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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Newspaper editors at war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Newspaper_editors_at_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Newspaper editors at war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Newspaper_editors_at_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremonies_and_civil_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies_and_civil_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Ceremonies and civil religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies_and_civil_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adams_administration:_1797–1801" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adams_administration:_1797–1801"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Adams administration: 1797–1801</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adams_administration:_1797–1801-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Adams administration: 1797–1801 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Adams_administration:_1797–1801-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alien_and_Sedition_Acts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Alien and Sedition Acts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alien_and_Sedition_Acts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Election_of_1800" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_of_1800"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Election of 1800</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_of_1800-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federalists_in_opposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalists_in_opposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Federalists in opposition</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federalists_in_opposition-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Federalists in opposition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Federalists_in_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jefferson_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Jefferson administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-War_Party" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-War_Party"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Anti-War Party</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-War_Party-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madison_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madison_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Madison administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madison_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_and_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_and_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Opposition to the War of 1812 and decline</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_and_decline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Opposition to the War of 1812 and decline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_and_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federalist_decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federalist_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Federalist decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federalist_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Interpretations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electoral_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electoral_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Electoral history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electoral history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electoral_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Presidential_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Presidential elections</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presidential_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Congressional representation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Congressional_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_and_state_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_and_state_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Regional and state politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_and_state_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Newspapers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.3</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Federalist Party</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A" title="الحزب الفيدرالي الأمريكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحزب الفيدرالي الأمريكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partit_Federalista" title="Partit Federalista – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Partit Federalista" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalistick%C3%A1_strana" title="Federalistická strana – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Federalistická strana" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralistpartiet" title="Føderalistpartiet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Føderalistpartiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralistische_Partei" title="Föderalistische Partei – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Föderalistische Partei" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Federalista" title="Partido Federalista – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Partido Federalista" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalista_Partio_(Usono)" title="Federalista Partio (Usono) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Federalista Partio (Usono)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alderdi_Federalista_(AEB)" title="Alderdi Federalista (AEB) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Alderdi Federalista (AEB)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D9%81%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="حزب فدرالیست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حزب فدرالیست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parti_f%C3%A9d%C3%A9raliste_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti fédéraliste (États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parti fédéraliste (États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EB%8B%B9" title="연방당 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방당" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partai_Federalis" title="Partai Federalis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Partai Federalis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sambandssinnaflokkurinn" title="Sambandssinnaflokkurinn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sambandssinnaflokkurinn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partito_Federalista_(Stati_Uniti_d%27America)" title="Partito Federalista (Stati Uniti d'America) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Partito Federalista (Stati Uniti d'America)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המפלגה הפדרליסטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המפלגה הפדרליסטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8)" title="ფედერალისტური პარტია (აშშ) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფედერალისტური პარტია (აშშ)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist%C5%B3_partija" title="Federalistų partija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Federalistų partija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalista" title="Federalista – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Federalista" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6deralista_P%C3%A1rt_(Amerikai_Egyes%C3%BClt_%C3%81llamok)" title="Föderalista Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Föderalista Párt (Amerikai Egyesült Államok)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Федералистичка партија (САД) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Федералистичка партија (САД)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფედერალისტეფიშ პარტია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ფედერალისტეფიშ პარტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B2%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حزب الفيدراليين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حزب الفيدراليين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalistische_Partij" title="Federalistische Partij – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Federalistische Partij" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E5%85%9A" title="連邦党 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="連邦党" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B8deralistpartiet" title="Føderalistpartiet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Føderalistpartiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Federalistyczna" title="Partia Federalistyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Partia Federalistyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partido_Federalista_(Estados_Unidos)" title="Partido Federalista (Estados Unidos) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Partido Federalista (Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partidul_Federalist" title="Partidul Federalist – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Partidul Federalist" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Федералистская партия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Федералистская партия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partia_Federaliste" title="Partia Federaliste – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Partia Federaliste" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BA" title="ෆෙඩරලිස්ට් පක්ෂය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ෆෙඩරලිස්ට් පක්ෂය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Federalist Party" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalistick%C3%A1_strana" title="Federalistická strana – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Federalistická strana" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0_(%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94)" title="Федералистичка странка (САД) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Федералистичка странка (САД)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_federalistinen_puolue" title="Yhdysvaltain federalistinen puolue – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain federalistinen puolue" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalistiska_partiet_(1789%E2%80%931828)" title="Federalistiska partiet (1789–1828) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Federalistiska partiet (1789–1828)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalist_Parti" title="Federalist Parti – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Federalist Parti" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Федералістська партія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Федералістська партія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%B9_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%B9%DB%8C" title="فیڈرلسٹ پارٹی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فیڈرلسٹ پارٹی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalist Party (United States)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">First political party in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the late 18th to early 19th century American political party. For similarly named parties, see <a href="/wiki/Federal_Party_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Federal Party (disambiguation)">Federal Party (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Federalist#Political_parties" title="Federalist">Federalist § Political parties</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;"><div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #EA9978; border-bottom:2px solid #EA9978; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Federalist Party</div> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Federalist_Cockade.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Federalist_Cockade.svg/180px-Federalist_Cockade.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Federalist_Cockade.svg/270px-Federalist_Cockade.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Federalist_Cockade.svg/360px-Federalist_Cockade.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1789<span class="noprint">; 235 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1789</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dissolved</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">c. 1828<span class="noprint">; 196 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend">1828</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Newspaper</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_ideologies" title="List of political ideologies">Ideology</a></th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a><sup id="cite_ref-Michael_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_liberalism" title="Conservative liberalism">Conservative liberalism</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist conservatism</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diggins_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em;">Colors</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#000000; color:white;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Black" title="Black">Black</a><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFFFF; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/White" title="White">White</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EA9978; color:black;border:1px solid darkgray;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Salmon_(color)" title="Salmon (color)">Salmon</a> (customary)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #EA9978;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_United_States" title="Politics of the United States">Politics of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Political parties</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_States" title="Elections in the United States">Elections</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism<br />in the United States</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1840)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1926)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1941)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1948)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1953)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1960)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1964)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1984)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1994)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1995)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2002)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2005)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2017)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2018)</span></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><b>Active</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<i>historically, factions</i>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Newspapers</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Journals</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>TV channels</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> <p><b>Websites</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></i></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Economics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> <p><b>Gun rights</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> <p><b>Identity politics</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America"><i>ACT!</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> <p><b>Nativist</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> <p><b>Religion</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> <p><b>Watchdog groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(defunct)</span></li></ul> <p><b>Youth/student groups</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> <p><b>Miscellaneous</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; 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border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Federalist Party</b> was a conservative<sup id="cite_ref-conservative_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-conservative-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nationalist American political party and the first political party in the United States. It dominated the national government under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> from 1789 to 1801. The party was defeated by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> in 1800, and it became a minority party while keeping its stronghold in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. It made a brief resurgence by opposing the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, then collapsed with its last presidential candidate in 1816. Remnants lasted for a few years afterwards. </p><p>The party appealed to businesses who favored banks, national over state government, manufacturing, and an army and navy. In world affairs, the party preferred <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and strongly opposed involvement in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>. The party favored centralization, <a href="/wiki/Early_federalism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Early federalism in the United States">federalism</a>, modernization, industrialization, and protectionism.<sup id="cite_ref-Michael_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michael-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists called for a strong national government that promoted economic growth and fostered friendly relationships with Great Britain in opposition to Revolutionary France. The Federalist Party came into being between 1789 and 1790 as a national coalition of bankers and businessmen in support of <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_economic_program" title="Hamiltonian economic program">Hamilton's fiscal policies</a>. These supporters worked in every state to build an organized party committed to a fiscally sound and nationalistic government. The only Federalist president was <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a>. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was broadly sympathetic to the Federalist program, but he remained officially non-partisan during his entire presidency. The Federalist Party controlled the national government until 1801, when it was overwhelmed by the Democratic-Republican opposition led by President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federalist policies called for a national bank, tariffs, and good relations with Great Britain as expressed in the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> negotiated in 1794. Hamilton developed the concept of implied powers and successfully argued the adoption of that interpretation of the Constitution. The Democratic-Republicans led by Jefferson denounced most of the Federalist policies, especially the bank and implied powers, and vehemently attacked the Jay Treaty as a sell-out of republican values to the British monarchy. The Jay Treaty passed and the Federalists won most of the major legislative battles in the 1790s. They held a strong base in the nation's cities and in New England. They factionalized when President Adams secured peace with France, to the anger of Hamilton's larger faction. The Jeffersonians won the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1800</a>, and the Federalists never returned to power. They recovered some strength through their intense opposition to the War of 1812, but they practically vanished during the <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a> that followed the end of the war in 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists left a lasting legacy in the form of a strong federal government. After losing executive power, they decisively shaped <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court</a> policy for another three decades through Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States#Early_federalism" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalist</a>" was previously used to refer to a somewhat different coalition of nationalists led by Washington, which advocated replacing the weaker national government under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> with a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> in 1789. This early coalition included Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists of this time were rivaled by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a>, who opposed the ratification of the Constitution and objected to creating a stronger central government.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The critiques of the Constitution raised by the Anti-Federalists influenced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Federalists responded to these objections by promising to add a bill of rights as amendments to the Constitution to satisfy these concerns, which aided in securing acceptance and ratification of the Constitution by the states. The new <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">United States Congress</a>, initially with a Federalist majority, submitted to the states a series of amendments to guarantee specific freedoms and rights; once ratified, these would become the first ten amendments to the Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise">Rise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg/400px-Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg/600px-Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg/800px-Political_Parties_Derivation_in_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="749" data-file-height="354" /></a><figcaption>Political parties derivation. Dotted line means unofficially.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon taking office in 1789, President Washington nominated his wartime chief of staff <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> to the new office of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>. Hamilton wanted a strong national government with financial credibility, and he proposed the ambitious <a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_economic_program" title="Hamiltonian economic program">Hamiltonian economic program</a> that involved the assumption of the state debts incurred during the American Revolution. This created a national debt and the means to pay it off, and it set up a national bank along with tariffs, with James Madison playing major roles in the program. Parties were considered to be divisive and harmful to republicanism,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no similar parties existed anywhere in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers,_1963_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers,_1963-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1789, Hamilton started building a nationwide coalition (a "Pro-Administration" faction), realizing the need for vocal political support in the states. He formed connections with like-minded nationalists and used his network of treasury agents to link together friends of the government, especially merchants and bankers, in the new nation's dozen major cities. His attempts to manage politics in the national capital to get his plans through Congress brought strong responses across the country. In the process, what began as a capital faction soon assumed status as a national faction and then as the new Federalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalist Party supported Hamilton's vision of a strong centralized government and agreed with his proposals for a national bank and heavy government subsidies. In foreign affairs, they supported <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">neutrality</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">war between France and Great Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/220px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/330px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg/440px-Alexander_Hamilton_portrait_by_John_Trumbull_1806.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2532" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>A portrait of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>, 1806</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamilton proposed to fund the national and state debts, and Madison and <a href="/wiki/John_J._Beckley" title="John J. Beckley">John J. Beckley</a> began organizing a party to oppose it. This "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration</a>" faction became what is now called the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, led by Madison and Thomas Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This party attracted many Anti-Federalists who were wary of a centralized government. </p><p>By the early 1790s, newspapers started calling Hamilton supporters "Federalists" and their opponents "Republicans", "Jeffersonians", or "Democratic-Republicans". Jefferson's supporters usually called themselves "Republicans" and their party the "Republican Party".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalist Party became popular with businessmen and New Englanders, as Republicans were mostly farmers who opposed a strong central government. Cities were usually Federalist strongholds, whereas frontier regions were heavily Republican.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Congregationalism_in_the_United_States" title="Congregationalism in the United States">Congregationalists</a> of New England and the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopalians</a> in the larger cities supported the Federalists, while other minority denominations tended toward the Republican camp. Catholics in Maryland were generally Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state networks of both parties began to operate in 1794 or 1795, and patronage became a factor. The winner-takes-all election system opened a wide gap between winners, who got all the patronage, and losers who got none. Hamilton had many lucrative Treasury jobs to dispense—there were 1,700 of them by 1801.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson had one part-time job in the State Department, which he gave to journalist <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> to attack the Federalists. In New York, <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> won the election for governor and used the vast state patronage fund to help the Republican cause. </p><p>Washington tried and failed to moderate the feud between his two top cabinet members.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was re-elected without opposition in <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1792" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1792">1792</a>. The Democratic-Republicans nominated New York's Governor Clinton to replace Federalist <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> as vice president, but Adams won. The balance of power in Congress was close, with some members still undecided between the parties. In early 1793, Jefferson secretly prepared resolutions introduced by Virginia Congressman <a href="/wiki/William_Branch_Giles" title="William Branch Giles">William Branch Giles</a> designed to repudiate Hamilton and weaken the Washington Administration.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hamilton defended his administration of the nation's complicated financial affairs, which none of his critics could decipher until the arrival in Congress of Republican <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> in 1793. </p><p>Federalists counterattacked by claiming that the Hamiltonian program had restored national prosperity, as shown in one 1792 anonymous newspaper essay:<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>To what physical, moral, or political energy shall this flourishing state of things be ascribed? There is but one answer to these inquiries: Public credit is restored and established. The general government, by uniting and calling into action the pecuniary resources of the states, has created a new capital stock of several millions of dollars, which, with that before existing, is directed into every branch of business, giving life and vigor to industry in its infinitely diversified operation. The enemies of the general government, the funding act and the National Bank may bellow tyranny, aristocracy, and speculators through the Union and repeat the clamorous din as long as they please; but the actual state of agriculture and commerce, the peace, the contentment and satisfaction of the great mass of people, give the lie to their assertions.</p></blockquote> <p>Jefferson wrote on 12 February 1798: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Two political Sects have arisen within the U. S. the one believing that the executive is the branch of our government which the most needs support; the other that like the analogous branch in the English Government, it is already too strong for the republican parts of the Constitution; and therefore in equivocal cases they incline to the legislative powers: the former of these are called federalists, sometimes aristocrats or monocrats, and sometimes tories, after the corresponding sect in the English Government of exactly the same definition: the latter are stiled republicans, whigs, jacobins, anarchists, disorganizers, etc. these terms are in familiar use with most persons.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_dimension">Religious dimension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Religious dimension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In New England, the Federalist Party was closely linked to the <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational church</a>. When the party collapsed, the church was disestablished.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1800 and other elections, the Federalists targeted infidelity in any form. They repeatedly charged that Republican candidates were atheistic or anti-religious, especially Jefferson, Paine, and Franklin. Conversely, the Baptists, Methodists, and other dissenters favored the Republican cause.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson told the Baptists of Connecticut that there should be a "wall of separation" between church and state, alluding to the writings of Rhode Island's Roger Williams.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects_of_foreign_affairs">Effects of foreign affairs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Effects of foreign affairs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International affairs—the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the subsequent war between royalist Britain and republican France—decisively shaped American politics in 1793–1800 and threatened to entangle the country in wars that "mortally threatened its very existence".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French revolutionaries <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">guillotined</a> King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> in January 1793, and subsequently declared war on Britain. The French king had been decisive in helping the United States achieve independence, but now he was dead and many of the pro-American aristocrats in France were exiled or executed. Federalists warned that American republicans threatened to replicate the horrors of the French Revolution and successfully mobilized most conservatives and many clergymen. The Republicans, some of whom had been strong Francophiles, responded with support even through the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, when thousands were guillotined, though it was at this point that many began backing away from their pro-France leanings.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of those executed had been friends of the United States, such as the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">Comte D'Estaing</a>, whose fleet had fought alongside the Americans in the Revolution (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a> had already fled into exile, and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> went to prison in France). The republicans denounced Hamilton, Adams and even Washington as friends of Britain, as secret <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocrats</a> and as enemies of the republican values. The level of rhetoric reached a fever pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smelser_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smelser-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1793, Paris sent a new minister, <a href="/wiki/Edmond-Charles_Gen%C3%AAt" title="Edmond-Charles Genêt">Edmond-Charles Genêt</a> (known as <i>Citizen Genêt</i>), who systematically mobilized pro-French sentiment and encouraged Americans to support France's war against Britain and Spain. Genêt funded local <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies" title="Democratic-Republican Societies">Democratic-Republican Societies</a> that attacked Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He hoped for a favorable new treaty and for repayment of the debts owed to France. Acting aggressively, Genêt outfitted <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> that sailed with American crews under a French flag and attacked British shipping. He tried to organize expeditions of Americans to invade Spanish Louisiana and Spanish Florida. When Secretary of State Jefferson told Genêt he was pushing American friendship past the limit, Genêt threatened to go over the government's head and rouse public opinion on behalf of France. Even Jefferson agreed this was blatant foreign interference in domestic politics. Genêt's extremism seriously embarrassed the Jeffersonians and cooled popular support for promoting the French Revolution and getting involved in its wars. Recalled to Paris for execution, Genêt kept his head and instead went to New York, where he became a citizen and married the daughter of Governor Clinton.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jefferson left office, ending the coalition cabinet and allowing the Federalists to dominate.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jay_Treaty">Jay Treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jay Treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> battle in 1794–1795 was the effort by Washington, Hamilton and <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> to resolve numerous difficulties with Britain. Some of these issues dated to the Revolution, such as boundaries, debts owed in each direction and the continued presence of British forts in the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Ordinance" title="Northwest Ordinance">Northwest Territory</a>. In addition, the United States hoped to open markets in the British Caribbean and end disputes stemming from the naval war between Britain and France. Most of all the goal was to avert a war with Britain—a war opposed by the Federalists, that some historians claim the Jeffersonians wanted.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a neutral party, the United States argued it had the right to carry goods anywhere it wanted. The British nevertheless seized American ships carrying goods from the <a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French West Indies</a>. The Federalists favored Britain in the war and by far most of America's foreign trade was with Britain, hence a new treaty was called for. The British agreed to evacuate the western forts, open their West Indies ports to American ships, allow small vessels to trade with the French West Indies and set up a commission that would adjudicate American claims against Britain for seized ships and British claims against Americans for debts incurred before 1775. One possible alternative was war with Britain, a war that the United States was ill-prepared to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Republicans wanted to pressure Britain to the brink of war (and assumed that the United States could defeat a weak Britain).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, they denounced the Jay Treaty as an insult to American prestige, a repudiation of the American-French alliance of 1777 and a severe shock to Southern planters who owed those old debts and who would now be never compensated for their escaped slaves who fled to British lines for their freedom. Republicans protested against the treaty and organized their supporters. The Federalists realized they had to mobilize their popular vote, so they mobilized their newspapers, held rallies, counted votes and especially relied on the prestige of President Washington. The contest over the Jay Treaty marked the first flowering of grassroots political activism in the United States, directed and coordinated by two national parties. Politics was no longer the domain of politicians as every voter was called on to participate. The new strategy of appealing directly to the public worked for the Federalists as public opinion shifted to support the Jay Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists controlled the Senate and they ratified it by exactly the necessary ⅔ vote (20–10) in 1795. However, the Republicans did not give up and public opinion swung toward the Republicans after the Treaty fight and in the South the Federalists lost most of the support they had among planters.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Whiskey_Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Whiskey Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Excise_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Excise tax">excise tax</a> of 1791 caused grumbling from the frontier including threats of <a href="/wiki/Tax_resistance" title="Tax resistance">tax resistance</a>. Corn, the chief crop on the frontier, was too bulky to ship over the mountains to market unless it was first distilled into whiskey. This was profitable as the United States population consumed per capita relatively large quantities of liquor. After the excise tax, the backwoodsmen complained the tax fell on them rather than on the consumers. Cash poor, they were outraged that they had been singled out to pay off the "financiers and speculators" back in the East and to pay the salaries of the federal revenue officers who began to swarm the hills looking for illegal stills.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Insurgents in western Pennsylvania shut the courts and hounded federal officials, but Jeffersonian leader <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a> mobilized the western moderates and thus forestalled a serious outbreak. Washington, seeing the need to assert federal supremacy, called out 13,000 state militia and marched toward <a href="/wiki/Washington,_Pennsylvania" title="Washington, Pennsylvania">Washington, Pennsylvania</a> to suppress this <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>. The rebellion evaporated in late 1794 as Washington approached, personally leading the army (only two sitting Presidents have directly led American military forces, Washington during the Whiskey Rebellion and Madison in an attempt to save the White House during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>). The rebels dispersed and there was no fighting. Federalists were relieved that the new government proved capable of overcoming rebellion while Republicans, with Gallatin their new hero, argued there never was a real rebellion and the whole episode was manipulated in order to accustom Americans to a <a href="/wiki/Standing_army" title="Standing army">standing army</a>. </p><p>Angry petitions flowed in from three dozen <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Societies" title="Democratic-Republican Societies">Democratic-Republican Societies</a> created by Citizen Genêt. Washington attacked the societies as illegitimate and many disbanded. Federalists now ridiculed Republicans as "democrats" (meaning in favor of <a href="/wiki/Ochlocracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ochlocracy">mob rule</a>) or "<a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a>" (a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> in France). </p><p> Washington refused to run for a third term, establishing a two-term precedent that was to stand until 1940 and eventually to be enshrined in the Constitution as the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution">22nd Amendment</a>. He warned in his <a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a> against involvement in European wars and lamented the rising north–south sectionalism and party spirit in politics that threatened national unity: </p><blockquote><p>The party spirits serves always to distract the Public Councils, and enfeeble the Public Administration. It agitates the Community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms; kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection. It opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which find a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another.</p></blockquote> <p>Washington never considered himself a member of any party, but broadly supported most Federalist policies.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Newspaper_editors_at_war">Newspaper editors at war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Newspaper editors at war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> helped finance Federalist printers until 1801 and Republican editors after that. Federalist <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmasters General</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1791–94) and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Habersham" title="Joseph Habersham">Joseph Habersham</a> (1795–1801) appointed and removed local <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">postmasters</a> to maximize party funding. Numerous printers were appointed as postmasters. They did not deliver the mail, but they did collect fees from mail users and obtained free delivery of their own newspapers and business mail.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To strengthen their coalitions and hammer away constantly at the opposition, both parties sponsored newspapers in the capital (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>) and other major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the Republican side, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Freneau" title="Philip Freneau">Philip Freneau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Bache" title="Benjamin Franklin Bache">Benjamin Franklin Bache</a> blasted the administration with all the scurrility at their command. Bache in particular targeted Washington himself as the front man for monarchy who must be exposed. To Bache, Washington was a cowardly general and a money-hungry baron who saw the Revolution as a means to advance his fortune and fame; Adams was a failed diplomat who never forgave the French their love of <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and who craved a crown for himself and his descendants; and Alexander Hamilton was the most inveterate monarchist of them all.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists, with twice as many newspapers at their command, slashed back with equal vituperation. <a href="/wiki/John_Fenno" title="John Fenno">John Fenno</a> and "Peter Porcupine" (<a href="/wiki/William_Cobbett" title="William Cobbett">William Cobbett</a>) were their nastiest penmen and <a href="/wiki/Noah_Webster" title="Noah Webster">Noah Webster</a> their most learned. Hamilton subsidized the Federalist editors, wrote for their papers and in 1801 established his own paper, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Evening Post</a>.</i> Though his reputation waned considerably following his death, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dennie" title="Joseph Dennie">Joseph Dennie</a> ran three of the most popular and influential newspapers of the period, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Weekly_Museum" title="The Farmer's Weekly Museum">The Farmer's Weekly Museum</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Port_Folio" title="The Port Folio">The Port Folio</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies_and_civil_religion">Ceremonies and civil religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ceremonies and civil religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/220px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/330px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/440px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><i>The Apotheosis of Washington</i> as seen looking up from the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Federalists were conscious of the need to boost voter identification with their party. Elections remained of central importance, but the rest of the political calendar was filled with celebrations, parades, festivals, and visual sensationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists employed multiple festivities, exciting parades, and even quasi-religious pilgrimages and "sacred" days that became incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a>. George Washington was always their hero and after his death he became viewed as a sort of demigod looking down from heaven to bestow his blessings on the party. At first, the Federalists focused on commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Ratification_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratification of the United States Constitution">ratification of the Constitution</a> and organized parades to demonstrate widespread popular support for the new Federalist Party. The parade organizers incorporated secular versions of traditional religious themes and rituals, thereby fostering a highly visible celebration of the nation's new civil religion.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Fourth of July</a> became a semi-sacred day—a status it has maintained for much of American history.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its celebration in Boston emphasized national over local patriotism and included orations, dinners, militia musters, parades, marching bands, floats and fireworks. By 1800, the Fourth of July was closely identified with the Federalist Party. Republicans were annoyed and staged their own celebrations on the same day—with rival parades sometimes clashing with each other, which generated even more excitement and larger crowds. After the collapse of the Federalists starting in 1815, the Fourth of July became a nonpartisan holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adams_administration:_1797–1801"><span id="Adams_administration:_1797.E2.80.931801"></span>Adams administration: 1797–1801</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Adams administration: 1797–1801"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_Stuart,_John_Adams,_c._1800-1815,_NGA_42933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg/220px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg/330px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg/440px-Gilbert_Stuart%2C_John_Adams%2C_c._1800-1815%2C_NGA_42933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3299" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Gilbert Stuart, <i>John Adams</i>, c. 1800-1815</figcaption></figure> <p>Hamilton distrusted Vice President Adams—who felt the same way about Hamilton—but was unable to block his claims to the succession. The <a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">election of 1796</a> was the first partisan affair in the nation's history and one of the more scurrilous in terms of newspaper attacks. Adams swept New England and Jefferson the South, with the middle states leaning to Adams. Adams was the winner by a margin of three <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electoral votes</a> and Jefferson, as the runner-up, became vice president under the system set out in the Constitution prior to the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution">12th Amendment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists were strongest in New England, but also had strengths in the middle states. They elected Adams as president in 1796, when they controlled both houses of Congress, the presidency, eight state legislatures and ten governorships.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Foreign affairs continued to be the central concern of American politics, for the war raging in Europe threatened to drag in the United States. Historian Sarah Kreps in 2018 argues the Federalist faction led by President Adams during the 1798 Quasi-War could correspond to "today’s right-of-center party."<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new president was a loner, who made decisions without consulting Hamilton or other "High Federalists". Benjamin Franklin once quipped that Adams was a man always honest, often brilliant and sometimes mad. Adams was popular among the Federalist rank and file, but had neglected to build state or local political bases of his own and neglected to take control of his own cabinet. As a result, his cabinet answered more to Hamilton than to himself. Hamilton was especially popular because he rebuilt the Army—and had commissions to give out.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alien_and_Sedition_Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alien and Sedition Acts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an American delegation was insulted in Paris in the <a href="/wiki/XYZ_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="XYZ affair">XYZ affair</a> (1797), public opinion ran strongly against the French. An undeclared "<a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a>" with France from 1798 to 1800 saw each side attacking and capturing the other's shipping. It was called "quasi" because there was no declaration of war, but escalation was a serious threat. At the peak of their popularity, the Federalists took advantage by preparing for an invasion by the French Army. To silence Administration critics, the Federalists passed the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> in 1798. The Alien Act empowered the President to deport such aliens as he declared to be dangerous. The Sedition Act made it a crime to print false, scandalous and malicious criticisms of the federal government, but it conspicuously failed to criminalize criticism of Vice President Thomas Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Republican newspaper editors were convicted under the Act and fined or jailed and three Democratic-Republican newspapers were shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Jefferson and Madison secretly wrote the <a href="/wiki/Kentucky_and_Virginia_Resolutions" title="Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions">Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions</a> passed by the two states' legislatures that declared the Alien and Sedition Acts unconstitutional and insisted the states had the power to <a href="/wiki/Nullification_(U.S._Constitution)" title="Nullification (U.S. Constitution)">nullify</a> federal laws. </p><p>Undaunted, the Federalists created a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">navy</a>, with new <a href="/wiki/Frigate" title="Frigate">frigates</a>; and a large new army, with Washington in nominal command and Hamilton in actual command. To pay for it all, they raised taxes on land, houses and slaves, leading to serious unrest. In one part of Pennsylvania, the <a href="/wiki/John_Fries%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fries's Rebellion">Fries' Rebellion</a> broke out, with people refusing to pay the new taxes. John Fries was sentenced to death for treason, but received a pardon from Adams. In the elections of 1798, the Federalists did very well, but this issue started hurting the Federalists in 1799. Early in 1799, Adams decided to free himself from Hamilton's overbearing influence, stunning the country and throwing his party into disarray by announcing a new peace mission to France. The mission eventually succeeded, the "Quasi-War" ended and the new army was largely disbanded. Hamiltonians called Adams a failure while Adams fired Hamilton's supporters still in the cabinet. </p><p>Hamilton and Adams intensely disliked one another and the Federalists split between supporters of Hamilton (<i>High Federalists</i>) and supporters of Adams. Hamilton became embittered over his loss of political influence and wrote a scathing criticism of Adams' performance as president in an effort to throw Federalist support to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>. Inadvertently, this split the Federalists and helped give the victory to Jefferson.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Dauer_1953_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Dauer_1953-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Election_of_1800">Election of 1800</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Election of 1800"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election,_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="United States presidential election, 1800">United States presidential election, 1800</a></div> <p>Adams's peace moves proved popular with the Federalist rank and file and he seemed to stand a good chance of re-election in 1800. If the <a href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a> had not been enacted, he most likely would have won reelection since many Federalist legislatures removed the right to select electors from their constituents in fear of a Democratic victory. Jefferson was again the opponent and Federalists pulled out all stops in warning that he was a dangerous revolutionary, hostile to religion, who would weaken the government, damage the economy and get into war with Britain. Many believed that if Jefferson won the election, it would be the end of the newly formed United States. The Republicans crusaded against the Alien and Sedition laws as well as the new taxes and proved highly effective in mobilizing popular discontent.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The election hinged on New York as its <a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">electors</a> were selected by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">legislature</a> and given the balance of North and South, they would decide the presidential election. <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a> brilliantly organized his forces in New York City in the spring elections for the state legislature. By a few hundred votes, he carried the city—and thus the state legislature—and guaranteed the election of a Republican president. As a reward, he was selected by the Republican <a href="/wiki/Caucus" title="Caucus">caucus</a> in Congress as their vice presidential candidate. Alexander Hamilton, knowing the election was lost anyway, went public with a sharp attack on Adams that further divided and weakened the Federalists.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Members of the Republican Party planned to vote evenly for Jefferson and Burr because they did not want for it to seem as if their party was divided. The party took the meaning literally and Jefferson and Burr tied in the election with 73 electoral votes. This sent the election to the House of Representatives to break the tie. The Federalists had enough weight in the House to swing the election in either direction. Many would rather have seen Burr in the office over Jefferson, but Hamilton, who had a strong dislike of Burr, threw his political weight behind Jefferson. During the election, neither Jefferson nor Burr attempted to swing the election in the House of Representatives. Jefferson remained at Monticello to oversee the laying of bricks to a section of his home. Jefferson allowed for his political beliefs and other ideologies to filter out through letters to his contacts. Thanks to Hamilton's support, Jefferson would win the election and Burr would become his vice president. </p><p>The 1800 election marked the first time power had been transferred between opposing political parties, an act that occurred remarkably without bloodshed. Though there had been strong words and disagreements, contrary to the Federalists fears, there was no war and no ending of one-government system to let in a new one. His patronage policy was to let the Federalists disappear through attrition. Those Federalists such as <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (John Adams' own son) and <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> willing to work with him were rewarded with senior diplomatic posts, but there was no punishment of the opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federalists_in_opposition">Federalists in opposition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federalists in opposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fisher_Ames" title="Fisher Ames">Fisher Ames</a> (1758–1808) of Massachusetts ranks as one of the more influential figures of his era.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ames led Federalist ranks in the House of Representatives. His acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> garnered support in Massachusetts for the new Constitution. His greatest fame came as an orator who defined the principles of the Federalist Party and the follies of the Republicans. Ames offered one of the first great speeches in American Congressional history when he spoke in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>. Ames was part of Hamilton's faction and cautioned against the excesses of democracy unfettered by morals and reason: "Popular reason does not always know how to act right, nor does it always act right when it knows".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He warned his countrymen of the dangers of flattering demagogues, who incite dis-union and lead their country into bondage: "Our country is too big for union, too sordid for patriotism, too democratic for liberty. What is to become of it, He who made it best knows. Its vice will govern it, by practising upon its folly. This is ordained for democracies".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson_administration">Jefferson administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Jefferson administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_(by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/220px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/330px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg/440px-Official_Presidential_portrait_of_Thomas_Jefferson_%28by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jefferson had a very successful first term, typified by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, which was supported by Hamilton, but opposed by most Federalists at the time as unconstitutional. Some Federalist leaders (<a href="/wiki/Essex_Junto" title="Essex Junto">Essex Junto</a>) began courting Jefferson's vice president and Hamilton's nemesis Aaron Burr in an attempt to swing New York into an independent confederation with the New England states, which along with New York were supposed to secede from the United States after Burr's election to Governor. However, Hamilton's influence cost Burr the governorship of New York, a key in the Essex Junto's plan, just as Hamilton's influence had cost Burr the presidency nearly four years before. Hamilton's thwarting of Aaron Burr's ambitions for the second time was too much for Burr to bear. Hamilton had known of the Essex Junto (whom Hamilton now regarded as apostate Federalists) and Burr's plans and opposed them vehemently. This opposition by Hamilton would lead to his fatal duel with Burr in July 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The thoroughly disorganized Federalists hardly offered any opposition to Jefferson's reelection in 1804 and Federalists seemed doomed. Jefferson had taken away most of their patronage, including federal judgeships. The party now controlled only five state legislatures and seven governorships. After again losing the presidency in 1804, the party was now down to three legislatures and five governorships (four in New England). Their majorities in Congress were long gone, dropping in the Senate from 23 in 1796, and 21 in 1800 to only six in 1804.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In New England and in some districts in the middle states, the Federalists clung to power, but the tendency from 1800 to 1812 was steady slippage almost everywhere as the Republicans perfected their organization and the Federalists tried to play catch-up. Some younger leaders tried to emulate the Democratic-Republican tactics, but their overall disdain of democracy along with the upper class bias of the party leadership eroded public support. In the South, the Federalists steadily lost ground everywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-Manning_Dauer_1953_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manning_Dauer_1953-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists continued for several years to be a major political party in New England and the Northeast, but never regained control of the presidency or the Congress. With the death of Washington and Hamilton and the retirement of Adams, the Federalists were left without a strong leader as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> stayed out of politics. However, a few younger leaders did appear, notably <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. Federalist policies favored factories, banking and trade over agriculture and therefore became unpopular in the growing Western states. They were increasingly seen as aristocratic and unsympathetic to democracy. In the South, the party had lingering support in Maryland, but elsewhere was crippled by 1800 and faded away by 1808.<sup id="cite_ref-GBooks_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBooks-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Massachusetts and Connecticut remained the party strongholds. Historian Richard J. Purcell explains how well organized the party was in Connecticut: </p> <blockquote><p>It was only necessary to perfect the working methods of the organized body of office-holders who made up the nucleus of the party. There were the state officers, the assistants, and a large majority of the Assembly. In every county there was a sheriff with his deputies. All of the state, county, and town judges were potential and generally active workers. Every town had several justices of the peace, school directors and, in Federalist towns, all the town officers who were ready to carry on the party's work. Every parish had a "standing agent", whose anathemas were said to convince at least ten voting deacons. Militia officers, state's attorneys, lawyers, professors and schoolteachers were in the van of this "conscript army". In all, about a thousand or eleven hundred dependent officer-holders were described as the inner ring which could always be depended upon for their own and enough more votes within their control to decide an election. This was the Federalist machine.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After 1800, the major Federalist role came in the judiciary. Although Jefferson managed to repeal the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1801" class="mw-redirect" title="Judiciary Act of 1801">Judiciary Act of 1801</a> and thus dismissed many lower level Federalist federal judges, the effort to impeach Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Samuel Chase</a> in 1804 failed. Led by the last great Federalist, John Marshall as Chief Justice from 1801 to 1835, the Supreme Court carved out a unique and powerful role as the protector of the Constitution and promoter of nationalism.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-War_Party">Anti-War Party</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Anti-War Party"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the wars in Europe intensified, the United States became increasingly involved. The Federalists restored some of their strength by leading the anti-war opposition to Jefferson and Madison between 1807 and 1814. President Jefferson imposed an embargo on Britain in 1807 as the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a> prevented all American ships from sailing to a foreign port. The idea was that the British were so dependent on American supplies that they would come to terms. For 15 months, the Embargo wrecked American export businesses, largely based in the Boston-New York region, causing a sharp depression in the Northeast. Evasion was common and Jefferson and Treasury Secretary Gallatin responded with tightened police controls more severe than anything the Federalists had ever proposed. Public opinion was highly negative and a surge of support breathed fresh life into the Federalist Party.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Jefferson refrained from seeking a third term, the Republicans nominated Madison for the presidency in 1808. Meeting in the first-ever national convention, Federalists considered the option of nominating Jefferson's Vice President <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a> (who represented a different Clintonian party faction from New York, had run for the Republican candidacy in 1804 and had not wanted to become vice president) as their own candidate, but balked at working with him and again chose <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, their 1804 candidate. Madison lost New England excluding Vermont, but swept the rest of the country and carried a Republican Congress. Madison dropped the Embargo, opened up trade again and offered a carrot and stick approach. If either France or Britain agreed to stop their violations of American neutrality, the United States would cut off trade with the other country. Tricked by French Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> into believing France had acceded to his demands, Madison turned his wrath on Britain and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> began.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Young Daniel Webster, running for Congress from New Hampshire in 1812, first gained overnight fame with his anti-war speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While some Federalists advocated strategic support for the <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, the Federalist press strongly condemned <a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a> during the acrimonious presidential campaign of 1800 and claimed that "Jefferson would liberate all Negroes if elected."<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent southern Federalists, including <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Edward Rutledge</a>, were slaveholders. Charles Cotesworth Pinckney successfully defended slavery at the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a> and led the Federalist Party in the elections of 1804 and 1808. New York prior to 1799 and New Jersey prior to 1804 were slave states as well, and several leading northern Federalists from these states owned slaves, including <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Philip Schuyler</a>. Federalists supported the <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_Slave_Act_of_1793" title="Fugitive Slave Act of 1793">Fugitive Slave Act of 1793</a>'s nearly unanimous passage through Congress, and the Federalist-aligned administration of George Washington signed the bill into law.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After 1800, as their political base contracted to New England, Federalists were increasingly opposed to slavery, both on principle and because the <a href="/wiki/Three-fifths_Compromise" title="Three-fifths Compromise">Three-fifths Compromise</a> gave a political advantage to their opponents, who gained increased representation because of the weight given to disenfranchised enslaved people. <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> was a prominent opponent of slavery and became the final Federalist presidential candidate in 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent scholarship has laid increasing emphasis on later Federalist opposition to slavery<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Day<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> states </p> <dl><dd>The Federalist Party is currently undergoing a renaissance among historians of the early Republic. This development is based largely on their occasional criticism of slavery. As the Democratic Republicans' stock has fallen in response to rising concerns over their leader Thomas Jefferson's racial views and deep entanglement with slavery, the Federalists who denounced Jefferson, the Republicans, and democracy itself have begun to look much better in comparison. While it has long been known that certain Federalist leaders—notably Alexander Hamilton and John Jay—opposed slavery and that attacks on slaveholding Virginia nabobs were part of the Federalist rhetorical arsenal after 1800, recent historians have found new significance in these facts.</dd></dl> <p>However, Day argues that concerns about the political weight of the slaveholding states were more significant than moral opposition to slavery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madison_administration">Madison administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Madison administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/220px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/330px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/440px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The nation was at war during the <a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812 presidential election</a> and war was the burning issue. Opposition to the war was strong in traditional Federalist strongholds in New England and New York, where the party made a comeback in the elections of 1812 and 1814. In their second national convention in 1812, the Federalists, now the peace party, nominated <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a>, the dissident Republican <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">Mayor of New York City</a> and an articulate opponent of the war, who had followed his uncle George Clinton as the leader of the Clintonian faction after his death. Madison ran for reelection promising a relentless war against Britain and an honorable peace. Clinton, denouncing Madison's weak leadership and incompetent preparations for war, could count on New England and New York. To win, he needed the middle states and there the campaign was fought out. Those states were competitive and had the best-developed local parties and most elaborate campaign techniques, including nominating conventions and formal <a href="/wiki/Party_platform" title="Party platform">party platforms</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Society</a> in New York City highly favored Madison and the Federalists finally adopted the club idea in 1808. Their <a href="/wiki/Washington_Benevolent_Societies" title="Washington Benevolent Societies">Washington Benevolent Societies</a> were semi-secret membership organizations which played a critical role in every northern state as they held meetings and rallies and mobilized Federalist votes.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New Jersey went for Clinton, but Madison carried Pennsylvania and thus was reelected with 59% of the electoral votes. However, the Federalists gained 14 seats in Congress. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opposition_to_the_War_of_1812_and_decline">Opposition to the War of 1812 and decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Opposition to the War of 1812 and decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> went poorly for the Americans for two years. Even though Britain was concentrating its military efforts on its <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">war with</a> <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the United States still failed to make any headway on land and was effectively blockaded at sea by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>. The British raided and burned <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in 1814 and sent a force to capture New Orleans. </p><p>The war was especially unpopular in New England. The New England economy was highly dependent on trade and the British blockade threatened to destroy it entirely. In 1814, the British Navy finally managed to enforce their blockade on the New England coast, so the Federalists of New England sent delegates to the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Convention" title="Hartford Convention">Hartford Convention</a> in December 1814. </p><p>During the proceedings of the Hartford Convention, secession from the Union was discussed, though the resulting report listed a set of grievances against the Democratic-Republican federal government and proposed <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Convention#Convention_report" title="Hartford Convention">a set of Constitutional amendments to address these grievances</a>. They demanded financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a two-thirds vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared. It also indicated that if these proposals were ignored, then another convention should be called and given "such powers and instructions as the exigency of a crisis may require". The Federalist Massachusetts Governor had already secretly sent word to England to broker a separate peace accord. Three Massachusetts "ambassadors" were sent to Washington to negotiate on the basis of this report. </p><p>By the time the Federalist "ambassadors" got to Washington, the war was over and news of <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>'s stunning victory in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a> had raised American morale immensely. The "ambassadors" hastened back to Massachusetts, but not before they had done fatal damage to the Federalist Party. The Federalists were thereafter associated with the disloyalty and parochialism of the Hartford Convention and destroyed as a political force. Across the nation, Republicans used the great victory at New Orleans to ridicule the Federalists as cowards, defeatists and secessionists. Pamphlets, songs, newspaper editorials, speeches and entire plays on the Battle of New Orleans drove home the point.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federalist_decline">Federalist decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Federalist decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Federalists fielded their last presidential candidate (<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a>) in <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1816" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1816">1816</a>. With the party's passing, partisan hatreds and newspaper feuds declined and the nation entered the "<a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a>". Federalism in states like Massachusetts gradually blended into the conservative wing of the Democratic-Republicans. In the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, New Englanders from both parties supported Adams, a native of the region. However, a few old Federalist leaders, who never forgave Adams for abandoning them, formed a ticket of <a href="/wiki/Unpledged_elector" title="Unpledged elector">unpledged electors</a> with <a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">radical Democratic-Republicans</a>. This ticket was overwhelmingly defeated and likely would have voted for <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:Morison_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following 1824, no Federalist ran for governor of any state and most left for the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republicans</a>. After the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress" title="18th United States Congress">final Federalist congressional caucus</a> in 1825, the last traces of Federalist activity came in Delaware and Massachusetts local politics in the late 1820s. In other states there still technically existed Federalists (for example <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>) but they were engaged in patronage with either Jackson or Adams. In Massachusetts, the Federalist Party ceased to function as a state organization in 1825, surviving only as a local Boston group for the next three years.<sup id="cite_ref-:Morison_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Delaware, the Federalist Party lasted until 1826 and controlled the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_House_of_Representatives" title="Delaware House of Representatives">Delaware House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>, representative of Boston, resigned in 1827 to <a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%9327_United_States_Senate_elections" title="1826–27 United States Senate elections">run for U.S. Senator</a>, a caucus of Federalists met in Boston to nominate his replacement. A young <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a> persuaded the caucus to choose the Federalist <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Gray_Otis_(politician)" title="Harrison Gray Otis (politician)">Harrison Gray Otis</a>, who ultimately declined. The caucus then nominated the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">Anti-Jacksonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Gorham" title="Benjamin Gorham">Benjamin Gorham</a>, their original choice.<sup id="cite_ref-:Morison_84-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 presidential election</a>, the Federalists were used as a scapegoat in Boston. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> Boston <i>Statesman</i> accused Adams of being a secret Hartford Federalist attempting to revive the "reign of terror" under his father. Adams responded by accusing the old Hartford Federalists of treason and attempting to dissolve the union to form their own confederation. The <i>Jackson Republican</i>, an ally of the Statesman and founded by former Federalist <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_II" title="Theodore Lyman II">Theodore Lyman II</a>, implicated Webster among the old Federalists Adams intended to impugn, leading to a libel suit. As a protest against Adams, several "Federal young men" who had been supporting Adams nominated a Federalist ticket of presidential electors. This ticket, headed by Otis and <a href="/wiki/William_Prescott_Jr." title="William Prescott Jr.">William Prescott Jr.</a> and including three other members of the Hartford Convention, garnered a pitiful 156 votes in Boston and none elsewhere in the state. As with the previous election, Adams swept the city and state.<sup id="cite_ref-:Morison_84-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>That ticket, according to the best of knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>, was "the last ticket ever voted for that bore the name of the once powerful party of Washington and Hamilton."<sup id="cite_ref-:Morison_84-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intellectually, Federalists were profoundly devoted to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">liberty</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a> explained, they believed that liberty is inseparable from union, that men are essentially unequal, that <i>vox populi</i> ("voice of the people") is seldom if ever <i>vox Dei</i> ("the voice of God") and that sinister outside influences are busy undermining American integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British historian <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Allitt" title="Patrick Allitt">Patrick Allitt</a> concludes that Federalists promoted many positions that would form the baseline for later American conservatism, including the rule of law under the Constitution, republican government, peaceful change through elections, stable national finances, credible and active diplomacy and protection of wealth.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of "classical conservatism", the Federalists <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/have_truck_with" class="extiw" title="wikt:have truck with">had no truck with</a> European-style aristocracy, monarchy, or established religion. Historian <a href="/wiki/John_P._Diggins" class="mw-redirect" title="John P. Diggins">John P. Diggins</a> says: "Thanks to the framers, American conservatism began on a genuinely lofty plane. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Marshall, John Jay, James Wilson, and, above all, John Adams aspired to create a republic in which the values so precious to conservatives might flourish: harmony, stability, virtue, reverence, veneration, loyalty, self-discipline, and moderation. This was classical conservatism in its most authentic expression".<sup id="cite_ref-Diggins_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diggins-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Federalists led the successful battles to abolish the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">international slave trade</a> in New York City and the battle to abolish <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> in the state of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Federalists' approach to nationalism was coined "open" nationalism in that it creates space for minority groups to have a voice in government. Many Federalists also created space for women to have a significant political role, which was not evident on the Democratic-Republican side.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists were dominated by businessmen and merchants in the major cities who supported a strong national government. The party was closely linked to the modernizing, urbanizing, financial policies of Alexander Hamilton. These policies included the funding of the national debt and also assumption of state debts incurred during the Revolutionary War, the incorporation of a national <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">Bank of the United States</a>, the support of manufactures and industrial development, and the use of a tariff to fund the Treasury. While it has long been accepted that commercial groups are in support of the Federalists and agrarian groups are in support of the Democratic-Republicans, recent studies have shown that support for Federalists was also evident in agrarian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In foreign affairs, the Federalists opposed the French Revolution, engaged in the "<a href="/wiki/Quasi_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasi War">Quasi War</a>" (an undeclared naval war) with France in 1798–99, sought good relations with Britain and sought a strong army and navy. Ideologically, the controversy between Democratic-Republicans and Federalists stemmed from a difference of principle and style. In terms of style, the Federalists feared mob rule, thought an educated elite should represent the general populace in national governance and favored national power over state power. Democratic-Republicans distrusted Britain, bankers, merchants and did not want a powerful national government. The Federalists, notably Hamilton, were distrustful of "the people", the French and the Republicans.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, the nation synthesized the two positions, adopting representative democracy and a strong nation state. Just as importantly, American politics by the 1820s accepted the two-party system whereby rival parties stake their claims before the electorate and the winner takes control of majority in state legislatures and the Congress and gains governorships and the presidency. </p><p>As time went on, the Federalists lost appeal with the average voter and were generally not equal to the tasks of party organization; hence they grew steadily weaker as the political triumphs of the Democratic-Republican Party grew.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For economic and philosophical reasons, the Federalists tended to be pro-British—the United States engaged in more trade with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> than with any other country—and vociferously opposed Jefferson's Embargo Act of 1807 and the seemingly deliberate provocation of war with Britain by the Madison Administration. During "Mr. Madison's War", as they called it, the Federalists made a temporary comeback.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they lost all their gains and more during the patriotic euphoria that followed the war. The membership was aging rapidly,<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but a few young men from New England did join the cause, most notably <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Webster" title="Daniel Webster">Daniel Webster</a>. </p><p>After 1816, the Federalists had no national power base apart from <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>'s Supreme Court. They had some local support in New England, New York, eastern Pennsylvania, Maryland and Delaware. After the collapse of the Federalist Party in the course of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._presidential_election,_1824" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. presidential election, 1824">1824 presidential election</a>, most surviving Federalists (including Daniel Webster) joined former Democratic-Republicans like <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Republican Party (United States)">National Republican Party</a>, which was soon combined with other anti-Jackson groups to form the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> in 1833. By then, nearly all remaining Federalists joined the Whigs. However, some former Federalists like <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">Louis McLane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> became Jacksonian Democrats.<sup id="cite_ref-Parsons_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parsons-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Old Republicans", led by <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph of Roanoke</a>, refused to form a coalition with the Federalists and instead set up a separate opposition since Jefferson, Madison, Gallatin, Monroe, <a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> and Clay had in effect adopted Federalist principles of <a href="/wiki/Implied_powers" title="Implied powers">implied powers</a> to purchase the Louisiana Territory and after the failures and lessons of the War of 1812 raised tariffs to protect factories, chartered the Second National Bank, promoted a strong army and navy and promoted <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a>. All these measures were opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Strict_constructionism" title="Strict constructionism">strict construction</a> of the Constitution, which was the formal basis of the Democratic-Republicans, but the drift of the party to support them could not be checked. It was aided by the Supreme Court, whose influence under John Marshall as a nationalizing factor now first became apparent. The whole change reconciled the Federalists to their absorption into the Democratic-Republican Party. Indeed, they claimed, with considerable show of justice, that the absorption was in the other direction: that the Democratic-Republicans had recanted and that the "Washington-Monroe policy", as they termed it after 1820, was all that Federalists had ever desired.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "Federalist" came increasingly to be used in political rhetoric as a term of abuse and was denied by the Whigs, who pointed out that their leader Henry Clay was the Democratic-Republican Party leader in Congress during the 1810s.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Federalists had a weak base in the South, with their main base in the Northeast and especially New England, although there were some prominent southern Federalists like <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, who had been supported by Hamilton in the presidential election of 1800. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electoral_history">Electoral history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Electoral history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidential_elections">Presidential elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Presidential elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Federalist_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of Federalist Party presidential tickets">List of Federalist Party presidential tickets</a></div> <table class="sortable wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Election </th> <th colspan="2">Ticket </th> <th>Popular vote </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Electoral_College" title="United States Electoral College">Electoral vote</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Presidential nominee </th> <th>Running mate </th> <th>Percentage </th> <th class="unsortable">Electoral votes </th> <th>Ranking </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Thomas Pinckney</a> </td> <td align="center">53.4% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">71 / 138</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 51%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>1 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> </td> <td align="center">38.6% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">65 / 138</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 47%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles C. Pinckney</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a> </td> <td align="center">27.2% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">14 / 176</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 8%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a> </td> <td align="center">32.4% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">47 / 176</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 27%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">DeWitt Clinton</a><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Jared Ingersoll</a> </td> <td align="center">47.6% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">89 / 217</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 41%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_E._Howard" class="mw-redirect" title="John E. Howard">John E. Howard</a> </td> <td align="center">30.9% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">34 / 217</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 16%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a> </td> <td align="center" colspan="2">No candidate<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td align="center">16.2% </td> <td align="left"><div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 232</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #EA9978; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> </td> <td>2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While commonly labeled as the Federalist candidate, Clinton technically ran as a Democratic-Republican and was not nominated by the Federalist Party itself, the latter simply deciding not to field a candidate. This did not prevent endorsements from state Federalist parties (such as in Pennsylvania), but he received the endorsement from the New York state Democratic-Republicans as well. The Virginia state Federalist Party rejected the Clinton–Ingersoll ticket and instead nominated Rufus King for President and <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie" title="William Richardson Davie">William Richardson Davie</a> for Vice President—this ticket earned 27% of the state vote and 2% of the national vote.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Federalist caucus did not even bother to make a formal nomination, although many Federalists supported Rufus King.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the Federalists did not put forward a ticket in the 1820 election, Federalist presidential electors received a portion of the popular vote.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Congressional_representation">Congressional representation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Congressional representation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Party_divisions_of_United_States_Congresses" title="Party divisions of United States Congresses">Party divisions of United States Congresses</a></div> <p>The affiliation of many Congressmen in the earliest years is an assignment by later historians. The parties were slowly coalescing groups; at first there were many independents. Cunningham noted that only about a quarter of the House of Representatives up until 1794 voted with Madison as much as two-thirds of the time and another quarter against him two-thirds of the time, leaving almost half as fairly independent.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr valign="bottom"> <th rowspan="2">Congress </th> <th rowspan="2">Years </th> <th rowspan="999"> </th> <th colspan="5">Senate<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="999"> </th> <th colspan="5">House of Representatives<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th rowspan="999"> </th> <th rowspan="2">President </th></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Total </th> <th style="background:#CCFF66"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Administration Party (United States)">Anti-<br />Admin</a> </th> <th style="background:#00cc22"><a href="/wiki/Pro-Administration_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pro-Administration Party (United States)">Pro-<br />Admin</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Others</a> </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background:#CCFF66">Anti-<br />Admin </th> <th style="background:#00cc22">Pro-<br />Admin </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st</a> </td> <td>1789–1791 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">26 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">8 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>18</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">65 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">28 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>37</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/2nd_United_States_Congress" title="2nd United States Congress">2nd</a> </td> <td>1791–1793 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">30 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">13 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>16</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">69 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">30 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>39</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/3rd_United_States_Congress" title="3rd United States Congress">3rd</a> </td> <td>1793–1795 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">30 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">14 </td> <td style="background:#00cc22"><b>16</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66">105 </td> <td style="background:#CCFF66"><b>54</b> </td> <td style="background:#00cc22">51 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr valign="bottom"> <th>Congress </th> <th>Years </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background-color:#AACC99"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (United States)">Democratic-<br />Republicans</a> </th> <th style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Party (United States)">Federalists</a> </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>Total </th> <th style="background-color:#AACC99">Democratic-<br />Republicans </th> <th style="background-color:#F6D6C9">Federalists </th> <th>Others </th> <th>Vacancies </th> <th>President </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4th_United_States_Congress" title="4th United States Congress">4th</a> </td> <td>1795–1797 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">11 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>21</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>59</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">47 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#DDDDBB"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/5th_United_States_Congress" title="5th United States Congress">5th</a> </td> <td>1797–1799 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">10 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>22</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">49 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>57</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/6th_United_States_Congress" title="6th United States Congress">6th</a> </td> <td>1799–1801 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">10 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>22</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">106 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">46 </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9"><b>60</b> </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/7th_United_States_Congress" title="7th United States Congress">7th</a> </td> <td>1801–1803 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>17</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">15 </td> <td>— </td> <td>2 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">107 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>68</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">38 </td> <td>— </td> <td>1 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/8th_United_States_Congress" title="8th United States Congress">8th</a> </td> <td>1803–1805 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>25</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">9 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>103</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">39 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/9th_United_States_Congress" title="9th United States Congress">9th</a> </td> <td>1805–1807 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">7 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>114</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">28 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/10th_United_States_Congress" title="10th United States Congress">10th</a> </td> <td>1807–1809 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>28</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">6 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>116</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">26 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/11th_United_States_Congress" title="11th United States Congress">11th</a> </td> <td>1809–1811 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">34 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>27</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">7 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">142 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>92</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">50 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/12th_United_States_Congress" title="12th United States Congress">12th</a> </td> <td>1811–1813 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">36 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>30</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">6 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">143 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>107</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">36 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/13th_United_States_Congress" title="13th United States Congress">13th</a> </td> <td>1813–1815 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">36 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>28</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">8 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">182 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>114</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">68 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/14th_United_States_Congress" title="14th United States Congress">14th</a> </td> <td>1815–1817 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">38 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>26</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">12 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">183 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>119</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">64 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/15th_United_States_Congress" title="15th United States Congress">15th</a> </td> <td>1817–1819 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">42 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>30</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">12 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">185 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>146</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">39 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99" rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/16th_United_States_Congress" title="16th United States Congress">16th</a> </td> <td>1819–1821 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">46 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>37</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">9 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">186 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>160</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">26 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/17th_United_States_Congress" title="17th United States Congress">17th</a> </td> <td>1821–1823 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">48 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>44</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">4 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">187 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>155</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">32 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/18th_United_States_Congress" title="18th United States Congress">18th</a> </td> <td>1823–1825 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">48 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>43</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">5 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99">213 </td> <td style="background-color:#AACC99"><b>189</b> </td> <td style="background-color:#F6D6C9">24 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_light_federalists" title="Blue light federalists">Blue light federalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Junto" title="Essex Junto">Essex Junto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Federalist-Party">"Federalist Party | Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 23 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federalist+Party+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2023-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFederalist-Party&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michael-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michael_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lind, Michael (1997). <i>Hamilton's Republic</i>. Free Press, Simon & Schuster. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83160-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83160-0">0-684-83160-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://startingpointsjournal.com/john-adams-thomas-pain-and-the-beginning-of-conflict-conservative-and-progressive">"JOHN ADAMS, THOMAS PAINE, AND THE CONFLICT BETWEEN CONSERVATIVE AND PROGRESSIVE LIBERALISM IN AMERICA | Starting Points | School of Civic and Economic Thought and Leadership | Arizona State University"</a>. 10 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JOHN+ADAMS%2C+THOMAS+PAINE%2C+AND+THE+CONFLICT+BETWEEN+CONSERVATIVE+AND+PROGRESSIVE+LIBERALISM+IN+AMERICA+%26%23124%3B+Starting+Points+%26%23124%3B+School+of+Civic+and+Economic+Thought+and+Leadership+%26%23124%3B+Arizona+State+University&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstartingpointsjournal.com%2Fjohn-adams-thomas-pain-and-the-beginning-of-conflict-conservative-and-progressive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Viereck, Peter (1956, 2006). <i>Conservative Thinkers: From John Adams to Winston Churchill</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. pp. 87–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diggins-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diggins_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diggins_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiggins1994" class="citation book cs1">Diggins, John P. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yMFu-JMNGQkC&pg=PA390"><i>Up from Communism</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231084895" title="Special:BookSources/9780231084895"><bdi>9780231084895</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Up+from+Communism&rft.pages=390&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780231084895&rft.aulast=Diggins&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyMFu-JMNGQkC%26pg%3DPA390&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Parades and the Politics of the Street: Festive Culture in the Early American Republic</i>. Simon P. Newman, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-conservative-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-conservative_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Multiple source)s: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasley2013" class="citation book cs1">Pasley, Jeffrey L. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstpresidentia0000pasl/mode/2up"><i>The First Presidential Contest: 1796 and the Founding of American Democracy</i></a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. pp. 11, 162, 211, 240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Presidential+Contest%3A+1796+and+the+Founding+of+American+Democracy&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pages=11%2C+162%2C+211%2C+240&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Pasley&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstpresidentia0000pasl%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh0000wood/mode/2up"><i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789-1815</i></a>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 175, 254, 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+Liberty%3A+A+History+of+the+Early+Republic%2C+1789-1815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=175%2C+254%2C+330&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh0000wood%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson2007" class="citation book cs1">Larson, Edward J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/magnificentcatas00lars_0/mode/2up"><i>A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign</i></a>. New York: Free Press. p. 180. <q>Federalists had provided able, conservative leadership for the United States since the government's founding in 1789.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Magnificent+Catastrophe%3A+The+Tumultuous+Election+of+1800%2C+America%27s+First+Presidential+Campaign&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=180&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Edward+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmagnificentcatas00lars_0%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCayton1989" class="citation book cs1">Cayton, Mary Kupiec (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emersonsemergenc00mary/mode/2up"><i>Emerson's Emergence: Self and Society in the Transformation of New England, 1800-1845</i></a>. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. pp. 12, 45. <q>The city would grow and its social structure would change drastically, but the conservative social organicism of Federalism would retain a hold on Boston's elite. (12)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerson%27s+Emergence%3A+Self+and+Society+in+the+Transformation+of+New+England%2C+1800-1845&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pages=12%2C+45&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Cayton&rft.aufirst=Mary+Kupiec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femersonsemergenc00mary%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroussard1978" class="citation book cs1">Broussard, James H. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernfederali0000brou/page/22/mode/2up"><i>The Southern Federalists, 1800-1816</i></a>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. p. 22. <q>Federalists therefore appealed to ... the conservative-minded citizen in all walks of life—the man who, whatever his economic station, believed in orderly government, traditional religion, and a stable society.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Federalists%2C+1800-1816&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Broussard&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernfederali0000brou%2Fpage%2F22%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1965" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionofamer0000fisc/mode/2up"><i>The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy</i></a>. New York: Harper & Row. pp. xvi, 47–49, 181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+American+Conservatism%3A+The+Federalist+Party+in+the+Era+of+Jeffersonian+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=xvi%2C+47-49%2C+181&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionofamer0000fisc%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauer1964" class="citation book cs1">Dauer, Manning Julian (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/adamsfederalists0000daue/mode/2up"><i>The Adams Federalists</i></a>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. pp. 25, 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adams+Federalists&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=25%2C+60&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Dauer&rft.aufirst=Manning+Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadamsfederalists0000daue%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurtz1957" class="citation book cs1">Kurtz, Stephen G. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjohn0000kurt/mode/2up"><i>The Presidency of John Adams</i></a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+John+Adams&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Kurtz&rft.aufirst=Stephen+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjohn0000kurt%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, Cynthia Clark Northrup (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aPrlkDP3OzwC&q=%22Federalist+Party%22+protectionist+tariffs&pg=PA323"><i>Encyclopedia of Tariffs and Trade in U.S. History: The Encyclopedia, volume I</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313319433" title="Special:BookSources/9780313319433"><bdi>9780313319433</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Tariffs+and+Trade+in+U.S.+History%3A+The+Encyclopedia%2C+volume+I&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780313319433&rft.aulast=Northrup&rft.aufirst=Cynthia+Clark+Northrup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaPrlkDP3OzwC%26q%3D%2522Federalist%2BParty%2522%2Bprotectionist%2Btariffs%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1963" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalparties00cham?origin=serp_auto"><i>Political parties in a new Nation: the American experience, 1776-1809</i></a>. Internet Archive. New York, Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+parties+in+a+new+Nation%3A+the+American+experience%2C+1776-1809&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=William+Nisbet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalparties00cham%3Forigin%3Dserp_auto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2009" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireoflibertyh0000wood?origin=serp_auto"><i>Empire of liberty : a history of the early Republic, 1789-1815</i></a>. Internet Archive. Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503914-6"><bdi>978-0-19-503914-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empire+of+liberty+%3A+a+history+of+the+early+Republic%2C+1789-1815&rft.pub=Oxford+%3B+New+York+%3A+Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503914-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Gordon+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireoflibertyh0000wood%3Forigin%3Dserp_auto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Concept of Political Culture</i>, Ronald P. Formisano (2001)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morris <i>The Forging of the Union: 1781–1789</i> pp 267–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banner, <i>To the Hartford Convention</i> (1970); Wood (2009) pp. 216–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1999" class="citation book cs1">Cornell, Saul (1999). <i>The Other Founders: Anti-Federalism and the Dissenting Tradition in America, 1788-1828</i>. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 22–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0807847860" title="Special:BookSources/0807847860"><bdi>0807847860</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Founders%3A+Anti-Federalism+and+the+Dissenting+Tradition+in+America%2C+1788-1828&rft.pages=22-24&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0807847860&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Saul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/creating-the-united-states/demand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html">"Demand for a Bill of Rights - Creating the United States | Exhibitions - Library of Congress"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Demand+for+a+Bill+of+Rights+-+Creating+the+United+States+%7C+Exhibitions+-+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcreating-the-united-states%2Fdemand-for-a-bill-of-rights.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2020" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Alexander (2020). <i>The federalist papers</i>. New York, NY: Open Road Integrated Media. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781504060998" title="Special:BookSources/9781504060998"><bdi>9781504060998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+federalist+papers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Open+Road+Integrated+Media&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9781504060998&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers,_1963-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chambers,_1963_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). <i>Political Parties in a New Nation</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). <i>Parties in a New Nation</i>. pp. 39–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John C. (1960). <i>The Federalist Era 1789–1801</i>. pp 210–228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, John C. (1960). <i>The Federalist Era 1789–1801</i>. pp 84–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Democrat" became a negative term after 1793, with the Terror in the French Revolution; this lasted until the middle of Madison's presidency, and the Federalists continued to use it to describe their opponents. Dahl, Robert A. (2005). "James Madison: Republican or Democrat?". <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. 3#3: 439–448. Malone, Dumas. <i>Jefferson</i>. 3:162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manning J. Dauer, <i>The Adams Federalists</i>, chapter 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Renzulli, L. Marx (1973). <i>Maryland: The Federalist Years</i>. p 142, 183, 295.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">White, Leonard D. (1948). <i>The Federalists. A Study in Administrative History</i>. p 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, <i>The Federalist Era 1789–1801</i> (1960).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheridan1992" class="citation journal cs1">Sheridan, Eugene R. (1992). "Thomas Jefferson and the Giles Resolutions". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>49</b> (4): 589–608. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2947173">10.2307/2947173</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2947173">2947173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Thomas+Jefferson+and+the+Giles+Resolutions&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=589-608&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2947173&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2947173%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sheridan&rft.aufirst=Eugene+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Gazette of United States</i>, 5 September 1792 in Beard, Charles A. (1915). <i>Economic Origins of Jeffersonian Democracy</i>. p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"A Letter of Jefferson on the Political Parties, 1798". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 488–489. 1898. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1833690">10.2307/1833690</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1833690">1833690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=A+Letter+of+Jefferson+on+the+Political+Parties%2C+1798&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=488-489&rft.date=1898&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1833690&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1833690%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlds1994" class="citation journal cs1">Olds, Kelly (1994). "Privatizing the Church: Disestablishment in Connecticut and Massachusetts". <i>Journal of Political Economy</i>. <b>102</b> (2): 277–297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F261932">10.1086/261932</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2138662">2138662</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154259901">154259901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Privatizing+the+Church%3A+Disestablishment+in+Connecticut+and+Massachusetts&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=277-297&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154259901%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2138662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F261932&rft.aulast=Olds&rft.aufirst=Kelly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Porterfield, <i>Conceived in Doubt: Religion and Politics in the New American Nation</i> (2012).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan J. Den Hartog, <i>Patriotism and Piety: Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation</i> (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulz1983" class="citation journal cs1">Schulz, Constance B. (1983). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Of Bigotry in Politics and Religion": Jefferson's Religion, the Federalist Press, and the Syllabus". <i>The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</i>. <b>91</b> (1): 73–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4248611">4248611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=%22Of+Bigotry+in+Politics+and+Religion%22%3A+Jefferson%27s+Religion%2C+the+Federalist+Press%2C+and+the+Syllabus&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-91&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4248611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schulz&rft.aufirst=Constance+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, ch 8; Sharp (1993) p. 70 for quote</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick pp. 314–16 on Jefferson's favorable responses.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall Smelser, "The Federalist Period as an Age of Passion," <i>American Quarterly</i> 10 (Winter 1958), 391–459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smelser-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smelser_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smelser, "The Jacobin Phrenzy: Federalism and the Menace of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity," <i>Review of Politics</i> 13 (1951) 457–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, <i>Age of Federalism</i>, pp 451–61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugene R. Sheridan, "The Recall of Edmond Charles Genet: A Study in Transatlantic Politics and Diplomacy". <i>Diplomatic History</i> 18#4 (1994), 463–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 330–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 375–406.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Elkins and McKitrick, pp. 406–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller (1960) p. 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Estes, Todd (2000). 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"It Taught our Enemies a Lesson:" the Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party". <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 112–127. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/42628249">42628249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tennessee+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22It+Taught+our+Enemies+a+Lesson%3A%22+the+Battle+of+New+Orleans+and+the+Republican+Destruction+of+the+Federalist+Party&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=112-127&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F42628249%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Stoltz&rft.aufirst=Joseph+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Morison-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Morison_84-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Morison_84-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Morison_84-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Morison_84-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Morison_84-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorison1969" class="citation book cs1">Morison, Samuel Eliot (1969). <i>Harrison Gray Otis, 1765-1848: The Urbane Federalist</i>. Houghton Mifflin. pp. 443–446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395080238" title="Special:BookSources/9780395080238"><bdi>9780395080238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harrison+Gray+Otis%2C+1765-1848%3A+The+Urbane+Federalist&rft.pages=443-446&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9780395080238&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDubin2007" class="citation book cs1">Dubin, Michael J. (2007). <i>Party Affiliations in the State Legislatures: A Year by Year Summary, 1796-2006</i>. McFarland & Company. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786429141" title="Special:BookSources/9780786429141"><bdi>9780786429141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Party+Affiliations+in+the+State+Legislatures%3A+A+Year+by+Year+Summary%2C+1796-2006&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780786429141&rft.aulast=Dubin&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Eliot Morison, <i>Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: the urbane Federalist</i> (2nd ed. 1969) pages x–xi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick Allitt, <i>The Conservatives</i> (2009) p 26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Finkelman,"Federalist Party" in Robert A. Rutland, ed. <i>James Madison and the American Nation 1751-1836: An Encyclopedia</i> (1994) pp 144–145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDen_Hartog2017" class="citation journal cs1">Den Hartog, Jonathan (5 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8010005">"Religion, the Federalists, and American Nationalism"</a>. <i>Religions</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel8010005">10.3390/rel8010005</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=Religion%2C+the+Federalists%2C+and+American+Nationalism&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2017-01-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel8010005&rft.aulast=Den+Hartog&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel8010005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDauer1968" class="citation book cs1">Dauer, Manning Julian (1968). <i>The Adams Federalists</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421434667" title="Special:BookSources/9781421434667"><bdi>9781421434667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Adams+Federalists&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=9781421434667&rft.aulast=Dauer&rft.aufirst=Manning+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chernow (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw Livermore, Jr., <i>The Twilight of Federalism: The Disintegration of the Federalist Party 1815–1830</i> (1962)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Vincent_Remini1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert Vincent Remini (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi"><i>Daniel Webster: The Man and His Time</i></a></span>. W. W. Norton. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/danielwebsterman00remi/page/94">94</a>–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393045529" title="Special:BookSources/9780393045529"><bdi>9780393045529</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daniel+Webster%3A+The+Man+and+His+Time&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780393045529&rft.au=Robert+Vincent+Remini&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdanielwebsterman00remi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_H._Broussard1978" class="citation book cs1">James H. Broussard (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=agYzhC6LyJEC&pg=PA274"><i>The Southern Federalists: 1800–1816</i></a>. LSU Press. p. 274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807125205" title="Special:BookSources/9780807125205"><bdi>9780807125205</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Federalists%3A+1800%E2%80%931816&rft.pages=274&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780807125205&rft.au=James+H.+Broussard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DagYzhC6LyJEC%26pg%3DPA274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parsons-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Parsons_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Parsons2009" class="citation book cs1">Lynn Parsons (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernpol00lynn"><i>The Birth of Modern Politics : Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/birthofmodernpol00lynn/page/164">164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199718504" title="Special:BookSources/9780199718504"><bdi>9780199718504</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Modern+Politics+%3A+Andrew+Jackson%2C+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+and+the+Election+of+1828%3A+Andrew+Jackson%2C+John+Quincy+Adams%2C+and+the+Election+of+1828&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199718504&rft.au=Lynn+Parsons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbirthofmodernpol00lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Joseph Lalor. <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopedia_of_Political_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopedia of Political Science">Cyclopedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States</a></i> (1881).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hans Sperber and Travis Trittschuh. <i>American Political Terms: An Historical Dictionary</i> (1962). p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham (1957), 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/history/partydiv.htm">"Party Division"</a>. <i>United States Senate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Senate&rft.atitle=Party+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Fhistory%2Fpartydiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/Institution/Party-Divisions/Party-Divisions/">"Party Divisions of the House of Representatives, 1789 to Present"</a>. <i>United States House of Representatives</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Party+Divisions+of+the+House+of+Representatives%2C+1789+to+Present&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FInstitution%2FParty-Divisions%2FParty-Divisions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ben-Atar, Doron S.; Liz B. MacMillan (eds.) (1999). <i>Federalists Reconsidered</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuel1972" class="citation book cs1">Buel, Richard Jr. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/securingrevoluti0000buel"><i>Securing the Revolution: Ideology in American Politics, 1789–1815</i></a></span>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-0705-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-0705-2"><bdi>0-8014-0705-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+Revolution%3A+Ideology+in+American+Politics%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-8014-0705-2&rft.aulast=Buel&rft.aufirst=Richard+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsecuringrevoluti0000buel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chambers, William Nisbet (1963). <i>Political Parties in a New Nation: The American Experience, 1776–1809</i>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers,_William_Nisbet1972" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, William Nisbet, ed. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstpartysystem00cham"><i>The First Party System: Federalists and Republicans</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-14340-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-14340-5"><bdi>0-471-14340-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Party+System%3A+Federalists+and+Republicans&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-471-14340-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstpartysystem00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChemerinsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Chemerinsky, Erwin (2019). <i>Constitutional Law: Principles and Policies</i> (6th ed.). New York: Wolters Kluwer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4548-9574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4548-9574-9"><bdi>978-1-4548-9574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constitutional+Law%3A+Principles+and+Policies&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wolters+Kluwer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-4548-9574-9&rft.aulast=Chemerinsky&rft.aufirst=Erwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernow2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Chernow" title="Ron Chernow">Chernow, Ron</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto00cher"><i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a>. Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59420-009-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-59420-009-2"><bdi>1-59420-009-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-59420-009-2&rft.aulast=Chernow&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto00cher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Chernow, Ron (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Washington:_A_Life" title="Washington: A Life">Washington: A Life</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781611296389">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCunningham1965" class="citation book cs1">Cunningham, Noble E. Jr. (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofamerica00cunn"><i>The Making of the American Party System 1789 to 1809</i></a></span>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+American+Party+System+1789+to+1809&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Cunningham&rft.aufirst=Noble+E.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofamerica00cunn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dauer, Manning J. <i>The Adams Federalists</i> (1953) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780801801518">online</a></li> <li>Dougherty, Keith L. (2020) "TRENDS: Creating Parties in Congress: The Emergence of a Social Network." <i>Political Research Quarterly</i> 73.4 (2020): 759–773. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Keith-Dougherty/publication/342499908_Creating_Parties_in_Congress_The_Emergence_of_a_Social_Network/links/6079ed11881fa114b409faef/Creating-Parties-in-Congress-The-Emergence-of-a-Social-Network.pdf">online</a></li> <li>Elkins, Stanley; McKitrick, Eric (1990). <i>The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788-1800</i>. A major scholarly survey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ageoffederalism00elki">Online free</a>.</li> <li>Ferling, John. <i>John Adams: A Life</i> (1992).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1965" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, David Hackett (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revolutionofamer0000fisc"><i>The Revolution of American Conservatism: The Federalist Party in the Era of Jeffersonian Democracy</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Revolution+of+American+Conservatism%3A+The+Federalist+Party+in+the+Era+of+Jeffersonian+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Fischer&rft.aufirst=David+Hackett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevolutionofamer0000fisc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Formisano, Ronald P. (2001). "State Development in the Early Republic" in Shafer, Boyd; Badger, Anthony (eds.). <i>Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000</i>. pp. 7–35.</li> <li>Goodman, Paul, ed. <i>The Federalists vs. the Jeffersonian Republicans</i> (1977) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsvsjef0000good/mode/1up">online</a>, short excerpts by leading histrorians</li> <li>Hartog, Jonathan J. Den (2015). <i>Patriotism and Piety: Federalist Politics and Religious Struggle in the New American Nation</i>. University of Virginia Press. 280 pp.</li> <li>Hickey, Donald R (1978). "Federalist Party Unity and the War of 1812". <i>Journal of American Studies</i>. 12#1 pp. 23–39.</li> <li>Jensen, Richard (2000). "Federalist Party" in <i>Encyclopedia of Third Parties</i>. M. E. Sharpe.</li> <li>Kerber, Linda K. <i>Federalists in dissent; imagery and ideology in Jeffersonian America</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsindis00kerb/page/n5/mode/thumb">online</a></li> <li>Kohn, Richard H. <i>Eagle and sword : the Federalists and the creation of the military establishment in America, 1783-1802</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eagleswordfed00kohn/mode/2up">online</a></li> <li>Lampi, Philip J. (2013). "The Federalist Party Resurgence, 1808–1816: Evidence from the New Nation Votes Database". <i>Journal of the Early Republic</i>. 33#2. pp. 255–281. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/504779/summary">Summary online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCullough2002" class="citation book cs1">McCullough, David (2002). <i>John Adams</i>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2313-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2313-6"><bdi>0-7432-2313-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Adams&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7432-2313-6&rft.aulast=McCullough&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1974" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofgeo000mcdo"><i>The Presidency of George Washington</i></a>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-0110-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7006-0110-4"><bdi>0-7006-0110-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+George+Washington&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7006-0110-4&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofgeo000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mason, Matthew (March 2009). "Federalists, Abolitionists, and the Problem of Influence". <i>American Nineteenth Century History</i>. 10. pp. 1–27.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1960" class="citation book cs1">Miller, John C. (1960). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistera1780000mill"><i>The Federalist Era: 1789–1801</i></a></span>. Harper. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57766-031-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-57766-031-5"><bdi>1-57766-031-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Federalist+Era%3A+1789%E2%80%931801&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1960&rft.isbn=1-57766-031-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffederalistera1780000mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span> Scholarly <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistera197000675mbp">online free</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1962" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Broadus (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alexanderhamilto001083mbp"><i>Alexander Hamilton: The National Adventure, 1788–1804</i></a>. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+Hamilton%3A+The+National+Adventure%2C+1788%E2%80%931804&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Broadus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falexanderhamilto001083mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasley,_Jeffrey_L.2004" class="citation book cs1">Pasley, Jeffrey L.; et al., eds. (2004). <i>Beyond the Founders: New Approaches to the Political History of the Early American Republic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Founders%3A+New+Approaches+to+the+Political+History+of+the+Early+American+Republic&rft.date=2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord,_Norman1969" class="citation book cs1">Risjord, Norman, ed. (1969). <i>The Early American Party System</i>. Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+American+Party+System&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1969&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1993" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, James Rogers (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanpolitics0000shar"><i>American Politics in the Early Republic: The New Nation in Crisis</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300055306" title="Special:BookSources/9780300055306"><bdi>9780300055306</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Politics+in+the+Early+Republic%3A+The+New+Nation+in+Crisis&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780300055306&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=James+Rogers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanpolitics0000shar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span> Detailed political history of 1790s.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmelser1968" class="citation book cs1">Smelser, Marshall (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/democraticrepubl00smel"><i>The Democratic Republic 1801–1815</i></a></span>. New York, Harper & Row.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Democratic+Republic+1801%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Smelser&rft.aufirst=Marshall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdemocraticrepubl00smel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span> General survey.</li> <li>Stoltz III, Joseph F., “'It Taught Our Enemies a Lesson' The Battle of New Orleans and the Republican Destruction of the Federalist Party", <i>Tennessee Historical Quarterly</i> 71 (Summer 2012), 112–27. Heavily illustrated</li> <li>Theriault, Sean M. (2006). "Party Politics during the Louisiana Purchase". <i>Social Science History</i>. 30(2). pp. 293–324. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F01455532-30-2-293">10.1215/01455532-30-2-293</a>.</li> <li>Viereck, Peter (1956, 2006) <i>Conservative Thinkers from John Adams to Winston Churchill</i>. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.</li> <li>Waldstreicher, David. "The Nationalization and Racialization of American Politics: 1790–1840" in Shafer, Boyd; Badger, Anthony (eds.) (2001). <i>Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000</i>. pp. 37–83.</li> <li>White, Leonard D. <i>The Federalists: a study in administrative history</i> (1948) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.59395">online</a>. the Federalists as government administrators and bureaucrats.</li> <li>Wood, Gordon S. (2009). <i>Empire of Liberty: A History of the Early Republic, 1789–1815</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Empire-Liberty-History-Republic-1789-1815/dp/0199832463/">excerpt</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_and_state_politics">Regional and state politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regional and state politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanner1970" class="citation book cs1">Banner, James M. (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tohartfordconven0000bann"><i>To the Hartford Convention: The Federalists and the Origins of Party Politics in Massachusetts, 1789–1815</i></a></span>. New York: Knopf.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+the+Hartford+Convention%3A+The+Federalists+and+the+Origins+of+Party+Politics+in+Massachusetts%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Banner&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftohartfordconven0000bann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeeman1972" class="citation book cs1">Beeman, Richard R. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/olddominionnewna0000beem"><i>The Old Dominion and the New Nation, 1788–1801</i></a></span>. [Lexington]: University Press of Kentucky. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813112695" title="Special:BookSources/9780813112695"><bdi>9780813112695</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Dominion+and+the+New+Nation%2C+1788%E2%80%931801&rft.place=%5BLexington%5D&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780813112695&rft.aulast=Beeman&rft.aufirst=Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folddominionnewna0000beem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroussard1978" class="citation book cs1">Broussard, James H. (1978). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernfederali0000brou"><i>The Southern Federalists: 1800–1816</i></a></span>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807102886" title="Special:BookSources/9780807102886"><bdi>9780807102886</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southern+Federalists%3A+1800%E2%80%931816&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=9780807102886&rft.aulast=Broussard&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernfederali0000brou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFormisano1983" class="citation book cs1">Formisano, Ronald (1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transformationof0000form"><i>The Transformation of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s–1840s</i></a></span>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503124-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-503124-9"><bdi>978-0-19-503124-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transformation+of+Political+Culture%3A+Massachusetts+Parties%2C+1790s%E2%80%931840s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-19-503124-9&rft.aulast=Formisano&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftransformationof0000form&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox1919" class="citation book cs1">Fox, Dixon Ryan (1919). <i>The Decline of Aristocracy in the Politics of New York, 1801–1840</i>. Longmans, Green & Co., agents. ASIN B000863CHY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+of+Aristocracy+in+the+Politics+of+New+York%2C+1801%E2%80%931840&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.%2C+agents&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Dixon+Ryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Lafferty, Ben Paul. <i>American Intelligence: Small-Town News and Political Culture in Federalist New Hampshire</i> (U of Massachusetts Press, 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvwh8cbz">online</a></li> <li>Morison, Samuel Eliot. <i>Harrison Gray Otis, 1765–1848: The Urbane Federalist</i> (1969) on Massachusetts <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harrisongrayoti000mori">online</a></li> <li>Pasler, Rudolph J., and Margaret C. Pasler. <i>The New Jersey Federalists</i> (1975) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newjerseyfederal0000pasl/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Phillips, Ulrich B. "The South Carolina Federalists, I" <i>American Historical Review</i> 14#3 (1909), pp. 529–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1836445">online</a> <ul><li>"The South Carolina Federalists, II". <i>American Historical Review;; 14#4 (1909), pp. 731–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307/1837058">online</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRisjord1967" class="citation journal cs1">Risjord, Norman K. (1967). "The Virginia Federalists". <i>The Journal of Southern History</i>. <b>33</b> (4): 486–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2204473">10.2307/2204473</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2204473">2204473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Southern+History&rft.atitle=The+Virginia+Federalists&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=486-517&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2204473&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2204473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Risjord&rft.aufirst=Norman+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rose, Lisle A. <i>Prologue to democracy: The Federalists in the South, 1789-1800</i> (1968) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/prologuetodemocr0000lisl/page/n6/mode/1up">online</a></li> <li>Tinkcom, Harry Marlin. <i>The Republicans and Federalists in Pennsylvania, 1790-1801: a study in national stimulus and local response</i> (1950) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicansfeder00tink/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Newspapers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphrey1996" class="citation book cs1">Humphrey, Carol Sue (1996). <i>The Press of the Young Republic, 1783–1833</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Press+of+the+Young+Republic%2C+1783%E2%80%931833&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Humphrey&rft.aufirst=Carol+Sue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Knudson, Jerry W. (2006). <i>Jefferson and the Press: Crucible of Liberty</i>. How four Republican and four Federalist newspapers covered the election of 1800; Thomas Paine; Louisiana Purchase; Hamilton-Burr duel; impeachment of Chase; and the embargo.</li> <li>Miller, Neil Brody. " 'Proper subjects for public inquiry' the first Unitarian Controversy and the transformation of Federalist print culture." <i>Early American Literature</i> 43.1 (2008): 101-135. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25057536">online</a></li> <li>Pasley, Jeffrey L. <i> 'The Tyranny of Printers': Newspaper Politics in the Early American Republic</i> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tyrannyofprinter00jeff">online</a></li> <li>Rollins, Richard. <i>The Long Journey of Noah Webster</i> (1980); Webster was an important Federalist editor.</li> <li>Rudanko, Juhani. ""[T] his most unnecessary, unjust, and disgraceful war": Attacks on the Madison Administration in Federalist newspapers during the War of 1812." <i>Journal of historical pragmatics</i> 12.1-2 (2011): 82-103. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075/jhp.12.1-2.04rud">online</a></li> <li>Smith, Steven Carl. <i> 'A Rash, Thoughtless, and Imprudent Young Man': John Ward Fenno and the Federalist Literary Network." </i>Literature in the Early American Republic<i> 6 (2014): 1+ .</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheehan2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sheehan, Colleen A. (2004). "Madison v. Hamilton: The Battle over Republicanism and the Role of Public Opinion". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>98</b> (3): 405–424. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003055404001248">10.1017/S0003055404001248</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4145337">4145337</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145693742">145693742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Madison+v.+Hamilton%3A+The+Battle+over+Republicanism+and+the+Role+of+Public+Opinion&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=405-424&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145693742%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4145337%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003055404001248&rft.aulast=Sheehan&rft.aufirst=Colleen+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFederalist+Party" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McColley, Robert, ed. <i>Federalists, Republicans, and foreign entanglements, 1789-1815</i> (1969) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/federalistsrepub00mcco/mode/thumb">online</a>, primary sources on foreign policy</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Federalist_Party&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 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class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725105911/http://dca.tufts.edu/features/aas/">A New Nation Votes: American Election Returns 1787–1825</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/parties/5000/pro-administration-party">Pro-Administration Party ideology over time</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/parties/1/federalist-party">Federalist Party ideology over time</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Adams" title="Template:John Adams"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Adams" title="Template talk:John Adams"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Adams" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Adams"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Adams" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">2nd</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1797–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of vice presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">U.S. Minister to the United Kingdom</a> (1785–1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_Netherlands" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the Netherlands">U.S. Minister to the Netherlands</a> (1782–1788)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775–1778)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braintree_Instructions" title="Braintree Instructions">Braintree Instructions 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href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Commerce_(France%E2%80%93United_States)" title="Treaty of Amity and Commerce (France–United States)">Treaty of Amity and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Treaty of Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_War" title="Board of War">Board of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy#Secretaries_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Chairman of the Marine Committee, 1775-1779</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Continental Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conference_House" title="Conference House">Conference House</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Massachusetts" title="Constitution of Massachusetts">Constitution of Massachusetts (1780)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris, 1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_of_John_Adams" title="Diplomacy of John Adams">Diplomacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">United States presidential election 1788–1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_Adams" title="Inauguration of John Adams">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi War with France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XYZ_Affair" title="XYZ Affair">XYZ Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Navy" title="United States Department of the Navy">United States Department of the Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_further_to_protect_the_commerce_of_the_United_States" title="An Act further to protect the commerce of the United States">Commerce Protection Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_1800" title="Convention of 1800">Convention of 1800</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1798" title="Naturalization Act of 1798">Naturalization Act of 1798</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Act_for_the_relief_of_sick_and_disabled_seamen" title="An Act for the relief of sick and disabled seamen">Sick and Disabled Seamen Relief Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Hospital_Service" title="Marine Hospital Service">Marine Hospital Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy_Act_of_1800" title="Bankruptcy Act of 1800">Bankruptcy Act of 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Organic Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1800" title="Slave Trade Act of 1800">Slave Trade Act of 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Organic_Act_of_1801" title="District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801">District of Columbia Organic Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navy_Department_Library" title="Navy Department Library">Navy Department Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tellico" title="Treaty of Tellico">Treaty of Tellico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Treaty of Tripoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Midnight Judges Act</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1797_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1797 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1797</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1798_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1798 State of the Union Address">1798</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1799_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1799 State of the Union Address">1799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1800 State of the Union Address">1800)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_Thomas_Jefferson" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson">Presidential transition of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams#Administration_and_cabinet" title="John Adams">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_Adams" title="List of federal judges appointed by John Adams">Federal judiciary appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Historical_Society#Collections" title="Massachusetts Historical Society">Massachusetts Historical Society holdings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Papers_Editorial_Project" title="Adams Papers Editorial Project">Adams Papers Editorial Project</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Defence_of_the_Constitutions_of_Government_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America">A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_of_Mrs._Adams,_the_Wife_of_John_Adams" title="Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams">Letters of Mrs. Adams, the Wife of John Adams</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gray_v._Pitts" title="Gray v. Pitts">Gray v. Pitts</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and<br />homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams#Early_life_and_education" title="John Adams">Early life and education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park" title="Adams National Historical Park">Adams National Historical Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Adams Birthplace">John Adams Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_Birthplace" title="John Quincy Adams Birthplace">Family home and John Quincy Adams birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacefield" title="Peacefield">Peacefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_National_Historical_Park#Stone_Library" title="Adams National Historical Park">Stone Library</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Hall_(Harvard_University)" title="Massachusetts Hall (Harvard University)">Massachusetts Hall, Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">Presidents House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">Co-founder and second president, American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_First_Parish_Church" title="United First Parish Church">United First Parish Church and gravesite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_Adams" title="Bibliography of John Adams">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_John_Adams" title="List of memorials to John Adams">List of memorials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Memorial" title="Adams Memorial">Adams Memorial</a> (proposed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Building" title="John Adams Building">John Adams Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County_Courthouse" title="Suffolk County Courthouse">John Adams Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Memorial#Exterior" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial pediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_Adams" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adams_(1799)" title="USS Adams (1799)">USS <i>Adams</i></a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(1799)" title="USS John Adams (1799)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1799)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Adams_(1874)" title="USS Adams (1874)">USS <i>Adams</i></a> (1874)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Adams_(APA-19)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS President Adams (APA-19)">USS <i>President Adams</i></a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_Adams_(SSBN-620)" title="USS John Adams (SSBN-620)">USS <i>John Adams</i></a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House at Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(New_Hampshire)" title="Mount Adams (New Hampshire)">Mount Adams (New Hampshire,</a> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Adams_(Washington)" title="Mount Adams (Washington)">Washington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_the_56_Signers_of_the_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence">Memorial to the 56 Signers of the Declaration of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage_(TV_series)" title="Profiles in Courage (TV series)"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> (1964 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Primitive" title="American Primitive"><i>American Primitive</i> (1969 play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(musical)" title="1776 (musical)"><i>1776</i> (1969 musical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1776_(film)" title="1776 (film)">1972 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Adams_Chronicles" title="The Adams Chronicles"><i>The Adams Chronicles</i> (1976 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!"><i>Liberty!</i> (1997 documentary series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids"><i>Liberty's Kids</i> (2002 animated series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(book)" title="John Adams (book)"><i>John Adams</i> (2001 book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">2008 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_and_Abigail_Adams" title="John and Abigail Adams"><i>John and Abigail Adams</i> (2006 documentary film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty_(miniseries)" title="Sons of Liberty (miniseries)"><i>Sons of Liberty</i> (2015 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Franklin</i> (2024 miniseries)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_and_Liberty" title="Adams and Liberty">"Adams and Liberty" campaign song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library#Overview" title="Boston Public Library">Adams' personal library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Hall" title="Congress Hall">Congress Hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">republicanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gazette_of_the_United_States" title="Gazette of the United States">Gazette of the United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Museum_(magazine)" title="The American Museum (magazine)">The American Museum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adams_political_family" title="Adams political family">Adams political family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a> <ul><li>wife</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_political_family" title="Quincy political family">Quincy political family</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams_Smith" title="Abigail Adams Smith">Abigail Adams Smith</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> <ul><li>son</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">presidency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Adams_(1770%E2%80%931800)" title="Charles Adams (1770–1800)">Charles Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Boylston_Adams_(1772%E2%80%931832)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Boylston Adams (1772–1832)">Thomas Boylston Adams</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Adams" title="George Washington Adams">George Washington Adams</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">Charles Francis Adams Sr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_II" title="John Adams II">John Adams II</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams_II" title="John Quincy Adams II">John Quincy Adams II</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Henry Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooks_Adams" title="Brooks Adams">Brooks Adams</a> (great-grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Sr." title="John Adams Sr.">John Adams Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_Boylston" title="Susanna Boylston">Susanna Boylston</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a> (second cousin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_Adams" title="Louisa Adams">Louisa Adams</a> (daughter-in-law, <a href="/wiki/List_of_first_ladies_of_the_United_States" title="List of first ladies of the United States">first lady</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">← George Washington</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li>Thomas Jefferson →</li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_Adams" title="Category:John Adams">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Washington" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Washington" title="Template:George Washington"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Washington" title="Template talk:George Washington"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Washington" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Washington"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Washington" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">1st</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1789–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">Senior Officer of the Army</a> (1798–1799)</li> <li>Commander-in-Chief of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> (1775–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_delegates_to_the_Continental_Congress" title="List of delegates to the Continental Congress">Delegate</a> to the <a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Revolutionary War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_George_Washington" title="Military career of George Washington">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_French_and_Indian_War" title="George Washington in the French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jumonville_Glen" title="Battle of Jumonville Glen">Jumonville Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Necessity" title="Battle of Fort Necessity">Battle of Fort Necessity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Monongahela" title="Battle of the Monongahela">Battle of the Monongahela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbes_Expedition" title="Forbes Expedition">Forbes Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_in_the_American_Revolution" title="George Washington in the American Revolution">Washington in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Commander-in-chief, Continental Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Aides-de-camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">Washington's headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_tent" title="George Washington's tent">office and sleeping tent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Siege of Boston</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Delaware River crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Battle of Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Battle of the Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Battle of Princeton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Battle of Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Marsh" title="Battle of White Marsh">Battle of White Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Battle of Monmouth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Culper Spy Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asgill_Affair" title="Asgill Affair">Asgill Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_resignation_as_commander-in-chief" title="George Washington's resignation as commander-in-chief">Resignation as commander-in-chief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badge_of_Military_Merit" title="Badge of Military Merit">Badge of Military Merit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Before_Boston_Medal" title="Washington Before Boston Medal">Washington Before Boston Medal</a></li> <li>Horses <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(horse)" title="Nelson (horse)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueskin_(horse)" title="Blueskin (horse)">Blueskin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Other U.S.<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairfax_Resolves" title="Fairfax Resolves">Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_in_Cases_of_Capture" title="Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture">Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Conference" title="Mount Vernon Conference">1785 Mount Vernon Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_political_evolution" title="George Washington's political evolution">George Washington's political evolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">timeline)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1788%E2%80%9389_United_States_presidential_election" title="1788–89 United States presidential election">1788–89 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">First inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Inaugural_Bible" title="George Washington Inaugural Bible">inaugural bible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_United_States_presidential_election" title="1792 United States presidential election">1792 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="Second inauguration of George Washington">Second inauguration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_reception_at_Trenton" title="George Washington's reception at Trenton">Reception at Trenton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr._President_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr. President (title)">Title of "Mr. President"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet of the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_act_to_regulate_the_time_and_manner_of_administering_certain_oaths" title="An act to regulate the time and manner of administering certain oaths">Oath Administration Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonintercourse_Act" title="Nonintercourse Act">Nonintercourse Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Acts_of_1792" title="Militia Acts of 1792">Militia Acts of 1792</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">United States Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Succession_Act" title="Presidential Succession Act">Presidential Succession Act of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_cornerstone_laying" title="United States Capitol cornerstone laying">United States Capitol cornerstone laying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neutrality_Act_of_1794" title="Neutrality Act of 1794">Neutrality Act of 1794</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slave_Trade_Act_of_1794" title="Slave Trade Act of 1794">Slave Trade Act of 1794</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Thanksgiving_Proclamation" title="National Thanksgiving Proclamation">Thanksgiving Proclamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Farewell Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1790_State_of_the_Union_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="1790 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1791_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1791 State of the Union Address">1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1792_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1792 State of the Union Address">1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1793_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1793 State of the Union Address">1793</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1796_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1796 State of the Union Address">1796</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington#Administration,_Cabinet_and_Supreme_Court_appointments" title="Presidency of George Washington">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_George_Washington" title="List of federal judges appointed by George Washington">Federal judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Views and<br />public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_W._Smith_National_Library_for_the_Study_of_George_Washington" title="Fred W. Smith National Library for the Study of George Washington">Presidential library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Papers" title="The Washington Papers">The Washington Papers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_George_Washington" title="Religious views of George Washington">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_Destroyer" title="Town Destroyer">Town Destroyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_George_Washington" title="Legacy of George Washington">Legacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington#Early_life_(1732–1753)" title="George Washington">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument" title="George Washington Birthplace National Monument">Birthplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Farm" title="Ferry Farm">Ferry Farm boyhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Fishery" title="George Washington's Fishery">Fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Gristmill" title="George Washington's Gristmill">Gristmill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Rye_Whiskey" title="George Washington's Rye Whiskey">Whiskey distillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn Plantation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longfellow_House%E2%80%93Washington%27s_Headquarters_National_Historic_Site" title="Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site">Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ford_Mansion" title="Ford Mansion">Ford Mansion, Washington's headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Hasbrouck House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood_House" title="Samuel Osgood House">First Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Macomb_House" title="Alexander Macomb House">Second Presidential Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President%27s_House_(Philadelphia)" title="President's House (Philadelphia)">President's House, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germantown_White_House" title="Germantown White House">Germantown White House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Parke_Custis#Estate" title="Daniel Parke Custis">Custis estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_relations_with_the_Iroquois_Confederacy" title="George Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy">Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potomac_Company" title="Potomac Company">Potomac Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_River_and_Kanawha_Canal" title="James River and Kanawha Canal">James River and Kanawha Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Road_Lottery" title="Mountain Road Lottery">Mountain Road Lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal" title="Congressional Gold Medal">Congressional Gold Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanks_of_Congress" title="Thanks of Congress">Thanks of Congress</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_College" title="Washington College">Washington College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_George_Washington" title="Electoral history of George Washington">Electoral history of George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Post-presidency of George Washington">Post-presidency of George Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington" title="List of memorials to George Washington">Memorials</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument" title="Washington Monument">Washington Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore" title="Mount Rushmore">Mount Rushmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purple_Heart" title="Purple Heart">Purple Heart</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_State_Park" title="Washington Monument State Park">Washington Monument (Boonsboro, Maryland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(Baltimore)" title="Washington Monument (Baltimore)">Washington Monument (Baltimore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Houdon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Houdon)"><i>George Washington</i> (Houdon)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(copy_of_bust_by_Houdon)" title="George Washington (copy of bust by Houdon)">plaster copy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Ceracchi)" title="George Washington (Ceracchi)"><i>George Washington</i> (Ceracchi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Canova)" title="George Washington (Canova)"><i>George Washington</i> (Canova)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Greenough)" title="George Washington (Greenough)"><i>George Washington</i> (Greenough)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Trumbull)" title="George Washington (Trumbull)"><i>George Washington</i> (Trumbull)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_the_Revolutionary_War_Door" title="George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door">George Washington and the Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_War_Door" title="Revolutionary War Door">Revolutionary War Door</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Crossing_the_Delaware_(1851_paintings)" title="Washington Crossing the Delaware (1851 paintings)">Washington Crossing the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Passage_of_the_Delaware" title="The Passage of the Delaware">The Passage of the Delaware</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_at_Trenton" title="General George Washington at Trenton">General George Washington at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Verplanck%27s_Point" title="Washington at Verplanck's Point">Washington at Verplanck's Point</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/General_George_Washington_Resigning_His_Commission" title="General George Washington Resigning His Commission">General George Washington Resigning His Commission</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Lord_Cornwallis" title="Surrender of Lord Cornwallis">Surrender of Lord Cornwallis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenaeum_Portrait" title="Athenaeum Portrait">Unfinished portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_portrait" title="Lansdowne portrait">Lansdowne portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Family" title="The Washington Family">The Washington Family portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_at_Princeton" title="Washington at Princeton"><i>Washington at Princeton</i> paintings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_of_George_Washington_Taking_the_Salute_at_Trenton" title="Portrait of George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton">George Washington Taking the Salute at Trenton</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_to_Washington_on_April_21,_1789,_at_Trenton_on_his_way_to_New_York_to_Assume_the_Duties_of_the_Presidency_of_the_United_States" title="Reception to Washington on April 21, 1789, at Trenton on his way to New York to Assume the Duties of the Presidency of the United States">Reception at Trenton painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_statues_of_George_Washington" title="List of statues of George Washington">Statues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenton_Battle_Monument" title="Trenton Battle Monument">Trenton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_Battle_Monument" title="Princeton Battle Monument">Princeton Battle Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_View_(West)" title="Point of View (West)"><i>Point of View</i> sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_on_Horseback" title="George Washington on Horseback">George Washington on Horseback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Austin,_Texas)" title="Statue of George Washington (Austin, Texas)">Austin statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bartholomew)" title="George Washington (Bartholomew)">Baltimore statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Boston)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Mexico_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Statue of George Washington (Mexico City)">Mexico City statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Morristown,_New_Jersey)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Morristown, New Jersey)">Morristown statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Newark)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Newark)">Newark statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(New_York_City)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (New York City)">New York City statue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Wall_Street)" title="Statue of George Washington (Wall Street)">Wall Street statue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Paris)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Paris)">Paris statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Perth_Amboy,_New_Jersey)" title="Statue of George Washington (Perth Amboy, New Jersey)">Perth Amboy statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(Bailly)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington (Bailly)">Philadelphia statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Washington_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Statue of George Washington (Portland, Oregon)">Portland statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_George_Washington_(Washington_Circle)" title="Equestrian statue of George Washington (Washington Circle)">Washington, D.C. statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Monument_(West_Point)" title="Washington Monument (West Point)">West Point monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University" title="George Washington University">George Washington University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Masonic_National_Memorial" title="George Washington Masonic National Memorial">Washington Masonic National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Parkway" title="George Washington Memorial Parkway">George Washington Memorial Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Bridge" title="George Washington Bridge">George Washington Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_Jefferson_National_Forests" title="George Washington and Jefferson National Forests">Washington and Jefferson National Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Arch" title="Washington Square Arch">Arch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Franklin_Issues" title="Washington–Franklin Issues">Washington–Franklin Issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Bicentennial_stamps_of_1932" title="Washington Bicentennial stamps of 1932">1932 bicentennial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_on_currency#George_Washington" title="List of presidents of the United States on currency">Currency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_quarter" title="Washington quarter">Washington quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50_State_Quarters" class="mw-redirect" title="50 State Quarters">50 State Quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_and_United_States_Territories_quarters" title="District of Columbia and United States Territories quarters">D.C. and territories quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_quarters" title="America the Beautiful quarters">America the Beautiful quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Women_quarters" title="American Women quarters">American Women quarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_Instructing_Youth" title="History Instructing Youth">History Instructing Youth dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_one-dollar_bill" title="United States one-dollar bill">Washington dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_dollar" title="Lafayette dollar">Lafayette dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_the_Beautiful_silver_bullion_coins" title="America the Beautiful silver bullion coins">Silver bullion coins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_nickel" title="Washington nickel">Washington nickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_half_eagle" title="George Washington half eagle">Washington half eagle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_250th_Anniversary_half_dollar" title="George Washington 250th Anniversary half dollar">250th Anniversary half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rushmore_Anniversary_coins" title="Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins">Mount Rushmore Anniversary coins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Washington" title="Mount Washington">Mount Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_George_Washington" title="Cultural depictions of George Washington">Cultural depictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_(miniseries)" title="George Washington (miniseries)"><i>George Washington</i> (1984 miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_II:_The_Forging_of_a_Nation" title="George Washington II: The Forging of a Nation">1986 sequel)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_More_Perfect_Union_(film)" title="A More Perfect Union (film)"><i>A More Perfect Union</i> (1989 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crossing_(2000_film)" title="The Crossing (2000 film)"><i>The Crossing</i> (2000 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/We_Fight_to_Be_Free" title="We Fight to Be Free"><i>We Fight to Be Free</i> (2006 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turn:_Washington%27s_Spies" title="Turn: Washington's Spies"><i>Turn: Washington's Spies</i> (2014–2017 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_that_Made_America" title="The War that Made America"><i>The War that Made America</i> (2006 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)"><i>Washington</i> (2020 miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)"><i>Hamilton</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">film</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_George_Washington" title="Bibliography of George Washington">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_George_Washington_articles" title="List of George Washington articles">List of articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_dynasty" title="Virginia dynasty">Virginia dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Washington_family" title="Coat of arms of the Washington family">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mason_Locke_Weems#The_cherry-tree_anecdote" title="Mason Locke Weems">Cherry-tree anecdote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Farm#Washington_at_River_Farm" title="River Farm">River Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Crossing" title="Washington's Crossing">Washington's Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%E2%80%93Rochambeau_Revolutionary_Route" title="Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route">Washington–Rochambeau Revolutionary Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_House_(Barbados)" title="George Washington House (Barbados)">1751 Barbados trip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syng_inkstand" title="Syng inkstand">Syng inkstand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_the_Armies" title="General of the Armies">General of the Armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Foxhound" title="American Foxhound">American Foxhound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Ross_flag" title="Betsy Ross flag">Betsy Ross flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Ladies%27_Association" title="Mount Vernon Ladies' Association">Mount Vernon Ladies' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon_Mansion_replicas" title="Mount Vernon Mansion replicas">Mount Vernon replicas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Memorial_Building" title="George Washington Memorial Building">George Washington Memorial Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempted_theft_of_George_Washington%27s_skull" title="Attempted theft of George Washington's skull">Attempted theft of Washington's skull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Washington_family" title="Washington family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Parke_Custis" title="John Parke Custis">John Parke Custis</a> (stepson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Parke_Custis" title="George Washington Parke Custis">George Washington Parke Custis</a> (step-grandson, adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Parke_Custis_Lewis" title="Eleanor Parke Custis Lewis">Eleanor Parke Custis</a> (step-granddaughter, adopted daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington" title="Augustine Washington">Augustine Washington</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ball_Washington" title="Mary Ball Washington">Mary Ball Washington</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1718%E2%80%931752)" title="Lawrence Washington (1718–1752)">Lawrence Washington</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Washington_Jr." title="Augustine Washington Jr.">Augustine Washington Jr.</a> (half-brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Washington_Lewis" title="Elizabeth Washington Lewis">Elizabeth Washington Lewis</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Washington" title="Samuel Washington">Samuel Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Augustine_Washington" title="John Augustine Washington">John A. Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Washington" title="Charles Washington">Charles Washington</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Washington_(1659%E2%80%931698)" title="Lawrence Washington (1659–1698)">Lawrence Washington</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Gale" title="Mildred Gale">Mildred Gale</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Washington" title="John Washington">John Washington</a> (great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Reade_(colonial_governor)" title="George Reade (colonial governor)">George Reade</a> (2nd great-grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushrod_Washington" title="Bushrod Washington">Bushrod Washington</a> (nephew)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_(slave)" title="Betty (slave)">Betty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Branham" title="Caroline Branham">Caroline Branham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Costin" title="William Costin">William Costin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Ford" title="West Ford">West Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Johnson_(Mount_Vernon)" title="Sarah Johnson (Mount Vernon)">Sarah Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Oney Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lee_(valet)" title="Philip Lee (valet)">Philip Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lee_(valet)" title="William Lee (valet)">William Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_Posey" title="Hercules Posey">Hercules Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Sheels" title="Christopher Sheels">Christopher Sheels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Squash" title="Deborah Squash">Deborah Squash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Washington" title="Harry Washington">Harry Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:George_Washington" title="Category:George Washington">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Federalist_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Federalist_Party" title="Template talk:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Federalist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Federalist_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">Presidency of George Washington</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">Presidency of John Adams</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Presidential_elections">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">T. Pinckney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. Pinckney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton" title="DeWitt Clinton">Clinton</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Eager_Howard" title="John Eager Howard">Howard</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1789–1791)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Jonathan Trumbull Jr.</a> (1791–1793)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton" title="Jonathan Dayton">Jonathan Dayton</a> (1795–1799)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sedgwick" title="Theodore Sedgwick">Theodore Sedgwick</a> (1799–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (1789–1790)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1794–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795–1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a> (1800–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1817)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (1789–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Oliver Wolcott Jr.</a> (1795–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Henry Knox</a> (1789–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Timothy Pickering</a> (1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> (1796–1800)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1800–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Randolph" title="Edmund Randolph">Edmund Randolph</a> (1789–1794)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_(Attorney_General)" title="William Bradford (Attorney General)">William Bradford</a> (1794–1795)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(Attorney_General)" title="Charles Lee (Attorney General)">Charles Lee</a> (1795–1801)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1798–1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Alexander_Hamilton" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Alexander_Hamilton" title="Template:Alexander Hamilton"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Alexander_Hamilton" title="Template talk:Alexander Hamilton"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander_Hamilton" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Alexander Hamilton"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Alexander_Hamilton" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanding_General_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Commanding General of the United States Army">8th Senior Officer of the United States Army (1799–1800)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">1st Secretary of the Treasury (1789–1795)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Delegate to the Congress of the Confederation (1782–1783, 1788–1789)</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">United States<br />founding events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Full_Vindication_of_the_Measures_of_Congress" title="A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress"><i>A Full Vindication of the Measures of Congress</i> (1774)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer_Refuted" title="The Farmer Refuted"><i>The Farmer Refuted</i> (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annapolis_Convention_(1786)" title="Annapolis Convention (1786)">Delegate, 1786 Annapolis Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Delegate, 1787 Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Secretary of<br />the Treasury</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">Revenue Marine (U.S. Coast Guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Customs_Service" title="United States Customs Service">U.S. Customs Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_economic_program" title="Hamiltonian economic program">Hamiltonian economic program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residence_Act" title="Residence Act">Residence Act</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1790" title="Compromise of 1790">Compromise of 1790</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding_Act_of_1790" title="Funding Act of 1790">Funding Act of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1790" title="Tariff of 1790">Tariff of 1790</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Bill_of_1791" title="Bank Bill of 1791">Bank Bill of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1791" title="Tariff of 1791">Tariff of 1791</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1792" title="Tariff of 1792">Tariff of 1792</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_Act_of_1792" title="Coinage Act of 1792">Coinage Act of 1792</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Mint" title="United States Mint">U.S. Mint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li> <li>Reports <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Report_on_the_Public_Credit" title="First Report on the Public Credit">"First Report on the Public Credit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Report_on_Public_Credit" title="Second Report on Public Credit">"Second Report on Public Credit"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_Manufactures" title="Report on Manufactures">"Report On Manufactures"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_on_a_Plan_for_the_Further_Support_of_Public_Credit" title="Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit">"Report on a Plan for the Further Support of Public Credit"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Establishing_Useful_Manufactures" title="Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures">Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military career</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Company_of_Artillery" title="New York Provincial Company of Artillery">New York Provincial Company of Artillery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_aides-de-camp" title="Washington's aides-de-camp">Washington's <i>aide-de-camp</i></a></li> <li>Battles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Founder, Federalist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Era" title="Federalist Era">Federalist Era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BNY" class="mw-redirect" title="BNY">Founder, Bank of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_North_America#Congressional_Charter" title="Bank of North America">Bank of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacificus-Helvidius_Debates" title="Pacificus-Helvidius Debates">Pacificus-Helvidius Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address" title="George Washington's Farewell Address">Advisor, George Washington's Farewell Address</a></li> <li>President General of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">Founder, <i>New-York Evening Post</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Reynolds_affair" title="Hamilton–Reynolds affair">Hamilton–Reynolds affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutgers_v._Waddington" title="Rutgers v. Waddington"><i>Rutgers v. Waddington</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Hamilton and slavery">Relationship with slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burr%E2%80%93Hamilton_duel" title="Burr–Hamilton duel">Burr–Hamilton duel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Trumbull)" title="Alexander Hamilton (Trumbull)">Trumbull portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(Ceracchi)" title="Alexander Hamilton (Ceracchi)">Ceracchi bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Central_Park)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Central Park)">Central Park statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)">U.S. Treasury statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Columbia_University)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Columbia University)">Columbia University statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Boston)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Chicago)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Chicago)">Chicago statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton#Hamilton_on_U.S._postage" title="Alexander Hamilton">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_(1860s_money)" title="Greenback (1860s money)">Greenbacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">U.S. $10 bill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Alexander_Hamilton" title="List of things named after Alexander Hamilton">Memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nevis_Historical_and_Conservation_Society#Alexander_Hamilton_Museum" title="Nevis Historical and Conservation Society">Boyhood home and museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_U.S._Custom_House" title="Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House">Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Bridge" title="Alexander Hamilton Bridge">Alexander Hamilton Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_High_School_(Los_Angeles)" title="Alexander Hamilton High School (Los Angeles)">Alexander Hamilton High School</a> (Los Angeles)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton" title="Fort Hamilton">Fort Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial" title="Hamilton Grange National Memorial">Hamilton Grange National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Columbia_University)" title="Hamilton Hall (Columbia University)">Hamilton Hall</a> (Columbia University)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(Salem,_Massachusetts)" title="Hamilton Hall (Salem, Massachusetts)">Hamilton Hall</a> (Salem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hamilton Heights, Manhattan">Hamilton Heights, Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ohio" title="Hamilton, Ohio">Hamilton, Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_College" title="Hamilton College">Hamilton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Alexander_Hamilton" title="USS Alexander Hamilton">USS <i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS_Alexander_Hamilton" title="PS Alexander Hamilton">PS <i>Alexander Hamilton</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Alexander_Hamilton" title="Cultural depictions of Alexander Hamilton">Popular culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(play)" title="Hamilton (play)">Hamilton</a></i> (1917 play)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(film)" title="Alexander Hamilton (film)">Alexander Hamilton</a></i> (1931 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty!" title="Liberty!">Liberty!</a></i> (1997 documentary series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liberty%27s_Kids" title="Liberty's Kids">Liberty's Kids</a></i> (2002 animated series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_(book)" title="Alexander Hamilton (book)">Alexander Hamilton</a></i> (2004 book)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(miniseries)" title="John Adams (miniseries)">John Adams</a></i> (2008 miniseries)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(musical)" title="Hamilton (musical)">Hamilton</a></i> (2015 musical, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_(2020_film)" title="Hamilton (2020 film)">2020 film</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_(miniseries)" title="Washington (miniseries)">Washington</a></i> (2020 miniseries)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Hall_(New_Jersey)" title="Liberty Hall (New Jersey)">Liberty Hall</a> (New Jersey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_System_(economic_plan)" title="American System (economic plan)">"American System" economic plan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_School_(economics)" title="American School (economics)">American School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">patriots</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_family" title="Hamilton family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton">Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton" title="Philip Hamilton">Philip Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Hamilton" title="Angelica Hamilton">Angelica Hamilton</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr." title="Alexander Hamilton Jr.">Alexander Hamilton Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Alexander_Hamilton" title="James Alexander Hamilton">James Alexander Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Church_Hamilton" title="John Church Hamilton">John Church Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Hamilton_Holly" title="Eliza Hamilton Holly">Eliza Hamilton Holly</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hamilton_(lawyer)" title="Philip Hamilton (lawyer)">Philip Hamilton</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Hamilton" title="Schuyler Hamilton">Schuyler Hamilton</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Jr._(1816%E2%80%931889)" title="Alexander Hamilton Jr. (1816–1889)">Alexander Hamilton Jr.</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_McLane_Hamilton" title="Allan McLane Hamilton">Allan McLane Hamilton</a> (grandson)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Alexander_Hamilton" title="Category:Alexander Hamilton">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_Jay" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_Jay" title="Template:John Jay"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_Jay" title="Template talk:John Jay"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_Jay" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John Jay"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_Jay" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">2nd Governor of New York</a>, 1795-1801</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">1st Chief Justice of the United States</a>, 1789-1795</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">United States Secretary of State</a>, 1789-90</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs">United States Secretary of Foreign Affairs</a>, 1784-1789</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minister_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Minister to Spain">United States Minister to Spain</a>, 1779-1782</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Continental_Congress" title="President of the Continental Congress">President of the Continental Congress</a>, 1778-79</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding of the<br />United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition_to_the_King" title="Petition to the King">Petition to the King</a> (1774, signed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a> (1775-76)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">New York Constitution</a> (1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> (1783)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Federalist_Papers_by_John_Jay" title="Category:Federalist Papers by John Jay">papers, 1787-88</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a> (1789-1795, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_prior_to_the_Marshall_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases prior to the Marshall Court">cases</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Manumission_Society" title="New York Manumission Society">New York Manumission Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Free_School" title="African Free School">African Free School</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay%E2%80%93Gardoqui_Treaty" title="Jay–Gardoqui Treaty">Jay–Gardoqui Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> (1794)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other writings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letters_to_the_inhabitants_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Letters to the inhabitants of Canada">Letters to the inhabitants of Canada</a> (1775)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Circular_Letter" title="New York Circular Letter">New York Circular Letter</a> (1788)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Selected_Papers_of_John_Jay" title="The Selected Papers of John Jay">The Selected Papers of John Jay</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Estate" title="Jay Estate">Jay Estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Heritage_Center" title="Jay Heritage Center">Jay Heritage Center</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Homestead_State_Historic_Site" title="John Jay Homestead State Historic Site">John Jay Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_House_(New_York_City)" title="Government House (New York City)">Government House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Namesakes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jay" title="Fort Jay">Fort Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_College_of_Criminal_Justice" title="John Jay College of Criminal Justice">John Jay College of Criminal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Hall" title="John Jay Hall">John Jay Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_New_York" title="Jay, New York">Jay, New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay,_Vermont" title="Jay, Vermont">Jay, Vermont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Livingston_Jay" title="Sarah Livingston Jay">Sarah Livingston Jay (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Augustus_Jay_(lawyer)" title="Peter Augustus Jay (lawyer)">Peter Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jay_(jurist)" title="William Jay (jurist)">William Jay (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clarkson_Jay" title="John Clarkson Jay">John Clarkson Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_(lawyer)" title="John Jay (lawyer)">John Jay (grandson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Jay" title="James Jay">James Jay (brother)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Van_Cortlandt" title="Jacobus Van Cortlandt">Jacobus Van Cortlandt (grandfather)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">Arbitration</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(painting)" title="Treaty of Paris (painting)">Treaty of Paris</a></i> (1783 painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Boston)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Boston)">Boston relief portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founders_Online" title="Founders Online">Founders Online</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_political_parties" title="Template talk:United States political parties"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_political_parties" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States political parties"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="National_political_parties_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">National <a href="/wiki/Political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="Political parties in the United States">political parties in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">List of political parties in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_party" title="Major party">Major parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Larger</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Green Party (United States)">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Party_(United_States)" title="Libertarian Party (United States)">Libertarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Smaller</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_People%27s_Socialist_Party" title="African People's Socialist Party">African People's Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(United_States)" title="Alliance Party (United States)">Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Freedom_Party" title="American Freedom Party">American Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Solidarity_Party" title="American Solidarity Party">American Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Socialists_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Socialists of America">Black Socialists of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Liberty_Party" title="Christian Liberty Party">Christian Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Citizens Party of the United States">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Party_of_New_York_(2010)" title="Freedom Party of New York (2010)">Freedom Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Socialist_Party" title="Freedom Socialist Party">Freedom Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Party_(United_States)" title="Forward Party (United States)">Forward Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Mountain_Peace_and_Justice_Party" title="Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party">Green Mountain Peace and Justice Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Marijuana_Now_Party" title="Legal Marijuana Now Party">Legal Marijuana Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_USA" title="Liberal Party USA">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_Progressive_Party_(United_States)_state_affiliates" title="Category:National Progressive Party (United States) state affiliates">National Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Dane" title="Progressive Dane">Progressive Dane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Marijuana_Party" title="U.S. Marijuana Party">Marijuana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Pirate_Party" title="United States Pirate Party">Pirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_2017)" title="People's Party (United States, 2017)">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Labor_Party_(United_States)" title="Progressive Labor Party (United States)">Progressive Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Party_of_the_United_States_of_America" title="Reform Party of the United States of America">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renew_America_Movement" title="Renew America Movement">Renew America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_Socialism_and_Liberation" title="Party for Socialism and Liberation">Socialism and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_America_Movement" title="Serve America Movement">Serve America Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_USA" title="Socialist Party USA">Socialist (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Action_(United_States)" title="Socialist Action (United States)">Socialist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Alternative_(United_States)" title="Socialist Alternative (United States)">Socialist Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Workers_Party" title="South Carolina Workers Party">South Carolina Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrats,_USA" title="Social Democrats, USA">Social Democrats, USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Equality_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Equality Party (United States)">Socialist Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Labor_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Labor Party of America">Socialist Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Workers_Party_(United_States)" title="Socialist Workers Party (United States)">Socialist Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanist_Party" title="Transhumanist Party">Transhumanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_of_America" title="Unity Party of America">Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Class_Party" title="Working Class Party">Working Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_Families_Party" title="Working Families Party">Working Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_World_Party" title="Workers World Party">Workers World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Socialist_Party_of_the_United_States" title="World Socialist Party of the United States">World Socialist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Defunct parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Third parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American (Know Nothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_Elect" title="Americans Elect">Americans Elect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1924)" title="American Party (1924)">American (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Vegetarian_Party" title="American Vegetarian Party">American Vegetarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party_(political_party)" title="Boston Tea Party (political party)">Boston Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Party_(United_States)" title="Citizens Party (United States)">Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Workers%27_Party_(United_States)" title="Communist Workers' Party (United States)">Communist Workers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States,_1952)" title="Constitution Party (United States, 1952)">Constitution (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party_(1844)" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic-Republican Party (1844)">Democratic-Republican (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer%E2%80%93Labor_Party" title="Farmer–Labor Party">Farmer–Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="National Democratic Party (United States)">Gold Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Party_(United_States)" title="Human Rights Party (United States)">Human Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_(United_States)" title="Independence Party (United States)">Independence (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Party_of_America" title="Independence Party of America">Independence (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Party_(United_States)" title="Justice Party (United States)">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_of_the_United_States" title="Labor Party of the United States">Labor (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Party_(United_States,_1996)" title="Labor Party (United States, 1996)">Labor (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Party_(United_States,_1840)" title="Liberty Party (United States, 1840)">Liberty (1840)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_(United_States)" title="National Party (United States)"> National (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_America" title="National Socialist Party of America">National Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Alliance_Party" title="New Alliance Party">New Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(United_States)" title="New Party (United States)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Party" title="New Union Party">New Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullifier_Party" title="Nullifier Party">Nullifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_Party_(Southern_U.S.)" title="Opposition Party (Southern U.S.)">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Party_(1970s)" title="Patriot Party (1970s)">Patriot Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States,_1971)" title="People's Party (United States, 1971)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(United_States)" title="People's Party (United States)">Populist (People's)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_Choice_Party" title="Personal Choice Party">Personal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populist_Party_(United_States,_1984)" title="Populist Party (United States, 1984)">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_Moose_Party" title="Bull Moose Party">Progressive (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1924%E2%80%931934)" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1924–1934)">Progressive (1924)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(United_States,_1948)" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive Party (United States, 1948)">Progressive (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_Party_of_America" title="Proletarian Party of America">Proletarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Democracy_Party_(United_States)" title="Radical Democracy Party (United States)">Radical Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_Unida_Party" title="Raza Unida Party">Raza Unida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(United_States)" title="Red Guards (United States)">Red Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Guard_Party" title="Red Guard Party">Red Guard Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Party" title="Silver Party">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Republican_Party" title="Silver Republican Party">Silver Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_America" title="Social Democratic Party of America">Social Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_America" title="Socialist Party of America">Socialist (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">States Rights (Dixiecrat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_Union_Party" title="Unconditional Union Party">Unconditional Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States,_1850)" title="Union Party (United States, 1850)">Union (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionist_politician_(American_Civil_War)" title="Unionist politician (American Civil War)">Union (1861)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Union Party (United States)">Union (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._Labor_Party" title="U.S. Labor Party">U.S. Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Panthers" class="mw-redirect" title="White Panthers">White Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Patriot_Party" title="White Patriot Party">White Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Patriots_Organization" title="Young Patriots Organization">Young Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_America" title="Workers Party of America">Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Lords_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Lords Party">Young Lords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_International_Party" title="Youth International Party">Youth International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Template"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/16px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/23px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Symbol_template_class_pink.svg/31px-Symbol_template_class_pink.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/138421697">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84044605">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260911605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027380475">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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