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href="https://upatras.academia.edu/CostasPapatheodoropoulos">Costas Papatheodoropoulos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="60578945" type="text/json">{"id":60578945,"first_name":"Costas","last_name":"Papatheodoropoulos","domain_name":"upatras","page_name":"CostasPapatheodoropoulos","display_name":"Costas Papatheodoropoulos","profile_url":"https://upatras.academia.edu/CostasPapatheodoropoulos?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/60578945/19730031/19582923/s65_costas.papatheodoropoulos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38404245 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38404245"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38404245, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38404245", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38404245 InlineList-item 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13367942/UV_responses_in_the_retina_of_the_turtle">UV responses in the retina of the turtle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">To study processing of UV stimuli in the retina of the turtle, Trachemys dorbignii, we recorded intracellular responses to spectral light from 89 cells: 54 horizontal (47 monophasic, five (R0G) biphasic and two (Y0B) triphasic), 14... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13367942" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">To study processing of UV stimuli in the retina of the turtle, Trachemys dorbignii, we recorded intracellular responses to spectral light from 89 cells: 54 horizontal (47 monophasic, five (R0G) biphasic and two (Y0B) triphasic), 14 bipolar, 12 amacrine, and nine ganglion cells. Spectral sensitivities were measured with monochromatic flashes or with the dynamic constant response method in dark or</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13367942" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c2a44cccade00d80ad6e9e1e0f668cf8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45418165,"asset_id":13367942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45418165/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32598655" href="https://usp-br.academia.edu/DoraVentura">Dora Ventura</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32598655" type="text/json">{"id":32598655,"first_name":"Dora","last_name":"Ventura","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"DoraVentura","display_name":"Dora Ventura","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/DoraVentura?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-13367942">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-13367942"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/YossiZana">Yossi Zana</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13367942'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13367942').html(); 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Spectral sensitivities were measured with monochromatic flashes or with the dynamic constant response method in dark or","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45418165,"asset_id":13367942,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32598655,"first_name":"Dora","last_name":"Ventura","domain_name":"usp-br","page_name":"DoraVentura","display_name":"Dora Ventura","profile_url":"https://usp-br.academia.edu/DoraVentura?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":535608,"first_name":"Yossi","last_name":"Zana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YossiZana","display_name":"Yossi Zana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YossiZana?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":5692,"name":"Visual Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Visual_Neuroscience?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":87546,"name":"Ultraviolet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ultraviolet?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":112169,"name":"Turtles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Turtles?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":184907,"name":"Microelectrodes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microelectrodes?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":347272,"name":"Second Order","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_Order?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":477100,"name":"UV light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/UV_light?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":513105,"name":"Retinal Ganglion Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Retinal_Ganglion_Cells?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1209499,"name":"Spectral Sensitivity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectral_Sensitivity?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1988524,"name":"Dark Adaptation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dark_Adaptation?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31316301" data-work_id="31316301" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31316301/Epigenetic_control_of_neurotransmitter_expression_in_olfactory_bulb_interneurons">Epigenetic control of neurotransmitter expression in olfactory bulb interneurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li 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class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31316301"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31316301; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31316301]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31316301").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31316301").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31316301"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8322" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience">Developmental neuroscience</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8322" type="text/json">{"id":8322,"name":"Developmental neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="49066" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenomics">Epigenomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="49066" type="text/json">{"id":49066,"name":"Epigenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenomics?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="558648" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olfactory_Bulb">Olfactory Bulb</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="558648" type="text/json">{"id":558648,"name":"Olfactory Bulb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olfactory_Bulb?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31316301]'), work: {"id":31316301,"title":"Epigenetic control of neurotransmitter expression in olfactory bulb 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neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_neuroscience?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":49066,"name":"Epigenomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenomics?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":558648,"name":"Olfactory Bulb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olfactory_Bulb?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1763968,"name":"Gene Expression Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Expression_Regulation?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_740438" data-work_id="740438" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/740438/Activity_dependent_Formation_and_Functions_of_Chondroitin_Sulfate_rich_Extracellular_Matrix_of_Perineuronal_Nets">Activity‐dependent Formation and Functions of Chondroitin Sulfate‐rich Extracellular Matrix of Perineuronal Nets</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/740438" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="577379e2a9e40145cf04a8fe6997c5b0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51257984,"asset_id":740438,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51257984/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="139185" href="https://dzne.academia.edu/AlexanderDityatev">Alexander Dityatev</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="139185" type="text/json">{"id":139185,"first_name":"Alexander","last_name":"Dityatev","domain_name":"dzne","page_name":"AlexanderDityatev","display_name":"Alexander Dityatev","profile_url":"https://dzne.academia.edu/AlexanderDityatev?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/139185/36925/14930954/s65_alexander.dityatev.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_740438 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="740438"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 740438, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_740438", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_740438 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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});</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_740438").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="740438"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1084" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology">Developmental Neurobiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1084" type="text/json">{"id":1084,"name":"Developmental Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developmental_Neurobiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2007" type="text/json">{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12071" type="text/json">{"id":12071,"name":"Immunohistochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunohistochemistry?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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gyrus and CA1–3 subfields of the dorsal hippocampus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17488687" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7f46932d69fcb8470f974af04f3ca4d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39538106,"asset_id":17488687,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" 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decarboxylase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamate_decarboxylase?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1959659,"name":"Dorsal hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dorsal_hippocampus?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_3200146" data-work_id="3200146" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3200146/The_gamma_cycle">The gamma cycle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Activated neuronal groups typically engage in rhythmic synchronization in the gamma-frequency range (30–100 Hz). Experimental and modeling studies demonstrate that each gamma cycle is framed by synchronized spiking of inhibitory... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_3200146" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Activated neuronal groups typically engage in rhythmic synchronization in the gamma-frequency range (30–100 Hz). Experimental and modeling studies demonstrate that each gamma cycle is framed by synchronized spiking of inhibitory interneurons. Here, we review evidence suggesting that the resulting rhythmic network inhibition interacts with excitatory input to pyramidal cells such that the more excited cells fire earlier in the gamma cycle. Thus, the amplitude of excitatory drive is recoded into phase values of discharges relative to the gamma cycle. This recoding enables transmission and read out of amplitude information within a single gamma cycle without requiring rate integration. Furthermore, variation of phase relations can be exploited to facilitate or inhibit exchange of information between oscillating cell assemblies. The gamma cycle could thus serve as a fundamental computational mechanism for the implementation of a temporal coding scheme that enables fast processing and flexible routing of activity, supporting fast selection and binding of distributed responses. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (<a href="http://inmednet.com" rel="nofollow">http://inmednet.com</a>).</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/3200146" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4969cfc953ccaeeb97c1c66aa56d06c7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50415247,"asset_id":3200146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50415247/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2691817" href="https://fias.academia.edu/DankoNikolic">Danko Nikolic</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2691817" type="text/json">{"id":2691817,"first_name":"Danko","last_name":"Nikolic","domain_name":"fias","page_name":"DankoNikolic","display_name":"Danko Nikolic","profile_url":"https://fias.academia.edu/DankoNikolic?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2691817/862085/1075479/s65_danko.nikolic.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_3200146 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="3200146"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 3200146, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_3200146", }); 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Experimental and modeling studies demonstrate that each gamma cycle is framed by synchronized spiking of inhibitory interneurons. Here, we review evidence suggesting that the resulting rhythmic network inhibition interacts with excitatory input to pyramidal cells such that the more excited cells fire earlier in the gamma cycle. Thus, the amplitude of excitatory drive is recoded into phase values of discharges relative to the gamma cycle. This recoding enables transmission and read out of amplitude information within a single gamma cycle without requiring rate integration. Furthermore, variation of phase relations can be exploited to facilitate or inhibit exchange of information between oscillating cell assemblies. The gamma cycle could thus serve as a fundamental computational mechanism for the implementation of a temporal coding scheme that enables fast processing and flexible routing of activity, supporting fast selection and binding of distributed responses. This review is part of the INMED/TINS special issue Physiogenic and pathogenic oscillations: the beauty and the beast, based on presentations at the annual INMED/TINS symposium (http://inmednet.com).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50415247,"asset_id":3200146,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2691817,"first_name":"Danko","last_name":"Nikolic","domain_name":"fias","page_name":"DankoNikolic","display_name":"Danko Nikolic","profile_url":"https://fias.academia.edu/DankoNikolic?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2691817/862085/1075479/s65_danko.nikolic.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":2376,"name":"Computational 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/8998006/Force_and_the_motor_cortex">Force and the motor cortex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/8998006" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="67db7da4430f005864e0bf53b3e652ec" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47924026,"asset_id":8998006,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button 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class="js-paper-rank-work_8998006 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="8998006"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 8998006, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_8998006", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_8998006 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 8998006; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_8998006"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); 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u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2007" type="text/json">{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4228" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology">Skeletal muscle biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4228" type="text/json">{"id":4228,"name":"Skeletal muscle biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Skeletal_muscle_biology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="93037" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orientation">Orientation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="93037" 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Cord","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spinal_Cord?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":153836,"name":"Motor Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Motor_Cortex?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":170918,"name":"Electromyography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electromyography?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":497482,"name":"Force","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Force?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":603763,"name":"Static","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Static?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":917624,"name":"ISOMETRIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ISOMETRIC?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":990540,"name":"Lifting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lifting?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1144130,"name":"Weight Bearing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Bearing?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1322739,"name":"Mono","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mono?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":2058719,"name":"Isometric Contraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isometric_Contraction?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30118475" data-work_id="30118475" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30118475/The_neurobiology_of_swallowing_and_dysphagia">The neurobiology of swallowing and dysphagia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The neurobiological study of swallowing and its dysfunction, defined as dysphagia, has evolved over two centuries beginning with electrical stimulation applied directly to the central nervous system, and then followed by systematic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30118475" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The neurobiological study of swallowing and its dysfunction, defined as dysphagia, has evolved over two centuries beginning with electrical stimulation applied directly to the central nervous system, and then followed by systematic investigations that have used lesioning, transmagnetic stimulation, magnetoencephalography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging. The field has evolved from mapping the central neural pathway and peripheral nerves, to defining the importance of specific regions of the lower brain stem in terms of interneurons that provide sequential control for multiple muscles in the most complex reflex elicited by the nervous system, the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. The field is now emerging into defining how the higher cortical regions interact with this brain stem control and is providing a broader perspective of how the intact nervous system functions to control the three phases of swallowing (i.e., oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal). Much of the present inter...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30118475" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54d65334da7fc4027bf276ab20946d49" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50579814,"asset_id":30118475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50579814/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57226527" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurMiller14">Arthur Miller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57226527" type="text/json">{"id":57226527,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Miller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArthurMiller14","display_name":"Arthur Miller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurMiller14?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57226527/49162285/37133712/s65_arthur.miller.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30118475 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30118475"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30118475, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30118475", }); 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The field has evolved from mapping the central neural pathway and peripheral nerves, to defining the importance of specific regions of the lower brain stem in terms of interneurons that provide sequential control for multiple muscles in the most complex reflex elicited by the nervous system, the pharyngeal phase of swallowing. The field is now emerging into defining how the higher cortical regions interact with this brain stem control and is providing a broader perspective of how the intact nervous system functions to control the three phases of swallowing (i.e., oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal). Much of the present inter...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50579814,"asset_id":30118475,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57226527,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Miller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ArthurMiller14","display_name":"Arthur Miller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ArthurMiller14?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57226527/49162285/37133712/s65_arthur.miller.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":623,"name":"Neurology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":39001,"name":"Pathophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathophysiology?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":54589,"name":"Anatomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anatomy?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":61234,"name":"Stroke","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stroke?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":82955,"name":"Swallowing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Swallowing?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":114550,"name":"Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cortex?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":479866,"name":"Peripheral nerves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peripheral_nerves?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":541937,"name":"Stimulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stimulation?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":568482,"name":"Biological markers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_markers?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1443732,"name":"Diagnostic Tests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostic_Tests?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":2234200,"name":"Functional Laterality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Functional_Laterality?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":2426000,"name":"Brain stem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_stem?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17202703 coauthored" data-work_id="17202703" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17202703/Tardive_dyskinesia_in_the_era_of_typical_and_atypical_antipsychotics_Part_2_Incidence_and_management_strategies_in_patients_with_schizophrenia">Tardive dyskinesia in the era of typical and atypical antipsychotics. Part 2: Incidence and management strategies in patients with schizophrenia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Tardive dyskinesia (TD), the principal adverse effect of long-term conventional antipsychotic treatment, can be debilitating and, in many cases, persistent. We sought to explore the incidence and management of TD in the era of atypical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17202703" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Tardive dyskinesia (TD), the principal adverse effect of long-term conventional antipsychotic treatment, can be debilitating and, in many cases, persistent. We sought to explore the incidence and management of TD in the era of atypical antipsychotics because it remains an important iatrogenic adverse effect. We conducted a review of TD incidence and management literature from January 1, 1965, to January 31, 2004, using the terms tardive dyskinesia, management, therapy, neuroleptics, antipsychotics, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole. Additional articles were obtained by searching the bibliographies of relevant references. We considered articles that contributed to the current understanding of both the incidence of TD with atypical antipsychotics and management strategies for TD. The incidence of TD is significantly lower with atypical, compared with typical, antipsychotics, but cases of de novo TD have been identified. Evidence suggests tha...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17202703" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f2aa38b8f9b04478ec857abe6995c2b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39386574,"asset_id":17202703,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39386574/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36698349" href="https://mcgill.academia.edu/LawrenceAnnable">Lawrence Annable</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36698349" type="text/json">{"id":36698349,"first_name":"Lawrence","last_name":"Annable","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"LawrenceAnnable","display_name":"Lawrence Annable","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/LawrenceAnnable?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-17202703">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-17202703"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChouinardGuy">Guy Chouinard</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-17202703'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-17202703').html(); 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Part 2: Incidence and management strategies in patients with schizophrenia","created_at":"2015-10-23T03:11:08.089-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17202703/Tardive_dyskinesia_in_the_era_of_typical_and_atypical_antipsychotics_Part_2_Incidence_and_management_strategies_in_patients_with_schizophrenia?f_ri=1287048","dom_id":"work_17202703","summary":"Tardive dyskinesia (TD), the principal adverse effect of long-term conventional antipsychotic treatment, can be debilitating and, in many cases, persistent. We sought to explore the incidence and management of TD in the era of atypical antipsychotics because it remains an important iatrogenic adverse effect. We conducted a review of TD incidence and management literature from January 1, 1965, to January 31, 2004, using the terms tardive dyskinesia, management, therapy, neuroleptics, antipsychotics, clozapine, olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, ziprasidone, and aripiprazole. Additional articles were obtained by searching the bibliographies of relevant references. We considered articles that contributed to the current understanding of both the incidence of TD with atypical antipsychotics and management strategies for TD. The incidence of TD is significantly lower with atypical, compared with typical, antipsychotics, but cases of de novo TD have been identified. Evidence suggests tha...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39386574,"asset_id":17202703,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36698349,"first_name":"Lawrence","last_name":"Annable","domain_name":"mcgill","page_name":"LawrenceAnnable","display_name":"Lawrence Annable","profile_url":"https://mcgill.academia.edu/LawrenceAnnable?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":47475756,"first_name":"Guy","last_name":"Chouinard","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChouinardGuy","display_name":"Guy Chouinard","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChouinardGuy?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3227,"name":"Schizophrenia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizophrenia?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":36391,"name":"Canadian 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href="https://www.academia.edu/16216753/Three_groups_of_interneurons_account_for_nearly_100_of_neocortical_GABAergic_neurons">Three groups of interneurons account for nearly 100% of neocortical GABAergic neurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16216753" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b601521da2e9dc2f666484678774558a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42632265,"asset_id":16216753,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" 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data-has-card-for-user="39480459" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SvenKroener">Sven Kroener</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39480459" type="text/json">{"id":39480459,"first_name":"Sven","last_name":"Kroener","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SvenKroener","display_name":"Sven Kroener","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SvenKroener?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-19242553">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-19242553"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonietaLavin">Antonieta Lavin</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-19242553'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: 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container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19242553 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19242553"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19242553; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19242553]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19242553").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19242553").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19242553"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2047" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2047" type="text/json">{"id":2047,"name":"Psychopharmacology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychopharmacology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4212" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition">Cognition</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4212" type="text/json">{"id":4212,"name":"Cognition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognition?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28576" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex">Prefrontal Cortex</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28576" type="text/json">{"id":28576,"name":"Prefrontal Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prefrontal_Cortex?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43774" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning">Learning</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43774" type="text/json">{"id":43774,"name":"Learning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Learning?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19242553]'), work: {"id":19242553,"title":"The ability of the mesocortical dopamine system to operate in distinct temporal 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Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":767927,"name":"Ventral Tegmental Area","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ventral_Tegmental_Area?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1292998,"name":"Glutamic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutamic_Acid?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1619808,"name":"Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma-Aminobutyric_Acid?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30189032 coauthored" data-work_id="30189032" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30189032/Canonical_Organization_of_Layer_1_Neuron_Led_Cortical_Inhibitory_and_Disinhibitory_Interneuronal_Circuits">Canonical Organization of Layer 1 Neuron-Led Cortical Inhibitory and Disinhibitory Interneuronal Circuits</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30189032" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2b3adfc9bb085af604cdad214876e2a1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50648378,"asset_id":30189032,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50648378/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57481840" href="https://virginia.academia.edu/RuthStornetta">Ruth Stornetta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57481840" type="text/json">{"id":57481840,"first_name":"Ruth","last_name":"Stornetta","domain_name":"virginia","page_name":"RuthStornetta","display_name":"Ruth Stornetta","profile_url":"https://virginia.academia.edu/RuthStornetta?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/0805e9643a5bb5a34e1504746bb61205?s=65"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-30189032">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-30189032"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/GuangfuWang">Guangfu Wang</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-30189032'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-30189032').html(); } } new 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container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30189032 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30189032"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30189032; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30189032]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30189032").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30189032").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30189032"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy">Electron Microscopy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2184" type="text/json">{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37793" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patch-clamp_and_imaging_techniques">Patch-clamp and imaging techniques</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37793" type="text/json">{"id":37793,"name":"Patch-clamp and imaging techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patch-clamp_and_imaging_techniques?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78467" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex">Cerebral Cortex</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78467" type="text/json">{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30189032]'), work: {"id":30189032,"title":"Canonical Organization of Layer 1 Neuron-Led Cortical Inhibitory and Disinhibitory Interneuronal 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Wang","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GuangfuWang?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/66478590/159410336/149072770/s65_guangfu.wang.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":2184,"name":"Electron Microscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electron_Microscopy?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":37793,"name":"Patch-clamp and imaging techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Patch-clamp_and_imaging_techniques?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":78467,"name":"Cerebral Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cerebral_Cortex?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":111012,"name":"Plant tissue Culture Techniques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_tissue_Culture_Techniques?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":277717,"name":"Somatosensory Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatosensory_Cortex?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":704401,"name":"Neural pathways","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neural_pathways?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48360783" data-work_id="48360783" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48360783/Reallocation_of_Olfactory_Cajal_Retzius_Cells_Shapes_Neocortex_Architecture">Reallocation of Olfactory Cajal-Retzius Cells Shapes Neocortex Architecture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The neocortex undergoes extensive developmental growth, but how its architecture adapts to expansion remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated how early born Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons, which regulate the assembly of cortical... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48360783" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The neocortex undergoes extensive developmental growth, but how its architecture adapts to expansion remains largely unknown. Here, we investigated how early born Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons, which regulate the assembly of cortical circuits, maintain a dense superficial distribution in the growing neocortex. We found that CR cell density is sustained by an activity-dependent importation of olfactory CR cells, which migrate into the neocortex after they have acted as axonal guidepost cells in the olfactory system. Furthermore, using mouse genetics, we showed that CR cell density severely affects the architecture of layer 1, a key site of input integration for neocortical networks, leading to an excitation/inhibition ratio imbalance. Our study reveals that neurons reenter migration several days after their initial positioning, thereby performing sequential developmental roles in olfactory cortex and neocortex. This atypical process is essential to regulate CR cell density during growth...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48360783" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b01bb08a6f1d75050b7014a0501f0e8f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67014326,"asset_id":48360783,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67014326/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67094743" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bouvierguy">guy bouvier</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67094743" type="text/json">{"id":67094743,"first_name":"guy","last_name":"bouvier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"bouvierguy","display_name":"guy bouvier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/bouvierguy?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48360783 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48360783"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48360783, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48360783", }); 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Here, we investigated how early born Cajal-Retzius (CR) neurons, which regulate the assembly of cortical circuits, maintain a dense superficial distribution in the growing neocortex. We found that CR cell density is sustained by an activity-dependent importation of olfactory CR cells, which migrate into the neocortex after they have acted as axonal guidepost cells in the olfactory system. Furthermore, using mouse genetics, we showed that CR cell density severely affects the architecture of layer 1, a key site of input integration for neocortical networks, leading to an excitation/inhibition ratio imbalance. Our study reveals that neurons reenter migration several days after their initial positioning, thereby performing sequential developmental roles in olfactory cortex and neocortex. This atypical process is essential to regulate CR cell density during growth...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67014326,"asset_id":48360783,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67094743,"first_name":"guy","last_name":"bouvier","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"bouvierguy","display_name":"guy bouvier","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/bouvierguy?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive 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class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17470914/Highly_energized_inhibitory_interneurons_are_a_central_element_for_information_processing_in_cortical_networks">Highly energized inhibitory interneurons are a central element for information processing in cortical networks</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17470914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6ae2263a12efd230a4bc0f110c4e7fe4" rel="nofollow" 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Papageorgiou","profile_url":"https://charite-de.academia.edu/IsminiPapageorgiou?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37334770/10578317/11806742/s65_ismini.papageorgiou.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":57556,"name":"Hippocampus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hippocampus?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":380825,"name":"Oxygen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":493558,"name":"Neocortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neocortex?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10184983" data-work_id="10184983" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10184983/Functional_mapping_of_neurons_that_control_locomotory_behavior_inCaenorhabditis_elegans">Functional mapping of neurons that control locomotory behavior inCaenorhabditis elegans</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">One approach to understanding behavior is to define the cellular components of neuronal circuits that control behavior. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, neuronal circuits have been delineated based on patterns of synaptic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10184983" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">One approach to understanding behavior is to define the cellular components of neuronal circuits that control behavior. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, neuronal circuits have been delineated based on patterns of synaptic connectivity derived from ultrastructural analysis. Individual cellular components of these anatomically defined circuits have previously been characterized on the sensory and motor neuron levels. In contrast, interneuron function has only been addressed to a limited extent. We describe here several classes of interneurons (AIY, AIZ, and RIB) that modulate locomotory behavior in C. elegans. Using mutant analysis as well as microsurgical mapping techniques, we found that the AIY neuron class serves to tonically modulate reversal frequency of animals in various sensory environments via the repression of the activity of a bistable switch composed of defined command interneurons. Furthermore, we show that the presentation of defined sensory modalities induces specific alterations in reversal behavior and that the AIY interneuron class mediates this alteration in locomotory behavior. We also found that the AIZ and RIB interneuron classes process odorsensory information in parallel to the AIY interneuron class. AIY, AIZ, and RIB are the first interneurons directly implicated in chemosensory signaling. Our neuronal mapping studies provide the framework for further genetic and functional dissections of neuronal circuits in C. elegans. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 178–197, 2003</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10184983" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6a5d8f2bbb27d369de02fe6adc8bf935" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47491221,"asset_id":10184983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47491221/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="24882031" href="https://independent.academia.edu/oliverhobert">oliver hobert</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="24882031" type="text/json">{"id":24882031,"first_name":"oliver","last_name":"hobert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"oliverhobert","display_name":"oliver hobert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/oliverhobert?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10184983 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10184983"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10184983, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10184983", }); 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In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, neuronal circuits have been delineated based on patterns of synaptic connectivity derived from ultrastructural analysis. Individual cellular components of these anatomically defined circuits have previously been characterized on the sensory and motor neuron levels. In contrast, interneuron function has only been addressed to a limited extent. We describe here several classes of interneurons (AIY, AIZ, and RIB) that modulate locomotory behavior in C. elegans. Using mutant analysis as well as microsurgical mapping techniques, we found that the AIY neuron class serves to tonically modulate reversal frequency of animals in various sensory environments via the repression of the activity of a bistable switch composed of defined command interneurons. Furthermore, we show that the presentation of defined sensory modalities induces specific alterations in reversal behavior and that the AIY interneuron class mediates this alteration in locomotory behavior. We also found that the AIZ and RIB interneuron classes process odorsensory information in parallel to the AIY interneuron class. AIY, AIZ, and RIB are the first interneurons directly implicated in chemosensory signaling. Our neuronal mapping studies provide the framework for further genetic and functional dissections of neuronal circuits in C. elegans. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 56: 178–197, 2003","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47491221,"asset_id":10184983,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":24882031,"first_name":"oliver","last_name":"hobert","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"oliverhobert","display_name":"oliver hobert","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/oliverhobert?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":2889,"name":"Caenorhabditis elegans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caenorhabditis_elegans?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":9658,"name":"Locomotion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Locomotion?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":25804,"name":"Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurobiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":41012,"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_DNA_Technology?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":74780,"name":"Mutation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutation?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":80221,"name":"Lasers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lasers?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":82660,"name":"Sensation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensation?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":88325,"name":"Cues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cues?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":102416,"name":"Smell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smell?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":170276,"name":"Chemotaxis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemotaxis?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":186234,"name":"Medical Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Physiology?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":193974,"name":"Neurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":389163,"name":"Circuit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Circuit?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":418263,"name":"SYNAPSES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SYNAPSES?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":637718,"name":"Nervous System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nervous_System?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1491514,"name":"*Hot Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/_Hot_Temperature?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16729182" data-work_id="16729182" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16729182/The_development_of_hippocampal_interneurons_in_rodents">The development of hippocampal interneurons in rodents</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Interneurons are GABAergic neurons responsible for inhibitory activity in the adult hippocampus, thereby controlling the activity of principal excitatory cells through the activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors. Subgroups of GABAergic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16729182" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interneurons are GABAergic neurons responsible for inhibitory activity in the adult hippocampus, thereby controlling the activity of principal excitatory cells through the activation of postsynaptic GABAA receptors. Subgroups of GABAergic neurons innervate specific parts of excitatory neurons. This specificity indicates that particular interneuron subgroups are able to recognize molecules segregated on the membrane of the pyramidal neuron. Once these specific connections are established, a quantitative regulation of their strength must be performed to achieve the proper balance of excitation and inhibition. We will review when and where interneurons are generated. We will then detail their migration toward and within the hippocampus, and the maturation of their morphological and neurochemical characteristics. We will finally review potential mechanisms underlying the development of GABAergic interneurons.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16729182" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f2c163a63ac2325fd6c41c5775b8a0d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42410376,"asset_id":16729182,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42410376/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="36132279" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntoineTriller">Antoine Triller</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="36132279" type="text/json">{"id":36132279,"first_name":"Antoine","last_name":"Triller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntoineTriller","display_name":"Antoine Triller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntoineTriller?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36132279/10470591/11683139/s65_antoine.triller.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16729182 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16729182"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16729182, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16729182", }); 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Subgroups of GABAergic neurons innervate specific parts of excitatory neurons. This specificity indicates that particular interneuron subgroups are able to recognize molecules segregated on the membrane of the pyramidal neuron. Once these specific connections are established, a quantitative regulation of their strength must be performed to achieve the proper balance of excitation and inhibition. We will review when and where interneurons are generated. We will then detail their migration toward and within the hippocampus, and the maturation of their morphological and neurochemical characteristics. We will finally review potential mechanisms underlying the development of GABAergic interneurons.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42410376,"asset_id":16729182,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":36132279,"first_name":"Antoine","last_name":"Triller","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AntoineTriller","display_name":"Antoine Triller","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AntoineTriller?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/36132279/10470591/11683139/s65_antoine.triller.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12684422/Selective_changes_in_inhibition_as_determinants_for_limited_hyperexcitability_in_the_insular_cortex_of_epileptic_rats">Selective changes in inhibition as determinants for limited hyperexcitability in the insular cortex of epileptic rats</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12684422" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f30a7a93ac18303695bc7517944c27f6" rel="nofollow" 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class="js-paper-rank-work_12684422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="12684422"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 12684422, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_12684422", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_12684422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12684422; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_12684422"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_12684422 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="12684422"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 12684422; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=12684422]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_12684422").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_12684422").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="12684422"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="237" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="237" type="text/json">{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2007" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2007" type="text/json">{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="57557" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe">Temporal Lobe</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="57557" type="text/json">{"id":57557,"name":"Temporal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=12684422]'), work: {"id":12684422,"title":"Selective changes in inhibition as determinants for limited hyperexcitability in the insular cortex of epileptic 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Biagini","profile_url":"https://unimore.academia.edu/GiuseppeBiagini?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29117843/9395312/10470683/s65_giuseppe.biagini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":237,"name":"Cognitive Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":57557,"name":"Temporal Lobe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":128608,"name":"Temporal Lobe Epilepsy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temporal_Lobe_Epilepsy?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":176503,"name":"Synaptic Transmission","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synaptic_Transmission?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":279027,"name":"European","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":382393,"name":"Neuropeptide Y","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuropeptide_Y?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":390353,"name":"Pilocarpine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pilocarpine?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":589319,"name":"Insular Cortex","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insular_Cortex?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":955727,"name":"Action Potentials","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Action_Potentials?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1619808,"name":"Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gamma-Aminobutyric_Acid?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_13497195" data-work_id="13497195" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13497195/Plasticity_of_corticospinal_neural_control_after_locomotor_training_in_human_spinal_cord_injury">Plasticity of corticospinal neural control after locomotor training in human spinal cord injury</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Spinal lesions substantially impair ambulation, occur generally in young and otherwise healthy individuals, and result in devastating effects on quality of life. Restoration of locomotion after damage to the spinal cord is challenging... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13497195" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Spinal lesions substantially impair ambulation, occur generally in young and otherwise healthy individuals, and result in devastating effects on quality of life. Restoration of locomotion after damage to the spinal cord is challenging because axons of the damaged neurons do not regenerate spontaneously. Body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) is a therapeutic approach in which a person with a spinal cord injury (SCI) steps on a motorized treadmill while some body weight is removed through an upper body harness. BWSTT improves temporal gait parameters, muscle activation patterns, and clinical outcome measures in persons with SCI. These changes are likely the result of reorganization that occurs simultaneously in supraspinal and spinal cord neural circuits. This paper will focus on the cortical control of human locomotion and motor output, spinal reflex circuits, and spinal interneuronal circuits and how corticospinal control is reorganized after locomotor training in people ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13497195" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="311dca1392544ba33c611b6dfc0e4fe7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38060394,"asset_id":13497195,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38060394/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32701863" href="https://cuny.academia.edu/MariaKnikou">Maria Knikou</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32701863" type="text/json">{"id":32701863,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Knikou","domain_name":"cuny","page_name":"MariaKnikou","display_name":"Maria Knikou","profile_url":"https://cuny.academia.edu/MariaKnikou?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32701863/18296274/18264702/s65_maria.knikou.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13497195 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13497195"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13497195, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13497195", }); 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Restoration of locomotion after damage to the spinal cord is challenging because axons of the damaged neurons do not regenerate spontaneously. Body-weight-supported treadmill training (BWSTT) is a therapeutic approach in which a person with a spinal cord injury (SCI) steps on a motorized treadmill while some body weight is removed through an upper body harness. BWSTT improves temporal gait parameters, muscle activation patterns, and clinical outcome measures in persons with SCI. These changes are likely the result of reorganization that occurs simultaneously in supraspinal and spinal cord neural circuits. This paper will focus on the cortical control of human locomotion and motor output, spinal reflex circuits, and spinal interneuronal circuits and how corticospinal control is reorganized after locomotor training in people ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":38060394,"asset_id":13497195,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32701863,"first_name":"Maria","last_name":"Knikou","domain_name":"cuny","page_name":"MariaKnikou","display_name":"Maria Knikou","profile_url":"https://cuny.academia.edu/MariaKnikou?f_ri=1287048","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/32701863/18296274/18264702/s65_maria.knikou.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2380,"name":"Plasticity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plasticity?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":25443,"name":"Exercise therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_therapy?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":132020,"name":"Neuronal 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Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Image_Analysis?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":54999,"name":"Somatostatin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Somatostatin?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":172827,"name":"Brain Ischemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Ischemia?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":244814,"name":"Clinical Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Sciences?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":375054,"name":"Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rats?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":484219,"name":"Basal ganglia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Basal_ganglia?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":564879,"name":"Wistar Rats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wistar_Rats?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":612551,"name":"Substance P","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Substance_P?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":662721,"name":"Huntington 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type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="84745" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement">Movement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="84745" type="text/json">{"id":84745,"name":"Movement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Movement?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="143507" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements">Eye Movements</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="143507" type="text/json">{"id":143507,"name":"Eye Movements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eye_Movements?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10132411]'), work: {"id":10132411,"title":"Responses of Identified 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class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16264930" data-work_id="16264930" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16264930/Synchronization_of_kainate_induced_epileptic_activity_via_GABAergic_inhibition_in_the_superfused_rat_hippocampus_in_vivo">Synchronization of kainate-induced epileptic activity via GABAergic inhibition in the superfused rat hippocampus in vivo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We studied cellular mechanisms of synchronization of epileptiform activity induced by kainic acid in a novel preparation of superfused rat hippocampus in vivo. Under urethane anesthesia, kainate induced epileptic population spikes... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_16264930" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We studied cellular mechanisms of synchronization of epileptiform activity induced by kainic acid in a novel preparation of superfused rat hippocampus in vivo. Under urethane anesthesia, kainate induced epileptic population spikes occurring at 30-40 Hz. Pyramidal cells fired exclusively during population spikes with an average probability of 0.34 on rebound of rhythmic GABA(A)-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic events. Excitatory synaptic events contributed little to seizure activity. Rhythmic epileptiform activity was suppressed by blocking GABA(A) receptors and was slowed by barbiturates. 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href="https://www.academia.edu/47092626/Cutaneous_stimulation_evokes_long_lasting_excitation_of_spinal_interneurons_in_the_turtle">Cutaneous stimulation evokes long-lasting excitation of spinal interneurons in the turtle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">1. We demonstrated multisecond increases in the excitability of the rostral-scratch reflex in the turtle by electrically stimulating the shell at sites within the rostral-scratch receptive field. To examine the cellular mechanisms for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_47092626" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">1. We demonstrated multisecond increases in the excitability of the rostral-scratch reflex in the turtle by electrically stimulating the shell at sites within the rostral-scratch receptive field. To examine the cellular mechanisms for these multisecond increases in scratch excitability, we recorded from single cutaneous afferents and sensory interneurons that responded to stimulation of the shell within the rostral-scratch receptive field. A single segment of the midbody spinal cord (D4, the 4th postcervical segment) was isolated in situ by transecting the spinal cord at the segment&#39;s anterior and posterior borders. The isolated segment was left attached to its peripheral nerve that innervates part of the rostral-scratch receptive field. A microsuction electrode (4-5 microns ID) was used to record extracellularly from the descending axons of cutaneous afferents and interneurons in the spinal white matter at the posterior end of the D4 segment. 2. The turtle shell is innervated b...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/47092626" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5702ac5eb0e07b97c7b347223effe269" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66369746,"asset_id":47092626,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66369746/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="11339018" href="https://ucriverside.academia.edu/ScottCurrie">Scott Currie</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="11339018" type="text/json">{"id":11339018,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Currie","domain_name":"ucriverside","page_name":"ScottCurrie","display_name":"Scott Currie","profile_url":"https://ucriverside.academia.edu/ScottCurrie?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_47092626 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="47092626"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 47092626, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_47092626", }); 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We demonstrated multisecond increases in the excitability of the rostral-scratch reflex in the turtle by electrically stimulating the shell at sites within the rostral-scratch receptive field. To examine the cellular mechanisms for these multisecond increases in scratch excitability, we recorded from single cutaneous afferents and sensory interneurons that responded to stimulation of the shell within the rostral-scratch receptive field. A single segment of the midbody spinal cord (D4, the 4th postcervical segment) was isolated in situ by transecting the spinal cord at the segment\u0026#39;s anterior and posterior borders. The isolated segment was left attached to its peripheral nerve that innervates part of the rostral-scratch receptive field. A microsuction electrode (4-5 microns ID) was used to record extracellularly from the descending axons of cutaneous afferents and interneurons in the spinal white matter at the posterior end of the D4 segment. 2. The turtle shell is innervated b...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66369746,"asset_id":47092626,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":11339018,"first_name":"Scott","last_name":"Currie","domain_name":"ucriverside","page_name":"ScottCurrie","display_name":"Scott Currie","profile_url":"https://ucriverside.academia.edu/ScottCurrie?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2007,"name":"Electrophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electrophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":2749,"name":"Animal Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Behavior?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal 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class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13689917/Endocannabinoid_mediated_long_term_depression_of_afferent_excitatory_synapses_in_hippocampal_pyramidal_cells_and_GABAergic_interneurons">Endocannabinoid-mediated long-term depression of afferent excitatory synapses in hippocampal pyramidal cells and GABAergic interneurons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Although endocannabinoids have emerged as essential retrograde messengers in several forms of synaptic plasticity, it remains controversial whether they mediate long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic synapses onto excitatory and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_13689917" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Although endocannabinoids have emerged as essential retrograde messengers in several forms of synaptic plasticity, it remains controversial whether they mediate long-term depression (LTD) of glutamatergic synapses onto excitatory and inhibitory neurons in the hippocampus. Here, we show that parvalbumin- and somatostatin/metabotropic glutamate receptor 1(a) (mGlu(1a))-positive GABAergic interneurons express diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL-α), a synthesizing enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), albeit at lower levels than principal cells. Moreover, this lipase accumulates postsynaptically around afferent excitatory synapses in all three cell types. To address the role of retrograde 2-AG signaling in LTD, we investigated two forms: (1) produced by postsynaptic spiking paired with subsequent presynaptic stimulation or (2) induced by group I mGlu activation by (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). Neither form of LTD was evoked in the presence of the mGlu(5) antagon...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13689917" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ce1bd715eaedb3bcf8de7f6f08d67c0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":45055239,"asset_id":13689917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/45055239/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32829154" href="https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%A1borSzab%C3%B314">Gábor Szabó</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32829154" type="text/json">{"id":32829154,"first_name":"Gábor","last_name":"Szabó","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GáborSzabó14","display_name":"Gábor Szabó","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%A1borSzab%C3%B314?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13689917 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13689917"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13689917, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13689917", }); 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Here, we show that parvalbumin- and somatostatin/metabotropic glutamate receptor 1(a) (mGlu(1a))-positive GABAergic interneurons express diacylglycerol lipase-α (DGL-α), a synthesizing enzyme of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), albeit at lower levels than principal cells. Moreover, this lipase accumulates postsynaptically around afferent excitatory synapses in all three cell types. To address the role of retrograde 2-AG signaling in LTD, we investigated two forms: (1) produced by postsynaptic spiking paired with subsequent presynaptic stimulation or (2) induced by group I mGlu activation by (S)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG). Neither form of LTD was evoked in the presence of the mGlu(5) antagon...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":45055239,"asset_id":13689917,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32829154,"first_name":"Gábor","last_name":"Szabó","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GáborSzabó14","display_name":"Gábor Szabó","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/G%C3%A1borSzab%C3%B314?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":502,"name":"Biophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":4247,"name":"Long Term Potentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term_Potentiation?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":12981,"name":"Enzyme 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u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Sensory systems must map accurate representations of the external world in the brain. Although the physical senses of touch and vision build topographic representations of the spatial coordinates of the body and the field of view, the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17609324" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Sensory systems must map accurate representations of the external world in the brain. Although the physical senses of touch and vision build topographic representations of the spatial coordinates of the body and the field of view, the chemical sense of olfaction maps discontinuous features of chemical space, comprising an extremely large number of possible odor stimuli. In both mammals and insects, olfactory circuits are wired according to the convergence of axons from sensory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor. Synapses are organized into distinctive spherical neuropils--the olfactory glomeruli--that connect sensory input with output neurons and local modulatory interneurons. Although there is a strong conservation of form in the olfactory maps of mammals and insects, they arise using divergent mechanisms. Olfactory glomeruli provide a unique solution to the problem of mapping discontinuous chemical space onto the brain.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17609324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e71e9322a3359bee35816f6b51bc0e1f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":42243687,"asset_id":17609324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/42243687/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37454513" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LeslieVosshall">Leslie Vosshall</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37454513" type="text/json">{"id":37454513,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Vosshall","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeslieVosshall","display_name":"Leslie Vosshall","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeslieVosshall?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17609324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17609324"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17609324, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17609324", }); 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Although the physical senses of touch and vision build topographic representations of the spatial coordinates of the body and the field of view, the chemical sense of olfaction maps discontinuous features of chemical space, comprising an extremely large number of possible odor stimuli. In both mammals and insects, olfactory circuits are wired according to the convergence of axons from sensory neurons expressing the same odorant receptor. Synapses are organized into distinctive spherical neuropils--the olfactory glomeruli--that connect sensory input with output neurons and local modulatory interneurons. Although there is a strong conservation of form in the olfactory maps of mammals and insects, they arise using divergent mechanisms. Olfactory glomeruli provide a unique solution to the problem of mapping discontinuous chemical space onto the brain.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":42243687,"asset_id":17609324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37454513,"first_name":"Leslie","last_name":"Vosshall","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LeslieVosshall","display_name":"Leslie Vosshall","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LeslieVosshall?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":51670,"name":"Drosophila","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Drosophila?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":52176,"name":"Brain Mapping","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brain_Mapping?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":84760,"name":"Mice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mice?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":102416,"name":"Smell","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Smell?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":370195,"name":"Body Patterning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Patterning?f_ri=1287048"},{"id":1287048,"name":"Interneurons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interneurons?f_ri=1287048"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17389420" data-work_id="17389420" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17389420/Long_term_cholinergic_denervation_caused_by_early_postnatal_AF64A_lesion_prevents_development_of_Muscarinic_receptors_in_rat_hippocampus">Long-term cholinergic denervation caused by early postnatal AF64A lesion prevents development of Muscarinic receptors in rat hippocampus</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17389420" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2a18ebb08ca166a4006682d09ab3203f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39481563,"asset_id":17389420,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39481563/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32745148" href="https://rug.academia.edu/PaulLuiten">Paul Luiten</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32745148" type="text/json">{"id":32745148,"first_name":"Paul","last_name":"Luiten","domain_name":"rug","page_name":"PaulLuiten","display_name":"Paul Luiten","profile_url":"https://rug.academia.edu/PaulLuiten?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17389420 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17389420"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17389420, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17389420", }); 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We have examined the inputs to commissural... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_69576877" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Interneurones interconnecting the two sides of the spinal cord (commissural interneurones) are critically important for interlimb coordination, but little is known about their organization. We have examined the inputs to commissural interneurones located in the midlumbar segments with projections to contralateral motor nuclei, aiming to determine whether they form distinct subpopulations. Based on intracellular records from 78 interneurones, two major non-overlapping subpopulations were identified: one monosynaptically excited by group II muscle afferents (n=10), the other monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal neurones (n=52). Monosynaptic input from group I muscle afferents and/or from vestibulospinal tract neurones was found in those with monosynaptic reticulospinal, but not group II input, and in a few other neurones (n=6). Only disynaptic input from these sources was found in the remaining 10 interneurones. Disynaptic excitatory input from ipsilateral and contralateral musc...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69576877" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="61edeabf4ec756036617d2e9943c4ca7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":79619590,"asset_id":69576877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/79619590/download_file?st=MTczMjczNDU0OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41330359" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrKrutki">Piotr Krutki</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41330359" type="text/json">{"id":41330359,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Krutki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrKrutki","display_name":"Piotr Krutki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrKrutki?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_69576877 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="69576877"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 69576877, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_69576877", }); 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We have examined the inputs to commissural interneurones located in the midlumbar segments with projections to contralateral motor nuclei, aiming to determine whether they form distinct subpopulations. Based on intracellular records from 78 interneurones, two major non-overlapping subpopulations were identified: one monosynaptically excited by group II muscle afferents (n=10), the other monosynaptically excited by reticulospinal neurones (n=52). Monosynaptic input from group I muscle afferents and/or from vestibulospinal tract neurones was found in those with monosynaptic reticulospinal, but not group II input, and in a few other neurones (n=6). Only disynaptic input from these sources was found in the remaining 10 interneurones. Disynaptic excitatory input from ipsilateral and contralateral musc...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79619590,"asset_id":69576877,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41330359,"first_name":"Piotr","last_name":"Krutki","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PiotrKrutki","display_name":"Piotr Krutki","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrKrutki?f_ri=1287048","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":41088,"name":"Cats","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cats?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":60436,"name":"Cell Differentiation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Differentiation?f_ri=1287048","nofollow":false},{"id":99421,"name":"Spinal 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