a> Washington's forceful action demonstrated that the new government could protect itself and its tax collectors. This represented the first use of federal military force against the states and citizens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1972567–584-304">[293]</a> Washington justified his action against "certain self-created societies", which he regarded as "subversive organizations" that threatened the national union. He did not dispute their right to protest, but he insisted that their dissent must not violate federal law. Congress agreed and extended their congratulations to him; only Madison and Jefferson expressed indifference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004225–226-305">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_affairs">Foreign affairs</h3></div> In April 1792, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> began between Britain and France, and Washington declared America's neutrality. The revolutionary government of France sent diplomat <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Edmond-Charles Genêt</a> to America, and he was welcomed with great enthusiasm. He created a network of new <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies" title="Democratic-Republican Societies">Democratic-Republican Societies</a> promoting France's interests, but Washington denounced them and demanded that the French recall Genêt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinsMcKitrick1995335–354-306">[295]</a> The National Assembly of France granted Washington honorary French citizenship on August 26, 1792, during the early stages of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-307">[296]</a> Hamilton formulated the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> to normalize trade relations with Britain while removing them from western forts, and also to resolve financial debts remaining from the Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElkinsMcKitrick1995ch._9-308">[297]</a> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> acted as Washington's negotiator and signed the treaty on November 19, 1794; critical Jeffersonians, however, supported France. Washington deliberated, then supported the treaty because it avoided war with Britain,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010730-309">[298]</a> but was disappointed that its provisions favored Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009340-310">[299]</a> He mobilized public opinion and secured ratification in the Senate<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEstes2000393–422Estes2001127–158-311">[300]</a> but faced frequent public criticism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009344-312">[301]</a> The British agreed to abandon their forts around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and the United States modified the boundary with Canada. The government liquidated numerous pre-Revolution debts, and the British opened the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a> to American trade. The treaty secured peace with Britain and a decade of prosperous trade. Jefferson claimed that it angered France and "invited rather than avoided" war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009343-313">[302]</a> Relations with France deteriorated afterward and, two days before Washington's term ended, the French Directory declared the authority to seize American ships,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAkers200227-314">[303]</a> leaving succeeding president <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> with prospective war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzard2005263Lengel2005357-315">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American_affairs">Native American affairs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York (1790)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territory" title="Northwest Territory">Northwest Territory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fallen_timbers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A R.F. Zogbaum scene of the Battle of Fallen Timbers includes Native Americans aiming as cavalry soldiers charge with raised swords and one soldier is shot and loses his mount" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fallen_timbers.jpg/220px-Fallen_timbers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fallen_timbers.jpg/330px-Fallen_timbers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Fallen_timbers.jpg/440px-Fallen_timbers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2939" data-file-height="1946" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Fallen Timbers, an 1896 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Fairchild_Zogbaum" title="Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum">Rufus Fairchild Zogbaum</a> depicting the final battle of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">Northwest Indian War</a></figcaption></figure> During the fall of 1789, Washington had to contend with the British refusing to evacuate their forts in the Northwest frontier and their <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Indian_War" title="Northwest Indian War">concerted efforts</a> to incite Indian tribes to attack American settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936523Cooke20029–10Chernow2010665-316">[305]</a> The Northwest tribes under <a href="/wiki/Miami_people" title="Miami people">Miami</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Little_Turtle" title="Little Turtle">Little Turtle</a> allied with the British to resist American expansion, and killed 1,500 settlers between 1783 and 1790.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanBraun2009149-317">[306]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_Jacket_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Seneca Chief Sagoyewatha, Washington's peace emissary" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Red_Jacket_2.jpg/180px-Red_Jacket_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Red_Jacket_2.jpg/270px-Red_Jacket_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Red_Jacket_2.jpg/360px-Red_Jacket_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="3985" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a> chief <a href="/wiki/Red_Jacket" title="Red Jacket">Red Jacket</a> was Washington's peace emissary with the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Confederacy" title="Northwestern Confederacy">Northwestern Confederacy</a></figcaption></figure> Washington declared that "the Government of the United States are determined that their Administration of Indian Affairs shall be directed entirely by the great principles of Justice and humanity", and provided that treaties should negotiate their land interests.<a href="#cite_note-318">[307]</a> The administration regarded powerful tribes as foreign nations, and Washington even smoked a <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_pipe" title="Ceremonial pipe">peace pipe</a> and drank wine with them at the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a> in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway20182-319">[308]</a> He made numerous attempts to conciliate them;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1969304Taylor2016406-320">[309]</a> he equated killing indigenous peoples with killing whites and sought to integrate them into <a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European American</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200210-321">[310]</a> In the Southwest, negotiations failed between federal commissioners and raiding Indian tribes seeking retribution. Washington invited <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> Chief <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McGillivray" title="Alexander McGillivray">Alexander McGillivray</a> and 24 leading chiefs to New York to negotiate a treaty and treated them like foreign dignitaries. Knox and McGillivray concluded the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_New_York_(1790)" title="Treaty of New York (1790)">Treaty of New York</a> on August 7, 1790, which provided the tribes with agricultural supplies and McGillivray with the rank of Brigadier General and an annual salary of $1,200, equivalent to $29,573 in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrizzard2002256–257Puls2008207–208-322">[311]</a> In 1790, Washington sent Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Josiah Harmar</a> to pacify the Northwest tribes, but Little Turtle routed him twice and forced him to withdraw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010667–678Gaff2004xviiWaldmanBraun2009149-323">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Confederacy" title="Northwestern Confederacy">Northwestern Confederacy</a> of tribes used guerrilla tactics and were an effective force against the sparsely manned American Army. Washington sent Major General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">Arthur St. Clair</a> from <a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_(Ohio)" title="Fort Washington (Ohio)">Fort Washington</a> on an expedition to restore peace in the territory in 1791. On November 4, St. Clair's forces were ambushed and <a href="/wiki/St._Clair%27s_defeat" title="St. Clair's defeat">soundly defeated</a> by tribal forces with few survivors.<a href="#cite_note-324">[313]</a> Washington replaced the disgraced St. Clair with the Revolutionary War hero <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>. From 1792 to 1793, Wayne instructed his troops on Native American warfare tactics and instilled discipline which was lacking under St. Clair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200210Chernow2010668-325">[314]</a> In August 1794, Washington sent Wayne into tribal territory with authority to drive them out by burning their villages and crops in the <a href="/wiki/Maumee,_Ohio" title="Maumee, Ohio">Maumee Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016406Chernow2010668-326">[315]</a> On August 24, the American army defeated the Northwestern Confederacy at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers" title="Battle of Fallen Timbers">Battle of Fallen Timbers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Greenville" title="Treaty of Greenville">Treaty of Greenville</a> in August 1795 opened two-thirds of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Country" title="Ohio Country">Ohio Country</a> for American settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200214Taylor2016406-327">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_term">Second term</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constitution1803.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Painting of the frigate USS Constitution with three masts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constitution1803.jpg/220px-Constitution1803.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constitution1803.jpg/330px-Constitution1803.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Constitution1803.jpg/440px-Constitution1803.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5578" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS Constitution</a>, commissioned and named by President Washington in 1794</figcaption></figure> Washington initially planned to retire after his first term, weary of office and in poor health. After dealing with the infighting in his own cabinet and with partisan critics, he showed little enthusiasm for a second term, while Martha also wanted him not to run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010674–675,_678Ferling2009362Randall1997484-328">[317]</a> Washington's nephew George Augustine Washington, managing Mount Vernon in his absence, was critically ill, further increasing Washington's desire to retire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010687-329">[318]</a> Many, however, urged him to run for a second term. Madison told him that his absence would only allow the dangerous political rift in his cabinet and the House to worsen. Jefferson also pleaded with him not to retire, agreeing to drop his attacks on Hamilton, and stating that he would also retire if Washington did.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling1988421Randall1997482Chernow2010675,_678-330">[319]</a> Hamilton maintained that Washington's absence would be "deplored as the greatest evil" to the country.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2005403-331">[320]</a> With the <a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">election of 1792</a> nearing, Washington relented and agreed to run.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200210-321">[310]</a> On February 13, 1793, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral College</a> unanimously re-elected Washington president, and <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> as vice president by a vote of 77 to 50.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200210-321">[310]</a> He was sworn into office by Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a> on March 4, 1793, in the Senate Chamber of <a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall</a> in Philadelphia. Afterwards, Washington gave a brief address before immediately retiring to the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010687Cooke200210–11-332">[321]</a> On April 22, 1793, when the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> broke out, Washington <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">issued a proclamation</a> which declared American neutrality. He was resolved to pursue "a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent Powers" while also warning Americans not to intervene in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009299,_304,_308–311Banning19742Cooke200211–12-333">[322]</a> Although Washington recognized France's revolutionary government, he would eventually ask French minister to the United States <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Edmond-Charles Genêt</a> be recalled over the Citizen Genêt affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200212–13-334">[323]</a> Genêt was a diplomatic troublemaker who was openly hostile toward Washington's neutrality policy. He procured four American ships as privateers to strike at Spanish forces (British allies) in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> while organizing militias to strike at other British possessions. However, his efforts failed to draw the United States into the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010692Cooke200212-335">[324]</a> On July 31, 1793, Jefferson submitted his resignation from cabinet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke200213-336">[325]</a> Hamilton, desiring more income for his family, resigned from office in January 1795 and was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> While his relationship with Washington would remain friendly, Washington's relationship with his Secretary of War Henry Knox deteriorated after rumors that Knox had profited from contracts for the construction of U.S. frigates which had been commissioned under the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Act_of_1794" title="Naval Act of 1794">Naval Act of 1794</a> in order to combat <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary pirates</a>, forcing Knox to resign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010713-337">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010726–727Cooke200215-338">[327]</a> In the final months of his presidency, Washington was assailed by his political foes and a partisan press who accused him of being ambitious and greedy. He came to regard the press as a disuniting, "diabolical" force of falsehoods.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997491–492Chernow2010752–754-339">[328]</a> At the end of his second term, Washington retired for personal and political reasons, dismayed with personal attacks, and to ensure that a truly contested presidential election could be held. He did not feel bound to a two-term limit, but his retirement set a significant precedent.<a href="#cite_note-340">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Farewell_Address">Farewell Address</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">George Washington's Farewell Address</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Newspaper showing Washington's Farewell Address" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg/220px-Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg/330px-Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg/440px-Washington%27s_Farewell_Address.jpg 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Washington's Farewell Address</a>, published by the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Packet" title="Pennsylvania Packet">American Daily Advertiser</a> on September 19, 1796</figcaption></figure> In 1796, Washington declined to run for a third term of office.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaldingGarrity199658Lurie2018-341">[330]</a> In May 1792, in anticipation of his retirement, Washington instructed <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> to prepare a "<a href="/wiki/Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictory address</a>", an initial draft of which was entitled the "Farewell Address".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaldingGarrity199646–47-342">[331]</a> In May 1796, Washington sent the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> who did an extensive rewrite, while Washington provided final edits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1972292Chernow2010752–753SpaldingGarrity19964744Hayes2017287–298-343">[332]</a> On September 19, 1796, David Claypoole's <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Packet" title="Pennsylvania Packet">American Daily Advertiser</a> published the final version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010754Lurie2018-344">[333]</a> Washington stressed that national identity was paramount, as a united America would safeguard freedom and prosperity. He warned the nation of three eminent dangers: regionalism, partisanship, and foreign entanglements, and said the "name of AMERICAN, which belongs to you, in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010755Lurie2018-345">[334]</a> Washington called for men to move beyond partisanship for the common good, stressing that the United States must concentrate on its own interests. He warned against foreign alliances and their influence in domestic affairs, and bitter partisanship and the dangers of political parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997492Boller196347-346">[335]</a> He counseled friendship and commerce with all nations, but advised against involvement in European wars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFishmanPedersonRozell2001119–120GreggSpalding1999199–216-347">[336]</a> He stressed the importance of religion, asserting that "religion and morality are indispensable supports" in a republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010133-348">[337]</a> Washington's address favored Hamilton's Federalist ideology and economic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997492Cooke200218–19Flexner1972292–297Avlon2017223Boller196347-349">[338]</a> He closed the address by reflecting on his legacy: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Though in reviewing the incidents of my Administration I am unconscious of intentional error, I am nevertheless too sensible of my defects not to think it probable that I may have committed many errors. Whatever they may be, I fervently beseech the Almighty to avert or mitigate the evils to which they may tend. I shall also carry with me the hope that my country will never cease to view them with indulgence, and that, after forty-five years of my life dedicated to its service with an upright zeal, the faults of incompetent abilities will be consigned to oblivion, as myself must soon be to the <a href="/wiki/John_14" title="John 14">mansions of rest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvlon2017280-350">[339]</a></blockquote> After initial publication, many Republicans, including Madison, criticized the Address and described it as an anti-French campaign document, with Madison believing that Washington was strongly pro-British.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpaldingGarrity1996143-351">[340]</a> In 1839, Washington biographer <a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Jared Sparks</a> maintained that Washington's "Farewell Address was <a href="/wiki/Early_American_publishers_and_printers" title="Early American publishers and printers">printed and published</a> with the laws, by order of the legislatures, as an evidence of the value they attached to its political precepts, and of their affection for its author."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparks1839444-352">[341]</a> In 1972, Washington scholar <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">James Flexner</a> referred to the Farewell Address as receiving as much acclaim as Thomas Jefferson's <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1972292SpaldingGarrity1996142-353">[342]</a> In 2010, historian <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> called the Farewell Address one of the most influential statements on republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010752–754-354">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-presidency_(1797–1799)">Post-presidency (1797–1799)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retirement">Retirement</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="portrait of Washington seated facing left by Gilbert Stuart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg/220px-Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg/330px-Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg/440px-Stuart-george-washington-constable-1797.jpg 2x" data-file-width="845" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Washington, the Constable, a 1797 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></figcaption></figure> Washington retired to Mount Vernon in March 1797 and devoted time to his plantations and other business interests.<a href="#cite_note-355">[344]</a> His plantation operations were only minimally profitable,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201053-51">[48]</a> and his lands in the west (<a href="/wiki/Piedmont_(United_States)" title="Piedmont (United States)">Piedmont</a>) were under Indian attacks and yielded little income, with squatters there refusing to pay rent. He attempted to sell these but without success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004255–261-356">[345]</a> He became an even more committed Federalist. He vocally supported the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> and convinced Federalist <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> to run for Congress to weaken the Jeffersonian hold on <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1974386-357">[346]</a> Washington grew restless in retirement, prompted by tensions with France; in a continuation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a>, French privateers began seizing American ships in 1798, and relations deteriorated with France and led to the "<a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>". Washington wrote to Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> offering to organize President Adams' army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997497-358">[347]</a> Adams nominated him for a lieutenant general commission on July 4, 1798, and the position of commander-in-chief of the armies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1974376–377Bell199264-359">[348]</a> Washington served as the commanding general from July 13, 1798, until his death 17 months later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199264-360">[349]</a> He participated in planning for a provisional army, but avoided involvement in details. In advising McHenry of potential officers for the army, he appeared to make a complete break with Jefferson's Democratic-Republicans: "you could as soon scrub the blackamoor white, as to change the principles of a profest Democrat; and that he will leave nothing unattempted to overturn the government of this country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitzpatrick1936474vol._36-361">[350]</a> Washington delegated the active leadership of the army to Hamilton, a major general. No army invaded the United States during this period, and Washington did not assume a field command.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKohn1975225–242Grizzard2005264-362">[351]</a> Washington was known to be rich because of the well-known "glorified façade of wealth and grandeur" at Mount Vernon,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010708-363">[352]</a> but nearly all his wealth was in the form of land and slaves rather than ready cash. To supplement his income, he erected a <a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington%27s_Distillery.JPG" title="File:George Washington's Distillery.JPG">distillery</a> for substantial whiskey production.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld199744–45Ferling2009351-364">[353]</a> He bought land parcels to spur development around the new <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Federal City</a> named in his honor, and he sold individual lots to middle-income investors rather than multiple lots to large investors, believing they would more likely commit to making improvements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010704–705-365">[354]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death_and_burial">Death and burial</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_of_George_Washington,_Deathbed.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Washington on his deathbed, with doctors and family surrounding" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg/260px-Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg/390px-Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg/520px-Life_of_George_Washington%2C_Deathbed.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2845" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>Washington on his Deathbed, an 1851 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Stearns" title="Junius Brutus Stearns">Junius Brutus Stearns</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Finances_of_George_Washington" title="Finances of George Washington">Finances of George Washington</a></div> On December 12, 1799, Washington inspected his farms on horseback. He returned home late and had guests for dinner, sitting down for the meal without changing his damp clothes from the inclement weather of the day. He had a sore throat the next day but was well enough to mark trees for cutting. That evening, Washington complained of chest congestion.<a href="#cite_note-366">[355]</a> The next morning, however, he awoke to an inflamed throat and difficulty breathing. He ordered estate overseer George Rawlins to remove nearly a pint of his blood; <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a> was a common practice of the time. His family summoned doctors <a href="/wiki/James_Craik" title="James Craik">James Craik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Richard_Brown" title="Gustavus Richard Brown">Gustavus Richard Brown</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elisha_C._Dick" title="Elisha C. Dick">Elisha C. Dick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010806–810Morens19991845–1849-367">[356]</a> A fourth doctor, <a href="/wiki/William_Thornton" title="William Thornton">William Thornton</a>, arrived some hours after Washington died.<a href="#cite_note-368">[357]</a> Brown initially believed Washington had <a href="/wiki/Peritonsillar_abscess" title="Peritonsillar abscess">quinsy</a>; Dick thought the condition was a more serious "violent inflammation of the throat".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010806–807Lear1799257-369">[358]</a> They continued the process of bloodletting to approximately five pints, but Washington's condition deteriorated further. Dick proposed a <a href="/wiki/Tracheotomy" title="Tracheotomy">tracheotomy</a>, but the other physicians were not familiar with that procedure and disapproved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010806–810-370">[359]</a> Washington instructed Brown and Dick to leave the room, while he assured Craik, "Doctor, I die hard, but I am not afraid to go."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004269-371">[360]</a> Washington's death came more swiftly than expected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009365-372">[361]</a> On his deathbed, out of fear of being entombed alive, he instructed his private secretary <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lear" title="Tobias Lear">Tobias Lear</a> to wait three days before his burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010808-373">[362]</a> According to Lear, Washington died between 10 p.m. and 11 p.m. on December 14, 1799, with Martha seated at the foot of his bed. His last words were "'Tis well", from his conversation with Lear about his burial. He was 67.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1974401–402Chernow2010808–809-374">[363]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> immediately adjourned for the day upon news of Washington's death, and the Speaker's chair was shrouded in black the next morning.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1857359-375">[364]</a> Hamilton wrote about his death "He was an aegis very essential to me. If virtue can secure happiness in another world, he is happy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall2000422-376">[365]</a> The funeral was held four days after his death on December 18, 1799, at Mount Vernon, where his body was interred. Cavalry and foot soldiers led the procession, and six colonels served as the pallbearers. The Mount Vernon funeral service was restricted mostly to family and friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010808–810-377">[366]</a> Reverend Thomas Davis read the funeral service by the vault with a brief address, followed by a ceremony performed by members of Washington's Masonic lodge in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1857374–375-378">[367]</a> Word of his death traveled slowly, but as it reached other regions of the nation, church bells rang in the cities and many businesses closed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010810–811-379">[368]</a> Memorial processions were held in major cities of the United States. Martha wore a black mourning cape for one year, and she burned her correspondence with Washington to protect its privacy, though five letters between the couple are known to have survived: two from Martha to George and three from him to her.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010814-380">[369]</a> The diagnosis of Washington's illness and the immediate cause of his death have been subjects of debate since his death. The published account of doctors Craik and Brown stated that his symptoms were consistent with cynanche trachealis, a term then used to describe severe inflammation of the upper windpipe, including quinsy.<a href="#cite_note-382">[l]</a> Accusations have persisted since Washington's death concerning medical malpractice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010806–810-370">[359]</a> Modern medical authors, however, largely have concluded that he likely died from severe <a href="/wiki/Epiglottitis" title="Epiglottitis">epiglottitis</a> complicated by the treatments, including multiple doses of <a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_chloride" title="Mercury(I) chloride">calomel</a>, a purgative, and extensive bloodletting which likely caused <a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">hypovolemic shock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[m]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A picture of the two sarcophagi of George (at right) and Martha Washington at the present tomb at Mount Vernon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg/220px-Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg/330px-Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg/440px-Tomb_of_George_Washington_-_interior_02_-_Mount_Vernon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1667" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> of George (right) and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> at the entrance to their tomb in Mount Vernon</figcaption></figure> Washington was buried in the Washington family vault at Mount Vernon. At the time of his death, his estate was worth an estimated $780,000 in 1799, equivalent to $14.29 million in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-388">[375]</a> Washington's peak net worth was $587 million, including 300 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-389">[376]</a> Washington held title to more than 65,000 acres of land in 37 different locations.<a href="#cite_note-Lehrman_Institute_(June_22,_2021)-95">[89]</a> In 1830, a disgruntled ex-employee of the estate <a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">attempted to steal</a> what he thought was Washington's skull, prompting the construction of a more secure vault.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECraughwell200977–79-390">[377]</a> In his will, Washington had left instructions for the construction of a new vault as the old family vault was crumbling and needed repair even before his death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010810–811-379">[368]</a> A new vault was constructed at Mount Vernon the following year to receive the remains of George and Martha and other relatives.<a href="#cite_note-NewTomb-391">[378]</a> In 1832, a joint Congressional committee debated moving his body from Mount Vernon to a crypt in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>. The crypt had been built by architect <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bulfinch" title="Charles Bulfinch">Charles Bulfinch</a> in the 1820s during the reconstruction of the burned-out capital, after the <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Burning of Washington</a> by the British during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Southern opposition was intense, antagonized by an ever-growing rift between North and South; many were concerned that Washington's remains could end up on "a shore foreign to his native soil" if the country became divided, and Washington's remains stayed in Mount Vernon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoorstin2010349–350-392">[379]</a> On October 7, 1837, Washington's remains, still in the original lead coffin, were placed within a marble sarcophagus designed by <a href="/wiki/William_Strickland_(architect)" title="William Strickland (architect)">William Strickland</a> and constructed by John Struthers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrickland184011–14Carlson2016chapter_1-393">[380]</a> The sarcophagus was sealed and encased with planks, and an outer vault was constructed around it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStrickland184011–14-394">[381]</a> The outer vault has the sarcophagi of both George and Martha Washington; the inner vault has the remains of other Washington family members and relatives.<a href="#cite_note-NewTomb-391">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_and_spiritual_views">Religious and spiritual views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views of George Washington</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Masonic_print.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Washington presiding over a Masonic lodge meeting." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/220px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/330px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Washington_Masonic_print.jpg/440px-Washington_Masonic_print.jpg 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>Washington as Master Mason, an 1870 print depicting Washington presiding over a <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodge</a> meeting just prior to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a> on September 18, 1793</figcaption></figure> Washington was descended from <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> minister <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1602%E2%80%931652)" title="Lawrence Washington (1602–1652)">Lawrence Washington</a>, whose troubles with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> may have prompted his heirs to emigrate to America.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsakiridis2018-395">[382]</a> He was baptized as an infant in April 1732 and became a devoted member of the Anglican Church.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20106Morrison2009136Alden19962,_26Randall199717Tsakiridis2018-396">[383]</a> He served more than 20 years as a <a href="/wiki/Vestryman" title="Vestryman">vestryman</a> and churchwarden at <a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Parish,_Virginia" title="Fairfax Parish, Virginia">Fairfax Parish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Truro_Parish,_Virginia" title="Truro Parish, Virginia">Truro Parish</a> in Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010130Thompson200840Tsakiridis2018-397">[384]</a> He privately prayed and read the Bible daily, and publicly encouraged people and the nation to pray.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrazer2012198–199Chernow2010119,_132Tsakiridis2018-398">[385]</a> He may have taken communion on a regular basis prior to the Revolution, but he did not do so following the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010131,_470Johnstone191987–195Frazer2012201–203Tsakiridis2018-399">[386]</a> Washington believed in a "wise, inscrutable, and irresistible" Creator God who was active in the Universe, contrary to <a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">deistic thought</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsakiridis2018-395">[382]</a> He referred to God in <a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a> terms, including <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">Providence</a>, the Creator, or the Almighty, and the Divine Author or Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall199767Tsakiridis2018-400">[387]</a> He believed in a divine power who watched over battlefields, was involved in the outcome of war, protected his life, and was involved in American politics and specifically the creation of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-402">[n]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010131Tsakiridis2018-403">[389]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> has argued that Washington avoided evangelistic Christianity or hellfire-and-brimstone speech along with communion or anything inclined to "flaunt his religiosity", saying that he "never used his religion as a device for partisan purposes or in official undertakings".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010131–132-404">[390]</a> No mention of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a> appears in <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">his private correspondence</a>, and such references are rare in his public writings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovakNovak200795Tsakiridis2018-405">[391]</a> At the same time, Washington frequently quoted from the Bible or paraphrased it, and often referred to the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010131–132Morrison2009136Tsakiridis2018-406">[392]</a> Washington emphasized religious toleration in a nation with numerous denominations and religions. He publicly attended services of different Christian denominations and prohibited <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism_in_the_United_States#Origins" title="Anti-Catholicism in the United States">anti-Catholic</a> celebrations in the Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoller1963125-407">[393]</a> He engaged workers at Mount Vernon without regard for religious belief or affiliation. While president, he acknowledged major religious sects and gave speeches on religious toleration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010131-408">[394]</a> He was distinctly rooted in the ideas, values, and modes of thinking of the Enlightenment,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2001313-409">[395]</a> but he harbored no contempt of organized Christianity and its clergy, "being no bigot myself to any mode of worship".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood2001313-409">[395]</a> In 1793, speaking to members of the <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">New Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, Washington said, "We have abundant reason to rejoice that in this Land the light of truth and reason has triumphed over the power of bigotry and superstition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENovakNovak2007117,_n._52-410">[396]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> was a widely accepted institution in the late 18th century, known for advocating moral teachings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010132,_500Morrison2009136Stavish2007XIX,_XXIImmekus2018-411">[397]</a> Washington was attracted to the Masons' dedication to the Enlightenment principles of rationality, reason, and brotherhood. American <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge" title="Masonic lodge">Masonic lodges</a> did not share the anti-clerical views of the <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism and Freemasonry">controversial European lodges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow201027,_704-412">[398]</a> A Masonic lodge was established in <a href="/wiki/Fredericksburg,_Virginia" title="Fredericksburg, Virginia">Fredericksburg, Virginia</a> in September 1752, and Washington was initiated two months later at the age of 20 as one of its first Entered Apprentices. Within a year, he progressed through its ranks to become a Master Mason.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall199767Chernow201027-413">[399]</a> Washington had high regard for the Masonic Order, but his lodge attendance was sporadic. In 1777, a convention of Virginia lodges asked him to be <a href="/wiki/Grand_Master_(Freemasonry)" title="Grand Master (Freemasonry)">Grand Master</a> of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lodge_of_Virginia" title="Grand Lodge of Virginia">Grand Lodge of Virginia</a>, but he declined due to his commitments leading the Continental Army. After 1782, he frequently corresponded with Masonic lodges and members,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImmekus2018-414">[400]</a> and served as charter <a href="/wiki/Masonic_lodge_officer#Worshipful_Master" title="Masonic lodge officer">Master</a> of Alexandria Masonic lodge No. 22 (now Alexandria-Washington Lodge, No. 22) in 1788–89.<a href="#cite_note-415">[401]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slavery">Slavery</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">George Washington and slavery</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the colonial United States">Slavery in the colonial United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">Slavery in the United States</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Washington the farmer is shown standing on his plantation talking to an overseer as children play and slaves work. Work is by Junius Stearns." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg/220px-Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg/330px-Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg/440px-Junius_Brutus_Stearns_-_George_Washington_as_Farmer_at_Mount_Vernon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Washington the Farmer at Mount Vernon, an 1851 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Junius_Brutus_Stearns" title="Junius Brutus Stearns">Junius Brutus Stearns</a></figcaption></figure> During Washington's lifetime, Washington owned slaves for his plantation and there were conflicts in his position concerning his slaves throughout his life. Slavery was <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">deeply ingrained</a> in the economic and social fabric of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, which continued after the Revolution and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> as a state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenriques2006146-416">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillcoxArnstein198841–42-417">[403]</a> Slavery was <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">legal in all of the Thirteen Colonies</a> prior to the American Revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Maloy_(April_6,_2021)-418">[404]</a> Washington owned and rented enslaved <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a>, and during his lifetime over 577 slaves lived and worked at Mount Vernon.<a href="#cite_note-Mount_Vernon_Slaves-419">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000279Ellis200445-420">[406]</a> He inherited some, gained control of 84 <a href="/wiki/Dowry" title="Dowry">dower</a> slaves upon his marriage to Martha, and purchased at least 71 slaves between 1752 and 1773.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000279–280Morgan2005405,_407_n7Hirschfeld199712-421">[407]</a> From 1786, he rented slaves; at the time of his death he was renting 41.<a href="#cite_note-422">[408]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mount_Vernon_Slaves-419">[405]</a> Prior to the Revolutionary War, Washington's view on slavery was the same as most Virginia <a href="/wiki/Planter_class" title="Planter class">planters</a> of the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwohig2001116-423">[409]</a> Beginning in the 1760s, however, Washington gradually grew to oppose it. His first doubts were prompted by his transition from tobacco to grain crops, which left him with a costly surplus of slaves, causing him to question the system's economic efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2005413-424">[410]</a> His growing disillusionment with the institution was spurred by the principles of the Revolution and revolutionary friends such as Lafayette and Hamilton.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwohig2001121Morgan2005426-425">[411]</a> Most historians agree the Revolution was central to the evolution of Washington's attitudes on slavery;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurstenberg2011260-426">[412]</a> "After 1783," Kenneth Morgan writes, "... [Washington] began to express inner tensions about the problem of slavery more frequently, though always in private".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000299-427">[413]</a> Regardless, Washington would remain dependent on slave labor to work his farms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwohig2001122–123Morgan2000283,_289-428">[414]</a> Historian Ron Chernow maintains that overseers were required to warn slaves before resorting to the lash and required Washington's written permission before whipping, though his extended absences did not always permit this.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010113–114-429">[415]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Runaway advertisement from the May 24, 1796, Pennsylvania Gazette, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg/180px-Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg/270px-Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg/360px-Oney_Judge_Runaway_Ad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption>Runaway advertisement for <a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Ona Judge</a>, enslaved servant in Washington's presidential household</figcaption></figure> During his presidency, Washington brought several of his slaves to the federal capital. When the capital moved from New York City to Philadelphia in 1791, the president began rotating his slave household staff periodically between the capital and Mount Vernon. This was done deliberately to circumvent Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_Gradual_Abolition_of_Slavery" title="An Act for the Gradual Abolition of Slavery">Slavery Abolition Act</a>, which stated that any slave who lived there for more than six months was automatically freed.<a href="#cite_note-430">[416]</a> In May 1796, Martha's personal and favorite slave <a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Ona Judge</a> escaped to <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>. At Martha's behest, Washington attempted to capture Ona, using a Treasury agent, but failed. In February 1797, around the time of his 65th birthday, Washington's personal slave <a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a> escaped from Mount Vernon to the North and was never found.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010759–763-431">[417]</a> In February 1786, Washington took a census of Mount Vernon and recorded 224 slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000279–287-432">[418]</a> By 1799, the slave population at Mount Vernon totaled 317, including 143 children.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000281–282-433">[419]</a> Washington owned 124 slaves, leased 40, and held 153 for his wife's dower interest.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000298-434">[420]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slavery-at-Mount-Vernon-7">[6]</a> Washington supported many slaves who were too young or too old to work, greatly increasing Mount Vernon's slave population and causing the plantation to operate at a loss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiencek2003319,_348–349Flexner1974386Hirschfeld19972Ellis2004167Morgan2000283-435">[421]</a> Based on his private papers and on accounts from his contemporaries, Washington slowly developed a cautious sympathy toward abolitionism that eventually ended with his will <a href="/wiki/Manumission" title="Manumission">freeing</a> his long-time valet <a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">Billy Lee</a>, and then subsequently freeing the rest of his personally owned slaves outright upon Martha's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschfeld19973Morgan200029-436">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-437">[423]</a> As president, he remained publicly silent on the topic of slavery, believing it was a nationally divisive issue that could undermine the union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004202Twohig2001126-438">[424]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tobias_Lear.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tobias_Lear.jpg/150px-Tobias_Lear.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tobias_Lear.jpg/225px-Tobias_Lear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tobias_Lear.jpg/300px-Tobias_Lear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>In 1794, Washington privately told <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lear" title="Tobias Lear">Tobias Lear</a>, his personal secretary, that he found slavery repugnant</figcaption></figure>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>, Washington's views on slavery began to change.<a href="#cite_note-Maloy_(April_6,_2021)-418">[404]</a> In a 1778 letter to <a href="/wiki/Lund_Washington" title="Lund Washington">Lund Washington</a>, he made clear his desire "to get quit of Negroes" when discussing the exchange of slaves for the land he wanted to buy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2005416–417-439">[425]</a> The next year, Washington stated his intention not to separate enslaved families as a result of "a change of masters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2005417-440">[426]</a> During the 1780s, Washington privately expressed his support for gradual emancipation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEllis2004201-441">[427]</a> In the 1780s, he gave moral support to a plan proposed by Lafayette to purchase land and free slaves to work on it, but declined to participate in the experiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwohig2001-442">[428]</a> Washington privately expressed support for emancipation to prominent Methodists <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(bishop)" title="Thomas Coke (bishop)">Thomas Coke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a> in 1785 but declined to sign their petition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2000292-443">[429]</a> In personal correspondence the next year, he made clear his desire to see the institution of slavery ended by a gradual legislative process, a view that correlated with the mainstream antislavery literature published in the 1780s that Washington possessed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan2005418–419Furstenberg2011273–274,_284–285-444">[430]</a> He significantly reduced his purchases of slaves after the war but continued to acquire them in small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwohig2001122–123Morgan2005419Morgan2000289-445">[431]</a> Washington emancipated 123 slaves, one of the few large slave-holding Virginians during the Revolutionary Era to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorgan20051404–405Wiencek2003352–35-446">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-447">[433]</a> On January 1, 1801, one year after George Washington's death, Martha Washington signed an order to free his slaves. Many of them, having never strayed far from Mount Vernon, were reluctant to leave; others refused to abandon spouses or children still held as dower slaves by the Custis estate and also stayed with or near Martha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010802-448">[434]</a> Following Washington's instructions in his will, funds were used to feed and clothe the young, aged, and infirm slaves until the early 1830s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010815-449">[435]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy of George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">Historical rankings of presidents of the United States</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions of George Washington</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze,_MMA-NYC,_1851.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Famous 1851 painting by Emanuel Leutze painted 50 years after the death of Washington, depicting Washington, standing in a boat with his troops, crossing the icy Delaware River, with soldiers pushing away chunks of ice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/220px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/330px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg/440px-Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_by_Emanuel_Leutze%2C_MMA-NYC%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4313" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a>, an 1851 portrait by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Leutze" title="Emanuel Leutze">Emanuel Leutze</a></figcaption></figure> Washington's legacy endures as one of the most influential in American history since he served as commander-in-chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>, a hero of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">Revolution</a>, and the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>. Various historians maintain that he also was a dominant factor in America's founding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009xviii-450">[436]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a> comrade <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Father_of_His_Country" class="extiw" title="s:The Father of His Country">eulogized him</a> as "First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countrymen".<a href="#cite_note-451">[437]</a> Lee's words became the hallmark by which Washington's reputation was impressed upon the American memory, with some biographers regarding him as the great exemplar of republicanism. He set many precedents for the national government and the presidency in particular, and he was called the "Father of His Country" as early as 1778.<a href="#cite_note-453">[o]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnger2013236–237ParryAllison1991xiHindle201792-454">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[440]</a> Washington is among the highest-ranked U.S. Presidents.<a href="#cite_note-456">[441]</a> Washington became an international symbol for liberation and nationalism as the leader of the first successful revolution against a colonial empire. The <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalists</a> made him the symbol of their party, but the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Jeffersonians</a> continued to distrust his influence for years and delayed building the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECunliffe195824–26-457">[442]</a> Washington was elected a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> on January 31, 1781.<a href="#cite_note-458">[443]</a> In 1879, Congress proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a> to be a federal holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling20094-459">[444]</a> Through a congressional joint resolution <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Public_Law_94-479" class="extiw" title="s:Public Law 94-479">Public Law 94-479</a>, passed on January 19, 1976, with an effective appointment date of July 4, 1976, he was posthumously appointed to the grade of General of the Armies of the United States during the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">American Bicentennial</a>. President <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> stated that Washington would "rank first among all officers of the Army, past and present".<a href="#cite_note-461">[p]</a><a href="#cite_note-462">[446]</a> On March 13, 1978, Washington was militarily promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Army_1978-463">[447]</a> In 1809, <a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems" title="Mason Locke Weems">Mason Locke Weems</a> wrote a <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographic</a> biography to honor Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeems191822-464">[448]</a> Historian Ron Chernow maintains that Weems attempted to humanize Washington, making him look less stern, and to inspire "patriotism and morality" and to foster "enduring myths", such as Washington's refusal to lie about damaging his father's cherry tree.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010813–814Levy20136,_217Weems191822-465">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-466">[450]</a> Weems' accounts have never been proven or disproven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevy20136-467">[451]</a> Historian John Ferling, however, maintains that Washington remains the only founder and president ever to be referred to as "godlike", and points out that his character has been the most scrutinized by historians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling2009xviii–xix-468">[452]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Southall_Freeman" title="Douglas Southall Freeman">Douglas Southall Freeman</a> concluded, "The great big thing stamped across that man is character." Expanding on Freeman's assessment, historian <a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">David Hackett Fischer</a> defined Washington's character as "integrity, self-discipline, courage, absolute honesty, resolve, and decision, but also forbearance, decency, and respect for others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischer2004446-469">[453]</a> Polls of historians have consistently placed Washington among the highest-ranked of presidents.<a href="#cite_note-470">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-471">[455]</a> In the 21st century, Washington's reputation has been critically scrutinized. <a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Ron Chernow</a> describes Washington as always trying to be even-handed in dealing with the Natives. He states that Washington hoped they would abandon their itinerant hunting life and adapt to fixed agricultural communities in the manner of white settlers. He also maintains that Washington never advocated outright confiscation of tribal land or the forcible removal of tribes and that he berated American settlers who abused natives, admitting that he held out no hope for peaceful relations as long as "frontier settlers entertain the opinion that there is not the same crime (or indeed no crime at all) in killing a native as in killing a white man."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010666-472">[456]</a> By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Colin_G._Calloway" title="Colin G. Calloway">Colin G. Calloway</a> wrote that, "Washington had a lifelong obsession with getting Indian land, either for himself or for his nation, and initiated policies and campaigns that had devastating effects in Indian country."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalloway201838-473">[457]</a> He stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The growth of the nation demanded the dispossession of Indian people. Washington hoped the process could be bloodless and that Indian people would give up their lands for a "fair" price and move away. But if Indians refused and resisted, as they often did, he felt he had no choice but to "extirpate" them and that the expeditions he sent to destroy Indian towns were therefore entirely justified.<a href="#cite_note-474">[458]</a></blockquote> Along with other Founding Fathers, Washington has been condemned for holding enslaved people. Though he expressed the desire to see the abolition of slavery come through legislation, he did not initiate or support any initiatives for bringing about its end. This has led to calls from some activists to remove his name from public buildings and his statue from public spaces.<a href="#cite_note-475">[459]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places,_namesakes,_and_monuments">Places, namesakes, and monuments</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">List of memorials to George Washington</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">List of statues of George Washington</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg/95px-Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg/143px-Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg/190px-Washington_Monument_Dusk_Jan_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1826" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:241px;max-width:241px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_(by-sa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/239px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="239" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/359px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg/478px-Dean_Franklin_-_06.04.03_Mount_Rushmore_Monument_%28by-sa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Shrine of Democracy, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> National Memorial</div></div></div></div></div> Many places and monuments have been named in honor of Washington, most notably <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, the capital of the United States, and the state of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, the only U.S. state to be named after a president.<a href="#cite_note-476">[460]</a> On February 21, 1885, the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a> was dedicated. The 555-foot marble <a href="/wiki/Obelisk" title="Obelisk">obelisk</a>, which stands on the <a href="/wiki/National_Mall" title="National Mall">National Mall</a> in Washington, D.C., was built between 1848–1854 and 1879–1884 and was the tallest structure in the world between 1884 and 1889.<a href="#cite_note-477">[461]</a> Washington appears as one of four U.S. presidents on the Shrine of Democracy, a colossal statue by <a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Dakota" title="South Dakota">South Dakota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-478">[462]</a> The <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a> was designed by chief civil engineer <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar Ammann</a> and provides a major link between New England and the Mid-Atlantic states which connects <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lee,_New_Jersey" title="Fort Lee, New Jersey">Fort Lee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen_County" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen County">Bergen County</a>, New Jersey, with <a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York.<a href="#cite_note-inquirer-479">[463]</a> A number of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(disambiguation)#Education" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Washington (disambiguation)">secondary schools and universities</a> are named in honor of Washington, including <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[464]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[465]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Currency_and_postage">Currency and postage</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps</a></div> Washington appears on contemporary U.S. currency, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">one-dollar bill</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins" title="Presidential dollar coins">Presidential one-dollar coin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarter-dollar coin</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a>). Washington and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> appeared on the <a href="/wiki/File:First_US_Postage_stamps_of_1847.tiff" title="File:First US Postage stamps of 1847.tiff">nation's first postage stamps</a> in 1847. Washington has since appeared on many postage issues, more than any other person.<a href="#cite_note-482">[466]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:742px;max-width:742px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg/97px-Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg/146px-Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg/194px-Washington_1862_Issue-24c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="680" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Washington issue of 1862</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg/103px-Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg/155px-Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg/206px-Washington_WF_1917_Issue-5c_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="616" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin</a> issue of 1917</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2006_Quarter_Proof.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2006_Quarter_Proof.png/122px-2006_Quarter_Proof.png" decoding="async" width="122" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2006_Quarter_Proof.png/183px-2006_Quarter_Proof.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/2006_Quarter_Proof.png/244px-2006_Quarter_Proof.png 2x" data-file-width="1106" data-file-height="1089" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Washington <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarter dollar</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Washington_Presidential_$1_Coin_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png/120px-George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png/180px-George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png/240px-George_Washington_Presidential_%241_Coin_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Washington <a href="/wiki/Presidential_dollar_coins" title="Presidential dollar coins">Presidential one-dollar coin</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:282px;max-width:282px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:US_one_dollar_bill,_obverse,_series_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg/280px-US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg/420px-US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg/560px-US_one_dollar_bill%2C_obverse%2C_series_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="519" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Washington on the 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">dollar bill</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of George Washington articles</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">List of American Revolutionary War battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Continental_Forces_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War">List of Continental Forces in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Contemporaneous records used the <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style</a> Julian calendar and the <a href="/wiki/New_Year#Historical_European_new_year_dates" title="New Year">Annunciation Style</a> of enumerating years, recording his birth as February 11, 1731. The British <a href="/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750" title="Calendar (New Style) Act 1750">Calendar (New Style) Act 1750</a> implemented in 1752 altered the official British dating method to the Gregorian calendar with the start of the year on January 1 (it had been March 25). These changes resulted in dates being moved forward 11 days and an advance of one year for those between January 1 and March 25. For a further explanation, see <a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">Old Style and New Style dates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Washington received his license through the college, whose charter gave it the authority to appoint Virginia county surveyors. There is no evidence that he actually attended classes there.<a href="#cite_note-professional-surveys-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> The mid-16th-century word "Indian" described the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. More modern terms for Indians include American Indian and Native American and Indigenous Peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECresswell2010222-42">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> A second Virginia regiment was raised under Colonel William Byrd III and also allocated to the expedition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlexner1965206–207-59">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Some descendants of <a href="/wiki/West_Ford_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Ford (slave)">West Ford</a>, a slave of <a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John Augustine Washington</a>'s, maintain (based on family <a href="/wiki/Oral_history" title="Oral history">oral history</a>) that Ford was fathered by George Washington, though historians dispute his paternity.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> In a letter of September 20, 1765, Washington protested to "Robert Cary & Co." that the low prices he received for his tobacco and for the inflated prices he was forced to pay on second-rate goods from London.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010138Ferling200968-92">[87]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Congress initially directed the war effort in June 1776 with the committee known as "Board of War and Ordnance"; this was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a> in July 1777, which eventually included members of the military.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedman200842-126">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Thomas Jefferson praised Washington for his "moderation and virtue" in relinquishing command. Reportedly, upon being informed of Washington's plans by painter <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_West" title="Benjamin West">Benjamin West</a>, King George III remarked: "If he does that, he will be the greatest man in the world."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010454Taylor2016319–320-221">[214]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> The Society of the Cincinnati was formed by Henry Knox in May 1783, to carry on the memory of the War of Independence and to establish a fraternity of officers. The Society was named after <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Quintus_Cincinnatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Quintus Cincinnatus">Cincinnatus</a>, a famous Roman military leader who relinquished his position after his Roman victory at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Algidus" title="Battle of Mount Algidus">Algidus (458 BC)</a>. However, he had reservations about some of the society's precepts, including heredity requirements for membership and receiving money from foreign interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010444,_461,_498Ferling2009xxParsons189896Brumwell2012412-224">[216]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Starting in 1774, 14 men served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a> but bore no relationship to the presidency established under Article II of the Constitution. Under the Articles of Confederation, Congress called its presiding officer "President of the United States in Congress Assembled", but this position had no national executive powers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJensen1948178–179Unger201361,_146JillsonWilson199477-248">[239]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> There has been debate over whether Washington added "so help me God" to the end of the oath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIrving1857475Alden1996236-255">[245]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> The first account of Washington's death was written by doctors Craik and Brown, published in The Times of Alexandria five days after his death on December 19, 1799. The complete text can be found in The Eclectic Medical Journal (1858).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewtonFreemanBickley1858273–274-381">[370]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> Modern medical experts who blamed medical malpractice include Morens and Wallenborn in 1999,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallenborn1999Morens19991845–1849-383">[371]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010809-384">[372]</a> Cheatham in 2008,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheatham2008-385">[373]</a> and Vadakan in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVadakan2005-386">[374]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> The Constitution came under attack in Pennsylvania, and Washington wrote to Richard Peters, "It would seem from the public Gazettes that the minority in your State are preparing for another attack of the now adopted Government; how formidable it may be, I know not. But that Providence which has hitherto smiled on the honest endeavours of the well meaning part of the People of this Country will not, I trust, withdraw its support from them at this crisis."<a href="#cite_note-401">[388]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-453"><a href="#cite_ref-453">^</a> The earliest known image in which Washington is identified as the Father of His Country is in the frontispiece of a 1779 German-language almanac, with calculations by <a href="/wiki/David_Rittenhouse" title="David Rittenhouse">David Rittenhouse</a> and published by Francis Bailey in Lancaster County Pennsylvania. Der Gantz Neue Verbesserte Nord-Americanische Calendar has a personification of Fame holding a trumpet to her lips juxtaposed with an image of Washington and the words "Der Landes Vater" ("the father of the country" or "the father of the land").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELightnerReeder1953133-452">[438]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> In Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer, William Gardner Bell states that Washington was recalled to military service from his retirement in 1798, and "Congress passed legislation that would have made him General of the Armies of the United States, but his services were not required in the field, and the appointment was not made until the Bicentennial in 1976 when it was bestowed posthumously as a commemorative honor."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell199252,_66-460">[445]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERandall1997303-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERandall1997303_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRandall1997">Randall 1997</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/history-calendar-julian-gregorian-when-why/">"The history of the calendar"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_History" title="BBC History">BBC History</a>. No. January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830112331/https://www.historyextra.com/period/georgian/history-calendar-julian-gregorian-when-why/">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+calendar&rft.issue=January+2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Fperiod%2Fgeorgian%2Fhistory-calendar-julian-gregorian-when-why%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow20103–6-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow20103–6_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChernow2010">Chernow 2010</a>, pp. 3–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling20023Chernow20105–7-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling20023Chernow20105–7_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerling2002">Ferling 2002</a>, p. 3; <a href="#CITEREFChernow2010">Chernow 2010</a>, pp. 5–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerling20099Chernow20106–8-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerling20099Chernow20106–8_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerling2009">Ferling 2009</a>, p. 9; <a href="#CITEREFChernow2010">Chernow 2010</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavery-at-Mount-Vernon-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery-at-Mount-Vernon_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavery-at-Mount-Vernon_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/slavery/ten-facts-about-washington-slavery/">"Ten Facts About Washington & Slavery"</a>. 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Retrieved May 22, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=Ten+Facts+About+Washington+%26+Slavery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fgeorge-washington%2Fslavery%2Ften-facts-about-washington-slavery%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/the-estate-gardens/the-mansion/owners-of-mount-vernon/">"Owners of Mount Vernon"</a>. George Washington's Mount Vernon. 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George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009094119/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/west-ford/">Archived</a> from the original on October 9, 2021. 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The Alexandria Chronicle. Alexandria Historical Society. pp. 13–14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423171740/https://alexandriahistorical.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/2010_Sp_Chronicle.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on April 23, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020. <q>In 1755 Hugh West Jr. gave up his seat in Fairfax County and won a House of Burgess election in Frederick County defeating Colonel George Washington. This defeat was Washington's only electoral loss. Hugh West Jr. served as a Frederick County burgess until 1758 when he was defeated by Washington.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Alexandria+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Hugh+West+and+the+West+Family%27s+Momentous+Role+in+Founding+and+Developing+Alexandria+and+Fairfax+and+Loudoun+Counties%2C+Virginia&rft.ssn=spring&rft.pages=13-14&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Bish&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falexandriahistorical.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F05%2F2010_Sp_Chronicle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-02-02-0229">"To George Washington from Adam Stephen, 23 December 1755"</a>. National Historical Publications and Records Commission (The U.S. National Archives and Records Administration). 1755. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513003108/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/02-02-02-0229">Archived</a> from the original on May 13, 2021. Retrieved May 10, 2020. <q>GW kept a copy of the Frederick County poll sheet (c. 10 Dec., DLC:GW) in his papers with the names of the 40 men who voted for him and the names of the 271 men who voted for Hugh West and 270 who voted for Thomas Swearingen.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=To+George+Washington+from+Adam+Stephen%2C+23+December+1755&rft.pub=National+Historical+Publications+and+Records+Commission+%28The+U.S.+National+Archives+and+Records+Administration%29&rft.date=1755&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FWashington%2F02-02-02-0229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/House-of-Burgesses">"House of Burgesses"</a>. George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507010445/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/house-of-burgesses/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2021. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9499-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9499-0"><bdi>978-0-8476-9499-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+the+American+Presidency&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9499-0&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingamerican0000unse%2Fpage%2F132%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooke20027-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke20027_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooke20027_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooke2002">Cooke 2002</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010585,_609Henriques200665NovakNovak2007144–146-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2010585,_609Henriques200665NovakNovak2007144–146_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChernow2010">Chernow 2010</a>, pp. 585, 609; <a href="#CITEREFHenriques2006">Henriques 2006</a>, p. 65; <a href="#CITEREFNovakNovak2007">Novak & Novak 2007</a>, pp. 144–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChernow2010758Taylor2016399–400-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChernow2010758Taylor2016399–400_278-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChernow2010">Chernow 2010</a>, p. 758; <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 399–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2016399–400-279"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor2016399–400_279-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor2016">Taylor 2016</a>, pp. 399–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowe2016" class="citation book cs1">Rowe, Jill E. 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Calloway"</a>. OUPblog. Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200609224953/https://blog.oup.com/2018/10/author-historian-colin-g-calloway/">Archived</a> from the original on June 9, 2020. Retrieved January 21, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OUPblog&rft.atitle=Sitting+down+with+author+and+historian+Colin+G.+Calloway&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft.aulast=Ammerman&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.oup.com%2F2018%2F10%2Fauthor-historian-colin-g-calloway%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-475"><a href="#cite_ref-475">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirsh2020" class="citation web cs1">Hirsh, Michael (June 24, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/24/america-statues-monuments-washington-jefferson/">"If Americans Grappled Honestly With Their History, Would Any Monuments Be Left Standing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210818064704/https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/06/24/america-statues-monuments-washington-jefferson/">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 21, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=If+Americans+Grappled+Honestly+With+Their+History%2C+Would+Any+Monuments+Be+Left+Standing&rft.date=2020-06-24&rft.aulast=Hirsh&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2020%2F06%2F24%2Famerica-statues-monuments-washington-jefferson%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-476"><a href="#cite_ref-476">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington">"George Washington"</a>. Britannica.com. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Inc." title="Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.">Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</a> July 4, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230902195604/https://www.britannica.com/biography/George-Washington">Archived</a> from the original on September 2, 2023. Retrieved August 31, 2023. <q>His fellow citizens memorialized him forever by naming the newly created capital city of the young nation for him while he was still alive. Later, one of the states of union would bear his name—the only state named for an individual American. Moreover, counties in 32 states were given his name, and in time it also could be found in 121 postal addresses.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=George+Washington&rft.date=2023-07-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FGeorge-Washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/wamo/index.htm">"Washington Monument"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220322001937/https://www.nps.gov/wamo/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on March 22, 2022. Retrieved July 1, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Washington+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fwamo%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/moru/index.htm">"Mount Rushmore National Memorial"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240612233759/https://www.nps.gov/moru/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2024. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Mount+Rushmore+National+Memorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fmoru%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-inquirer-479"><a href="#cite_ref-inquirer_479-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.hrvh.org/veridian/?a=d&d=scarsdaleinquire19291227.2.41&srpos=0&">"Allston Dana Is Engineer of Design for the Ft. Lee Bridge"</a>. Scarsdale Inquirer. Vol. XI, no. 6. Scarsdale Women's Club Publications. December 27, 1927. Retrieved September 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scarsdale+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Allston+Dana+Is+Engineer+of+Design+for+the+Ft.+Lee+Bridge&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1927-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.hrvh.org%2Fveridian%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3Dscarsdaleinquire19291227.2.41%26srpos%3D0%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-480"><a href="#cite_ref-480">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.gwu.edu/scrc/university-archives/gw-history/a-brief-history-of-gw">"A Brief History of GW"</a>. GW Libraries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190914225450/https://library.gwu.edu/scrc/university-archives/gw-history/a-brief-history-of-gw">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved August 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GW+Libraries&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+GW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.gwu.edu%2Fscrc%2Funiversity-archives%2Fgw-history%2Fa-brief-history-of-gw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-481"><a href="#cite_ref-481">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wustl.edu/about/history-traditions/">"History and Traditions"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200408184414/https://wustl.edu/about/history-traditions/">Archived</a> from the original on April 8, 2020. Retrieved August 19, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+University+in+St.+Louis&rft.atitle=History+and+Traditions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwustl.edu%2Fabout%2Fhistory-traditions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-482"><a href="#cite_ref-482">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/american-art-on-postage-stamps-american-leaders/commemorating-george-washington">"Commemorating George Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Postal_Museum" title="National Postal Museum">National Postal Museum</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230830113832/https://postalmuseum.si.edu/exhibition/american-art-on-postage-stamps-american-leaders/commemorating-george-washington">Archived</a> from the original on August 30, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Postal+Museum&rft.atitle=Commemorating+George+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpostalmuseum.si.edu%2Fexhibition%2Famerican-art-on-postage-stamps-american-leaders%2Fcommemorating-george-washington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a selected list of published works treating Washington, see <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography of George Washington</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Book_sources">Book sources</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1928" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Adams, Randolph Greenfield (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer01ilamer#page/362/mode/1up">"Arnold, Benedict"</a>. In Johnson, Allen (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_American_Biography" title="Dictionary of American Biography">Dictionary of American Biography</a>. Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arnold%2C+Benedict&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Randolph+Greenfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofamer01ilamer%23page%2F362%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkers2002" class="citation book cs1">Akers, Charles W. (2002). "John Adams". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed.). Scribner. pp. 23–38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684312262" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684312262"><bdi>978-0684312262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Adams&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=23-38&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0684312262&rft.aulast=Akers&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlden1996" class="citation book cs1">Alden, John R. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00alde/page/n9/mode/2up">George Washington: A Biography</a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807121269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807121269"><bdi>978-0807121269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0807121269&rft.aulast=Alden&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00alde%2Fpage%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Anderson_(historian)" title="Fred Anderson (historian)">Anderson, Fred</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFO2clqJCqMC">Crucible of War: The Seven Years' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America, 1754–1766</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307425393" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307425393"><bdi>978-0307425393</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crucible+of+War%3A+The+Seven+Years%27+War+and+the+Fate+of+Empire+in+British+North+America%2C+1754%E2%80%931766&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0307425393&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFO2clqJCqMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvlon2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Avlon" title="John Avlon">Avlon, John</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UGXUDQAAQBAJ&q=Though+in+reviewing+the+incidents">Washington's Farewell: The Founding Father's Warning to Future Generations</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476746463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476746463"><bdi>978-1476746463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Farewell%3A+The+Founding+Father%27s+Warning+to+Future+Generations&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1476746463&rft.aulast=Avlon&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUGXUDQAAQBAJ%26q%3DThough%2Bin%2Breviewing%2Bthe%2Bincidents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanning1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lance_Banning" title="Lance Banning">Banning, Lance</a> (1974). <a href="/wiki/C._Vann_Woodward" title="C. Vann Woodward">Woodward, C. Vann</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responsesofpresi00wood">Responses of the Presidents to Charges of Misconduct</a>. Delacorte Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0440059233" title="Special:BookSources/978-0440059233"><bdi>978-0440059233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Responses+of+the+Presidents+to+Charges+of+Misconduct&rft.pub=Delacorte+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0440059233&rft.aulast=Banning&rft.aufirst=Lance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresponsesofpresi00wood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Spencer_Bassett" title="John Spencer Bassett">Bassett, John Spencer</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsyste00bassgoog">The Federalist System, 1789–1801</a>. Harper & Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+System%2C+1789%E2%80%931801&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Bassett&rft.aufirst=John+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalistsyste00bassgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell1992" class="citation book cs1">Bell, William Gardner (1992) [1983]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cDYW2YxLfkC">Commanding Generals and Chiefs of Staff, 1775–2005: Portraits & Biographical Sketches of the United States Army's Senior Officer</a>. Center of Military History, United States Army. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160359125" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160359125"><bdi>978-0160359125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+Generals+and+Chiefs+of+Staff%2C+1775%E2%80%932005%3A+Portraits+%26+Biographical+Sketches+of+the+United+States+Army%27s+Senior+Officer&rft.pub=Center+of+Military+History%2C+United+States+Army&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0160359125&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=William+Gardner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cDYW2YxLfkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoller1963" class="citation book cs1">Boller, Paul F. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00boll">George Washington & Religion</a>. Southern Methodist University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+%26+Religion&rft.pub=Southern+Methodist+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Boller&rft.aufirst=Paul+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00boll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoorstin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin, Daniel J.</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXVMTJMf9ZAC">The Americans: The National Experience</a>. Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307756473" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307756473"><bdi>978-0307756473</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Americans%3A+The+National+Experience&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0307756473&rft.aulast=Boorstin&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXVMTJMf9ZAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumwell2012" class="citation book cs1">Brumwell, Stephen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qhk64CAWcJgC">George Washington: Gentleman Warrior</a>. Quercus Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849165464" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849165464"><bdi>978-1849165464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Gentleman+Warrior&rft.pub=Quercus+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1849165464&rft.aulast=Brumwell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqhk64CAWcJgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalloway2018" class="citation book cs1">Calloway, Colin G. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YyJLDwAAQBAJ&q=9780190652166">The Indian World of George Washington: The First President, the First Americans, and the Birth of the Nation</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190652166" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190652166"><bdi>978-0190652166</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+World+of+George+Washington%3A+The+First+President%2C+the+First+Americans%2C+and+the+Birth+of+the+Nation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0190652166&rft.aulast=Calloway&rft.aufirst=Colin+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyJLDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D9780190652166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2016" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, Brady (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2_R1CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT13">Dead Presidents: An American Adventure into the Strange Deaths and Surprising Afterlives of Our Nations Leaders</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393243949" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393243949"><bdi>978-0393243949</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dead+Presidents%3A+An+American+Adventure+into+the+Strange+Deaths+and+Surprising+Afterlives+of+Our+Nations+Leaders&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0393243949&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=Brady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2_R1CQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4z5eL5SGjEoC&q=Washington">Alexander Hamilton</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20085-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-20085-8"><bdi>978-1-101-20085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-101-20085-8&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4z5eL5SGjEoC%26q%3DWashington&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2010" class="citation book cs1">—— (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonlife0000cher">Washington: A Life</a>. Penguin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1594202667" title="Special:BookSources/978-1594202667"><bdi>978-1594202667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1594202667&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonlife0000cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoakley1996" class="citation book cs1">Coakley, Robert W. (1996) [1989]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SMmJsJLKmvoC&pg=PA43">The Role of Federal Military Forces in Domestic Disorders, 1789–1878</a>. Diane Publishing. pp. 43–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0788128189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0788128189"><bdi>978-0788128189</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Federal+Military+Forces+in+Domestic+Disorders%2C+1789%E2%80%931878&rft.pages=43-49&rft.pub=Diane+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0788128189&rft.aulast=Coakley&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSMmJsJLKmvoC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Coe" title="Alexis Coe">Coe, Alexis</a> (2020). You Never Forget Your First: A Biography of George Washington. Viking Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0735224100" title="Special:BookSources/978-0735224100"><bdi>978-0735224100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=You+Never+Forget+Your+First%3A+A+Biography+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0735224100&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooke2002" class="citation book cs1">Cooke, Jacob E. (2002). "George Washington". In Graff, Henry (ed.). The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed.). Scribner. pp. 1–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0684312262" title="Special:BookSources/978-0684312262"><bdi>978-0684312262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=George+Washington&rft.btitle=The+Presidents%3A+A+Reference+History&rft.pages=1-21&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0684312262&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=Jacob+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraughwell2009" class="citation book cs1">Craughwell, Thomas J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bmDtSJg3a_QC&pg=PA78">Stealing Lincoln's Body</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 77–79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674024588" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674024588"><bdi>978-0674024588</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stealing+Lincoln%27s+Body&rft.pages=77-79&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674024588&rft.aulast=Craughwell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbmDtSJg3a_QC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresswell2010" class="citation book cs1">Cresswell, Julia, ed. (2010). Oxford Dictionary of Word Origins. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199547937" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199547937"><bdi>978-0199547937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Word+Origins&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0199547937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunliffe1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Cunliffe" title="Marcus Cunliffe">Cunliffe, Marcus</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780316164344">George Washington: Man and Monument</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316164344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316164344"><bdi>978-0316164344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Man+and+Monument&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-0316164344&rft.aulast=Cunliffe&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780316164344&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalzellDalzell1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalzell, Robert F. Jr.; Dalzell, Lee Baldwin (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00dalz">George Washington's Mount Vernon: At Home in Revolutionary America</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195121148" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195121148"><bdi>978-0195121148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon%3A+At+Home+in+Revolutionary+America&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0195121148&rft.aulast=Dalzell&rft.aufirst=Robert+F.+Jr.&rft.au=Dalzell%2C+Lee+Baldwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00dalz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1975" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Burke (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pT92AAAAMAAJ">George Washington and the American Revolution</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0394463889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0394463889"><bdi>978-0394463889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0394463889&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Burke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpT92AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElkinsMcKitrick1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Elkins" title="Stanley Elkins">Elkins, Stanley M.</a>; McKitrick, Eric (1995) [1993]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki/page/n7/mode/2up">The Age of Federalism</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195093810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195093810"><bdi>978-0195093810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Federalism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0195093810&rft.aulast=Elkins&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft.au=McKitrick%2C+Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fageoffederalism00elki%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellis" title="Joseph Ellis">Ellis, Joseph J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hisexcellencygeo0000elli">His Excellency: George Washington</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400040315" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400040315"><bdi>978-1400040315</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+Excellency%3A+George+Washington&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1400040315&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhisexcellencygeo0000elli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingbrothers0000elli_w6a4">Founding Brothers: The Revolutionary Generation</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0375705243" title="Special:BookSources/978-0375705243"><bdi>978-0375705243</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Brothers%3A+The+Revolutionary+Generation&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0375705243&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Joseph+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffoundingbrothers0000elli_w6a4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarner1996" class="citation book cs1">Farner, Thomas P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oJtomLKALYUC">New Jersey in History: Fighting to Be Heard</a>. Down the Shore Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0945582380" title="Special:BookSources/978-0945582380"><bdi>978-0945582380</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Jersey+in+History%3A+Fighting+to+Be+Heard&rft.pub=Down+the+Shore+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0945582380&rft.aulast=Farner&rft.aufirst=Thomas+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoJtomLKALYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Ferling" title="John E. Ferling">Ferling, John E.</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yHRbR8snrfoC">The First of Men: A Life of George Washington</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199752751" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199752751"><bdi>978-0199752751</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+of+Men%3A+A+Life+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0199752751&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyHRbR8snrfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2002" class="citation book cs1">—— (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lifQ0G0m9WwC&q=lafayette">Setting the World Ablaze: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, and the American Revolution</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195134094" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195134094"><bdi>978-0195134094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+World+Ablaze%3A+Washington%2C+Adams%2C+Jefferson%2C+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0195134094&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlifQ0G0m9WwC%26q%3Dlafayette&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2007" class="citation book cs1">—— (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/almostmiracleam00ferl">Almost a Miracle: The American Victory in the War of Independence</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199758470" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199758470"><bdi>978-0199758470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almost+a+Miracle%3A+The+American+Victory+in+the+War+of+Independence&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0199758470&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falmostmiracleam00ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2009" class="citation book cs1">—— (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ascentofgeorgewa0000ferl">The Ascent of George Washington: The Hidden Political Genius of an American Icon</a>. Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608191826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608191826"><bdi>978-1608191826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+George+Washington%3A+The+Hidden+Political+Genius+of+an+American+Icon&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1608191826&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fascentofgeorgewa0000ferl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerling2013" class="citation book cs1">—— (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlecIL4lY_UC">Jefferson and Hamilton: The Rivalry That Forged a Nation</a>. Bloomsbury Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1608195428" title="Special:BookSources/978-1608195428"><bdi>978-1608195428</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson+and+Hamilton%3A+The+Rivalry+That+Forged+a+Nation&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1608195428&rft.aulast=Ferling&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlecIL4lY_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hackett_Fischer" title="David Hackett Fischer">Fischer, David Hackett</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oreq1YztDcQC">Washington's Crossing</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195170344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195170344"><bdi>978-0195170344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Crossing&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0195170344&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOreq1YztDcQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishmanPedersonRozell2001" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Ethan M.; Pederson, William D.; Rozell, Mark J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HFkZ5RBeuKoC">George Washington: Foundation of Presidential Leadership and Character</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968687" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275968687"><bdi>978-0275968687</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Foundation+of+Presidential+Leadership+and+Character&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0275968687&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Ethan+M.&rft.au=Pederson%2C+William+D.&rft.au=Rozell%2C+Mark+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHFkZ5RBeuKoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrick1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Fitzpatrick" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, John C.</a> (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/dictionaryofamer19amer#page/509/mode/1up">"Washington, George"</a>. In Malone, Dumas (ed.). Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 19. Scribner. pp. 509–527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Washington%2C+George&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Biography&rft.pages=509-527&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Fitzpatrick&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdictionaryofamer19amer%23page%2F509%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">Flexner, James Thomas</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington0000flex_u0e8">George Washington: the Forge of Experience, (1732–1775)</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316285971" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316285971"><bdi>978-0316285971</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+the+Forge+of+Experience%2C+%281732%E2%80%931775%29&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0316285971&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington0000flex_u0e8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yEF2AAAAMAAJ">George Washington in the American Revolution, 1775–1783</a>. Little, Brown.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+in+the+American+Revolution%2C+1775%E2%80%931783&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyEF2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1969" class="citation book cs1">—— (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3UcMQAACAAJ">George Washington and the New Nation (1783–1793)</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316286008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316286008"><bdi>978-0316286008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+the+New+Nation+%281783%E2%80%931793%29&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0316286008&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3UcMQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1972" class="citation book cs1">—— (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bToqSwAACAAJ">George Washington: Anguish and Farewell (1793–1799)</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316286022" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316286022"><bdi>978-0316286022</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Anguish+and+Farewell+%281793%E2%80%931799%29&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0316286022&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbToqSwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1974" class="citation book cs1">—— (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kTfWDQAAQBAJ">Washington: The Indispensable Man</a>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0316286053" title="Special:BookSources/978-0316286053"><bdi>978-0316286053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%3A+The+Indispensable+Man&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0316286053&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkTfWDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlexner1991" class="citation book cs1">—— (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpEuaCdDvkEC">The Traitor and the Spy: Benedict Arnold and John André</a>. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815602637" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815602637"><bdi>978-0815602637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Traitor+and+the+Spy%3A+Benedict+Arnold+and+John+Andr%C3%A9&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0815602637&rft.aulast=Flexner&rft.aufirst=James+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpEuaCdDvkEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazer2012" class="citation book cs1">Frazer, Gregg L. (2012). The Religious Beliefs of America's Founders Reason, Revelation, and Revolution. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700618453" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700618453"><bdi>978-0700618453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Beliefs+of+America%27s+Founders+Reason%2C+Revelation%2C+and+Revolution&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0700618453&rft.aulast=Frazer&rft.aufirst=Gregg+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFordHuntFitzpatrick1904" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Worthington_C._Ford" title="Worthington C. Ford">Ford, Worthington Chauncey</a>; Hunt, Gaillard; Fitzpatrick, John Clement (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zMSAAAAYAAJ">Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789: 1774</a>. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journals+of+the+Continental+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789%3A+1774&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Worthington+Chauncey&rft.au=Hunt%2C+Gaillard&rft.au=Fitzpatrick%2C+John+Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-zMSAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2008" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, Russell (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia5ivgAACAAJ">Washington at Valley Forge</a>. Holiday House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823420698" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823420698"><bdi>978-0823420698</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington+at+Valley+Forge&rft.pub=Holiday+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0823420698&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIa5ivgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1968" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Douglas Southall (1968). Harwell, Richard Barksdale (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washington00free">Washington</a>. Scribner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Southall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashington00free&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=42zjQgAACAAJ">George Washington: Victory with the help of France, Volume 5</a>. Eyre and Spottiswoode.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+Victory+with+the+help+of+France%2C+Volume+5&rft.pub=Eyre+and+Spottiswoode&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Douglas+Southall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D42zjQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaff2004" class="citation book cs1">Gaff, Alan D. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QEI11WSV3WcC">Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne's Legion in the Old Northwest</a>. University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806135854" title="Special:BookSources/978-0806135854"><bdi>978-0806135854</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bayonets+in+the+Wilderness%3A+Anthony+Wayne%27s+Legion+in+the+Old+Northwest&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0806135854&rft.aulast=Gaff&rft.aufirst=Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQEI11WSV3WcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenovese2009" class="citation book cs1">Genovese, Michael A. (2009). Kazin, Michael (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4hqpJEJp7cUC&pg=PA589">The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History, Vols. I & II</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400833566" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400833566"><bdi>978-1400833566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Encyclopedia+of+American+Political+History%2C+Vols.+I+%26+II&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1400833566&rft.aulast=Genovese&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4hqpJEJp7cUC%26pg%3DPA589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreggSpalding1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Gregg" title="Gary L. Gregg">Gregg, Gary L.</a>; Spalding, Matthew, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q4axDZ5OMdcC">Patriot Sage: George Washington and the American Political Tradition</a>. ISI Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1882926381" title="Special:BookSources/978-1882926381"><bdi>978-1882926381</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriot+Sage%3A+George+Washington+and+the+American+Political+Tradition&rft.pub=ISI+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1882926381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq4axDZ5OMdcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzard2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frank_E._Grizzard,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Frank E. Grizzard, Jr.">Grizzard, Frank E. Jr.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RioTGCygpT8C&q=curtis">George Washington: A Biographical Companion</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576070826" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576070826"><bdi>978-1576070826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Biographical+Companion&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1576070826&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRioTGCygpT8C%26q%3Dcurtis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrizzard2005" class="citation book cs1">—— (2005). George!: A Guide to All Things Washington. Mariner Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0976823889" title="Special:BookSources/978-0976823889"><bdi>978-0976823889</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George%21%3A+A+Guide+to+All+Things+Washington&rft.pub=Mariner+Pub&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0976823889&rft.aulast=Grizzard&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2017" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Kevin J. (2017). George Washington, A Life in Books. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190456672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190456672"><bdi>978-0190456672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%2C+A+Life+in+Books&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0190456672&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2009" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Donald (2009). Smallpox: The Death of a Disease. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1591027225" title="Special:BookSources/978-1591027225"><bdi>978-1591027225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smallpox%3A+The+Death+of+a+Disease&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1591027225&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenriques2006" class="citation book cs1">Henriques, Peter R. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IuQHciwgYzUC&pg=PA65">Realistic Visionary: A Portrait of George Washington</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813927411" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813927411"><bdi>978-0813927411</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Realistic+Visionary%3A+A+Portrait+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0813927411&rft.aulast=Henriques&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIuQHciwgYzUC%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">—— (2020). First and Always: A New Portrait of George Washington. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813944807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813944807"><bdi>978-0813944807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+and+Always%3A+A+New+Portrait+of+George+Washington&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+VA&rft.pub=University+of+Virginia+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0813944807&rft.aulast=Henriques&rft.aufirst=Peter+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginbotham2001" class="citation book cs1">Higginbotham, Don (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0qGWo_NGlAC">George Washington Reconsidered</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813920054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813920054"><bdi>978-0813920054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Reconsidered&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0813920054&rft.aulast=Higginbotham&rft.aufirst=Don&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0qGWo_NGlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHindle2017" class="citation book cs1">Hindle, Brooke (2017) [1964]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hgyOJO93UtAC&pg=PA92">David Rittenhouse</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400886784" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400886784"><bdi>978-1400886784</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=David+Rittenhouse&rft.pages=92&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1400886784&rft.aulast=Hindle&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhgyOJO93UtAC%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHirschfeld1997" class="citation book cs1">Hirschfeld, Fritz (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00hirs">George Washington and Slavery: A Documentary Portrayal</a>. University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826211354" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826211354"><bdi>978-0826211354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Slavery%3A+A+Documentary+Portrayal&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0826211354&rft.aulast=Hirschfeld&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00hirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaacson2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Isaacson" title="Walter Isaacson">Isaacson, Walter</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oIW915dDMBwC">Benjamin Franklin, an American Life</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743260848" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743260848"><bdi>978-0743260848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benjamin+Franklin%2C+an+American+Life&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0743260848&rft.aulast=Isaacson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoIW915dDMBwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving1857" class="citation book cs1">Irving, Washington (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifegeorgewashington05irvirich">The Life of George Washington, Vol. 5</a>. G. P. Putnam and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Washington%2C+Vol.+5&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam+and+Son&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=Irving&rft.aufirst=Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifegeorgewashington05irvirich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensen1948" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_Jensen" title="Merrill Jensen">Jensen, Merrill</a> (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uEMLAQAAIAAJ">The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781</a>. University of Wisconsin Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Articles+of+Confederation%3A+An+Interpretation+of+the+Social-Constitutional+History+of+the+American+Revolution%2C+1774%E2%80%931781&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuEMLAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJillsonWilson1994" class="citation book cs1">Jillson, Calvin C.; Wilson, Rick K. (1994). Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804722933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804722933"><bdi>978-0804722933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congressional+Dynamics%3A+Structure%2C+Coordination%2C+and+Choice+in+the+First+American+Congress%2C+1774%E2%80%931789&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0804722933&rft.aulast=Jillson&rft.aufirst=Calvin+C.&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Rick+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnstone1919" class="citation book cs1">Johnstone, William (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_MzWruWAnHM0C">George Washington, The Christian</a>. The Abingdon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%2C+The+Christian&rft.pub=The+Abingdon+Press&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Johnstone&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_MzWruWAnHM0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKetchum1999" class="citation book cs1">Ketchum, Richard M. (1999) [1973]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZWf2AwAAQBAJ">The Winter Soldiers: The Battles for Trenton and Princeton</a>. Henry Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805060980" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805060980"><bdi>978-0805060980</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Winter+Soldiers%3A+The+Battles+for+Trenton+and+Princeton&rft.pub=Henry+Holt&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0805060980&rft.aulast=Ketchum&rft.aufirst=Richard+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZWf2AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1975" class="citation book cs1">—— (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eagleswordfed00kohn">Eagle and Sword: The Federalists and the Creation of the Military Establishment in America, 1783–1802</a>. Free Press. pp. 225–242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0029175514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0029175514"><bdi>978-0029175514</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eagle+and+Sword%3A+The+Federalists+and+the+Creation+of+the+Military+Establishment+in+America%2C+1783%E2%80%931802&rft.pages=225-242&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0029175514&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feagleswordfed00kohn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancasterPlumb1985" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster, Bruce; <a href="/wiki/John_H._Plumb" title="John H. Plumb">Plumb, John H.</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qSe4n1h-I0UC">The American Revolution</a>. American Heritage Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0828102810" title="Special:BookSources/978-0828102810"><bdi>978-0828102810</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Revolution&rft.pub=American+Heritage+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0828102810&rft.aulast=Lancaster&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.au=Plumb%2C+John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqSe4n1h-I0UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLear1799" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Lear" title="Tobias Lear">Lear, Tobias</a> (1799). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XqE3y9LZmfgC&pg=PA257">"Tobias Lear to William Augustine Washington"</a>. In Ford, Worthington Chauncey (ed.). The Writings of George Washington. Vol. 14. G. Putnam & Sons (published 1893). pp. 257–258.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tobias+Lear+to+William+Augustine+Washington&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+George+Washington&rft.pages=257-258&rft.pub=G.+Putnam+%26+Sons&rft.date=1799&rft.aulast=Lear&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXqE3y9LZmfgC%26pg%3DPA257&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengel2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Lengel" title="Edward G. Lengel">Lengel, Edward G.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/generalgeorgewas00leng">General George Washington: A Military Life</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6081-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-6081-8"><bdi>978-1-4000-6081-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+George+Washington%3A+A+Military+Life&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-6081-8&rft.aulast=Lengel&rft.aufirst=Edward+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeneralgeorgewas00leng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2013" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Philip (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dbh0XeajrOMC&q=%22tell+a+lie%22">Where the Cherry Tree Grew: The Story of Ferry Farm, George Washington's Boyhood Home</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250023148" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250023148"><bdi>978-1250023148</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+the+Cherry+Tree+Grew%3A+The+Story+of+Ferry+Farm%2C+George+Washington%27s+Boyhood+Home&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1250023148&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDbh0XeajrOMC%26q%3D%2522tell%2Ba%2Blie%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLightnerReeder1953" class="citation book cs1">Lightner, Otto C.; Reeder, Pearl Ann, eds. (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CbnAAAAMAAJ&q=rittenhouse">Hobbies, Volume 58</a>. Lightner Publishing Company. p. 133.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hobbies%2C+Volume+58&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Lightner+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8CbnAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Drittenhouse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2008" class="citation book cs1">Mann, Barbara Alice (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xzDDEAAAQBAJ">George Washington's War on Native America</a>. University of Nevada Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803216358" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803216358"><bdi>978-0803216358</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230725125735/https://books.google.com/books?id=xzDDEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on July 25, 2023. Retrieved July 9, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+War+on+Native+America&rft.pub=University+of+Nevada+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0803216358&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzDDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McCullough" title="David McCullough">McCullough, David</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uu1mC6zWNTwC">1776</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0743226714" title="Special:BookSources/978-0743226714"><bdi>978-0743226714</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1776&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0743226714&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duu1mC6zWNTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiddlekauff2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Middlekauff" title="Robert Middlekauff">Middlekauff, Robert</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F01ABAAAQBAJ">Washington's Revolution: The Making of America's First Leader</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1101874240" title="Special:BookSources/978-1101874240"><bdi>978-1101874240</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Revolution%3A+The+Making+of+America%27s+First+Leader&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1101874240&rft.aulast=Middlekauff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF01ABAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2009" class="citation book cs1">Morrison, Jeffery H. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3vfS_uxvrQC&q=anglican">The Political Philosophy of George Washington</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801891090" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801891090"><bdi>978-0801891090</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Philosophy+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0801891090&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=Jeffery+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3vfS_uxvrQC%26q%3Danglican&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagy2016" class="citation book cs1">Nagy, John A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uDinCwAAQBAJ">George Washington's Secret Spy War: The Making of America's First Spymaster</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1250096821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1250096821"><bdi>978-1250096821</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%27s+Secret+Spy+War%3A+The+Making+of+America%27s+First+Spymaster&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1250096821&rft.aulast=Nagy&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuDinCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNovakNovak2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Novak" title="Michael Novak">Novak, Michael</a>; Novak, Jana (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/washingtonsgodre00nova/page/n5/mode/2up">Washington's God: Religion, Liberty, and The Father of Our Country</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05126-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-05126-7"><bdi>978-0-465-05126-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+God%3A+Religion%2C+Liberty%2C+and+The+Father+of+Our+Country&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-465-05126-7&rft.aulast=Novak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Novak%2C+Jana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwashingtonsgodre00nova%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Nowlan, Robert A. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MlNWU1e9ppUC&q=third+term">The American Presidents, Washington to Tyler What They Did, What They Said, What Was Said About Them, with Full Source Notes</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1476601182" title="Special:BookSources/978-1476601182"><bdi>978-1476601182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Presidents%2C+Washington+to+Tyler+What+They+Did%2C+What+They+Said%2C+What+Was+Said+About+Them%2C+with+Full+Source+Notes&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1476601182&rft.aulast=Nowlan&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMlNWU1e9ppUC%26q%3Dthird%2Bterm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2010" class="citation book cs1">Palmer, Dave Richard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zANrP6rOOJkC&q=promotion">George Washington and Benedict Arnold: A Tale of Two Patriots</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1596981645" title="Special:BookSources/978-1596981645"><bdi>978-1596981645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+and+Benedict+Arnold%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Patriots&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1596981645&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Dave+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzANrP6rOOJkC%26q%3Dpromotion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParryAllison1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jay_A._Parry" title="Jay A. Parry">Parry, Jay A.</a>; Allison, Andrew M. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSETAQAAMAAJ">The Real George Washington: The True Story of America's Most Indispensable Man</a>. National Center for Constitutional Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880800136" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880800136"><bdi>978-0880800136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+George+Washington%3A+The+True+Story+of+America%27s+Most+Indispensable+Man&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Constitutional+Studies&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0880800136&rft.aulast=Parry&rft.aufirst=Jay+A.&rft.au=Allison%2C+Andrew+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSETAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1898" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Eugene (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington01pars">George Washington: A Character Sketch</a>. H. G. Campbell publishing Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Character+Sketch&rft.pub=H.+G.+Campbell+publishing+Company&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington01pars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilbrick2016" class="citation book cs1">Philbrick, Nathaniel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wZ1iCgAAQBAJ">Valiant Ambition: George Washington, Benedict Arnold, and the Fate of the American Revolution</a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0143110194" title="Special:BookSources/978-0143110194"><bdi>978-0143110194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Valiant+Ambition%3A+George+Washington%2C+Benedict+Arnold%2C+and+the+Fate+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0143110194&rft.aulast=Philbrick&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwZ1iCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPuls2008" class="citation book cs1">Puls, Mark (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xf5Kmmp-yycC&q=cincinnatus">Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution</a>. St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230611429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230611429"><bdi>978-0230611429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Henry+Knox%3A+Visionary+General+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0230611429&rft.aulast=Puls&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXf5Kmmp-yycC%26q%3Dcincinnatus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall1997" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgewashington00rand">George Washington: A Life</a>. Henry Holt & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0805027792" title="Special:BookSources/978-0805027792"><bdi>978-0805027792</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0805027792&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgewashington00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldpa00rand">Benedict Arnold: Patriot and Traitor</a>. New York : Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1272-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1272-6"><bdi>978-0-7607-1272-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Benedict+Arnold%3A+Patriot+and+Traitor&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1272-6&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldpa00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandall2000" class="citation book cs1">Randall, Willard Sterne (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/benedictarnoldpa00rand">Alexander Hamilton: A Life</a>. Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0060195496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0060195496"><bdi>978-0060195496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0060195496&rft.aulast=Randall&rft.aufirst=Willard+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbenedictarnoldpa00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasmussenTilton1999" class="citation book cs1">Rasmussen, William M. S.; Tilton, Robert S. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00rand">George Washington: The Man Behind the Myths</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813919003" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813919003"><bdi>978-0813919003</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington%3A+The+Man+Behind+the+Myths&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0813919003&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=William+M.+S.&rft.au=Tilton%2C+Robert+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00rand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose2006" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Alexander (2006). Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0553804218" title="Special:BookSources/978-0553804218"><bdi>978-0553804218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Spies%3A+The+Story+of+America%27s+First+Spy+Ring&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0553804218&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarz2001" class="citation book cs1">Schwarz, Philip J., ed. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uA0aAQAAIAAJ&q=sunday">Slavery at the home of George Washington</a>. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0931917387" title="Special:BookSources/978-0931917387"><bdi>978-0931917387</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slavery+at+the+home+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0931917387&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuA0aAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dsunday&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpaldingGarrity1996" class="citation book cs1">Spalding, Matthew; Garrity, Patrick J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sacredunionofcit00spal">A Sacred Union of Citizens: George Washington's Farewell Address and the American Character</a>. Lanham, Boulder, New York, London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0847682621" title="Special:BookSources/978-0847682621"><bdi>978-0847682621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sacred+Union+of+Citizens%3A+George+Washington%27s+Farewell+Address+and+the+American+Character&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Boulder%2C+New+York%2C+London&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0847682621&rft.aulast=Spalding&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Garrity%2C+Patrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsacredunionofcit00spal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks1839" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Sparks" title="Jared Sparks">Sparks, Jared</a> (1839). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofgeorgewash01spar">The Life of George Washington</a>. F. Andrews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=F.+Andrews&rft.date=1839&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Jared&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofgeorgewash01spar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel1968" class="citation book cs1">Sobel, Robert (1968). Panic on Wall Street: A History of America's Financial Disasters. Beard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8931-2246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8931-2246-8"><bdi>978-1-8931-2246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panic+on+Wall+Street%3A+A+History+of+America%27s+Financial+Disasters&rft.pub=Beard+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-1-8931-2246-8&rft.aulast=Sobel&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="smith1907a" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Ls9BAAAAIAAJ">Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, vol 1</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%2C+vol+1&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Ls9BAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="smith1907b" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Justin H. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourstruggleforf03smitgoog">Our Struggle for the Fourteenth Colony, vol 2</a>. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Struggle+for+the+Fourteenth+Colony%2C+vol+2&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Justin+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourstruggleforf03smitgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStavish2007" class="citation book cs1">Stavish, Mark (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QZQK6as71lsC">Freemasonry: Rituals, Symbols & History of the Secret Society</a>. Llewellyn Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0738711485" title="Special:BookSources/978-0738711485"><bdi>978-0738711485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freemasonry%3A+Rituals%2C+Symbols+%26+History+of+the+Secret+Society&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0738711485&rft.aulast=Stavish&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQZQK6as71lsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrickland1840" class="citation book cs1">Strickland, William (1840). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/tombofwashington00stri#page/n9/mode/2up">The Tomb of Washington at Mount Vernon</a>. Carey & Hart.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tomb+of+Washington+at+Mount+Vernon&rft.pub=Carey+%26+Hart&rft.date=1840&rft.aulast=Strickland&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftombofwashington00stri%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSubak2018" class="citation book cs1">Subak, Susan (2018). The Five-Ton Life. Our Sustainable Future. University of Nebraska Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803296886" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803296886"><bdi>978-0803296886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five-Ton+Life&rft.series=Our+Sustainable+Future&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0803296886&rft.aulast=Subak&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2016" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Alan (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E92aCwAAQBAJ">American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393354768" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393354768"><bdi>978-0393354768</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Revolutions%3A+A+Continental+History%2C+1750%E2%80%931804&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0393354768&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE92aCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2008" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Mary (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/book/22742">In The Hands of a Good Providence</a>. University Press of Virginia. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813927633" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813927633"><bdi>978-0813927633</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220706232158/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/22742">Archived</a> from the original on July 6, 2022. 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University Press of Virginia. pp. 114–138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813920054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813920054"><bdi>978-0813920054</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191119064008/http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/resources/articles/species/">Archived</a> from the original on November 19, 2019. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22That+Species+of+Property%22%3A+Washington%27s+Role+in+the+Controversy+over+Slavery&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Reconsidered&rft.pages=114-138&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0813920054&rft.aulast=Twohig&rft.aufirst=Dorothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgwpapers.virginia.edu%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fspecies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnger2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Unger" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlow Unger">Unger, Harlow Giles</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mrpresidentgeorg0000unge">"Mr. President": George Washington and the Making of the Nation's Highest Office</a>. Da Capo Press, A Member of the Perseus Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306822414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306822414"><bdi>978-0306822414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Mr.+President%22%3A+George+Washington+and+the+Making+of+the+Nation%27s+Highest+Office&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+A+Member+of+the+Perseus+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0306822414&rft.aulast=Unger&rft.aufirst=Harlow+Giles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmrpresidentgeorg0000unge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Doren1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Clinton_Van_Doren" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Clinton Van Doren">Van Doren, Carl</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa00vand">Secret History of the American Revolution: An Account of the Conspiracies of Benedict Arnold and Numerous Others Drawn from the Secret Service</a>. Garden City Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+History+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+An+Account+of+the+Conspiracies+of+Benedict+Arnold+and+Numerous+Others+Drawn+from+the+Secret+Service&rft.pub=Garden+City+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Van+Doren&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecrethistoryofa00vand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaldmanBraun2009" class="citation book cs1">Waldman, Carl; Braun, Molly (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofnorthamer00wald">Atlas of the North American Indian</a> (3 ed.). Facts On File, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0816068593" title="Special:BookSources/978-0816068593"><bdi>978-0816068593</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+the+North+American+Indian&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Facts+On+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0816068593&rft.aulast=Waldman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft.au=Braun%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofnorthamer00wald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Washington, George (1888). Joseph M. Toner (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924032751202/mode/2up">Washington's Rules of Civility and Decent Behaviour in Company and Conversation</a>. Washington, D.C.: W. H. Morrison.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Washington%27s+Rules+of+Civility+and+Decent+Behaviour+in+Company+and+Conversation&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=W.+H.+Morrison&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Washington&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924032751202%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeems1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems" title="Mason Locke Weems">Weems, Mason Locke</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflifede00weem">A History of the Life and Death, Virtues and Exploits of General George Washington, with Curious Anecdotes, Equally Honourable to Himself and Exemplary to His Young Countrymen</a>. J.B. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Life+and+Death%2C+Virtues+and+Exploits+of+General+George+Washington%2C+with+Curious+Anecdotes%2C+Equally+Honourable+to+Himself+and+Exemplary+to+His+Young+Countrymen&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1918&rft.aulast=Weems&rft.aufirst=Mason+Locke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflifede00weem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiencek2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wiencek" title="Henry Wiencek">Wiencek, Henry</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Wr1AAAAQBAJ">An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the Creation of America</a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0374175269" title="Special:BookSources/978-0374175269"><bdi>978-0374175269</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Imperfect+God%3A+George+Washington%2C+His+Slaves%2C+and+the+Creation+of+America&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0374175269&rft.aulast=Wiencek&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Wr1AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillcoxArnstein1988" class="citation book cs1">Willcox, William B.; Arnstein, Walter L. (1988). The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830 (Fifth ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0669134230" title="Special:BookSources/978-0669134230"><bdi>978-0669134230</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Aristocracy+1688+to+1830&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0669134230&rft.aulast=Willcox&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Arnstein%2C+Walter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_S._Wood" title="Gordon S. Wood">Wood, Gordon S.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6lGinKwz7l8C&q=patriot">The Radicalism of the American Revolution</a>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0679404934" title="Special:BookSources/978-0679404934"><bdi>978-0679404934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Radicalism+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0679404934&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6lGinKwz7l8C%26q%3Dpatriot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2001" class="citation book cs1">—— (2001). Higginbotham, Don (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L0qGWo_NGlAC">George Washington Reconsidered</a>. University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813920054" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813920054"><bdi>978-0813920054</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Washington+Reconsidered&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0813920054&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL0qGWo_NGlAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulf2012" class="citation book cs1">Wulf, Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzEa-lL8rngC">Founding Gardeners: The Revolutionary Generation, Nature, and the Shaping of the American Nation</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307390684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307390684"><bdi>978-0307390684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Gardeners%3A+The+Revolutionary+Generation%2C+Nature%2C+and+the+Shaping+of+the+American+Nation&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0307390684&rft.aulast=Wulf&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzEa-lL8rngC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheatham2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cheatham, Michael L. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000313480807400821">"The Death of George Washington: An End to the Controversy?"</a>. American Surgery. 74 (8): 770–774. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F000313480807400821">10.1177/000313480807400821</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18705585">18705585</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31457820">31457820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Surgery&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+George+Washington%3A+An+End+to+the+Controversy%3F&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=770-774&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31457820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18705585&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F000313480807400821&rft.aulast=Cheatham&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F000313480807400821&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Estes, Todd (2000). "Shaping the Politics of Public Opinion: Federalists and the Jay Treaty Debate". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_Early_Republic" title="Journal of the Early Republic">Journal of the Early Republic</a>. 20 (3): 393–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3125063">10.2307/3125063</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3125063">3125063</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Early+Republic&rft.atitle=Shaping+the+Politics+of+Public+Opinion%3A+Federalists+and+the+Jay+Treaty+Debate&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=393-422&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3125063&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3125063%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2001" class="citation journal cs1">—— (2001). "The Art of Presidential Leadership: George Washington and the Jay Treaty". The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 109 (2): 127–158. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4249911">4249911</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Art+of+Presidential+Leadership%3A+George+Washington+and+the+Jay+Treaty&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-158&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4249911%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Estes&rft.aufirst=Todd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurstenberg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Furstenberg, François (2011). "Atlantic Slavery, Atlantic Freedom: George Washington, Slavery, and Transatlantic Abolitionist Networks". The William and Mary Quarterly. 68 (2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 247–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.68.2.0247">10.5309/willmaryquar.68.2.0247</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5309/willmaryquar.68.2.0247">10.5309/willmaryquar.68.2.0247</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Atlantic+Slavery%2C+Atlantic+Freedom%3A+George+Washington%2C+Slavery%2C+and+Transatlantic+Abolitionist+Networks&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=247-286&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.68.2.0247&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5309%2Fwillmaryquar.68.2.0247%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Furstenberg&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmekus2018" class="citation web cs1">Immekus, Alexander (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/freemasonry/">"Freemasonry"</a>. George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002095349/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/freemasonry/">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=Freemasonry&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Immekus&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Ffreemasonry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1970" class="citation journal cs1">Kohn, Richard H. (1970). "The Inside History of the Newburgh Conspiracy: America and the Coup d'Etat". The William and Mary Quarterly. 27 (2): 187–220. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1918650">10.2307/1918650</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1918650">1918650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Inside+History+of+the+Newburgh+Conspiracy%3A+America+and+the+Coup+d%27Etat&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-220&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1918650&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1918650%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1972" class="citation journal cs1">—— (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150924183930/http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/Radhistory/radical%20history%20articles/Washington's%20Decision%20to%20Crush%20Whiskey%20Rebellion.pdf">"The Washington Administration's Decision to Crush the Whiskey Rebellion"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_American_History" title="The Journal of American History">The Journal of American History</a>. 59 (3): 567–584. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1900658">10.2307/1900658</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1900658">1900658</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vi.uh.edu/pages/buzzmat/Radhistory/radical%20history%20articles/Washington's%20Decision%20to%20Crush%20Whiskey%20Rebellion.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on September 24, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=The+Washington+Administration%27s+Decision+to+Crush+the+Whiskey+Rebellion&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=567-584&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1900658&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1900658%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvi.uh.edu%2Fpages%2Fbuzzmat%2FRadhistory%2Fradical%2520history%2520articles%2FWashington%27s%2520Decision%2520to%2520Crush%2520Whiskey%2520Rebellion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurie2018" class="citation web cs1">Lurie, Shira (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190320192745/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washingtons-farewell-address/">"George Washington's Farewell Address"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washingtons-farewell-address/">the original</a> on March 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=George+Washington%27s+Farewell+Address&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Lurie&rft.aufirst=Shira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-washingtons-farewell-address%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel06.html">"Religion and the Founding of the American Republic"</a>. 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Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201010115741/https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/george-washington-and-religion/">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=George+Washington+and+Religion&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Tsakiridis&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-washington-and-religion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewtonFreemanBickley1858" class="citation journal cs1">Newton, R.S.; Freeman, Z.; Bickley, G., eds. 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The Early America Review. 6 (1). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1090-4247">1090-4247</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051216141728/http://www.earlyamerica.com/review/2005_winter_spring/washingtons_death.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 16, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Early+America+Review&rft.atitle=A+Physician+Looks+At+The+Death+of+Washington&rft.chron=winter%E2%80%93spring&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1090-4247&rft.aulast=Vadakan&rft.aufirst=Vibul+V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlyamerica.com%2Freview%2F2005_winter_spring%2Fwashingtons_death.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallenborn1999" class="citation web cs1">Wallenborn, White McKenzie (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/illness/">"George Washington's Terminal Illness: A Modern Medical Analysis of the Last Illness and Death of George Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Papers_of_George_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="The Papers of George Washington">The Papers of George Washington</a>. University of Virginia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200722060731/https://washingtonpapers.org/resources/articles/illness/">Archived</a> from the original on July 22, 2020. Retrieved July 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Papers+of+George+Washington&rft.atitle=George+Washington%27s+Terminal+Illness%3A+A+Modern+Medical+Analysis+of+the+Last+Illness+and+Death+of+George+Washington&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wallenborn&rft.aufirst=White+McKenzie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtonpapers.org%2Fresources%2Farticles%2Fillness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-man-the-myth/where-the-cherry-tree-grew-an-interview-with-phillip-levy/">"Where the Cherry Tree Grew: An Interview with Phillip Levy"</a>. George Washington's Mount Vernon. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181106212147/https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/the-man-the-myth/where-the-cherry-tree-grew-an-interview-with-phillip-levy/">Archived</a> from the original on November 6, 2018. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Washington%27s+Mount+Vernon&rft.atitle=Where+the+Cherry+Tree+Grew%3A+An+Interview+with+Phillip+Levy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Fgeorge-washington%2Fthe-man-the-myth%2Fwhere-the-cherry-tree-grew-an-interview-with-phillip-levy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Urwin_(October_19,_2021)" class="citation journal cs1">Urwin, Gregory J. W. (October 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/10/the-yorktown-tragedy-washingtons-slave-roundup/#:~:text=On%20October%2019%2C%201781%2C%20Gen,under%20the%20command%20of%20Lt.">"The Yorktown Tragedy: Washington's Slave Roundup"</a>. The Journal of the American Revolution. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220320201354/https://allthingsliberty.com/2021/10/the-yorktown-tragedy-washingtons-slave-roundup/#:~:text=On%20October%2019%2C%201781%2C%20Gen,under%20the%20command%20of%20Lt.">Archived</a> from the original on March 20, 2022. Retrieved June 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.atitle=The+Yorktown+Tragedy%3A+Washington%27s+Slave+Roundup&rft.date=2021-10-19&rft.aulast=Urwin&rft.aufirst=Gregory+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fallthingsliberty.com%2F2021%2F10%2Fthe-yorktown-tragedy-washingtons-slave-roundup%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOn%2520October%252019%252C%25201781%252C%2520Gen%2Cunder%2520the%2520command%2520of%2520Lt.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about George Washington <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+Washington">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=George+Washington&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurtis2006" class="citation magazine cs1">Curtis, Wayne (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/05/the-father-of-the-pina-colada/304787/">"The Father of the Pina Colada?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Father+of+the+Pina+Colada%3F&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.aulast=Curtis&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2006%2F05%2Fthe-father-of-the-pina-colada%2F304787%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Cohen, Andrew (November 1, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2011/11/what-george-washington-thought-about-the-constitution/247688/">"What George Washington Thought About the Constitution"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=What+George+Washington+Thought+About+the+Constitution&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fpolitics%2Farchive%2F2011%2F11%2Fwhat-george-washington-thought-about-the-constitution%2F247688%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Lewis, Danny (September 22, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-washingtons-biracial-family-new-recognition-180960553/">"George Washington's Biracial Family Is Getting New Recognition"</a>. Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=George+Washington%27s+Biracial+Family+Is+Getting+New+Recognition&rft.date=2016-09-22&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Fgeorge-washingtons-biracial-family-new-recognition-180960553%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGood2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Good, Cassandra (September 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/09/george-washington-donald-trump/571588/">"Did George Washington 'Have a Couple of Things in His Past'?"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Did+George+Washington+%27Have+a+Couple+of+Things+in+His+Past%27%3F&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft.aulast=Good&rft.aufirst=Cassandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F09%2Fgeorge-washington-donald-trump%2F571588%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZegart2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Zegart, Amy (November 25, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/11/george-washington-was-master-deception/576565/">"George Washington Was a Master of Deception"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=George+Washington+Was+a+Master+of+Deception&rft.date=2018-11-25&rft.aulast=Zegart&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fideas%2Farchive%2F2018%2F11%2Fgeorge-washington-was-master-deception%2F576565%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWulf2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Wulf, Karin (April 7, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/presidents-cabinet-was-invention-americas-first-president-180974611/">"The President's Cabinet Was an Invention of America's First President"</a>. Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=The+President%27s+Cabinet+Was+an+Invention+of+America%27s+First+President&rft.date=2020-04-07&rft.aulast=Wulf&rft.aufirst=Karin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fpresidents-cabinet-was-invention-americas-first-president-180974611%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Coe, Alexis (February 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george-washington-saw-future-america-mules-180974182/">"George Washington Saw a Future for America: Mules"</a>. Smithsonian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=George+Washington+Saw+a+Future+for+America%3A+Mules&rft.date=2020-02-12&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory%2Fgeorge-washington-saw-future-america-mules-180974182%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImmerwahr2023" class="citation magazine cs1">Immerwahr, Daniel (January 31, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2023/03/george-washington-burn-new-york-great-fire-1776/672780/">"Did George Washington Burn New York?"</a>. The Atlantic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Did+George+Washington+Burn+New+York%3F&rft.date=2023-01-31&rft.aulast=Immerwahr&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2023%2F03%2Fgeorge-washington-burn-new-york-great-fire-1776%2F672780%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Washington" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235611614">.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);margin:0.5em 0;padding:0.2em;line-height:1.5em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-header{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-listen-to{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-files{text-align:center;margin-top:10px;margin-bottom:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-icon{float:left;margin-left:5px;margin-top:10px}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer{margin-left:60px;margin-top:10px;font-size:95%;line-height:1.4em}.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia-footer{margin-top:10px;text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .spoken-wikipedia{width:20em;float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="spoken-wikipedia noprint haudio"><div class="spoken-wikipedia-header">Listen to this article (1 hour and 51 minutes)</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-files"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" style="width:200px;" data-durationhint="6690" data-mwtitle="En-George_Washington-article.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/En-George_Washington-article.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/35/En-George_Washington-article.ogg/En-George_Washington-article.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-George_Washington-article.ogg" title="File:En-George Washington-article.ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 2 March 2019 (2019-03-02), and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org">George Washington's Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/about/Washington">The Papers of George Washington</a>, subset of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/">Founders Online</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">National Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/4659">Works by George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/creator/14316">Works by George Washington</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23#P4081" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p004y28v">In Our Time: Washington & the American Revolution</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Carol Berkin, Simon Middleton, & Colin Bonwick (June 24, 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00804yk">Great Lives: George Washington</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Matthew Parris, Michael Rose, & Frank Grizzard (October 21, 2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/presidents/?president=1">George Washington</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://millercenter.org/president/washington">Scholarly coverage of Washington</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center, University of Virginia</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Washington" title="Template:George Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Washington" title="Template talk:George Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the Army</a> (1798–1799)</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> (1775–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Revolutionary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">Washington in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-chief, Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Aides-de-camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">Washington's headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent" title="George Washington's tent">office and sleeping tent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware River crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Spy Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Resignation as commander-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Before_Boston_Medal" title="Washington Before Boston Medal">Washington Before Boston Medal</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Other U.S. founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">inaugural bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Second inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton" title="George Washington's reception at Trenton">Reception at Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Title of "Mr. President"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_act_to_regulate_the_time_and_manner_of_administering_certain_oaths" title="An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths">Oath Administration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Acts of 1792</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Administration,_Cabinet_and_Supreme_Court_appointments" title="Presidency of George Washington">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington" title="List of federal judges appointed by George Washington">Federal judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views and public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Town Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life_(1732–1753)">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Fishery" title="George Washington's Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">Gristmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Whiskey distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn Plantation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Hasbrouck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">First Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Second Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_relations_with_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy">Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery" title="Mountain Road Lottery">Mountain Road Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Memorials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_State_Park" title="Washington Monument State Park">Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">Washington Monument (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)">George Washington (Houdon)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(copy_of_bust_by_Houdon)" title="George Washington (copy of bust by Houdon)">plaster copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Ceracchi)" title="George Washington (Ceracchi)">George Washington (Ceracchi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)" title="George Washington (Canova)">George Washington (Canova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)">George Washington (Greenough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Trumbull)" title="George Washington (Trumbull)">George Washington (Trumbull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_at_Trenton" title="General George Washington at Trenton">General George Washington at Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Verplanck%27s_Point" title="Washington at Verplanck's Point">Washington at Verplanck's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Portrait" title="Athenaeum Portrait">Unfinished portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">Lansdowne portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton">Washington at Princeton paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Washington_Taking_the_Salute_at_Trenton" title="Portrait of George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton">George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_to_Washington_on_April_21,_1789,_at_Trenton_on_his_way_to_New_York_to_Assume_the_Duties_of_the_Presidency_of_the_United_States" title="Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States">Reception at Trenton painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Battle_Monument" title="Trenton Battle Monument">Trenton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_View_(West)" title="Point of View (West)">Point of View sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_on_Horseback" title="George Washington on Horseback">George Washington on Horseback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of George Washington (Austin, Texas)">Austin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bartholomew)" title="George Washington (Bartholomew)">Baltimore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of George Washington (Mexico City)">Mexico City statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Morristown, New Jersey)">Morristown statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Newark)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Newark)">Newark statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (New York City)">New York City statue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Wall_Street)" title="Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)">Wall Street statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Paris statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of George Washington (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)">Perth Amboy statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bailly)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Bailly)">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">Portland statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Washington_Circle)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)">Washington, D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Washington Monument (West Point)">West Point monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial" title="George Washington Masonic National Memorial">Washington Masonic National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch" title="Washington Square Arch">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bicentennial_stamps_of_1932" title="Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932">1932 bicentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#George_Washington" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">D.C. and territories quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Instructing_Youth" title="History Instructing Youth">History Instructing Youth dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">Washington dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">Silver bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_nickel" title="Washington nickel">Washington nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_half_eagle" title="George Washington half eagle">Washington half eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_250th_Anniversary_half_dollar" title="George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar">250th Anniversary half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)">George Washington (1984 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">1986 sequel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)" title="The Crossing (2000 film)">The Crossing (2000 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Fight_to_Be_Free" title="We Fight to Be Free">We Fight to Be Free (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies" title="Turn: Washington's Spies">Turn: Washington's Spies (2014–2017 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_that_Made_America" title="The War that Made America">The War that Made America (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington (2020 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems#The_cherry-tree_anecdote" title="Mason Locke Weems">Cherry-tree anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Farm#Washington_at_River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing" title="Washington's Crossing">Washington's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">1751 Barbados trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Mansion_replicas" title="Mount Vernon Mansion replicas">Mount Vernon replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">Attempted theft of Washington's skull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (step-grandson, adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John A. Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gale" title="Mildred Gale">Mildred Gale</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">George Reade</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_(slave)" title="Betty (slave)">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Branham" title="Caroline Branham">Caroline Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costin" title="William Costin">William Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sheels" title="Christopher Sheels">Christopher Sheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Squash" title="Deborah Squash">Deborah Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Washington" title="Harry Washington">Harry Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Office established </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Commander in Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> 1775–1783 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a></div>as <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer</a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the United States Army</a> 1798–1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Hugh West</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Burgesses" title="House of Burgesses">Virginia House of Burgesses</a> 1758–1775 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;">Office abolished </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Office established </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Delegate from <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a> 1774–1775 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1789–1797 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1776)</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellor of the College of William & Mary</a> 1788–1799 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1859)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield#Presidency_(1881)" title="James A. Garfield">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Continental_Association" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Continental_Association" title="Template:Continental Association"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Continental_Association" title="Template talk:Continental Association"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Continental_Association" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Continental Association"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Continental_Association" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Signatories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">President of Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Folsom" title="Nathaniel Folsom">Nathaniel Folsom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts Bay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cushing" title="Thomas Cushing">Thomas Cushing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Robert Treat Paine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rhode Island</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(politician)" title="Stephen Hopkins (politician)">Stephen Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(Rhode_Island_politician)" title="Samuel Ward (Rhode Island politician)">Samuel Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliphalet_Dyer" title="Eliphalet Dyer">Eliphalet Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Silas Deane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Low" title="Isaac Low">Isaac Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Alsop" title="John Alsop">John Alsop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Duane" title="James Duane">James Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Philip Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">William Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wisner" title="Henry Wisner">Henry Wisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Boerum" title="Simon Boerum">Simon Boerum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Kinsey" title="James Kinsey">James Kinsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Crane_(Continental_Congress)" title="Stephen Crane (Continental Congress)">Stephen Crane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Smith_(Continental_Congress)" title="Richard Smith (Continental Congress)">Richard Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_De_Hart" title="John De Hart">John De Hart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Galloway" title="Joseph Galloway">Joseph Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Humphreys" title="Charles Humphreys">Charles Humphreys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Biddle" title="Edward Biddle">Edward Biddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(American_politician)" title="John Morton (American politician)">John Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(American_politician)" title="George Ross (American politician)">George Ross</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The Lower Counties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Caesar Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">Thomas McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Tilghman" title="Matthew Tilghman">Matthew Tilghman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johnson_(jurist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Johnson (jurist)">Thomas Johnson, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">William Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry, Junr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland" title="Richard Bland">Richard Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Benjamin Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pendleton" title="Edmund Pendleton">Edmund Pendleton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">William Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Joseph Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Caswell" title="Richard Caswell">Richard Caswell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Middleton" title="Henry Middleton">Henry Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_(statesman)" title="Thomas Lynch (statesman)">Thomas Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gadsden" title="Christopher Gadsden">Christopher Gadsden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_and_Resolves_of_the_First_Continental_Congress" title="Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress">Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson" title="Charles Thomson">Charles Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journals_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="Journals of the Continental Congress">Journals of the Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpenters%27_Hall" title="Carpenters' Hall">Carpenters' Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constitution of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constitution_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Preamble to the United States Constitution">Preamble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Five_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Five of the United States Constitution">V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Six_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Six of the United States Constitution">VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Seven_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Seven of the United States Constitution">VII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Amendments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Second Amendment to the United States Constitution">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Third Amendment to the United States Constitution">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Ninth Amendment to the United States Constitution">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">10</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1795–1804</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Amendments" title="Reconstruction Amendments">Reconstruction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twentieth Amendment to the United States Constitution">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-seventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">27</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Unratified</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Apportionment_Amendment" title="Congressional Apportionment Amendment">Congressional Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titles_of_Nobility_Amendment" title="Titles of Nobility Amendment">Titles of Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_Labor_Amendment" title="Child Labor Amendment">Child Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Rights_Amendment" title="Equal Rights Amendment">Equal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Voting_Rights_Amendment" title="District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment">District of Columbia Voting Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="List of proposed amendments to the Constitution of the United States">Proposed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balanced_budget_amendment" title="Balanced budget amendment">Balanced budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bricker_Amendment" title="Bricker Amendment">Bricker amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_finance_reform_amendment" title="Campaign finance reform amendment">Campaign finance reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">Christian amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_abolition_amendment" title="Electoral College abolition amendment">Electoral College abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Opportunity_to_Govern_Amendment" title="Equal Opportunity to Govern Amendment">Equal Opportunity to Govern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Marriage_Amendment" title="Federal Marriage Amendment">Federal Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Desecration_Amendment" title="Flag Desecration Amendment">Flag Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Life_Amendment" title="Human Life Amendment">Human Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_%22Liberty%22_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Proposed "Liberty" Amendment to the United States Constitution">"Liberty" amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Amendment" title="Ludlow Amendment">Ludlow amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_Rights_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Parental Rights Amendment to the United States Constitution">Parental Rights amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_Prayer_Amendment" title="School Prayer Amendment">School Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_subject_amendment" title="Single subject amendment">Single subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victims%27_Rights_Amendment" title="Victims' Rights Amendment">Victims' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convention_to_propose_amendments_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution">Convention to propose amendments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_ratifying_conventions" title="State ratifying conventions">State ratifying conventions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="History of the United States Constitution">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Philadelphia Convention</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Plan" title="Virginia Plan">Virginia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Plan" title="New Jersey Plan">New Jersey Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Compromise" title="Connecticut Compromise">Connecticut Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Detail" title="Committee of Detail">Committee of Detail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">List of Framers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Signing of the United States Constitution">Signing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Printing of the United States Constitution">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalist_Papers" title="Anti-Federalist Papers">Anti-Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Compromise" title="Massachusetts Compromise">Massachusetts Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Ratifying_Convention" title="Virginia Ratifying Convention">Virginia Ratifying Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Convention" title="Hillsborough Convention">Hillsborough Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayetteville_Convention" title="Fayetteville Convention">Fayetteville Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution_by_Rhode_Island" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution by Rhode Island">Rhode Island ratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_drafting_and_ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution">Drafting and ratification timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_clauses_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="List of clauses of the United States Constitution">Clauses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">Admission to the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriations_bill_(United_States)" title="Appropriations bill (United States)">Appropriations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition_in_the_United_States" title="Right to petition in the United States">Assemble and Petition Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistance_of_Counsel_Clause" title="Assistance of Counsel Clause">Assistance of Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_or_Controversy_Clause" title="Case or Controversy Clause">Case or Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_Clause" title="Citizenship Clause">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Clause" title="Commerce Clause">Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_compact" title="Interstate compact">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_Process_Clause" title="Compulsory Process Clause">Compulsory Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confrontation_Clause" title="Confrontation Clause">Confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_power_of_enforcement" title="Congressional power of enforcement">Congressional enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">Contingent Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_Clause" title="Contract Clause">Contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Clause" title="Copyright Clause">Copyright and Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Jeopardy_Clause" title="Double Jeopardy Clause">Double Jeopardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Elections clause">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_Clause" title="Engagements Clause">Engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Protection_Clause" title="Equal Protection Clause">Equal Protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Original_and_appellate_jurisdiction" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excessive_Bail_Clause" title="Excessive Bail Clause">Excessive Bail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex_post_facto_law#United_States" title="Ex post facto law">Ex Post Facto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extradition_Clause" title="Extradition Clause">Extradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of the press in the United States">Freedom of the Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of speech in the United States">Freedom of Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Clause" title="Fugitive Slave Clause">Fugitive Slave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Faith_and_Credit_Clause" title="Full Faith and Credit Clause">Full Faith and Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause#General_Welfare_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarantee_Clause" title="Guarantee Clause">Guarantee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_apportionment" title="United States congressional apportionment">House Apportionment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">Impeachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import-Export_Clause" title="Import-Export Clause">Import-Export</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Ineligibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_8" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural-born-citizen_clause_(United_States)" title="Natural-born-citizen clause (United States)">Natural-born citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necessary_and_Proper_Clause" title="Necessary and Proper Clause">Necessary and Proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_Religious_Test_Clause" title="No Religious Test Clause">No Religious Test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_of_office_of_the_president_of_the_United_States" title="Oath of office of the president of the United States">Oath or Affirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">Original Jurisdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origination_Clause" title="Origination Clause">Origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_pardons_in_the_United_States" title="Federal pardons in the United States">Pardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postal_Clause" title="Postal Clause">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentment_Clause" title="Presentment Clause">Presentment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Presidential Electors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_line_of_succession" title="United States presidential line of succession">Presidential succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_and_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges and Immunities Clause">Privileges and Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileges_or_Immunities_Clause" title="Privileges or Immunities Clause">Privileges or Immunities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">Recess appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_2:_Making_recommendations_to_Congress" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Recommendation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Self-incrimination" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Self-Incrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_or_Debate_Clause" title="Speech or Debate Clause">Speech or Debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speedy_Trial_Clause" title="Speedy Trial Clause">Speedy Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_1:_State_of_the_Union" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">State of the Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_One_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Section_9" title="Article One of the United States Constitution">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Two_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Clause_5:_Caring_for_the_faithful_execution_of_the_law" title="Article Two of the United States Constitution">Take Care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution#Eminent_domain" title="Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Takings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">Taxing and Spending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_Four_of_the_United_States_Constitution#Federal_property_and_the_Territorial_Clause" title="Article Four of the United States Constitution">Territorial</a></li> <li>Title of Nobility (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Emoluments_Clause" title="Foreign Emoluments Clause">Foreign Emoluments</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Clause" title="Treaty Clause">Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jury_trial#United_States" title="Jury trial">Trial by Jury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesting_Clauses" title="Vesting Clauses">Vesting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Legislative_Vesting_Clause" title="Legislative Vesting Clause">Legislative</a> / <a href="/wiki/Executive_Vesting_Clause" title="Executive Vesting Clause">Executive</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Vesting_Clause" title="Judicial Vesting Clause">Judicial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicinage_Clause" title="Vicinage Clause">Vicinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_Powers_Clause" title="War Powers Clause">War Powers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interpretation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(federalism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Balance of power (federalism)">Balance of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_powers" title="Concurrent powers">Concurrent powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law_of_the_United_States" title="Constitutional law of the United States">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_criminal_procedure" title="United States constitutional criminal procedure">Criminal procedure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_constitutional_sentencing_law" title="United States constitutional sentencing law">Criminal sentencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dormant_Commerce_Clause" title="Dormant Commerce Clause">Dormant Commerce Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enumerated_powers_(United_States)" title="Enumerated powers (United States)">Enumerated powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_footing" title="Equal footing">Equal footing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">Executive privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">Implied powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">Incorporation of the Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial review in the United States">Judicial review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondelegation_doctrine#United_States" title="Nondelegation doctrine">Nondelegation doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plenary_power" title="Plenary power">Plenary power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_preemption" title="Federal preemption">Preemption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserved_powers" title="Reserved powers">Reserved powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxbe_fix" title="Saxbe fix">Saxbe fix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Separation of powers under the United States Constitution">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetric_federalism" title="Symmetric federalism">Symmetric federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_constitutional_arguments" title="Tax protester constitutional arguments">Taxation power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Framers" class="mw-redirect" title="Framers">Signatories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention President</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Hampshire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon_(politician)" title="John Langdon (politician)">John Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Massachusetts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connecticut</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">William Samuel Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New York</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">William Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pennsylvania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delaware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Read_(American_politician,_born_1733)" title="George Read (American politician, born 1733)">George Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford Jr.">Gunning Bedford Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett_(Delaware_politician)" title="Richard Bassett (Delaware politician)">Richard Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maryland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll" title="Daniel Carroll">Daniel Carroll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virginia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_Jr." title="John Blair Jr.">John Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount" title="William Blount">William Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Carolina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney_(governor)" title="Charles Pinckney (governor)">Charles Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(American_politician)" title="Pierce Butler (American politician)">Pierce Butler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Georgia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Convention Secretary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(secretary)" title="William Jackson (secretary)">William Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Notes_of_Debates_in_the_Federal_Convention_of_1787" title="Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787">Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Shallus" title="Jacob Shallus">Jacob Shallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Bibliography of the United States Constitution">Bibliography of the United States Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Display and legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Building" title="National Archives Building">National Archives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Mall_(Philadelphia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence Mall (Philadelphia)">Independence Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_and_Citizenship_Day" title="Constitution Day and Citizenship Day">Constitution Day and Citizenship Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Gardens" title="Constitution Gardens">Constitution Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Week" title="Constitution Week">Constitution Week</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States">Scene at the Signing of the Constitution</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)">A More Perfect Union</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_influence_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Worldwide influence of the Constitution of the United States">Worldwide influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Template talk:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Army_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Army Chiefs of Staff"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_United_States_Army" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer / Commanding General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Doughty" title="John Doughty">Doughty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Harmar" title="Josiah Harmar">Harmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Brown_(general)" title="Jacob Brown (general)">J. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_(general)" title="Alexander Macomb (general)">Macomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">W. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Halleck" title="Henry Halleck">Halleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Schofield" title="John Schofield">Schofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Miles</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army"><img alt="Flag of the Vice Chief of Staff of the Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Baldwin_Marks_Young" title="Samuel Baldwin Marks Young">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adna_Chaffee" title="Adna Chaffee">Chaffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Bates" title="John C. Bates">Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Franklin_Bell" title="J. Franklin Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Wood" title="Leonard Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wallace_Wotherspoon" title="William Wallace Wotherspoon">Wotherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_L._Scott" title="Hugh L. Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_H._Bliss" title="Tasker H. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyton_C._March" title="Peyton C. March">March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_L._Hines" title="John L. Hines">Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pelot_Summerall" title="Charles Pelot Summerall">Summerall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Craig" title="Malin Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Ridgway" title="Matthew Ridgway">Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Keith_Johnson" title="Harold Keith Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_W._Rogers" title="Bernard W. Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Meyer" title="Edward C. Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_E._Vuono" title="Carl E. Vuono">Vuono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schoomaker" title="Peter Schoomaker">Schoomaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_T._Odierno" title="Raymond T. Odierno">Odierno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Army">Vice Chiefs of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J._Lawton_Collins" title="J. Lawton Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade_H._Haislip" title="Wade H. Haislip">Haislip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Hull" title="John E. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Bolte" title="Charles L. Bolte">Bolte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williston_B._Palmer" title="Williston B. Palmer">W. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Decker" title="George Decker">Decker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_D._Eddleman" title="Clyde D. Eddleman">Eddleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barksdale_Hamlett" title="Barksdale Hamlett">Hamlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creighton_Abrams" title="Creighton Abrams">Abrams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Haines_Jr." title="Ralph E. Haines Jr.">Haines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Palmer_Jr." title="Bruce Palmer Jr.">B. Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Haig" title="Alexander Haig">Haig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_C._Weyand" title="Frederick C. Weyand">Weyand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_T._Kerwin_Jr." title="Walter T. Kerwin Jr.">Kerwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kroesen" title="Frederick Kroesen">Kroesen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Wickham_Jr." title="John A. Wickham Jr.">Wickham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_R._Thurman" title="Maxwell R. Thurman">Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_E._Brown_Jr." title="Arthur E. Brown Jr.">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._RisCassi" title="Robert W. RisCassi">RisCassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Sullivan" title="Gordon R. Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Reimer" title="Dennis Reimer">Reimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Binford_Peay_III" title="J. H. Binford Peay III">Peay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Tilelli_Jr." title="John H. Tilelli Jr.">Tilelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_H._Griffith" title="Ronald H. Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crouch" title="William W. Crouch">Crouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Shinseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Keane" title="Jack Keane">Keane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Casey_Jr." title="George W. Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Cody" title="Richard A. Cody">Cody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Chiarelli" title="Peter W. Chiarelli">Chiarelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Austin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Campbell_(general)" title="John F. Campbell (general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_B._Allyn" title="Daniel B. Allyn">Allyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_C._McConville" title="James C. McConville">McConville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Martin" title="Joseph M. Martin">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_George" title="Randy George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Mingus" title="James J. Mingus">Mingus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after Saratoga">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement (by  colony or location)</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The Turtle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Steuben_Day" title="Von Steuben Day">Von Steuben Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_American_Revolution_holidays" title="Minor American Revolution holidays">Minor holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesquicentennial_Exposition" title="Sesquicentennial Exposition">Sesquicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bicentennial" title="United States Bicentennial">Bicentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Semiquincentennial" title="United States Semiquincentennial">Semiquincentennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Children of the American Revolution">Children of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Daughters of the American Revolution">Daughters of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Sons of the American Revolution">Sons of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Revolution" title="Sons of the Revolution">Sons of the Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charters_of_Freedom" title="Charters of Freedom">Charters of Freedom Rotunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Museum of the American Revolution">Museum of the American Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Washington_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_family" title="Template:Washington family"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_family" title="Template talk:Washington family"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_family" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington family"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Washington_family" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Washington family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1602%E2%80%931652)" title="Lawrence Washington (1602–1652)">Lawrence Washington (1602–1652)</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:COA_George_Washington.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/COA_George_Washington.svg/75px-COA_George_Washington.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/COA_George_Washington.svg/113px-COA_George_Washington.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/COA_George_Washington.svg/150px-COA_George_Washington.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="361" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms of the Washington family</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Second generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fourth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Washington" title="Bailey Washington">Bailey Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fifth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John Augustine Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Henry_Washington_(planter)" title="Henry Washington (planter)">Henry Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_Washington" title="William Washington">William Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Washington_Jr." title="Bailey Washington Jr.">Bailey Washington Jr.</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lund_Washington" title="Lund Washington">Lund Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sixth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/William_Augustine_Washington" title="William Augustine Washington">William Augustine Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Steptoe_Washington" title="George Steptoe Washington">George Steptoe Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Augustine_Washington" title="Lawrence Augustine Washington">Lawrence Augustine Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bottom_Farm#George_W._Washington" title="Washington Bottom Farm">George William Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seventh generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_Thornton_Augustine_Washington" title="John Thornton Augustine Washington">John Thornton Augustine Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Corbin_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="George Corbin Washington">George Corbin Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_C._Washington" title="Bushrod C. Washington">Bushrod C. Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Peter_Grayson_Washington" title="Peter Grayson Washington">Peter Grayson Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eighth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berry_Washington" title="Lawrence Berry Washington">Lawrence Berry Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Washington" title="Benjamin Franklin Washington">Benjamin Franklin Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/William_D._Washington" title="William D. Washington">William D. Washington</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Washington" title="Eugenia Washington">Eugenia Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tenth generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/W._Selden_Washington" title="W. Selden Washington">W. Selden Washington</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dt>Washington family residences</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Abingdon_(plantation)" title="Abingdon (plantation)">Abingdon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">Arlington House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blakeley_(West_Virginia)" title="Blakeley (West Virginia)">Blakeley</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cedar_Lawn" title="Cedar Lawn">Cedar Lawn</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Claymont_Court" title="Claymont Court">Claymont Court</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fairfield_(Berryville,_Virginia)" title="Fairfield (Berryville, Virginia)">Fairfield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">George Washington Birthplace National Monument</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Happy_Retreat" title="Happy Retreat">Happy Retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Harewood_(West_Virginia)" title="Harewood (West Virginia)">Harewood</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mary_Washington_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Washington House">Mary Washington House</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Richwood_Hall" title="Richwood Hall">Richwood Hall</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bottom_Farm" title="Washington Bottom Farm">Ridgedale</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Tavern_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Rising Sun Tavern (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Rising Sun Tavern</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sulgrave" title="Sulgrave">Sulgrave</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Washington_Old_Hall" title="Washington Old Hall">Washington Old Hall</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_George_Washington_(1789–1797)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_cabinet" title="Template:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_cabinet" title="Template talk:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_George_Washington_(1789–1797)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a> (1789–1797)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1789–1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/100px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/150px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg/200px-Gilbert_Stuart_Williamstown_Portrait_of_George_Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4628" data-file-height="5619" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1797)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Washington_and_Lee_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Template:Washington and Lee University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Template talk:Washington and Lee University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Washington and Lee University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Washington_and_Lee_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The College</li> <li>Williams School of Commerce, Economics, and Politics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law" title="Washington and Lee University School of Law">School of Law</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg/200px-2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg/300px-2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg/400px-2008-0831-WashingtonandLeeUniversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4827" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triad_(fraternities)#Lexington_Triad" class="mw-redirect" title="Triad (fraternities)">Lexington Triad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omicron_Delta_Kappa" title="Omicron Delta Kappa">Omicron Delta Kappa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadaver_Society" title="Cadaver Society">Cadaver Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Society" title="Sigma Society">Sigma Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Mock_Convention" title="Washington and Lee Mock Convention">Washington and Lee Mock Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Generals" title="Washington and Lee Generals">Washington and Lee Generals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Dominion_Athletic_Conference" title="Old Dominion Athletic Conference">Old Dominion Athletic Conference</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Swing" title="Washington and Lee Swing">Washington and Lee Swing</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_(magazine)" title="Shenandoah (magazine)">Shenandoah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WLUR" title="WLUR">WLUR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Family_Digital_Archive" title="Lee Family Digital Archive">Lee Family Digital Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_Law_Review" title="Washington and Lee Law Review">Washington and Lee Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Law_Journal" title="German Law Journal">German Law Journal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_Washington_and_Lee_University" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of Washington and Lee University">University presidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington_and_Lee_University_people" title="List of Washington and Lee University people">Alumni and faculty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Campus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_Historic_District" title="Washington and Lee University Historic District">Colonnade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Chapel" title="University Chapel">University Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall_Site" title="Liberty Hall Site">Liberty Hall Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University_School_of_Law#Facilities" title="Washington and Lee University School of Law">Sydney Lewis Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#003399;color:#FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Washington_and_Lee_University" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Washington and Lee University">Commons</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Category:Washington and Lee University">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #115740; color: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #B9975B, inset -2px -2px 0 #B9975B;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Template talk:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:College_of_William_%26_Mary_chancellors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:College of William & Mary chancellors"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chancellors_of_the_College_of_William_&amp;_Mary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="Chancellor of the College of William & Mary">Chancellors of the College of William & Mary</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1693–1700)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tenison" title="Thomas Tenison">Thomas Tenison</a> (1700–1707)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Compton_(bishop)" title="Henry Compton (bishop)">Henry Compton</a> (1707–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Robinson_(bishop_of_London)" title="John Robinson (bishop of London)">John Robinson</a> (1714–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1721–1729)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1729–1736)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wake" title="William Wake">William Wake</a> (1736–1737)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Gibson" title="Edmund Gibson">Edmund Gibson</a> (1737–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sherlock" title="Thomas Sherlock">Thomas Sherlock</a> (1749–1761)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hayter" title="Thomas Hayter">Thomas Hayter</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wyndham,_2nd_Earl_of_Egremont" title="Charles Wyndham, 2nd Earl of Egremont">Charles Wyndham</a> (1762–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Yorke,_1st_Earl_of_Hardwicke" title="Philip Yorke, 1st Earl of Hardwicke">Philip Yorke</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Terrick" title="Richard Terrick">Richard Terrick</a> (1764–1776)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a> (1788–1799)</li> <li>Vacant (1800–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (1859–1862)</li> <li>Vacant (1863–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Blair_Grigsby" title="Hugh Blair Grigsby">Hugh Blair Grigsby</a> (1871–1881)</li> <li>Vacant (1882–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stewart_Bryan" title="John Stewart Bryan">John Stewart Bryan</a> (1942–1944)</li> <li>Vacant (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgate_Darden" title="Colgate Darden">Colgate Darden</a> (1946–1947)</li> <li>Vacant (1948–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Duke_Chandler" title="Alvin Duke Chandler">Alvin Duke Chandler</a> (1962–1974)</li> <li>Vacant (1975–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren E. Burger</a> (1986–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a> (1993–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (2000–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a> (2005–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2012–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Template talk:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hall of Fame for Great Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans_inductees" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Fame_for_Great_Americans" title="Hall of Fame for Great Americans">Hall of Fame for Great Americans</a> inductees</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_James_Audubon" title="John James Audubon">John James Audubon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ward_Beecher" title="Henry Ward Beecher">Henry Ward Beecher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Boone" title="Daniel Boone">Daniel Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Booth" title="Edwin Booth">Edwin Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis" title="Louis Brandeis">Louis Brandeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Brooks" title="Phillips Brooks">Phillips Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Luther Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Carver" title="George Washington Carver">George Washington Carver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery_Channing" title="William Ellery Channing">William Ellery Channing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_Choate" title="Rufus Choate">Rufus Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Fenimore_Cooper" title="James Fenimore Cooper">James Fenimore Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cooper" title="Peter Cooper">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Cushman" title="Charlotte Cushman">Charlotte Cushman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan_Eads" title="James Buchanan Eads">James Buchanan Eads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Alva Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Farragut" title="David Farragut">David Farragut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah W. Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Gorgas" title="William C. Gorgas">William C. Gorgas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Patrick Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Sr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Howe" title="Elias Howe">Elias Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Thomas J. Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kent_(jurist)" title="James Kent (jurist)">James Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lanier" title="Sidney Lanier">Sidney Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wadsworth_Longfellow" title="Henry Wadsworth Longfellow">Henry Wadsworth Longfellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_MacDowell" title="Edward MacDowell">Edward MacDowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Mann" title="Horace Mann">Horace Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Fontaine_Maury" title="Matthew Fontaine Maury">Matthew Fontaine Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._G._Morton" title="William T. G. Morton">William T. G. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">John Lothrop Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Freeman_Palmer" title="Alice Freeman Palmer">Alice Freeman Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parkman" title="Francis Parkman">Francis Parkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Peabody" title="George Peabody">George Peabody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Penn" title="William Penn">William Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reed" title="Walter Reed">Walter Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Saint-Gaudens" title="Augustus Saint-Gaudens">Augustus Saint-Gaudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvanus_Thayer" title="Sylvanus Thayer">Sylvanus Thayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Westinghouse" title="George Westinghouse">George Westinghouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McNeill_Whistler" title="James McNeill Whistler">James McNeill Whistler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Whitney" title="Eli Whitney">Eli Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Greenleaf_Whittier" title="John Greenleaf Whittier">John Greenleaf Whittier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances Willard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Orville Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wilbur Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mount_Rushmore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mount_Rushmore" title="Template talk:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mount_Rushmore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mount Rushmore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mount_Rushmore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Shrine of Democracy</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction_of_Mount_Rushmore" title="Construction of Mount Rushmore">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gutzon_Borglum" title="Gutzon Borglum">Gutzon Borglum</a> (sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum" title="Lincoln Borglum">Lincoln Borglum</a> (assistant sculptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Del_Bianco" title="Luigi Del Bianco">Luigi Del Bianco</a> (chief carver)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_K._Long" title="Walter K. Long">Walter K. Long</a> (assisted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doane_Robinson" title="Doane Robinson">Doane Robinson</a> (conceived idea)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Norbeck" title="Peter Norbeck">Peter Norbeck</a> (political promoter, <a href="/wiki/Norbeck-Williamson_Act_of_1929" title="Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929">Norbeck-Williamson Act of 1929</a>)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountrushmore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/150px-Mountrushmore.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/225px-Mountrushmore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Mountrushmore.jpg/300px-Mountrushmore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museum</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Borglum_Museum" title="Lincoln Borglum Museum">Lincoln Borglum Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hills" title="Black Hills">Black Hills of South Dakota</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_in_popular_culture" title="Mount Rushmore in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_United_States" title="National symbols of the United States">National symbols of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rushmore" title="Charles E. Rushmore">Charles E. Rushmore</a> (namesake)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Fireworks_Celebration" title="Mount Rushmore Fireworks Celebration">2020 fireworks celebration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_Syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Monument Syndrome">Mount Rushmore Syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-14)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-14)">USS Rushmore (LSD-14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Rushmore_(LSD-47)" title="USS Rushmore (LSD-47)">USS Rushmore (LSD-47)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/21px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_Virginia.svg/42px-Flag_of_Virginia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Virginia" title="Portal:Virginia">Virginia</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">George Washington at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/George_Washington" class="extiw" title="c:George Washington">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Washington" class="extiw" title="q:George Washington">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:George_Washington" class="extiw" title="s:Author:George Washington">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120958599">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/31432428">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/178100/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqbpDBD64r9PpbTvjtVG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11876439X">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86140996">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928912p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11928912p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621629">Japan</a></li><li>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/DDSV225300">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35592539">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990008936&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000025437&CON_LNG=ENG">Russia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1157500">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.bibnat.ro:8991/F/?func=direct&local_base=NLR10&doc_number=000240883">Romania</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/64839">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069038171">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90137110">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000136724&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000140251&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000039484">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=102286">Greece</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=98690">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000049261">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201620955">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hftwzz7114kdn4n">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810655045105606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70107">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269882405171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514739006706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14248307">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01665235?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500126198">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/b0eb9de7-74d7-4177-9ac0-4f54cf462c76">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/255f3478-efee-4ff7-8d00-560e222e27b0">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/105416">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/04192516">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=W000178">US Congress</a></li><li><a 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(New Zealand)</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/115434">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Washington&oldid=1259178968">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Washington&oldid=1259178968</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">George Washington</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1732_births" title="Category:1732 births">1732 births</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCheatham2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChernow2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoakley1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoe2020\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCollins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooke2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCraughwell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCresswell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCunliffe1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCurtis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDalzellDalzell1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelbanco1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDryfoos2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElkinsMcKitrick1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot1827\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstes2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstes2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEtter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarner1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerling2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFessenden2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirst_Congress1791\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishmanPedersonRozell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick1936\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFleming2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlexner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFordHuntFitzpatrick1904\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrazer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreedman2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurstenberg2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaff2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelb2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGenovese2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGood2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreggSpalding1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrizzard2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrizzard2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarless2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayes2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenriques2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeydt2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHigginbotham2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHindle2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirschfeld1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHirsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmekus2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImmerwahr2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIrving1857\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaacson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJensen1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJillsonWilson1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnstone1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKetchum1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleber1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoehler2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLancasterPlumb1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawler2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLear1799\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLengel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevy2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLightnerReeder1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLurie2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaloy2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaulden2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullough2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiddlekauff2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorens1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorrison2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayBlessing,_Tim_H.1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNagy2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewtonFreemanBickley1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNovakNovak2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParryAllison1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeabody2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilbrick2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPreston2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPuls2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRandall2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasmussenTilton1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiley1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowe2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSauter2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchultz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSobel1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpaldingGarrity1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks1839\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStavish2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrickland1840\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSubak2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrickey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsakiridis2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwohig2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVadakan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVan_Doren1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaldmanBraun2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallenborn1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWarren\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington1783\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington1788\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWashington1789\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWashington1799\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWeems1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiencek2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillard1781\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillcoxArnstein1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulf2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWulf2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZegart2018\"] = 1,\n [\"Urwin_(October_19,_2021)\"] = 1,\n [\"smith1907a\"] = 1,\n [\"smith1907b\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"American Revolutionary War\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BHL author\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 114,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 19,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 62,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"College of William \u0026 Mary chancellors\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 14,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Washington, George\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 12,\n [\"George Washington\"] = 1,\n [\"Good article\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"Hall of Fame for Great Americans\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Indented plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 4,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox U.S. Cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 20,\n [\"Main article\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Mount Rushmore\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 4,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 7,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 5,\n [\"OldStyleDateDY\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 7,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 5,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-break\"] = 2,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-mil\"] = 1,\n [\"S-non\"] = 3,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 6,\n [\"See also\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 230,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 168,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Signers of the Continental Association\"] = 1,\n [\"Spnd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spoken Wikipedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Subject bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US Army Chiefs of Staff\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"United States Constitution signatories\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Washington and Lee University\"] = 1,\n [\"Washington cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Washington family\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n3\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","600","19.6"],["?","580","19.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","260","8.5"],["recursiveClone 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