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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_signalling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_signalling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early signalling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_signalling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optical_telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optical_telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Optical telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optical_telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Electrical telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Railway telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wigwag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wigwag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Wigwag</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wigwag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heliograph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heliograph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Heliograph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heliograph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teleprinter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleprinter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Teleprinter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleprinter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Automated_punched-tape_transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Automated_punched-tape_transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Automated punched-tape transmission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Automated_punched-tape_transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_telegraph_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_telegraph_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Oceanic telegraph cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_telegraph_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facsimile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facsimile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Facsimile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Facsimile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wireless_telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wireless_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Wireless telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wireless_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-radio_wireless_telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-radio_wireless_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1</span> <span>Non-radio wireless telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-radio_wireless_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ground,_water,_and_air_conduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ground,_water,_and_air_conduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1.1</span> <span>Ground, water, and air conduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ground,_water,_and_air_conduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrostatic_and_electromagnetic_induction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrostatic_and_electromagnetic_induction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11.1.2</span> <span>Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrostatic_and_electromagnetic_induction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegram_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegram_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Telegram services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegram_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Telegram_length" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegram_length"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12.1</span> <span>Telegram length</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegram_length-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telex" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telex"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Telex</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telex-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social implications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspaper_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspaper_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Newspaper names</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Telegraphy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82" title="إبراق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبراق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf%C3%ADa" title="Telegrafía – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Telegrafía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF" title="টেলিগ্রাফি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিগ্রাফি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C4%81n-p%C3%B2" title="Tiān-pò – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tiān-pò" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телеграфия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телеграфия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafija" title="Telegrafija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Telegrafija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangaram" title="Tangaram – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Tangaram" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraafside" title="Telegraafside – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Telegraafside" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B7%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τηλεγραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τηλεγραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf%C3%ADa" title="Telegrafía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telegrafía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafio" title="Telegrafio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Telegrafio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="تلگراف – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلگراف" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie" title="Télégraphie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télégraphie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teileagrafa%C3%ADocht" title="Teileagrafaíocht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Teileagrafaíocht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dealan-sp%C3%A8id" title="Dealan-spèid – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Dealan-spèid" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf%C3%ADa" title="Telegrafía – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telegrafía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%B3%B4" title="전보 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전보" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BA" title="Հեռագրական կապ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեռագրական կապ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB" title="टेलीग्राफ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टेलीग्राफ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafija" title="Telegrafija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Telegrafija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rits%C3%ADmi" title="Ritsími – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ritsími" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%94" title="טלגרפיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טלגרפיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ტელეგრაფი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტელეგრაფი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телеграфия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телеграфия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafu" title="Telegrafu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Telegrafu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телеграфия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телеграфия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphia" title="Telegraphia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Telegraphia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegr%C4%81fs" title="Telegrāfs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Telegrāfs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafas" title="Telegrafas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Telegrafas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телеграфија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Телеграфија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="കമ്പിത്തപാൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കമ്പിത്തപാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ტელეგრაფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ტელეგრაფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="التلغراف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التلغراف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကြေးနန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြေးနန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="टेलेग्राफी – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="टेलेग्राफी" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" title="電報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafiya" title="Telegrafiya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telegrafiya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BC%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%8A" title="ټلګرافي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ټلګرافي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafia" title="Telegrafia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Telegrafia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Телеграфия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телеграфия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Telegrafie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Telegraphy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81" title="تەلەگراف – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەلەگراف" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Телеграфија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телеграфија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafi" title="Telegrafi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Telegrafi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrapiya" title="Telegrapiya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Telegrapiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="தந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="తంతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="తంతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82" title="โทรเลข – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรเลข" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telgraf" title="Telgraf – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Telgraf" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B2%27%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Телеграфний зв'язок – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телеграфний зв'язок" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C" title="ٹیلی گرافی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی گرافی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_b%C3%A1o" title="Điện báo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện báo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrapiya" title="Telegrapiya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Telegrapiya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5" title="电报 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="电报" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A2" title="טעלעגראפיע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טעלעגראפיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%A0%B1" title="電報 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電報" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAlegraf" title="Têlegraf – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Têlegraf" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5" title="电报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="电报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Long distance transmission of text</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about telegraphy generally. For telegraphy over conducting wires, see <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telegraph (disambiguation)">Telegraph (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="The Telegraph (disambiguation)">The Telegraph (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telegram (disambiguation)">Telegram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OptischerTelegraf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/200px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/300px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/OptischerTelegraf.jpg/400px-OptischerTelegraf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a <a href="/wiki/Chappe_telegraph" title="Chappe telegraph">Chappe telegraph</a> on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litermont&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litermont (page does not exist)">Litermont</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nalbach" title="Nalbach">Nalbach</a>, Germany</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Telegraphy</b> is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">flag semaphore</a> is a method of telegraphy, whereas <a href="/wiki/Pigeon_post" title="Pigeon post">pigeon post</a> is not. Ancient <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signalling</a> systems, although sometimes quite extensive and sophisticated as in China, were generally not capable of transmitting arbitrary text messages. Possible messages were fixed and predetermined, so such systems are thus not true telegraphs. </p><p>The earliest true telegraph put into widespread use was the <a href="/wiki/Chappe_telegraph" title="Chappe telegraph">Chappe telegraph</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> in the late 18th century. The system was used extensively in France, and European nations occupied by France, during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraph</a> started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century. It was first taken up in Britain in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph</a>, initially used mostly as an aid to <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">railway signalling</a>. This was quickly followed by a different system developed in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a>. The electric telegraph was slower to develop in France due to the established optical telegraph system, but an electrical telegraph was put into use with a code compatible with the Chappe optical telegraph. The Morse system was adopted as the international standard in 1865, using a modified <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> developed in Germany in 1848.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliograph</a> is a telegraph system using reflected sunlight for signalling. It was mainly used in areas where the electrical telegraph had not been established and generally used the same code. The most extensive heliograph network established was in Arizona and New Mexico during the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a>. The heliograph was standard military equipment as late as <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">Wireless telegraphy</a> developed in the early 20th century became important for maritime use, and was a competitor to electrical telegraphy using <a href="/wiki/Submarine_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Submarine telegraph cable">submarine telegraph cables</a> in international communications. </p><p>Telegrams became a popular means of sending messages once telegraph prices had fallen sufficiently. Traffic became high enough to spur the development of automated systems—<a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched tape</a> transmission. These systems led to new <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">telegraph codes</a>, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>. However, telegrams were never able to compete with the letter post on price, and competition from the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>, which removed their speed advantage, drove the telegraph into decline from 1920 onwards. The few remaining telegraph applications were largely taken over by alternatives on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> towards the end of the 20th century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>telegraph</i> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a>: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τῆλε</span></span> (<i lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tele-#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:tele-">têle</a></i>) 'at a distance' and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γράφειν</span></span> (<i lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-graphy#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-graphy">gráphein</a></i>) 'to write') was coined by the French inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore telegraph">semaphore telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a>, who also coined the word <i><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">semaphore</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word <i>telegraph</i> alone generally refers to an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>. Wireless telegraphy is transmission of messages over radio with telegraphic codes. </p><p>Contrary to the extensive definition used by Chappe, Morse argued that the term <i>telegraph</i> can strictly be applied only to systems that transmit <i>and</i> record messages at a distance. This is to be distinguished from <i>semaphore</i>, which merely transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, not telegraph. According to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Schilling" title="Pavel Schilling">Pavel Schilling</a> invented one of the earliest electrical telegraphs.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A telegraph message sent by an <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a> operator or telegrapher using <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> (or a <a href="/wiki/Printing_telegraph" title="Printing telegraph">printing telegraph</a> operator using plain text) was known as a telegram. A cablegram was a message sent by a submarine telegraph cable,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often shortened to "cable" or "wire". The suffix -gram is derived from ancient Greek: <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">γραμμα</span></span> (<i lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-gram#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:-gram">gramma</a></i>), meaning something written, i.e. telegram means something written at a distance and cablegram means something written via a cable, whereas telegraph implies the process of writing at a distance. </p><p>Later, a Telex was a message sent by a <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter#Telex" title="Teleprinter">Telex</a> network, a switched network of <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinters</a> similar to a telephone network. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Wirephoto" title="Wirephoto">wirephoto</a> or wire picture was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a <a href="/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">facsimile telegraph</a>. A diplomatic telegram, also known as a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_cable" title="Diplomatic cable">diplomatic cable</a>, is a confidential communication between a <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_mission" title="Diplomatic mission">diplomatic mission</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign minister">foreign ministry</a> of its parent country.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_signalling">Early signalling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early signalling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg/220px-20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg/330px-20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg/440px-20090529_Great_Wall_8219.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Great Wall of China</figcaption></figure> <p>Passing messages by signalling over distance is an ancient practice. One of the oldest examples is the signal towers of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Wall_of_China" title="Great Wall of China">Great Wall of China</a>. In <span class="nowrap">400 BC</span>, signals could be sent by <a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacon fires</a> or <a href="/wiki/Military_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Military drum">drum beats</a>. By <span class="nowrap">200 BC</span> complex flag signalling had developed, and by the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (200 BC – 220 AD) signallers had a choice of lights, flags, or gunshots to send signals. By the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907) a message could be sent 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) in 24 hours. The <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> (1368–1644) added <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> to the possible signals. While the signalling was complex (for instance, different-coloured flags could be used to indicate enemy strength), only predetermined messages could be sent.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese signalling system extended well beyond the Great Wall. Signal towers away from the wall were used to give early warning of an attack. Others were built even further out as part of the protection of trade routes, especially the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Signal fires were widely used in Europe and elsewhere for military purposes. The Roman army made frequent use of them, as did their enemies, and the remains of some of the stations still exist. Few details have been recorded of European/Mediterranean signalling systems and the possible messages. One of the few for which details are known is a system invented by <a href="/wiki/Aeneas_Tacticus" title="Aeneas Tacticus">Aeneas Tacticus</a> (4th century BC). Tacticus's system had water filled pots at the two signal stations which were drained in synchronisation. Annotation on a floating scale indicated which message was being sent or received. Signals sent by means of <a href="/wiki/Torch" title="Torch">torches</a> indicated when to start and stop draining to keep the synchronisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the signalling systems discussed above are true telegraphs in the sense of a system that can transmit arbitrary messages over arbitrary distances. Lines of signalling <a href="/wiki/Relay_league" title="Relay league">relay</a> stations can send messages to any required distance, but all these systems are limited to one extent or another in the range of messages that they can send. A system like <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">flag semaphore</a>, with an alphabetic code, can certainly send any given message, but the system is designed for short-range communication between two persons. An <a href="/wiki/Engine_order_telegraph" title="Engine order telegraph">engine order telegraph</a>, used to send instructions from the bridge of a ship to the engine room, fails to meet both criteria; it has a limited distance and very simple message set. There was only one ancient signalling system described that <i>does</i> meet these criteria. That was a system using the <a href="/wiki/Polybius_square" title="Polybius square">Polybius square</a> to encode an alphabet. <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> (2nd century BC) suggested using two successive groups of torches to identify the coordinates of the letter of the alphabet being transmitted. The number of said torches held up signalled the grid square that contained the letter. There is no definite record of the system ever being used, but there are several passages in ancient texts that some think are suggestive. Holzmann and Pehrson, for instance, suggest that <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a> is describing its use by <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V of Macedon</a> in 207 BC during the <a href="/wiki/First_Macedonian_War" title="First Macedonian War">First Macedonian War</a>. Nothing else that could be described as a true telegraph existed until the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 26–29">: 26–29 </span></sup> Possibly the first alphabetic <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">telegraph code</a> in the modern era is due to <a href="/wiki/Franz_Kessler" title="Franz Kessler">Franz Kessler</a> who published his work in 1616. Kessler used a lamp placed inside a barrel with a moveable shutter operated by the signaller. The signals were observed at a distance with the newly invented telescope.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 32–34">: 32–34 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optical_telegraph">Optical telegraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Optical telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png/150px-Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="357" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png/225px-Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png/300px-Construction-pruss-opt-tele.png 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Semaphore line">semaphore</a>) tower, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1835</span></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chappe_semaphore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chappe_semaphore.jpg/170px-Chappe_semaphore.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chappe_semaphore.jpg/255px-Chappe_semaphore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Chappe_semaphore.jpg/340px-Chappe_semaphore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>19th-century demonstration of the semaphore</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraph</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> is a telegraph consisting of a line of stations in towers or natural high points which signal to each other by means of shutters or paddles. Signalling by means of indicator pointers was called <i>semaphore</i>. Early proposals for an optical telegraph system were made to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a> in 1684<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and were first implemented on an experimental level by Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lovell_Edgeworth" title="Richard Lovell Edgeworth">Richard Lovell Edgeworth</a> in 1767.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first successful optical telegraph network was invented by <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a> and operated in France from 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two most extensive systems were Chappe's in France, with branches into neighbouring countries, and the system of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Niclas_Edelcrantz" title="Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz">Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz</a> in Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: ix–x, 47">: ix–x, 47 </span></sup> </p><p>During 1790–1795, at the height of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, France needed a swift and reliable communication system to thwart the war efforts of its enemies. In 1790, the Chappe brothers set about devising a system of communication that would allow the central government to receive intelligence and to transmit orders in the shortest possible time. On 2 March 1791, at 11 am, they sent the message "si vous réussissez, vous serez bientôt couverts de gloire" (If you succeed, you will soon bask in glory) between Brulon and Parce, a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi). The first means used a combination of black and white panels, clocks, telescopes, and codebooks to send their message. </p><p>In 1792, Claude was appointed <i>Ingénieur-Télégraphiste</i> and charged with establishing a line of stations between Paris and <a href="/wiki/Lille" title="Lille">Lille</a>, a distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi). It was used to carry dispatches for the war between France and Austria. In 1794, it brought news of a French capture of <a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9-sur-l%27Escaut" title="Condé-sur-l'Escaut">Condé-sur-l'Escaut</a> from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decision to replace the system with an electric telegraph was made in 1846, but it took a decade before it was fully taken out of service. The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">fall of Sevastopol</a> was reported by Chappe telegraph in 1855.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 92–94">: 92–94 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Prussian_semaphore_system" title="Prussian semaphore system">Prussian system</a> was put into effect in the 1830s. However, they were highly dependent on good weather and daylight to work and even then could accommodate only about two words per minute. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. As of 1895, France still operated coastal commercial semaphore telegraph stations, for ship-to-shore communication.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrical_telegraph">Electrical telegraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Electrical telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom">Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/170px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/255px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/340px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone's</a> five-needle, six-wire telegraph (1837)</figcaption></figure> <p>The early ideas for an electric telegraph included in 1753 using <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">electrostatic</a> deflections of <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> balls,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposals for <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> bubbles in acid by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Salva_Campillo" title="Francisco Salva Campillo">Campillo</a> in 1804 and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmering" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmering">von Sömmering</a> in 1809.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first experimental system over a substantial distance was by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Ronalds</a> in 1816 using an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">electrostatic generator</a>. Ronalds offered his invention to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">British Admiralty</a>, but it was rejected as unnecessary,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the existing optical telegraph connecting the Admiralty in London to their main fleet base in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a> being deemed adequate for their purposes. As late as 1844, after the electrical telegraph had come into use, the Admiralty's optical telegraph was still used, although it was accepted that poor weather ruled it out on many days of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 16, 37">: 16, 37 </span></sup> France had an extensive optical telegraph system dating from Napoleonic times and was even slower to take up electrical systems.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 217–218">: 217–218 </span></sup> </p><p>Eventually, electrostatic telegraphs were abandoned in favour of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnetic</a> systems. An early experimental system (<a href="/wiki/Pavel_Schilling" title="Pavel Schilling">Schilling</a>, 1832) led to a proposal to establish a telegraph between <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, but it was never completed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first operative electric telegraph (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Weber</a>, 1833) connected <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Observatory" title="Göttingen Observatory">Göttingen Observatory</a> to the Institute of Physics about 1 km away during experimental investigations of the geomagnetic field.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first commercial telegraph was by <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">Cooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Wheatstone</a> following their English patent of 10 June 1837. It was demonstrated on the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> in July of the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 1839, a five-needle, five-wire system was installed to provide signalling over a record distance of 21 km on a section of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> between <a href="/wiki/London_Paddington_station" title="London Paddington station">London Paddington station</a> and West Drayton.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in trying to get railway companies to take up his telegraph more widely for <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">railway signalling</a>, Cooke was rejected several times in favour of the more familiar, but shorter range, steam-powered pneumatic signalling. Even when his telegraph was taken up, it was considered experimental and the company backed out of a plan to finance extending the telegraph line out to <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a>. However, this led to a breakthrough for the electric telegraph, as up to this point the Great Western had insisted on exclusive use and refused Cooke permission to open public telegraph offices. Cooke extended the line at his own expense and agreed that the railway could have free use of it in exchange for the right to open it up to the public.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morsetaste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Morsetaste.jpg/200px-Morsetaste.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Morsetaste.jpg/300px-Morsetaste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Morsetaste.jpg/400px-Morsetaste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">Morse key</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Most of the early electrical systems required multiple wires (Ronalds' system was an exception), but the system developed in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Morse</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Vail</a> was a single-wire system. This was the system that first used the soon-to-become-ubiquitous <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri1_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1844, the Morse system connected <a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_telegraph_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington telegraph line">Baltimore to Washington</a>, and by 1861 the west coast of the continent was connected to the east coast.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph</a>, in a series of improvements, also ended up with a one-wire system, but still using their own code and <a href="/wiki/Needle_telegraph" title="Needle telegraph">needle displays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The electric telegraph quickly became a means of more general communication. The Morse system was officially adopted as the standard for continental European telegraphy in 1851 with a revised code, which later became the basis of <a href="/wiki/International_Morse_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Morse Code">International Morse Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> continued to use the Cooke and Wheatstone system, in some places as late as the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huurdeman-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the United States continued to use <a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a> internally, requiring translation operators skilled in both codes for international messages.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_telegraphy">Railway telegraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Railway telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/220px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/330px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/440px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>An early Cooke and Wheatstone double-needle railway telegraph instrument at the <a href="/wiki/National_Railway_Museum" title="National Railway Museum">National Railway Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Block_instrument.jpg/220px-Block_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Block_instrument.jpg/330px-Block_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Block_instrument.jpg/440px-Block_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>A block signalling instrument as used in Britain in the 20th century</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Railway_signalling" title="Railway signalling">Railway signalling</a></div> <p>Railway signal telegraphy was developed in Britain from the 1840s onward. It was used to manage railway traffic and to prevent accidents as part of the railway signalling system. On 12 June 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone were awarded a patent for an electric telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was demonstrated between <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston railway station</a>—where Wheatstone was located—and the engine house at Camden Town—where Cooke was stationed, together with <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>, the <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> line's chief engineer. The messages were for the operation of the rope-haulage system for pulling trains up the 1 in 77 bank. The world's first permanent railway telegraph was completed in July 1839 between London Paddington and West Drayton on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> with an electric telegraph using a four-needle system. </p><p>The concept of a <a href="/wiki/Signalling_block_system" title="Signalling block system">signalling "block" system</a> was proposed by Cooke in 1842. Railway signal telegraphy did not change in essence from Cooke's initial concept for more than a century. In this system each line of railway was divided into sections or blocks of varying length. Entry to and exit from the block was to be authorised by electric telegraph and signalled by the line-side semaphore signals, so that only a single train could occupy the rails. In Cooke's original system, a single-needle telegraph was adapted to indicate just two messages: "Line Clear" and "Line Blocked". The <a href="/wiki/Signalman_(rail)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signalman (rail)">signaller</a> would adjust his line-side signals accordingly. As first implemented in 1844 each station had as many needles as there were stations on the line, giving a complete picture of the traffic. As lines expanded, a sequence of pairs of single-needle instruments were adopted, one pair for each block in each direction.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wigwag">Wigwag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wigwag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wigwag_(flag_signals)" title="Wigwag (flag signals)">Wigwag (flag signals)</a></div> <p>Wigwag is a form of <a href="/wiki/Flag_signals" title="Flag signals">flag signalling</a> using a single flag. Unlike most forms of flag signalling, which are used over relatively short distances, wigwag is designed to maximise the distance covered—up to 32 km (20 mi) in some cases. Wigwag achieved this by using a large flag—a single flag can be held with both hands unlike flag semaphore which has a flag in each hand—and using motions rather than positions as its symbols since motions are more easily seen. It was invented by US Army surgeon <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Myer" title="Albert J. Myer">Albert J. Myer</a> in the 1850s who later became the first head of the <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">Signal Corps</a>. Wigwag was used extensively during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> where it filled a gap left by the electrical telegraph. Although the electrical telegraph had been in use for more than a decade, the network did not yet reach everywhere and portable, ruggedized equipment suitable for military use was not immediately available. Permanent or semi-permanent stations were established during the war, some of them towers of enormous height and the system was extensive enough to be described as a communications network.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heliograph">Heliograph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Heliograph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/150px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/225px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png/300px-Australian_Heliograph_in_Egyptian_Desert_1940.png 2x" data-file-width="3534" data-file-height="4993" /></a><figcaption>Australian troops using a Mance mk.V heliograph in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_(Egypt)" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert (Egypt)">Western Desert</a> in November 1940</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_(22762702845).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg/260px-11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg/390px-11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg/520px-11903A_LO_with_Heliograph_CA_1912_%2822762702845%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2820" data-file-height="1884" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/US_Forest_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Forest Service">US Forest Service</a> lookout using a Colomb shutter type heliograph in 1912 at the end of a telephone line</figcaption></figure> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">heliograph</a> is a telegraph that transmits messages by flashing sunlight with a mirror, usually using Morse code. The idea for a telegraph of this type was first proposed as a modification of surveying equipment (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Gauss</a>, 1821). Various uses of mirrors were made for communication in the following years, mostly for military purposes, but the first device to become widely used was a heliograph with a moveable mirror (<a href="/wiki/Henry_Christopher_Mance" title="Henry Christopher Mance">Mance</a>, 1869). The system was used by the French during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1870%E2%80%9371)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Paris (1870–71)">1870–71 siege of Paris</a>, with night-time signalling using <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">kerosene lamps</a> as the source of light. An improved version (Begbie, 1870) was used by British military in many colonial wars, including the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Zulu_War" title="Anglo-Zulu War">Anglo-Zulu War</a> (1879). At some point, a morse key was added to the apparatus to give the operator the same degree of control as in the electric telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of heliograph was the <a href="/wiki/Heliostat" title="Heliostat">heliostat</a> or <a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(instrument)" title="Heliotrope (instrument)">heliotrope</a> fitted with a Colomb shutter. The heliostat was essentially a surveying instrument with a fixed mirror and so could not transmit a code by itself. The term <i>heliostat</i> is sometimes used as a synonym for <i>heliograph</i> because of this origin. The Colomb shutter (<a href="/wiki/Francis_Bolton" title="Francis Bolton">Bolton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Howard_Colomb" title="Philip Howard Colomb">Colomb</a>, 1862) was originally invented to enable the transmission of morse code by <a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">signal lamp</a> between <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ships at sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The heliograph was heavily used by <a href="/wiki/Nelson_A._Miles" title="Nelson A. Miles">Nelson A. Miles</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> after he took over command (1886) of the fight against <a href="/wiki/Geronimo" title="Geronimo">Geronimo</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a> bands in the <a href="/wiki/Apache_Wars" title="Apache Wars">Apache Wars</a>. Miles had previously set up the first heliograph line in the US between <a href="/wiki/Fort_Keogh" title="Fort Keogh">Fort Keogh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fort_Custer_(Montana)" title="Fort Custer (Montana)">Fort Custer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montana" title="Montana">Montana</a>. He used the heliograph to fill in vast, thinly populated areas that were not covered by the electric telegraph. Twenty-six stations covered an area 320 by 480 km (200 by 300 mi). In a test of the system, a message was relayed 640 km (400 mi) in four hours. Miles' enemies used <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">smoke signals</a> and flashes of sunlight from metal, but lacked a sophisticated telegraph code.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The heliograph was ideal for use in the American Southwest due to its clear air and mountainous terrain on which stations could be located. It was found necessary to lengthen the morse dash (which is much shorter in American Morse code than in the modern International Morse code) to aid differentiating from the morse dot.<sup id="cite_ref-Woods2_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the heliograph declined from 1915 onwards, but remained in service in Britain and <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> countries for some time. Australian forces used the heliograph as late as 1942 in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Desert Campaign">Western Desert Campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Some form of heliograph was used by the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> (1979–1989).<sup id="cite_ref-Woods2_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woods2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Teleprinter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clavier_Baudot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/200px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/300px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/400px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>A Baudot keyboard, 1884</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500,_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/290px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/435px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/580px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A Creed Model 7 teleprinter, 1931</figcaption></figure> <p>A teleprinter is a telegraph machine that can send messages from a typewriter-like keyboard and print incoming messages in readable text with no need for the operators to be trained in the telegraph code used on the line. It developed from various earlier printing telegraphs and resulted in improved transmission speeds.<sup id="cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Morse_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Morse telegraph">Morse telegraph</a> (1837) was originally conceived as a system marking indentations on paper tape. A chemical telegraph making blue marks improved the speed of recording (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Bain</a>, 1846), but was delayed by a patent challenge from Morse. The first true printing telegraph (that is printing in plain text) used a spinning wheel of <a href="/wiki/Sort_(typesetting)" title="Sort (typesetting)">types</a> in the manner of a <a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">daisy wheel printer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Earl_House" title="Royal Earl House">House</a>, 1846, improved by <a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">Hughes</a>, 1855). The system was adopted by <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early teleprinters used the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>, a five-bit sequential binary code. This was a telegraph code developed for use on the French telegraph using a five-key keyboard (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Baudot</a>, 1874). Teleprinters generated the same code from a full alphanumeric keyboard. A feature of the Baudot code, and subsequent telegraph codes, was that, unlike Morse code, every character has a code of the same length making it more machine friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baudot code was used on the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ticker_tape" title="Ticker tape">ticker tape</a> machines (<a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Calahan" title="Edward A. Calahan">Calahan</a>, 1867), a system for mass distributing information on current price of publicly listed companies.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith433_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith433-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automated_punched-tape_transmission">Automated punched-tape transmission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Automated punched-tape transmission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/220px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/330px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg/440px-Creed_model_6S-2_paper_tape_reader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Creed paper tape reader at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Museum_of_Computing" title="The National Museum of Computing">The National Museum of Computing</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">Punched tape</a></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Punched_tape" title="Punched tape">punched-tape</a> system, the message is first typed onto punched tape using the code of the telegraph system—Morse code for instance. It is then, either immediately or at some later time, run through a transmission machine which sends the message to the telegraph network. Multiple messages can be sequentially recorded on the same run of tape. The advantage of doing this is that messages can be sent at a steady, fast rate making maximum use of the available telegraph lines. The economic advantage of doing this is greatest on long, busy routes where the cost of the extra step of preparing the tape is outweighed by the cost of providing more telegraph lines. The first machine to use punched tape was Bain's teleprinter (Bain, 1843), but the system saw only limited use. Later versions of Bain's system achieved speeds up to 1000 words per minute, far faster than a human operator could achieve.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first widely used system (Wheatstone, 1858) was first put into service with the British <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> in 1867. A novel feature of the Wheatstone system was the use of <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_encoding" title="Bipolar encoding">bipolar encoding</a>. That is, both positive and negative polarity voltages were used.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bipolar encoding has several advantages, one of which is that it permits <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a> communication.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Wheatstone tape reader was capable of a speed of 400 words per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_telegraph_cables">Oceanic telegraph cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oceanic telegraph cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg/220px-Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg/330px-Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg/440px-Submarine_Cornhill_1852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>The first message is received by the <a href="/wiki/Submarine_Telegraph_Company" title="Submarine Telegraph Company">Submarine Telegraph Company</a> in London from Paris on the <a href="/wiki/Foy%E2%80%93Breguet_telegraph" title="Foy–Breguet telegraph">Foy–Breguet instrument</a> in 1851. The equipment in the background is a Cooke and Wheatstone set for onward transmission.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">Transatlantic telegraph cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine communications cable</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/350px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/525px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/700px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901</figcaption></figure> <p>A worldwide communication network meant that telegraph cables would have to be laid across oceans. On land cables could be run uninsulated suspended from poles. Underwater, a good insulator that was both flexible and capable of resisting the ingress of seawater was required. A solution presented itself with <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, a natural rubber from the <i><a href="/wiki/Palaquium_gutta" title="Palaquium gutta">Palaquium gutta</a></i> tree, after <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomerie" title="William Montgomerie">William Montgomerie</a> sent samples to London from Singapore in 1843. The new material was tested by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and in 1845 Wheatstone suggested that it should be used on the cable planned between <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Watkins_Brett" title="John Watkins Brett">John Watkins Brett</a>. The idea was proved viable when the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (UK)">South Eastern Railway</a> company successfully tested a three-kilometre (two-mile) gutta-percha insulated cable with telegraph messages to a ship off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Folkestone" title="Folkestone">Folkestone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haigh26_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haigh26-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cable to France was laid in 1850 but was almost immediately severed by a French fishing vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-isr_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was relaid the next year<sup id="cite_ref-isr_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-isr-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and connections to Ireland and the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> soon followed. </p><p>Getting a cable across the Atlantic Ocean proved much more difficult. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a>, formed in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1856, had several failed attempts. A cable laid in 1858 worked poorly for a few days, sometimes taking all day to send a message despite the use of the highly sensitive <a href="/wiki/Mirror_galvanometer" title="Mirror galvanometer">mirror galvanometer</a> developed by William Thomson (the future <a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a>) before being destroyed by applying too high a voltage. Its failure and slow speed of transmission prompted Thomson and <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a> to find better mathematical descriptions of long <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company finally succeeded in 1866 with an improved cable laid by <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS <i>Great Eastern</i></a>, the largest ship of its day, designed by <a href="/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel" title="Isambard Kingdom Brunel">Isambard Kingdom Brunel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An overland telegraph from Britain to India was first connected in 1866 but was unreliable so a submarine telegraph cable was connected in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several telegraph companies were combined to form the <i>Eastern Telegraph Company</i> in 1872. Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at <a href="/wiki/Darwin,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Darwin, Australia">Darwin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/All_Red_Line" title="All Red Line">All Red Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy197110_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy197110-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, there were thirty cable-laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy197110_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy197110-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Facsimile">Facsimile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Facsimile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png/170px-Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png/255px-Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png/340px-Bain_improved_facsimile_1850.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="679" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a>'s facsimile machine, 1850</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1843, Scottish inventor <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a> invented a device that could be considered the first <a href="/wiki/Facsimile_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Facsimile machine">facsimile machine</a>. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Bakewell" title="Frederick Bakewell">Frederick Bakewell</a> made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. In 1855, an Italian priest, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Caselli" title="Giovanni Caselli">Giovanni Caselli</a>, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention "<a href="/wiki/Pantelegraph" title="Pantelegraph">Pantelegraph</a>". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-italianunivbio_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-italianunivbio-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hebrewuniversity_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hebrewuniversity-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1881, English inventor <a href="/wiki/Shelford_Bidwell" title="Shelford Bidwell">Shelford Bidwell</a> constructed the <i>scanning phototelegraph</i> that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Korn" title="Arthur Korn">Arthur Korn</a> invented the <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bildtelegrafie" class="extiw" title="de:Bildtelegrafie">Bildtelegraph</a></i> widespread in continental Europe especially since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908 used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the <i>Bélinographe</i> by <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Belin" title="Édouard Belin">Édouard Belin</a> first, then since the 1930s, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hellschreiber" title="Hellschreiber">Hellschreiber</a></i>, invented in 1929 by German inventor <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hell" title="Rudolf Hell">Rudolf Hell</a>, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wireless_telegraphy">Wireless telegraphy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Wireless telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/220px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/330px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg/440px-Marconi_at_newfoundland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption>Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) used to lift the antenna at <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador">St. John's, Newfoundland</a>, December 1901</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">Wireless telegraphy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Post_Office_Engineers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/220px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/330px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Post_Office_Engineers.jpg/440px-Post_Office_Engineers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4440" data-file-height="3065" /></a><figcaption>Post Office Engineers inspect the <a href="/wiki/Marconi_Company" title="Marconi Company">Marconi Company</a>'s equipment at <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a>, May 1897.</figcaption></figure> <p>The late 1880s through to the 1890s saw the discovery and then development of a newly understood phenomenon into a form of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>, called <i>Hertzian wave</i> wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or (later) simply "<a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>". Between 1886 and 1888, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rudolf_Hertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Rudolf Hertz">Heinrich Rudolf Hertz</a> published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic waves">electromagnetic waves</a> (radio waves) through the air, proving <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>'s 1873 theory of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. Many scientists and inventors experimented with this new phenomenon but the consensus was that these new waves (similar to light) would be just as short range as light, and, therefore, useless for long range communication.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1894, the young Italian inventor <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> began working on the idea of building a commercial wireless telegraphy system based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Building on the ideas of previous scientists and inventors Marconi re-engineered their apparatus by trial and error attempting to build a radio-based wireless telegraphic system that would function the same as wired telegraphy. He would work on the system through 1895 in his lab and then in field tests making improvements to extend its range. After many breakthroughs, including applying the wired telegraphy concept of grounding the transmitter and receiver, Marconi was able, by early 1896, to transmit radio far beyond the short ranges that had been predicted.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having failed to interest the Italian government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain in 1896 and met <a href="/wiki/William_Preece" class="mw-redirect" title="William Preece">William Preece</a>, a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a>. A series of demonstrations for the British government followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>6 km (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> mi) across <a href="/wiki/Salisbury_Plain" title="Salisbury Plain">Salisbury Plain</a>. </p><p>On 13 May 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> Post Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to <a href="/wiki/Lavernock" title="Lavernock">Lavernock</a> (near Penarth in Wales) from <a href="/wiki/Flat_Holm" title="Flat Holm">Flat Holm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His star rising, he was soon sending signals across the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> (1899), from shore to ship (1899) and finally across the Atlantic (1901).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of these demonstrations of radio, with scientists trying to work out how a phenomenon predicted to have a short range could transmit "over the horizon", led to the discovery of a radio reflecting layer in the Earth's atmosphere in 1902, later called the <a href="/wiki/Ionosphere" title="Ionosphere">ionosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea <a href="/wiki/Disaster" title="Disaster">disasters</a> by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore. In 1904, Marconi began the first commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was finally begun on 17 October 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notably, Marconi's apparatus was used to help rescue efforts after the sinking of <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">RMS <i>Titanic</i></a>. Britain's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the <i>Titanic</i> disaster, "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi...and his marvellous invention." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-radio_wireless_telegraphy">Non-radio wireless telegraphy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Non-radio wireless telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successful development of radiotelegraphy was preceded by a 50-year history of ingenious but ultimately unsuccessful experiments by inventors to achieve wireless telegraphy by other means.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ground,_water,_and_air_conduction"><span id="Ground.2C_water.2C_and_air_conduction"></span>Ground, water, and air conduction</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ground, water, and air conduction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several wireless electrical signaling schemes based on the (sometimes erroneous) idea that electric currents could be conducted long-range through water, ground, and air were investigated for telegraphy before practical radio systems became available. </p><p>The original telegraph lines used two wires between the two stations to form a complete <a href="/wiki/Electrical_network" title="Electrical network">electrical circuit</a> or "loop". In 1837, however, <a href="/wiki/Carl_August_von_Steinheil" title="Carl August von Steinheil">Carl August von Steinheil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, found that by connecting one leg of the apparatus at each station to metal plates buried in the ground, he could eliminate one wire and use a single wire for telegraphic communication. This led to speculation that it might be possible to eliminate both wires and therefore transmit telegraph signals through the ground without any wires connecting the stations. Other attempts were made to send the electric current through bodies of water, to span rivers, for example. Prominent experimenters along these lines included <a href="/wiki/Samuel_F._B._Morse" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel F. B. Morse">Samuel F. B. Morse</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/James_Bowman_Lindsay" title="James Bowman Lindsay">James Bowman Lindsay</a> in Great Britain, who in August 1854, was able to demonstrate transmission across a mill dam at a distance of 500 yards (457 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg/220px-Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg/330px-Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg/440px-Wireless_Energy_Principle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>Tesla's explanation in the 1919 issue of "Electrical Experimenter" on how he thought his wireless system would work</figcaption></figure> <p>US inventors <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Ward" title="William Henry Ward">William Henry Ward</a> (1871) and <a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Loomis" title="Mahlon Loomis">Mahlon Loomis</a> (1872) developed electrical conduction systems based on the erroneous belief that there was an electrified atmospheric stratum accessible at low altitude.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They thought atmosphere current, connected with a return path using "Earth currents" would allow for wireless telegraphy as well as supply power for the telegraph, doing away with artificial batteries.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more practical demonstration of wireless transmission via conduction came in <a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a>'s 1879 magneto electric telephone that used ground conduction to transmit over a distance of a quarter of a mile.<sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1890s inventor <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> worked on an air and ground conduction <a href="/wiki/Wireless_power_transfer" title="Wireless power transfer">wireless electric power transmission system</a>, similar to Loomis',<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he planned to include wireless telegraphy. Tesla's experiments had led him to incorrectly conclude that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and his 1901 large scale application of his ideas, a high-voltage wireless power station, now called <a href="/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower" title="Wardenclyffe Tower">Wardenclyffe Tower</a>, lost funding and was abandoned after a few years. </p><p>Telegraphic communication using earth conductivity was eventually found to be limited to impractically short distances, as was communication conducted through water, or between trenches during World War I. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Electrostatic_and_electromagnetic_induction">Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pat465971.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pat465971.png/220px-Pat465971.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pat465971.png/330px-Pat465971.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pat465971.png/440px-Pat465971.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Edison's 1891 patent for a ship-to-shore wireless telegraph that used electrostatic induction</figcaption></figure> <p>Both electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were used to develop wireless telegraph systems that saw limited commercial application. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, in the mid-1880s, patented an electromagnetic induction system he called "grasshopper telegraphy", which allowed telegraphic signals to jump the short distance between a running train and telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This system was successful technically but not economically, as there turned out to be little interest by train travelers in the use of an on-board telegraph service. During the <a href="/wiki/Great_Blizzard_of_1888" title="Great Blizzard of 1888">Great Blizzard of 1888</a>, this system was used to send and receive wireless messages from <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">trains</a> buried in snowdrifts. The disabled trains were able to maintain communications via their Edison induction wireless telegraph systems,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps the first successful use of wireless telegraphy to send distress calls. Edison would also help to patent a ship-to-shore communication system based on electrostatic induction.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful creator of an electromagnetic induction telegraph system was <a href="/wiki/William_Preece" class="mw-redirect" title="William Preece">William Preece</a>, chief engineer of Post Office Telegraphs of the <a href="/wiki/General_Post_Office" title="General Post Office">General Post Office</a> (GPO) in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>. Preece first noticed the effect in 1884 when overhead telegraph wires in <a href="/wiki/Grays_Inn_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Grays Inn Road">Grays Inn Road</a> were accidentally carrying messages sent on buried cables. Tests in <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a> succeeded in sending a quarter of a mile using parallel rectangles of wire.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 243">: 243 </span></sup> In tests across the <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Channel" title="Bristol Channel">Bristol Channel</a> in 1892, Preece was able to telegraph across gaps of about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles). However, his induction system required extensive lengths of <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna wires</a>, many kilometers long, at both the sending and receiving ends. The length of those sending and receiving wires needed to be about the same length as the width of the water or land to be spanned. For example, for Preece's station to span the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dover,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Dover, England">Dover, England</a>, to the coast of <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> would require sending and receiving wires of about 30 miles (48 kilometres) along the two coasts. These facts made the system impractical on ships, boats, and ordinary islands, which are much smaller than <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>. Also, the relatively short distances that a practical Preece system could span meant that it had few advantages over <a href="/wiki/Underwater_telegraph_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater telegraph cable">underwater telegraph cables</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegram_services">Telegram services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Telegram services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Telegram" redirects here. For the instant messaging service, see <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram (software)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Telegram (disambiguation)">Telegram (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg/220px-1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg/330px-1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg/440px-1930_Western_Union_telegram_Millsaps_College_Mississippi_State_University.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="617" /></a><figcaption>Western Union telegram (1930)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Western Union telegram sent to President Dwight Eisenhower wishing him a speedy recovery from his heart attack on Sept 26, 1955" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg/220px-Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg/330px-Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg/440px-Western_Union_Telegram_RCC_Eisenhower_Sept_26_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3141" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Western Union telegram sent to President Dwight Eisenhower wishing him a speedy recovery from his heart attack on Sept 26, 1955</figcaption></figure> <p>A telegram service is a company or public entity that delivers telegraphed messages directly to the recipient. Telegram services were not inaugurated until <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric telegraph">electric telegraphy</a> became available. Earlier optical systems were largely limited to official government and military purposes. </p><p>Historically, telegrams were sent between a network of interconnected telegraph offices. A person visiting a local telegraph office paid by the word to have a message telegraphed to another office and delivered to the addressee on a paper form.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276">: 276 </span></sup> Messages (i.e. telegrams) sent by telegraph could be delivered by <a href="/wiki/Telegram_messenger" title="Telegram messenger">telegram messenger</a> faster than mail,<sup id="cite_ref-Smith433_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith433-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and even in the telephone age, the telegram remained popular for social and business correspondence. At their peak in 1929, an estimated 200 million telegrams were sent.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1919, the Central Bureau for Registered Addresses was established in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">financial district</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. The bureau was created to ease the growing problem of messages being delivered to the wrong recipients. To combat this issue, the bureau offered telegraph customers the option to register unique code names for their telegraph addresses. Customers were charged $2.50 per year per code. By 1934, 28,000 codes had been registered.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Telegram services still operate in much of the world (see <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_use_of_telegrams_by_country" title="Worldwide use of telegrams by country">worldwide use of telegrams by country</a>), but e-mail and <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> have rendered telegrams obsolete in many countries, and the number of telegrams sent annually has been declining rapidly since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where telegram services still exist, the transmission method between offices is no longer by telegraph, but by <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">telex</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> link.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Telegram_length">Telegram length</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Telegram length"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As telegrams have been traditionally charged by the word, messages were often abbreviated to pack information into the smallest possible number of words, in what came to be called "<a href="/wiki/Telegram_style" title="Telegram style">telegram style</a>". </p><p>The average length of a telegram in the 1900s in the US was 11.93 words; more than half of the messages were 10 words or fewer.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to another study, the mean length of the telegrams sent in the UK before 1950 was 14.6 words or 78.8 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Frehner_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frehner-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For German telegrams, the mean length is 11.5 words or 72.4 characters.<sup id="cite_ref-Frehner_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frehner-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of the 19th century, the average length of a German telegram was calculated as 14.2 words.<sup id="cite_ref-Frehner_81-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frehner-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telex">Telex</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Telex"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_(46479610772).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg/220px-ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg/330px-ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg/440px-ITT_Creed_Model_23B_teleprinter_%2846479610772%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>ITT Creed Model 23B teleprinter with telex dial-up facility</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a> (telegraph exchange) was a public switched network of teleprinters. It used rotary-telephone-style <a href="/wiki/Pulse_dialling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse dialling">pulse dialling</a> for automatic routing through the network. It initially used the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a> for messages. Telex development began in Germany in 1926, becoming an operational service in 1933 run by the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichspost" title="Reichspost">Reichspost</a></i></span> (the German imperial postal service). It had a speed of 50 baud—approximately 66 words per minute. Up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using <a href="/wiki/Voice_frequency_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice frequency telegraphy">voice frequency telegraphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">multiplexing</a>, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telex was introduced into Canada in July 1957, and the United States in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new code, <a href="/wiki/ASCII" title="ASCII">ASCII</a>, was introduced in 1963 by the <a href="/wiki/American_Standards_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="American Standards Association">American Standards Association</a>. ASCII was a seven-bit code and could thus support a larger number of characters than Baudot. In particular, ASCII supported upper and lower case whereas Baudot was upper case only. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Telegraph use began to permanently decline around 1920.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 248">: 248 </span></sup> The decline began with the growth of the use of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 253">: 253 </span></sup> Ironically, the invention of the telephone grew out of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmonic telegraph">harmonic telegraph</a>, a device which was supposed to increase the efficiency of telegraph transmission and improve the profits of telegraph companies. Western Union gave up its patent battle with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> because it believed the telephone was not a threat to its telegraph business. The <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">Bell Telephone Company</a> was formed in 1877 and had 230 subscribers which grew to 30,000 by 1880. By 1886 there were a quarter of a million phones worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 276–277">: 276–277 </span></sup> and nearly 2 million by 1900.<sup id="cite_ref-Standage_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Standage-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 204">: 204 </span></sup> The decline was briefly postponed by the rise of special occasion congratulatory telegrams. Traffic continued to grow between 1867 and 1893 despite the introduction of the telephone in this period,<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> but by 1900 the telegraph was definitely in decline.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> </p><p>There was a brief resurgence in telegraphy during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> but the decline continued as the world entered the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> years of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> new technology improved communication in the telegraph industry.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telegraph lines continued to be an important means of distributing news feeds from <a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">news agencies</a> by teleprinter machine until the rise of the internet in the 1990s. For Western Union, one service remained highly profitable—the <a href="/wiki/Wire_transfer" title="Wire transfer">wire transfer</a> of money. This service kept Western Union in business long after the telegraph had ceased to be important.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 277">: 277 </span></sup> In the modern era, the telegraph that began in 1837 has been gradually replaced by <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital data</a> transmission based on <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">information systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EB_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EB-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_implications">Social implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Social implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optical telegraph lines were installed by governments, often for a military purpose, and reserved for official use only. In many countries, this situation continued after the introduction of the electric telegraph. Starting in Germany and the UK, electric telegraph lines were installed by railway companies. Railway use quickly led to private telegraph companies in the UK and the US offering a telegraph service to the public using telegraph along railway lines. The availability of this new form of communication brought on widespread social and economic changes. </p><p>The electric telegraph freed communication from the time constraints of postal mail and revolutionized the global economy and society.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eh.net_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh.net-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 19th century, the telegraph was becoming an increasingly common medium of communication for ordinary people. The telegraph isolated the message (information) from the physical movement of objects or the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey,_James_1989_p._210_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey,_James_1989_p._210-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was some fear of the new technology. According to author <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allan_J._Kimmel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allan J. Kimmel (page does not exist)">Allan J. Kimmel</a>, some people "feared that the telegraph would erode the quality of public discourse through the transmission of irrelevant, context-free information." <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a> thought of the Transatlantic cable "...perchance the first news that will leak through into the broad flapping American ear will be that Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough." Kimmel says these fears anticipate many of the characteristics of the modern internet age.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Initially, the telegraph was expensive, but it had an enormous effect on three industries: finance, newspapers, and railways. Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms".<sup id="cite_ref-eh.net_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eh.net-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, there were 200 to 300 stock exchanges before the telegraph, but most of these were unnecessary and unprofitable once the telegraph made financial transactions at a distance easy and drove down transaction costs.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274–75">: 274–75 </span></sup> This immense growth in the business sectors influenced society to embrace the use of telegrams once the cost had fallen. </p><p>Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Journalists were using the telegraph for war reporting as early as 1846 when the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> broke out. News agencies were formed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, for the purpose of reporting news by telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274–75">: 274–75 </span></sup> Messages and information would now travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a language "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial", to better facilitate a worldwide media language.<sup id="cite_ref-Carey,_James_1989_p._210_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carey,_James_1989_p._210-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> and storytelling. </p><p>The spread of the railways created a need for an accurate <a href="/wiki/Standard_time" title="Standard time">standard time</a> to replace local standards based on local <a href="/wiki/Noon" title="Noon">noon</a>. The means of achieving this synchronisation was the telegraph. This emphasis on precise time has led to major societal changes such as the concept of the <a href="/wiki/Time_value_of_money" title="Time value of money">time value of money</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273–74">: 273–74 </span></sup> </p><p>During the telegraph era there was widespread employment of <a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">women in telegraphy</a>. The shortage of men to work as telegraph operators in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> opened up the opportunity for women of a well-paid skilled job.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 274">: 274 </span></sup> In the UK, there was widespread employment of women as telegraph operators even earlier – from the 1850s by all the major companies. The attraction of women for the telegraph companies was that they could pay them less than men. Nevertheless, the jobs were popular with women for the same reason as in the US; most other work available for women was very poorly paid.<sup id="cite_ref-Beauchamp_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beauchamp-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 77">: 77 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kieve_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 85">: 85 </span></sup> </p><p>The economic impact of the telegraph was not much studied by economic historians until parallels started to be drawn with the rise of the internet. In fact, the electric telegraph was as important as the invention of printing in this respect. According to economist Ronnie J. Phillips, the reason for this may be that <a href="/wiki/Institutional_economics" title="Institutional economics">institutional economists</a> paid more attention to advances that required greater capital investment. The investment required to build railways, for instance, is orders of magnitude greater than that for the telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-Phillips_76-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phillips-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 269–70">: 269–70 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The optical telegraph was quickly forgotten once it went out of service. While it was in operation, it was very familiar to the public across Europe. Examples appear in many paintings of the period. Poems include "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Le Telégraphe</i></span>" by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, and the collection <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Telegrafen: Optisk kalender för 1858</i></span> by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elias_Sehlstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elias Sehlstedt (page does not exist)">Elias Sehlstedt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Sehlstedt" class="extiw" title="sv:Elias Sehlstedt">sv</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is dedicated to the telegraph. In novels, the telegraph is a major component in <i><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Leuwen" title="Lucien Leuwen">Lucien Leuwen</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stendhal" title="Stendhal">Stendhal</a>, and it features in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Count_of_Monte_Cristo" title="The Count of Monte Cristo">The Count of Monte Cristo</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas" title="Alexandre Dumas">Alexandre Dumas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: vii–ix">: vii–ix </span></sup> Joseph Chudy's 1796 opera, <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Der Telegraph oder die Fernschreibmaschine</i></span>, was written to publicise Chudy's telegraph (a binary code with five lamps) when it became clear that Chappe's design was being taken up.<sup id="cite_ref-Holzmann_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 42–43">: 42–43 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph;_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg/220px-Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg/330px-Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg/440px-Effect_of_the_submarine_telegraph%3B_or_peace_and_good-will_between_England_and_France_LCCN2016649188.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6702" data-file-height="5046" /></a><figcaption>An illustration declaring that the submarine cable between England and France would bring those countries peace and goodwill</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> wrote a poem in praise of submarine telegraph cables; "And a new Word runs between: whispering, 'Let us be one!<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kipling's poem represented a widespread idea in the late nineteenth century that international telegraphy (and new technology in general)<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would bring peace and mutual understanding to the world.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a submarine telegraph cable first connected America and Britain, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> declared: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is the harbinger of an age when international difficulties will not have time to ripen into bloody results, and when, in spite of the fatuity and perveseness of rulers, war will be impossible.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspaper_names">Newspaper names</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Newspaper names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous newspapers and news outlets in various countries, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i> in Britain, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Telegraph_(Calcutta)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Telegraph (Calcutta)">The Telegraph</a></i> in India, <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl"><a href="/wiki/De_Telegraaf" title="De Telegraaf">De Telegraaf</a></i></span> in the Netherlands, and the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a> in the US, were given names which include the word "telegraph" due to their having received news by means of electric telegraphy. Some of these names are retained even though different means of news acquisition are now used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Familygram" title="Familygram">Familygram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_telegraph" title="First transcontinental telegraph">First transcontinental telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globotype" title="Globotype">Globotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">Radiogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edinformatics.com/inventions_inventors/morse_code.htm">"History and technology of Morse Code"</a>. <i>EDinformatics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EDinformatics&rft.atitle=History+and+technology+of+Morse+Code&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edinformatics.com%2Finventions_inventors%2Fmorse_code.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShectman2003" class="citation book cs1">Shectman, Jonathan (2003). <i>Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th Century</i>. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313320156" title="Special:BookSources/9780313320156"><bdi>9780313320156</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Groundbreaking+Scientific+Experiments%2C+Inventions%2C+and+Discoveries+of+the+18th+Century&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313320156&rft.aulast=Shectman&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel F. B. Morse, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rGgPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7"><i>Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221027083252/https://books.google.com/books?id=rGgPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA7">Archived</a> 27 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 7–8, Philp & Solomons 1869 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/769828711">769828711</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cablegram">"Cablegram – Definition of cablegram by Merriam-Webster"</a>. <i>merriam-webster.com</i>. 27 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Cablegram+%E2%80%93+Definition+of+cablegram+by+Merriam-Webster&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcablegram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/nation/11/29/10/1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate">"1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABS%E2%80%93CBN_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS–CBN Corporation">ABS–CBN Corporation</a>. 29 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=1%2C796+memos+from+US+embassy+in+Manila+in+WikiLeaks+%27Cablegate%27&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs-cbnnews.com%2Fnation%2F11%2F29%2F10%2F1796-memos-us-embassy-manila-wikileaks-cablegate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Definition of "cable", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Macquarie Dictionary</i> (3rd ed.). Australia: Macquarie Library. 1997. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-949757-89-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-949757-89-0"><bdi>978-0-949757-89-0</bdi></a>. <q>(n.) 4. a telegram sent abroad, especially by submarine cable. (v.) 9. to send a message by submarine cable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Macquarie+Dictionary&rft.place=Australia&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Macquarie+Library&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-949757-89-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher H. Sterling, "Great Wall of China", pp. 197–198 in, Christopher H. 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Woods, "Ancient signals", pp. 24–25 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed), <i>Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851097325" title="Special:BookSources/1851097325">1851097325</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holzmann-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holzmann_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gerard J. Holzmann; Björn Pehrson, <i>The Early History of Data Networks</i>, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818667826" title="Special:BookSources/0818667826">0818667826</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/railway/semaphor/semhist.htm">"The Origin of the Railway Semaphore"</a>. Mysite.du.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Origin+of+the+Railway+Semaphore&rft.pub=Mysite.du.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Frailway%2Fsemaphor%2Fsemhist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns,_Francis_W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Francis W. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9eLCsHfKq1IC"><i>Communications: An International History of the Formative Years</i></a>. IET. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-330-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86341-330-8"><bdi>978-0-86341-330-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communications%3A+An+International+History+of+the+Formative+Years&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-86341-330-8&rft.au=Burns%2C+Francis+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9eLCsHfKq1IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/semaphore">"Semaphore | communications"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Semaphore+%26%23124%3B+communications&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fsemaphore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22909590">How Napoleon's semaphore telegraph changed the world</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190824001923/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-22909590">Archived</a> 24 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, BBC News, Hugh Schofield, 16 June 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Semaphore Telegraph Station", <i>Scientific American Supplement</i>, 20 April 1895, page 16087.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. A. Marland, <i>Early Electrical Communication</i>, Abelard-Schuman Ltd, London 1964, no ISBN, Library of Congress 64-20875, pages 17–19;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jones, R. Victor <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html">Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–10)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011042334/http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html">Archived</a> 11 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Harvard University website. Attributed to "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oxc7AAAAMAAJ">Semaphore to Satellite</a>", International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahie1884" class="citation cs2">Fahie, J. J. (1884), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.princeton.edu/ssp/joseph-henry-project/telegraph/A_history_of_electric_telegraphy_to_the.pdf"><i>A History of Electric Telegraphy to the year 1837</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, London: E. & F. N. Spon</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy+to+the+year+1837&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.+N.+Spon&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Fahie&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeton.edu%2Fssp%2Fjoseph-henry-project%2Ftelegraph%2FA_history_of_electric_telegraphy_to_the.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonalds2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph". <i>International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology</i>. <b>86</b>: 42–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17581206.2015.1119481">10.1080/17581206.2015.1119481</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:113256632">113256632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+for+the+History+of+Engineering+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Sir+Francis+Ronalds+and+the+Electric+Telegraph&rft.volume=86&rft.pages=42-55&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17581206.2015.1119481&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A113256632%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ronalds&rft.aufirst=B.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieve-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieve_20-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieve1973" class="citation book cs1">Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). <i>The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History</i>. David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655205099">655205099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Telegraph%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655205099&rft.aulast=Kieve&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jay Clayton, "The voice in the machine", ch. 8 in, Jeffrey Masten, Peter Stallybrass, Nancy J. Vickers (eds), <i>Language Machines: Technologies of Literary and Cultural Production</i>, Routledge, 2016 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317721826" title="Special:BookSources/9781317721826">9781317721826</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Milestones:Shilling%27s_Pioneering_Contribution_to_Practical_Telegraphy,_1828-1837">"Milestones:Shilling's Pioneering Contribution to Practical Telegraphy, 1828–1837"</a>. <i>IEEE Global History Network</i>. IEEE<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Global+History+Network&rft.atitle=Milestones%3AShilling%27s+Pioneering+Contribution+to+Practical+Telegraphy%2C+1828%E2%80%931837&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ieeeghn.org%2Fwiki%2Findex.php%2FMilestones%3AShilling%2527s_Pioneering_Contribution_to_Practical_Telegraphy%2C_1828-1837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. W. Pohl, Einführung in die Physik, Vol. 3, Göttingen (Springer) 1924</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarnieri1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri1_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri1_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2019" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2019). "Messaging Before the Internet—Early Electrical Telegraphs". <i>IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 38–41+53. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2019.2893466">10.1109/MIE.2019.2893466</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11577%2F3301045">11577/3301045</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85499543">85499543</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=Messaging+Before+the+Internet%E2%80%94Early+Electrical+Telegraphs&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=38-41%2B53&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11577%2F3301045&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A85499543%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2019.2893466&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huurdeman-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Huurdeman_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton A. Huurdeman, <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i> (2003) pp. 67–69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roberts_(historian)" title="Stephen Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Steven</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/index.htm"><i>Distant Writing</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Writing&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatsonHill2015" class="citation book cs1">Watson, J.; Hill, A. (2015). <i>Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies</i> (9th ed.). London, UK: Bloomsbury – via Credo Reference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Media+and+Communication+Studies&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Hill%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americaslibrary.gov/jb/civil/jb_civil_telegrap_1.html">"The First Transcontinental Telegraph System Was Completed October 24, 1861"</a>. <i>America's Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=America%27s+Library&rft.atitle=The+First+Transcontinental+Telegraph+System+Was+Completed+October+24%2C+1861&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americaslibrary.gov%2Fjb%2Fcivil%2Fjb_civil_telegrap_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Coe, <i>The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States</i>, McFarland, p. 69, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-78641808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-78641808-7">0-78641808-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bt.com/tech-gadgets/history-of-communication-uk-railways-telegraph-patent-cooke-wheatstone-11364186628315"><i>How the UK's railways shaped the development of the telegraph</i></a>, British Telecom</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+UK%27s+railways+shaped+the+development+of+the+telegraph&rft.pub=British+Telecom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.bt.com%2Ftech-gadgets%2Fhistory-of-communication-uk-railways-telegraph-patent-cooke-wheatstone-11364186628315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roberts_(historian)" title="Stephen Roberts (historian)">Roberts, Steven</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/railwaysignaltelegaphy.html"><i>Distant Writing: 15. Railway Signal Telegraphy 1838 – 1868</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Writing%3A+15.+Railway+Signal+Telegraphy+1838+%E2%80%93+1868&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Frailwaysignaltelegaphy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rebecca Raines, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-17-1/CMH_Pub_30-17-1.pdf"><i>Getting the Message Through</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026142001/https://history.army.mil/html/books/030/30-17-1/CMH_Pub_30-17-1.pdf">Archived</a> 26 October 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, US Government Printing Office, 1996 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0160872812" title="Special:BookSources/0160872812">0160872812</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert J. Myer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433009343363"><i>A Manual of Signals</i></a>, D. Van Nostrand, 1866, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/680380148">680380148</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Woods2_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods2_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods2_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Woods2_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">David L. Woods, "Heliograph and mirrors", pp. 208–211 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed), <i>Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century</i>, ABC-CLIO, 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851097325" title="Special:BookSources/1851097325">1851097325</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nelson A. Miles, <i>Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles</i>, vol. 2, pp. 481–484, University of Nebraska Press, 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0803281811" title="Special:BookSources/0803281811">0803281811</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-query.nytimes.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1914/01/25/100081424.pdf">"Typewriter May Soon Be Transmitter of Telegrams"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, 25 January 1914</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Typewriter+May+Soon+Be+Transmitter+of+Telegrams&rft.date=1914-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1914%2F01%2F25%2F100081424.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080422072443/http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/hughes.html">"David Edward Hughes"</a>. Clarkson University. 14 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.clarkson.edu/~ekatz/scientists/hughes.html">the original</a> on 22 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Edward+Hughes&rft.pub=Clarkson+University&rft.date=2007-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.clarkson.edu%2F~ekatz%2Fscientists%2Fhughes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beauchamp-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beauchamp_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2001" class="citation book cs1">Beauchamp, K.G. (2001). <i>History of Telegraphy: Its Technology and Application</i>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Engineering_and_Technology" title="Institution of Engineering and Technology">IET</a>. pp. 394–395. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-792-8"><bdi>978-0-85296-792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Telegraphy%3A+Its+Technology+and+Application&rft.pages=394-395&rft.pub=IET&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-792-8&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=K.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith433-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith433_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith433_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard E. Smith, <i>Elementary Information Security</i>, p. 433, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1284055949" title="Special:BookSources/1284055949">1284055949</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anton A. Huurdeman, <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i>, p. 72, Wiley, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0471205052" title="Special:BookSources/0471205052">0471205052</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ken Beauchamp, <i>History of Technology</i>, p. 87, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852967926" title="Special:BookSources/0852967926">0852967926</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis Coe, <i>The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States</i>, pp. 16–17, McFarland, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786418087" title="Special:BookSources/0786418087">0786418087</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Standage-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Standage_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Standage_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tom Standage, <i>The Victorian Internet</i>, Berkley, 1999 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-17169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-17169-8">0-425-17169-8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haigh26-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Haigh26_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaigh1968" class="citation book cs1">Haigh, K R (1968). <i>Cable Ships and Submarine Cables</i>. London: Adlard Coles Ltd. pp. 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cable+Ships+and+Submarine+Cables&rft.place=London&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Adlard+Coles+Ltd&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Haigh&rft.aufirst=K+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-isr-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isr_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-isr_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solymar, Laszlo. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/030801800679233?journalCode=isr">The Effect of the Telegraph on Law and Order, War, Diplomacy, and Power Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151016042132/http://www.maneyonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/030801800679233?journalCode=isr">Archived</a> 16 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> in <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>, <span class="nowrap">Vol. 25,</span> <span class="nowrap">No. 3,</span> <span class="nowrap">pp. 204 f.</span> 2000. Accessed 1 August 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guarnieri_7-1-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guarnieri_7-1_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuarnieri2014" class="citation journal cs1">Guarnieri, M. (2014). "The Conquest of the Atlantic". <i>IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 53–56/67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMIE.2014.2299492">10.1109/MIE.2014.2299492</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41662509">41662509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Industrial+Electronics+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Conquest+of+the+Atlantic&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=53-56%2F67&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMIE.2014.2299492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41662509%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Guarnieri&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. p. 203. Woodhead Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-301-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85573-301-5">978-1-85573-301-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.C._Mendis1952" class="citation book cs1">G.C. Mendis (1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ppHNLqowf1cC&pg=PA96"><i>Ceylon Under the British</i></a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1930-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-206-1930-2"><bdi>978-81-206-1930-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ceylon+Under+the+British&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1952&rft.isbn=978-81-206-1930-2&rft.au=G.C.+Mendis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DppHNLqowf1cC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter: "A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet", p110. Polity, Cambridge, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy197110-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy197110_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kennedy197110_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy,_P._M.1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>86</b> (341): 728–752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728">10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563928">563928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Imperial+Cable+Communications+and+Strategy%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=341&rft.pages=728-752&rft.date=1971-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F563928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Headrick, D.R., & Griset, P. (2001). Submarine telegraph cables: business and politics, 1838–1939. The Business History Review, 75(3), 543–578.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-italianunivbio-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-italianunivbio_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200817223601/http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm">"CASELLI"</a>. <i>www.itisgalileiroma.it</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itisgalileiroma.it/shed/shed0/shed0/caselli.htm">the original</a> on 17 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.itisgalileiroma.it&rft.atitle=CASELLI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itisgalileiroma.it%2Fshed%2Fshed0%2Fshed0%2Fcaselli.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hebrewuniversity-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hebrewuniversity_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080506061432/http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html">"The Institute of Chemistry - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem"</a>. <i>huji.ac.il</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/history/caselli.html">the original</a> on 6 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=huji.ac.il&rft.atitle=The+Institute+of+Chemistry+-+The+Hebrew+University+of+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchem.ch.huji.ac.il%2Fhistory%2Fcaselli.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aerohistory.org/Wireless/marconi-transatlantique.html">"First Atlantic Ocean crossing by a wireless signal"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326060429/http://aerohistory.org/Wireless/marconi-transatlantique.html">Archived</a> 26 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>aerohistory.org</i>. <span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved 12 July 2012<span style="font-size: 90%; color: #555"></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">view was held by <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" title="Oliver Lodge">Oliver Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a>, amongst others (also Brian Regal, <i>Radio: The Life Story of a Technology</i>, page 22)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Klooster2009" class="citation book cs1">John W. Klooster (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WKuG-VIwID8C&pg=PA161"><i>Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34743-6"><bdi>978-0-313-34743-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Icons+of+Invention%3A+The+Makers+of+the+Modern+World+from+Gutenberg+to+Gates&rft.pages=161&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34743-6&rft.au=John+W.+Klooster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWKuG-VIwID8C%26pg%3DPA161&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sungook Hong. <i>Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion</i>. MIT Press - 2001, page 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/southeast/sites/flatholm/pages/marconi.shtml">"Marconi: Radio Pioneer"</a>. <i>BBC South East Wales</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+South+East+Wales&rft.atitle=Marconi%3A+Radio+Pioneer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fsoutheast%2Fsites%2Fflatholm%2Fpages%2Fmarconi.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Letters to the Editor: Marconi and the History of Radio". <i>IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine</i>. <b>46</b> (2): 130. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMAP.2004.1305565">10.1109/MAP.2004.1305565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Antennas+and+Propagation+Magazine&rft.atitle=Letters+to+the+Editor%3A+Marconi+and+the+History+of+Radio&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=130&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMAP.2004.1305565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_L._Granatstein2012" class="citation book cs1">Victor L. Granatstein (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YClQiddGGfkC&pg=PA8"><i>Physical Principles of Wireless Communications, Second Edition</i></a>. CRC Press. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7897-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4398-7897-2"><bdi>978-1-4398-7897-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physical+Principles+of+Wireless+Communications%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4398-7897-2&rft.au=Victor+L.+Granatstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYClQiddGGfkC%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"The Clifden Station of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph System". <i>Scientific American</i>. 23 November 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Clifden+Station+of+the+Marconi+Wireless+Telegraph+System&rft.date=1907-11-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://marconi100.ca/clip/marconi-sydpost19071024.html">Second Test of the Marconi Over-Ocean Wireless System Proved Entirely Successful</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019025942/http://marconi100.ca/clip/marconi-sydpost19071024.html">Archived</a> 19 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sydney Daily Post. 24 October 1907.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fahie, J. J., <i>A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838–1899</i>, 1899, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Cooper, <i>The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation</i>, Race Point Publishing, 2015, pp. 154, 165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore S. Rappaport, Brian D. Woerner, Jeffrey H. Reed, <i>Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges</i>, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, pp. 211–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Cooper, <i>The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation</i>, Race Point Publishing, 2015, p. 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earlyradiohistory.us/sec021.htm">Thomas H. White, section 21, MAHLON LOOMIS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christopher_Cooper_2015,_p._165_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher Cooper, <i>The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation</i>, Race Point Publishing, 2015, p. 165 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute – Volume 78 – p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Bernard Carlson, <i>Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age</i>, Princeton University Press – 2013, p. H-45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marc J. Seifer, <i>Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius</i>, Citadel Press – 1996, p. 107</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). <i>Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 301. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1400846552" title="Special:BookSources/1400846552">1400846552</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US465971">U.S. patent 465,971</a></span>, <i>Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically, US 465971 A</i>, 1891</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Defied the storm's worst-communication always kept up by 'train telegraphy,'" <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a>, March 17, 1888, p. 8. Proquest Historical Newspapers (subscription). Retrieved February 6, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher H. 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STOP"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. 19 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=TELEGRAM+NOT+DEAD.+STOP.&rft.date=2013-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Finformation-technology%2F2013%2F06%2Ftelegram-not-dead-stop%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochfelder2012" class="citation book cs1">Hochfelder, David (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUDxx_bMVQUC&pg=PA79"><i>The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920</i></a>. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-42140747-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-42140747-0"><bdi>978-1-42140747-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telegraph+in+America%2C+1832%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-42140747-0&rft.aulast=Hochfelder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUDxx_bMVQUC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frehner-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frehner_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frehner_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frehner_81-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrehner2008" class="citation book cs1">Frehner, Carmen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wiVz8dDW8-cC&pg=PA191"><i>Email, SMS, MMS: The Linguistic Creativity of Asynchronous Discourse in the New Media Age</i></a>. Bern: Peter Lang AG. pp. 187, 191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-303911451-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-303911451-1"><bdi>978-303911451-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Email%2C+SMS%2C+MMS%3A+The+Linguistic+Creativity+of+Asynchronous+Discourse+in+the+New+Media+Age&rft.place=Bern&rft.pages=187%2C+191&rft.pub=Peter+Lang+AG&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-303911451-1&rft.aulast=Frehner&rft.aufirst=Carmen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwiVz8dDW8-cC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.siemens.com/global/en/company/about/history/technology/information-and-communications-technology/telegraphy-and-telex.html">"Telegraphy and Telex"</a>. <i>siemens.com Global Website</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EB-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EB_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EB_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/telegraph/The-end-of-the-telegraph-era">"The End of The Telegraph Era"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. 22 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+End+of+The+Telegraph+Era&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.date=2024-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Ftelegraph%2FThe-end-of-the-telegraph-era&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Downey, Gregory J. (2002) <i>Telegraph Messenger Boys: Labor, Technology, and Geography, 1850–1950</i>, Routledge, New York and London, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eh.net-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eh.net_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eh.net_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Economic History Encyclopedia (2010) "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060502202633/http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us">"EH.Net Encyclopedia: History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eh.net/encyclopedia/article/nonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us">the original</a> on 2 May 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EH.Net+Encyclopedia%3A+History+of+the+U.S.+Telegraph+Industry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feh.net%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Fnonnenmacher.industry.telegraphic.us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carey,_James_1989_p._210-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carey,_James_1989_p._210_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carey,_James_1989_p._210_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carey, James (1989). <i>Communication as Culture</i>, Routledge, New York and London, p. 210</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allan J. Kimmel, <i>People and Products: Consumer Behavior and Product Design</i>, pp. 53–54, Routledge, 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1317607503" title="Special:BookSources/1317607503">1317607503</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sehlstedt, Elias, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runeberg.org/telegrafen/"><i>Telegrafen: Optisk Kalender för 1858</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://runeberg.org/telegrafen/">[1]</a>), Tryckt Hos Joh Beckman, 1857. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9171201823" title="Special:BookSources/9171201823">9171201823</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKipling" class="citation web cs1">Kipling, Rudyard. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:The_Seven_Seas_(Kipling,_1896).djvu/32">"The Seven Seas"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2022</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Seven+Seas&rft.aulast=Kipling&rft.aufirst=Rudyard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FPage%3AThe_Seven_Seas_%28Kipling%2C_1896%29.djvu%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan Reed Winkler, <i>Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I</i>, p. 1, Harvard University Press, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674033906" title="Special:BookSources/0674033906">0674033906</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armand Mattelart, <i>Networking the World, 1794–2000</i>, p. 19. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0816632871" title="Special:BookSources/0816632871">0816632871</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John A. Britton, <i>Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903</i>, p. xi, University of New Mexico Press, 2013. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0826353983" title="Special:BookSources/0826353983">0826353983</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLindley2004" class="citation book cs1">Lindley, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rgh9hU3WgnkC&q=harbinger&pg=PT194"><i>Degrees Kelvin: a tale of genius, invention, and tragedy</i></a>. Joseph Henry Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0309167825" title="Special:BookSources/0309167825"><bdi>0309167825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+Kelvin%3A+a+tale+of+genius%2C+invention%2C+and+tragedy&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0309167825&rft.aulast=Lindley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRgh9hU3WgnkC%26q%3Dharbinger%26pg%3DPT194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Britton, John A. <i>Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New International Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903</i>. (University of New Mexico Press, 2013).</li> <li>Fari, Simone. <i>Formative Years of the Telegraph Union</i> (Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015).</li> <li>Fari, Simone. <i>Victorian Telegraphy Before Nationalization</i> (2014).</li> <li>Gorman, Mel. "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the establishment of the telegraph system in India." <i>Technology and Culture</i> 12.4 (1971): 581–601 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102572">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210421051735/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3102572">Archived</a> 21 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Hindmarch-Watson, Katie. "Embodying Telegraphy in Late Victorian London." <i>Information & Culture</i> 55, no. 1 (2020): 10-29.</li> <li>Hochfelder, David, <i>The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012).</li> <li>Huurdeman, Anton A. <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i> (John Wiley & Sons, 2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_R._John" title="Richard R. John">John, Richard R</a>. <i>Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications</i> (Harvard University Press; 2010) 520 pages; the evolution of American telegraph and telephone networks.</li> <li>Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). <i>The Electric Telegraph: a Social and Economic History</i>. David and Charles. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-5883-9">0-7153-5883-9</a>.</li> <li>Lew, B., and Cater, B. "The Telegraph, Co-ordination of Tramp Shipping, and Growth in World Trade, 1870–1910", <i>European Review of Economic History</i> 10 (2006): 147–73.</li> <li>Müller, Simone M., and Heidi JS Tworek. "'The telegraph and the bank': on the interdependence of global communications and capitalism, 1866–1914." <i>Journal of Global History</i> 10#2 (2015): 259–283.</li> <li>O'Hara, Glen. "New Histories of British Imperial Communication and the 'Networked World' of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries" <i>History Compass</i> (2010) 8#7pp 609–625, Historiography,</li> <li>Richardson, Alan J. "The cost of a telegram: Accounting and the evolution of international regulation of the telegraph." <i>Accounting History</i> 20#4 (2015): 405–429.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Standage" title="Tom Standage">Standage, Tom</a> (1998). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Internet" title="The Victorian Internet">The Victorian Internet</a></i>. Berkley Trade. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-425-17169-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-425-17169-8">0-425-17169-8</a>.</li> <li>Thompson, Robert Luther. <i>Wiring a continent: The history of the telegraph industry in the United States, 1832–1866</i> (Princeton UP, 1947).</li> <li>Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge." <i>History Compass</i> 5#5 (2007): 1720–1742.</li> <li>Wenzlhuemer, Roland. <i>Connecting the nineteenth-century world: The telegraph and globalization</i> (Cambridge UP, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=9072345&fileId=S0022050713000934">online review</a></li> <li>Winseck, Dwayne R., and Robert M. Pike. <i>Communication & Empire: Media, Markets & Globalization, 1860–1930</i> (2007), 429pp.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Internet" title="The Victorian Internet"><i>The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-Line Pioneers</i></a>, a book about the telegraph</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmagnay1908" class="citation journal cs1">Armagnay, Henri (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gtQWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA197">"Phototelegraphy"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</i>: 197–207<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=Phototelegraphy&rft.pages=197-207&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Armagnay&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgtQWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dargan, J. "The Railway Telegraph", <a href="/wiki/Australian_Railway_History" title="Australian Railway History"><i>Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin</i></a>, March 1985 pp. 49–71</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1892" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Thomas (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnjfe4vEBGwC&pg=PA639">"The Inventors Of The Telegraph And Telephone"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</i>: 639–659<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Inventors+Of+The+Telegraph+And+Telephone&rft.pages=639-659&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtnjfe4vEBGwC%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pichler, Franz, <i>Magneto-Electric Dial Telegraphs: Contributions of Wheatstone, Stoehrer and Siemens</i>, <a href="/wiki/The_AWA_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The AWA Review">The AWA Review</a> vol. 26, (2013).</li> <li>Ross, Nelson E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html">HOW TO WRITE TELEGRAMS PROPERLY</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130131104336/http://www.telegraph-office.com/pages/telegram.html">Archived</a> 31 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Telegraph Office (1928)</li> <li>Wheen, Andrew;— <i>DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet</i> (Springer, 2011) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6759-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-6759-6">978-1-4419-6759-6</a>.</li> <li>Wilson, Geoffrey, <i>The Old Telegraphs</i>, Phillimore & Co Ltd 1976 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900592-79-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-900592-79-6">0-900592-79-6</a>; a comprehensive history of the shutter, semaphore and other kinds of visual mechanical telegraphs.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Telegraphy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_4/Issue_34/The_Magnetic_Telegraph" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 4/Issue 34/The Magnetic Telegraph">"The Magnetic Telegraph" (1845) predicts the impact of the telegraph on the consolidation of American identity</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telegraphy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Telegraph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Telegraph">"Telegraph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telegraph&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelegraphy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/telegraph">Telegraph</a> at the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.porthcurno.org.uk/">The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130927210948/http://www.porthcurno.org.uk/">Archived</a> 27 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)—The biggest telegraph station in the world, now a museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/">Distant Writing</a>—The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siris-archives.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?uri=full=3100001~!140235!0">Western Union Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995</a>—Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://technikum29.de/en/communication/fax">Early telegraphy and fax engineering, still operable in a German computer museum</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120420040611/http://technikum29.de/en/communication/fax">Archived</a> 20 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/technology/06telegram.html">"Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, 6 February 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/123278691/International-Communications-Facilities-of-the-American-Carriers">International Facilities of the American Carriers</a>—an overview of the U.S. international cable network in 1950</li> <li>Elizabeth Bruton: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/article/communication_technology/">"Communication Technology"</a>, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net/home.html/"><i>1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War</i></a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Transmission methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Notable signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CQD" title="CQD">CQD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_code" title="Z code">Z code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Other writing systems<br />in Morse code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Greek" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Cyrillic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Cyrillic script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Hebrew" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Hebrew script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Arabic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" 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title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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