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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secretary_of_the_Treasury"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Secretary of the Treasury</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Secretary of the Treasury subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Secretary_of_the_Treasury-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jefferson_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Jefferson administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Madison_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Madison_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Madison administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Madison_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Diplomat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Later life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Self-evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Self-evaluation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Albert Gallatin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ألبرت غالاتين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألبرت غالاتين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلبرت قالتین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلبرت قالتین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86" title="آلبرت گالتین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلبرت گالتین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%A8%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_%EA%B0%A4%EB%9F%AC%ED%8B%B4" title="앨버트 갤러틴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="앨버트 갤러틴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ալբերտ Գալատին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալբերտ Գալատին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9F" title="אלברט גלטין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלברט גלטין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%86" title="البرت جالاتين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="البرت جالاتين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AE%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="アルバート・ギャラティン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アルバート・ギャラティン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%DA%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%BC%D9%86" title="البرټ ګيليټن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="البرټ ګيليټن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Галлатин, Альберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Галлатин, Альберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="Albert Gallatin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Albert Gallatin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%8B%92%E5%BB%B7" title="艾伯特·加勒廷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾伯特·加勒廷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q500046#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Albert_Gallatin" rel="discussion" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American politician, diplomat, and scholar (1761–1849)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the artist, see <a href="/wiki/Albert_Eugene_Gallatin" title="Albert Eugene Gallatin">Albert Eugene Gallatin</a>. For the governor of Mississippi, see <a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Brown" title="Albert G. Brown">Albert Gallatin Brown</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Albert Gallatin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin_(by_Gilbert_Stuart).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/220px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/330px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg/440px-Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="2247" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Gallatin by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Stuart" title="Gilbert Stuart">Gilbert Stuart</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1803</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to the United Kingdom</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />September 1, 1826 – October 4, 1827</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Lawrence" title="William Beach Lawrence">William Beach Lawrence</a> (acting)</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Minister to France</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />July 16, 1816 – May 16, 1823</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (Louisiana)">James Brown</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">4th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 14, 1801 – February 8, 1814<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <span style="display: inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a></span><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>'s <span data-sort-value="Pennsylvania12 !"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district">12th</a></span> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1795 – March 3, 1801</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Findley" title="William Findley">William Findley</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Hoge_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="William Hoge (Pennsylvania politician)">William Hoge</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 2, 1793 – February 28, 1794</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">William Maclay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">James Ross</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1761-01-29</span>)</span>January 29, 1761<br /><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Republic of Geneva (now Switzerland)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 12, 1849<span style="display:none">(1849-08-12)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria, New York</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_Cemetery" title="Trinity Church Cemetery">Trinity Church Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Sophia Allegre</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1789; died 1789)<wbr /></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Hannah Nicholson</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1793; died 1849)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">University of Geneva</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Gallatin's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg/128px-Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg/192px-Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg/256px-Albert_Gallatin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="93" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abraham Alfonse Albert Gallatin</b> (January 29, 1761 – August 12, 1849) was a <a href="/wiki/History_of_Geneva" title="History of Geneva">Genevan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> politician, diplomat, <a href="/wiki/Ethnologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnologist">ethnologist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguist" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguist">linguist</a>. Often described as "America's <a href="/wiki/Swiss_people" title="Swiss people">Swiss</a> <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Father</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDungan2010titlepage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDungan2010titlepage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wiener_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he was a leading figure in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">early years of the United States</a>, helping shape the new republic's financial system and foreign policy. Gallatin was a prominent member of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>, represented <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> in both chambers of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a>, and held several influential roles across four presidencies, most notably as the longest serving <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">U.S. Secretary of the Treasury</a>. He is also known for his contributions to academia, namely as the founder of <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> and cofounder of the <a href="/wiki/American_Ethnological_Society" title="American Ethnological Society">American Ethnological Society</a>. </p><p>Gallatin was born in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and spoke <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> as a first language. Inspired by the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, he immigrated to the United States in the 1780s, settling in western <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>. He served as a delegate to the 1789 Pennsylvania Constitutional Convention and won election to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_General_Assembly" title="Pennsylvania General Assembly">Pennsylvania General Assembly</a>. Gallatin was elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in 1793, emerging as a leading <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalist</a> and opponent of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s economic policies. However, he was soon removed from office on a <a href="/wiki/Party-line_vote" title="Party-line vote">party-line vote</a> due to not meeting requisite citizenship requirements; returning to Pennsylvania, Gallatin helped calm many angry farmers during the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a>. </p><p>Gallatin won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> in 1795, where he helped establish the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>. He became the chief spokesman on financial matters for the Democratic-Republican Party and led opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist</a> economic program. Gallatin helped <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> prevail in the contentious <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">presidential election of 1800</a>, and his reputation as a prudent financial manager led to his appointment as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury Secretary</a>. Under Jefferson, Gallatin reduced government spending, instituted checks and balances for government expenditures, and financed the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>. He retained his position through <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison's</a> administration until February 1814, maintaining much of Hamilton's financial system while presiding over a reduction in the national debt. Gallatin served on the American commission that agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. In the aftermath of the war, he helped found the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a>. </p><p>Declining another term at the Treasury, Gallatin served as Ambassador to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> from 1816 to 1823, struggling with scant success to improve relations during the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">election of 1824</a>, Gallatin was nominated for Vice President by the Democratic-Republican <a href="/wiki/Congressional_nominating_caucus" title="Congressional nominating caucus">Congressional caucus</a>, but never wanted the position and ultimately withdrew due to a lack of popular support. In 1826 and 1827, he served as the ambassador to <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a> and negotiated several agreements, such as a ten-year extension of the joint occupation of <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>. He thereafter retired from politics and dedicated the rest of his life to various civic, humanitarian, and academic causes. He became the first president of the New York branch of the <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Bank_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallatin Bank Building">National Bank</a> from 1831 to 1839, and in 1842 joined <a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Bartlett" title="John Russell Bartlett">John Russell Bartlett</a> to establish the American Ethnological Society; his studies of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Indigenous languages of North America</a> have earned him the moniker "father of American ethnology." Gallatin remained active in public life as an outspoken opponent of slavery and fiscal irresponsibility and an advocate for free trade and individual liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-Wiener_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiener-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg/225px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg/300px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Albert_Gallatin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Gallatin's <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Gallatin was born on January 29, 1761, in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was until 1785 a citizen of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Geneva" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Geneva">Republic of Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents were the wealthy Jean Gallatin and his wife Sophie Albertine Rollaz.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens18881_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens18881-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin's family had great influence in the Republic of Geneva, and many family members held distinguished positions in the magistracy and the army. Jean Gallatin, a prosperous merchant, died in 1765, followed by Sophie in April 1770. Now orphaned, Gallatin was taken into the care of Mademoiselle Pictet, a family friend and distant relative of Gallatin's father. In January 1773, Gallatin was sent to study at the elite <a href="/wiki/University_of_Geneva" title="University of Geneva">Academy of Geneva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens18882_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens18882-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012180–182_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012180–182-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While attending the academy, Gallatin read deeply the philosophy of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>, along with the French <a href="/wiki/Physiocrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiocrats">Physiocrats</a>; he became dissatisfied with the traditionalism of Geneva. A student of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, he believed in the nobility of human nature and that when freed from social restrictions, it would display admirable qualities and greater results in both the physical and the moral world. The democratic spirit of the United States attracted him and he decided to emigrate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams187916_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams187916-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1780, Gallatin secretly left Geneva with his classmate Henri Serre. Carrying letters of recommendation from eminent Americans (including <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>) that the Gallatin family procured, the young men left France in May, sailing on an American ship, "the Kattie". They reached <a href="/wiki/Cape_Ann" title="Cape Ann">Cape Ann</a> on July 14 and arrived in <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> the next day, traveling the intervening thirty miles by horseback.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens188811–12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens188811–12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bored with monotonous Bostonian life, Gallatin and Serre set sail with a Swiss female companion to the settlement of <a href="/wiki/Machias,_Maine" title="Machias, Maine">Machias</a>, located on the northeastern tip of the <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> frontier. At Machias, Gallatin operated a bartering venture, in which he dealt with a variety of goods and supplies. He enjoyed the simple life and the natural environment surrounding him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens188816_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens188816-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin and Serre returned to Boston in October 1781 after abandoning their bartering venture in Machias. Friends of Pictet, who had learned that Gallatin had traveled to the United States, convinced <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> to employ Gallatin as a French tutor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012184–185_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012184–185-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallatin disliked living in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>, instead preferring to become a farmer in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Appalachia" title="Trans-Appalachia">Trans-Appalachian</a> West, which at that point was the frontier of American settlement. He became the interpreter and business partner of a French land speculator, Jean Savary, and traveled throughout various parts of the United States in order to purchase undeveloped Western lands. In 1785, he became an American citizen after he swore allegiance to the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, fulfilling the requirements of citizenship as established under <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation#Article_summaries" title="Articles of Confederation">Article IV of the Articles of Confederation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012188–189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012188–189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin inherited a significant sum of money the following year, and he used that money to purchase a 400-acre plot of land in <a href="/wiki/Fayette_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Fayette County, Pennsylvania">Fayette County, Pennsylvania</a>. He built a stone house named <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Hill" title="Friendship Hill">Friendship Hill</a> on the new property. Gallatin co-founded a company designed to attract Swiss settlers to the United States, but the company proved unable to attract many settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012190–192_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012190–192-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Marriage_and_family">Marriage and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Marriage and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1789, Gallatin married Sophie Allègre,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the daughter of a <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond</a> boardinghouse owner, but Allègre died just five months into the marriage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012193–194_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012193–194-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was in mourning for a number of years and seriously considered returning to Geneva. However, on November 1, 1793, he married Hannah Nicholson, daughter of the well-connected Commodore <a href="/wiki/James_Nicholson_(naval_officer)" title="James Nicholson (naval officer)">James Nicholson</a>. They had two sons and four daughters: Catherine, Sophia Albertine, Hannah Maria, Frances, <a href="/wiki/James_Gallatin" title="James Gallatin">James</a>, and Albert Rolaz Gallatin. Catherine died of <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a> before she was eight months old, Sophia and Hannah also died as infants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters195753_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters195753-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin's marriage proved to be politically and economically advantageous, as the Nicholsons enjoyed connections in New York, Georgia, and Maryland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012199–200_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012199–200-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With most of his business ventures unsuccessful, Gallatin sold much of his land, excluding Friendship Hill, to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>; he and his wife would instead live in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and other coastal cities for most of the rest of their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012201–202_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012201–202-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_political_career">Early political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pennsylvania_legislature_and_United_States_Senate">Pennsylvania legislature and United States Senate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pennsylvania legislature and United States Senate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1788, Gallatin was elected as a delegate to a state convention to discuss possible revisions to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012192–193_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012192–193-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the next two years, he served as a delegate to a state constitutional convention and won election to the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_House_of_Representatives" title="Pennsylvania House of Representatives">Pennsylvania House of Representatives</a>. As a public official, he aligned with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalists</a> and spent much of his time in the state and national capital of Philadelphia. His service on the Ways and Means Committee earned him a strong reputation as an expert in finance and taxation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012195–196_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012195–196-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallatin won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> in early 1793, and he took his seat in December of that year. He quickly emerged as a prominent opponent of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s economic program but was declared ineligible for a seat in the Senate in February 1794 because he had not been a citizen for the required nine years prior to election.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012198,_200–201_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012198,_200–201-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute itself had important ramifications. At the time, the Senate held closed sessions. However, with the American Revolution only a decade ended, the senators were leery of anything which might hint that they intended to establish an aristocracy, so they opened up their chamber for the first time for the debate over whether to unseat Gallatin. Soon after, open sessions became standard procedure for the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin was one of two senators to vote against the <a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution">Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Whiskey_Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Whiskey Rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallatin had strongly opposed the 1791 establishment of an excise tax on <a href="/wiki/Whiskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey">whiskey</a>, as whiskey trade and production constituted an important part of the Western economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012196–198_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012196–198-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1794, after Gallatin had been removed from the Senate and returned to Friendship Hill, the <a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> broke out among disgruntled farmers opposed to the federal collection of the whiskey tax. Gallatin did not join in the rebellion, but criticized the military response of the President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s administration as an overreaction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012202–203_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012202–203-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin helped persuade many of the angered farmers to end the rebellion, urging them to accept that "if any one part of the Union are suffered to oppose by force the determination of the whole, there is an end to government itself and of course to the Union."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERothman1972125–126_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERothman1972125–126-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rebellion collapsed as the army moved near. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="House_of_Representatives">House of Representatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: House of Representatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the Whiskey Rebellion, Gallatin won election to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, taking his seat in March 1795.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012203_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012203-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his return to Congress, Gallatin became the leading financial expert of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a>. In 1796, Gallatin published <i>A Sketch on the Finances of the United States</i>, which discussed the operations of the Treasury Department and strongly attacked the <a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a>'s financial program.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012204–206_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012204–206-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some historians and biographers believe that Gallatin founded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a> in order to check Hamilton's influence over financial issues, but historian Patrick Furlong argues that Hamilton's Federalist allies were actually responsible for founding the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFurlong1968587–588,_597_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurlong1968587–588,_597-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> declined to seek re-election in 1796, Gallatin emerged as the Democratic-Republican leader in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012215–216_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012215–216-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> with France, Gallatin criticized military expenditures and opposed passage of the <a href="/wiki/Alien_and_Sedition_Acts" title="Alien and Sedition Acts">Alien and Sedition Acts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012217–219_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012217–219-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Contingent_election" title="Contingent election">contingent election</a> that decided the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800 presidential election</a>, Gallatin helped <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> secure victory over his ostensible running mate, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012224–225_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012224–225-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secretary_of_the_Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Secretary of the Treasury"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson_administration">Jefferson administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jefferson administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallatin,_Albert_(signature).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg/220px-Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg/330px-Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg/440px-Gallatin%2C_Albert_%28signature%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>Albert Gallatin, signature</figcaption></figure> <p>Gallatin's mastery of public finance made him the obvious choice as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a>; as Jefferson put it, Gallatin was "the only man in the United States who understands, through all the labyrinths Hamilton involved it, the precise state of the Treasury." Gallatin received a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a> in May 1801 and was confirmed by the Senate in January 1802.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012227–228_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012227–228-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along with Secretary of State Madison and Jefferson himself, Gallatin became one of the three key officials in the Jefferson administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012228–230_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012228–230-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Jefferson and Madison spent the majority of the summer months at their respective estates, Gallatin was frequently left to preside over the operations of the federal government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012266–267_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012266–267-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also acted as a moderating force on Jefferson's speeches and policies, in one case convincing Jefferson to refrain from calling for the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/Taxing_and_Spending_Clause" title="Taxing and Spending Clause">General Welfare Clause</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012233–234_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012233–234-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1799, Gallatin made a speech advocating against normalizing relations with <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">self-liberated slaves</a> in the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a>, arguing that if "they were left to govern themselves, they might become more troublesome to us, in our commerce to the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>, than the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Algerines</a> ever were in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>; they might also become dangerous neighbors to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern States</a>, and an asylum for <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">renegades</a> from those parts."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the speech, Gallatin also expressed opposition to <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">miscegenation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a> professor Alan Singer argued based on this speech that Gallatin "was certainly not an <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a>" and that "his claims to oppose slavery can also be read as <a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">racist attacks</a> on the humanity of Africans, which was not uncommon among <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">Whites</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">antebellum era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With Gallatin taking charge of fiscal policy, the new administration sought to lower taxation (though not import duties), spending, and the <a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_United_States" title="National debt of the United States">national debt</a>; debt reduction in particular had long been a key goal of the party and Gallatin himself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012211–212,_231–232_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012211–212,_231–232-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Gallatin took office in 1801, the national debt stood at $83 million. By 1812, the U.S. national debt had fallen to $45.2 million.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012233,_238_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012233,_238-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One historian said of Gallatin: </p> <blockquote><p>His own fears of personal dependency and his small-shopkeeper's sense of integrity, both reinforced by a strain of radical republican thought that originated in England a century earlier, convinced him that public debts were a nursery of multiple public evils—corruption, legislative impotence, executive tyranny, social inequality, financial speculation, and personal indolence. Not only was it necessary to extinguish the existing debt as rapidly as possible, he argued, but Congress would have to ensure against the accumulation of future debts by more diligently supervising government expenditures.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Shortly after taking office, Gallatin worked with House Ways and Means Committee Chairman <a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">John Randolph</a> to reduce federal spending and reduce or abolish all internal taxes, including the tax on whiskey.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012232–233_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012232–233-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He presided over dramatic reductions in military spending, particularly for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012235–236_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012235–236-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his opposition to debt, Gallatin strongly supported and arranged the financing for the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">Louisiana Purchase</a>, in which the U.S. bought <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>. Both Jefferson and Gallatin regarded control of the port of <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, which was ceded in the purchase, as the key to the development of the Western United States. Jefferson had doubts about the constitutionality of the purchase, but Gallatin helped convince the president that a constitutional amendment authorizing the purchase was impractical and unnecessary. Gallatin also championed and helped plan the <a href="/wiki/Lewis_and_Clark_Expedition" title="Lewis and Clark Expedition">Lewis and Clark Expedition</a> to explore lands west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012238–243_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012238–243-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before and after the Louisiana Purchase, Gallatin presided over a major expansion of public land sales. With the goal of selling land directly to settlers rather than to land speculators, Gallatin increased the number of federal land offices from four to eighteen. In 1812, Congress established the <a href="/wiki/United_States_General_Land_Office" title="United States General Land Office">United States General Land Office</a> as part of the Department of the Treasury, charging the new office with overseeing public lands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012250–252_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012250–252-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To help develop western lands, Gallatin advocated for <a href="/wiki/Internal_improvements" title="Internal improvements">internal improvements</a> such as roads and canals, especially those that would connect to territories west of the Appalachian Mountains. In 1805, despite his earlier constitutional reservations, Jefferson announced his support for federally financed infrastructure projects. Three years later, Gallatin put forward his <i>Report on Roads and Canals</i>, in which he advocated for a $20 million federal infrastructure program. Among his proposals were canals through <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Delmarva_Peninsula" title="Delmarva Peninsula">Delmarva Peninsula</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp" title="Great Dismal Swamp">Great Dismal Swamp</a>, a road stretching from Maine to Georgia, a series of canals connecting the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>, and various other canals to connect seaports like <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston</a> with interior regions. Resistance from many congressional Democratic-Republicans regarding cost, as well as hostilities with Britain, prevented the passage of a major infrastructure bill, but Gallatin did win funding for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Road" title="National Road">National Road</a>. The National Road linked the town of <a href="/wiki/Cumberland,_Maryland" title="Cumberland, Maryland">Cumberland</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a>, with the town of <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a>, which sat on the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012253–257_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012253–257-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of Gallatin's other proposals were eventually carried out years later by state and local governments, as well as private citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout much of Jefferson's presidency, France and Britain engaged in the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. During Jefferson's second term, both the British and French stepped up efforts to prevent American trade with their respective enemy. Particularly offensive to many Americans was the British practice of <a href="/wiki/Impressment" title="Impressment">impressment</a>, in which the British forced captured American sailors to crew British ships. Jefferson sent <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> to Britain to negotiate a renewal and revision of the 1795 <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a>, but Jefferson rejected the treaty that Monroe reached with the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012271–273_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012271–273-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the 1807 <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake%E2%80%93Leopard_affair" title="Chesapeake–Leopard affair"><i>Chesapeake</i>–<i>Leopard</i> affair</a>, Jefferson proposed, over Gallatin's strong objections, what would become the <a href="/wiki/Embargo_Act_of_1807" title="Embargo Act of 1807">Embargo Act of 1807</a>. That act forbade all American ships from engaging in almost all foreign trade, and it remained in place until its repeal in the final days of Jefferson's presidency. Despite Gallatin's objection to the embargo, he was tasked with enforcing it against smugglers, who were able to evade the embargo in various ways. The embargo proved ineffective at accomplishing its intended purpose of punishing Britain and France, and it contributed to growing dissent in New England against the Jefferson administration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012274–278_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012274–278-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overcoming Jefferson's declining popularity and the resentment at the embargo, Secretary of State Madison won the <a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808 presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012281–282_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012281–282-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Madison_administration">Madison administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Madison administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width: 222px;"> <div class="thumbimage" style="width: 220px; height: 260px; overflow: hidden;"> <div style="position: relative; top: -26px; left: -28px; width: 280px"><div class="noresize"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GALLATIN,_Albert-Treasury_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Bureau of Engraving and Printing portrait of Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/280px-GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="373" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/420px-GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/560px-GALLATIN%2C_Albert-Treasury_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="9600" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:GALLATIN,_Albert-Treasury_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" title="File:GALLATIN, Albert-Treasury (BEP engraved portrait).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Engraving_and_Printing" title="Bureau of Engraving and Printing">Bureau of Engraving and Printing</a> portrait of Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury</div> </div> </div> </div> <p>After taking office, Madison sought to appoint Gallatin as Secretary of State, which was generally seen as the most prestigious cabinet position. Opposition from the Senate convinced Madison to retain Gallatin as Secretary of the Treasury, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> instead received the appointment as Secretary of State. Gallatin was deeply displeased by the appointment of Smith, and he was frequently criticized by Smith's brother, Senator <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(Maryland_politician)" title="Samuel Smith (Maryland politician)">Samuel Smith</a>, as well as journalist <a href="/wiki/William_Duane_(journalist)" title="William Duane (journalist)">William Duane</a> of the influential <i><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Aurora" title="Philadelphia Aurora">Philadelphia Aurora</a></i>. He considered resigning from government service, but Madison convinced him to stay on as a key cabinet official and adviser.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012285–287_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012285–287-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1810, Gallatin published <i>Report on the Subject of Manufactures</i>, in which he unsuccessfully urged Congress to create a $20 million federal loan program to support fledgling manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012261–263_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012261–263-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also unable to convince Congress to renew the charter of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="First Bank of the United States">First Bank of the United States</a> (commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_central_banking_in_the_United_States" title="History of central banking in the United States">national bank</a>). Although the national bank had been established as part of Hamilton's economic program, and Jefferson believed that it was "one of the most deadly hostility existing against the principles and form of our Constitution," Gallatin saw the national bank as a key part of the country's financial system. In a letter to Jefferson, Gallatin argued that the bank was indispensable because it served as a place of deposit for government funds, a source of credit, and a regulator of currency. In January 1811, the national bank was effectively abolished after the House and the Senate both defeated bills to recharter the national bank in extremely narrow votes. In response, Gallatin sent a letter to Madison, asking for permission to resign and criticizing the president for various actions, including his failure to take a strong stance on the national bank. Shortly afterwards, Madison replaced Secretary of State Smith with James Monroe, and Gallatin withdrew his resignation request.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012290–297_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012290–297-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the repeal of the Embargo Act of 1807, Gallatin was charged with enforcing the <a href="/wiki/Non-Intercourse_Act_(1809)" title="Non-Intercourse Act (1809)">Non-Intercourse Act of 1809</a>, which lifted parts of the trade embargo but still prevented American ships from engaging in trade with the British and French empires.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012285–287_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012285–287-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1811, Congress replaced the Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 with a law known as <a href="/wiki/Macon%27s_Bill_Number_2" title="Macon's Bill Number 2">Macon's Bill Number 2</a>, which authorized the president to restore trade with either France or Britain if either promised to respect American neutrality. As with previous embargo policies pursued by the federal government under Jefferson and Madison, Macon's Bill Number 2 proved to be ineffective at halting the attacks on American shipping.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012287–289_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012287–289-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1812, Madison signed a declaration of war against Britain, beginning the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012298–299_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012298–299-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Madison ordered an invasion of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> by relying on mostly state militias, but British forces defeated the invasion. The U.S. experienced some successes at sea, but was unable to break the British blockade. With the abolition of the national bank, the drop in import duties due to the war, and the inability or unwillingness of state banks to furnish credit, Gallatin struggled to fund the war. Reluctantly, he drafted and won passage of several new tax laws, as well as an increase in tariff rates. He also sold U.S. <a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">securities</a> to investors, and an infusion of cash from wealthy investors <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Girard" title="Stephen Girard">Stephen Girard</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor" title="John Jacob Astor">John Jacob Astor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/David_Parish" title="David Parish">David Parish</a> proved critical to the financing of the war. During the War of 1812, the national debt grew dramatically, going from $45 million in early 1812 to $127 million in January 1816.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012299–302_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012299–302-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diplomat">Diplomat</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Diplomat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albert_Gallatin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Albert_Gallatin.jpg/220px-Albert_Gallatin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Albert_Gallatin.jpg/330px-Albert_Gallatin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Albert_Gallatin.jpg/440px-Albert_Gallatin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a> of Albert Gallatin, only photograph taken of him. <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1844</span>–1849</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1813, President <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> sent Gallatin to <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to serve as a negotiator for a peace agreement to end the War of 1812. He was one of five American commissioners who would negotiate the treaty, serving alongside <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_A._Bayard_(elder)" class="mw-redirect" title="James A. Bayard (elder)">James Bayard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Jonathan Russell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>. Efforts at starting negotiations in Russia quickly collapsed. While waiting abroad in the hope of future negotiations, Gallatin was replaced as Secretary of the Treasury by <a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a>, with the expectation that Gallatin would take up his old post upon his return to the United States. Negotiations with the British finally commenced in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> in mid-1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012306–309_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012306–309-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Negotiations at Ghent lasted for four months. The British could have chosen to shift resources to North America after the temporary defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in April 1814, but, as Gallatin learned from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Baring,_1st_Baron_Ashburton" title="Alexander Baring, 1st Baron Ashburton">Alexander Baring</a>, many in Britain were tired of fighting. In December 1814, the two sides agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Ghent" title="Treaty of Ghent">Treaty of Ghent</a>, which essentially represented a return to the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>. The treaty did not address the issue of impressment, but that issue became a moot point after the British and their allies defeated Napoleon for a final time at the June 1815 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012309–314_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012309–314-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin's patience and skill in dealing with not only the British but also his fellow members of the American commission, including Clay and Adams, made the treaty "the special and peculiar triumph of Mr. Gallatin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1879546_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1879546-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a>, head of the American negotiating team, described Gallatin:</p><blockquote><p>[H]e seldom yields to an ebullition of temper, and recovers from it immediately. He has a faculty, when discussion grows too warm, of turning off its edge by a joke, which I envy him more than all his other talents; and he has in his character one of the most extraordinary combinations of stubbornness and of flexibility that I ever met with in man. His greatest fault I think to be an ingenuity sometimes trenching upon ingenuousness.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> After the end of the war, Gallatin negotiated a commercial treaty providing for a resumption of trade between the United States and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012309–314_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012309–314-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though the war with Britain had at best been a stalemate, Gallatin was pleased that it resulted in the consolidation of U.S. control over western territories, as the British withdrew their support from dissident Native Americans who had sought to create an <a href="/wiki/Indian_barrier_state" title="Indian barrier state">independent state</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>. He also noted that "the war has laid the foundation of permanent taxes and military establishments...under our former system we were becoming too selfish, too much attached exclusively to the acquisition of wealth...[and] too much confined in our political feelings to local and State objects."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012312–313_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012312–313-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Gallatin returned from Europe in September 1815, he declined Madison's request to take up his old post as Secretary of the Treasury. He did, however, help convince Congress to charter the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">Second Bank of the United States</a> as a replacement for the defunct First Bank of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012315_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012315-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin considered going into business with his longtime friend, John Jacob Astor, but ultimately he accepted appointment as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">ambassador to France</a>. He served in that position from 1816 to 1823. Though he did not approve of the prevailing ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>, Gallatin and his family enjoyed living in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012315–316_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012315–316-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While serving as ambassador to France, he helped negotiate the <a href="/wiki/Rush%E2%80%93Bagot_Treaty" title="Rush–Bagot Treaty">Rush–Bagot Treaty</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_1818" title="Treaty of 1818">Treaty of 1818</a>, two treaties with Britain that settled several issues left over from the War of 1812 and established joint Anglo-American control over <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon returning to the United States, Gallatin agreed to serve as <a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a>'s running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 presidential election</a>, but later withdrew from the race at Crawford's request. Crawford had originally hoped that Gallatin's presence on the ticket would help him win the support of Pennsylvania voters, but the emergence of General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> as a presidential contender caused Crawford to refocus his campaign on other states.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1925395–396_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1925395–396-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though Gallatin had never wanted the role, he was humiliated when he was forced to withdraw from the race.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters1957320–324_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters1957320–324-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was alarmed at the possibility Jackson might win, as he saw Jackson as "an honest man and the idol of the worshippers of military glory, but from incapacity, military habits, and habitual disregard of laws and constitutional provisions, altogether unfit for the office."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1879599_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1879599-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> won the 1824 presidential election in a contingent election held in the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1925401_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1925401-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gallatin and his wife returned to Friendship Hill after the presidential election, living there until 1826. That year, Gallatin accepted appointment as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">ambassador to Britain</a>. After negotiating an extension of the Anglo-American control of Oregon Country, Gallatin returned to the United States in November 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012317–318_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012317–318-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg/220px-First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg/330px-First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg/440px-First_Nation_Control_over_North_America_about_1600_AD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5660" data-file-height="5196" /></a><figcaption>Gallatin’s map of Indian tribes in North America, published 1836).</figcaption></figure> <p>Gallatin moved to New York City in 1828 and became president of the National Bank of New York the following year. He attempted to persuade President Jackson to recharter the Second Bank of the United States, but Jackson vetoed a recharter bill and the Second Bank lost its federal charter in 1836. In 1831, Gallatin helped found <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>, and in 1843 he was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Historical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Historical Society">New York Historical Society</a>. In the mid-1840s, he opposed President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>'s expansionist policies and wrote a widely-read pamphlet, <i>Peace with Mexico</i>, that called for an end to the <a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012318–323_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012318–323-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallatin was deeply interested in Native Americans, and he favored their assimilation into European-American culture as an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">forced relocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He drew upon government contacts to research Native Americans, gathering information through <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>, explorer William Clark, and Thomas McKenney of the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Indian_Affairs" title="Bureau of Indian Affairs">Bureau of Indian Affairs</a>. Gallatin developed a personal relationship with <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> tribal leader <a href="/wiki/John_Ridge" title="John Ridge">John Ridge</a>, who provided him with information on the vocabulary and the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a>. Gallatin's research resulted in two published works: <i>A Table of Indian Languages of the United States</i> (1826) and <i>Synopsis of the Indian Tribes of North America</i> (1836). His research led him to conclude that the natives of North and South America were linguistically and culturally related and that their common ancestors had migrated from Asia in prehistoric times. Later research efforts included examination of the language of certain native societies in Mexico and Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1843, he co-founded the <a href="/wiki/American_Ethnological_Society" title="American Ethnological Society">American Ethnological Society</a>, serving as the society's first president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his studies of the languages of the Native Americans, he has been called "the father of American ethnology."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDungan2010165_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDungan2010165-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The health of both Gallatin and his wife declined in the late 1840s, and Hannah died in May 1849.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012324_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012324-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On Sunday, August 12, Gallatin died in <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Astoria, New York">Astoria</a>, now in the <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Queens,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough of Queens, New York">Borough of Queens, New York</a> at age 88. He is interred at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Churchyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity Churchyard">Trinity Churchyard</a> in New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to his death, Gallatin had been the last surviving member of the Jefferson cabinet and the last surviving senator from the 18th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Albert_Gallatin" title="List of memorials to Albert Gallatin">List of memorials to Albert Gallatin</a></div> <p>Gallatin is commemorated in the naming of a number of counties, roads, and streets, as well as through his association with New York University. The <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_River" title="Gallatin River">Gallatin River</a>, named by the Lewis and Clark expedition, is one of three rivers (along with the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_River" title="Jefferson River">Jefferson River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Madison_River" title="Madison River">Madison River</a>) that converge near <a href="/wiki/Three_Forks,_Montana" title="Three Forks, Montana">Three Forks, Montana</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_River" title="Missouri River">Missouri River</a>. The town of Three Forks is in <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Montana" title="Gallatin County, Montana">Gallatin County, Montana</a>, and Montana also hosts <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_National_Forest" title="Gallatin National Forest">Gallatin National Forest</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_Range" title="Gallatin Range">Gallatin Range</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012243_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012243-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gallatin,_Tennessee" title="Gallatin, Tennessee">Gallatin, Tennessee</a>, the seat of <a href="/wiki/Sumner_County,_Tennessee" title="Sumner County, Tennessee">Sumner County</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_County,_Kentucky" title="Gallatin County, Kentucky">Gallatin County, Kentucky</a> are also named for Gallatin. Gallatin's home of <a href="/wiki/Friendship_Hill" title="Friendship Hill">Friendship Hill</a> is maintained by the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Gallatin" title="Statue of Albert Gallatin">statue of Gallatin</a> stands at the northern entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Treasury_Building_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Treasury Building (Washington, D.C.)">Treasury Building</a>; a <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Alexander_Hamilton_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Statue of Alexander Hamilton (Washington, D.C.)">statue of Hamilton</a> stands at the building's southern entrance. The <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Area_School_District" title="Albert Gallatin Area School District">Albert Gallatin Area School District</a>, located in southwestern Fayette County, Pennsylvania, and having contained within Gallatin's home, Friendship Hill, is also named after Gallatin. Businessman <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Edwards" title="Albert Gallatin Edwards">Albert Gallatin Edwards</a> (who founded his <a href="/wiki/A.G._Edwards" class="mw-redirect" title="A.G. Edwards">eponymous brokerage firm</a> in 1887 which folded into <a href="/wiki/Wachovia" title="Wachovia">Wachovia</a> in 2007) was named after Gallatin. </p><p>Gallatin's name is associated with <a href="/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study" title="Gallatin School of Individualized Study">NYU's Gallatin School of Individualized Study</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a>'s internal course enrollment website for matriculating students is named "NYU Albert", after Gallatin.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1791, Gallatin was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gallatin is featured on three U.S. stamps, including one issued in 1967 with the unusual denomination of 1¼¢. </p><p>Gallatin is also portrayed in the center of the $500 <b>denomination set of Greenbacks (series 1862–63)</b> currency issue. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GallatinTreas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statue of Albert Gallatin in front of the northern entrance to the United States Treasury Building"><img alt="Statue of Albert Gallatin in front of the northern entrance to the United States Treasury Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GallatinTreas.jpg/200px-GallatinTreas.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GallatinTreas.jpg/300px-GallatinTreas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/GallatinTreas.jpg/400px-GallatinTreas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="573" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Albert_Gallatin" title="Statue of Albert Gallatin">Statue of Albert Gallatin</a> in front of the northern entrance to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">United States Treasury Building</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alby_Gallatin.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Albert Gallatin House; Friendship Hill National Historic Site"><img alt="Albert Gallatin House; Friendship Hill National Historic Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alby_Gallatin.JPG/112px-Alby_Gallatin.JPG" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alby_Gallatin.JPG/169px-Alby_Gallatin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Alby_Gallatin.JPG/225px-Alby_Gallatin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1854" data-file-height="3296" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Hill_National_Historic_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="Friendship Hill National Historic Site">Albert Gallatin House; Friendship Hill National Historic Site</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-evaluation">Self-evaluation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Self-evaluation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gallatin said "far too much credit has been given me for abilities at the expense of the purity of my motives."<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Rudolph_Hassler" title="Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler">Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_National_Bank" title="Gallatin National Bank">Gallatin National Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign-born_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members">List of foreign-born United States Cabinet members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Cabinet_members_who_have_served_more_than_eight_years" title="List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years">List of United States Cabinet members who have served more than eight years</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_born_outside_the_United_States" title="List of United States senators born outside the United States">List of United States senators born outside the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> served as Acting Secretary from May 9, 1813 to February 8, 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-05-02-0491">"Founders Online: To James Madison from William Jones, 14 January 1813"</a>. <i>founders.archives.gov</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504212526/https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Madison/03-05-02-0491">Archived</a> from the original on May 4, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 29,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=founders.archives.gov&rft.atitle=Founders+Online%3A+To+James+Madison+from+William+Jones%2C+14+January+1813&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffounders.archives.gov%2Fdocuments%2FMadison%2F03-05-02-0491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur2011" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Brian (January 29, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qr1v7O0KKioC&pg=PA150"><i>How Britain Won the War of 1812: The Royal Navy's Blockades of the United States, 1812–1815</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843836650" title="Special:BookSources/9781843836650"><bdi>9781843836650</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Britain+Won+the+War+of+1812%3A+The+Royal+Navy%27s+Blockades+of+the+United+States%2C+1812%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer+Ltd&rft.date=2011-01-29&rft.isbn=9781843836650&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqr1v7O0KKioC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDungan2010titlepage-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDungan2010titlepage_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDungan2010">Dungan 2010</a>, p. titlepage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wiener-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wiener_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiener2021" class="citation web cs1">Wiener, James Blake (January 29, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.nationalmuseum.ch/en/2021/01/albert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father/">"Albert Gallatin: A Swiss Founding Father"</a>. <i>Swiss National Museum - Swiss history blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Swiss+National+Museum+-+Swiss+history+blog&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin%3A+A+Swiss+Founding+Father&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft.aulast=Wiener&rft.aufirst=James+Blake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.nationalmuseum.ch%2Fen%2F2021%2F01%2Falbert-gallatin-a-swiss-founding-father%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/albert-gallatin.htm">"Albert Gallatin"</a>. <i>National Park Service</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180903013410/https://www.nps.gov/people/albert-gallatin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 3, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Falbert-gallatin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025658/2005-04-05/">Albert de Gallatin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725013617/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025658/2005-04-05/">Archived</a> July 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025513/2007-06-29/">Gallatin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725015519/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025513/2007-06-29/">Archived</a> July 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (family) in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens18881-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens18881_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1888">Stevens 1888</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens18882-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens18882_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1888">Stevens 1888</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012180–182-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012180–182_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 180–182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams187916-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams187916_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1879">Adams 1879</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens188811–12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens188811–12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1888">Stevens 1888</a>, pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStevens188816-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStevens188816_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStevens1888">Stevens 1888</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012184–185-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012184–185_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 184–185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012188–189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012188–189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 188–189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012190–192-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012190–192_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 190–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/025658/2005-04-05/">Albert de Gallatin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200725015529/https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/de/articles/025658/2005-04-05/">Archived</a> July 25, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012193–194-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012193–194_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 193–194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters195753-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters195753_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalters1957">Walters 1957</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012199–200-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012199–200_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 199–200.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012201–202-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012201–202_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012192–193-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012192–193_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 192–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012195–196-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012195–196_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 195–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012198,_200–201-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012198,_200–201_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 198, 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlerWolff,_Wendy1995" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Anne M.; Wolff, Wendy (1995). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+the+Historian&rft.atitle=Rush-Bagot+Pact%2C+1817+and+Convention+of+1818&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fmilestones%2F1801-1829%2Frush-bagot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1925395–396-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1925395–396_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1925">Brown 1925</a>, pp. 395–396.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalters1957320–324-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalters1957320–324_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalters1957">Walters 1957</a>, pp. 320–324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdams1879599-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams1879599_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdams1879">Adams 1879</a>, p. 599.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1925401-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1925401_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrown1925">Brown 1925</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012317–318-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012317–318_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 317–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012318–323-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012318–323_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, pp. 318–323.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012322_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallatin1845" class="citation web cs1">Gallatin, Albert (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rvRRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PR15">"Notes on the Semi-civilized Nations of Mexico, Yucatan, and Central America (Transactions of the American Ethnological Society, Volume 1)"</a>. Bartlett & Welford. pp. 1–352<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 12,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notes+on+the+Semi-civilized+Nations+of+Mexico%2C+Yucatan%2C+and+Central+America+%28Transactions+of+the+American+Ethnological+Society%2C+Volume+1%29&rft.pages=1-352&rft.pub=Bartlett+%26+Welford&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=Gallatin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrvRRAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPR15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDungan2010165-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDungan2010165_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDungan2010">Dungan 2010</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012324-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012324_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, p. 324.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=g000020">"GALLATIN, Albert, (1761 - 1849)"</a>. <i>Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120325175826/http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000020">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 31,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=GALLATIN%2C+Albert%2C+%281761+-+1849%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3Dg000020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012243-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGraw2012243_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGraw2012">McGraw 2012</a>, p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagin2013" class="citation web cs1">Flanagin, Jake (August 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/08/the-expensive-romance-of-nyu/278904/">"The Expensive Romance of NYU"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200420061836/https://www.theatlantic.com/national/archive/2013/08/the-expensive-romance-of-nyu/278904/">Archived</a> from the original on April 20, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 18,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Expensive+Romance+of+NYU&rft.date=2013-08-21&rft.aulast=Flanagin&rft.aufirst=Jake&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fnational%2Farchive%2F2013%2F08%2Fthe-expensive-romance-of-nyu%2F278904%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://albert.nyu.edu/albert_index.html">"Albert Login"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Login&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falbert.nyu.edu%2Falbert_index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Albert+Gallatin">"Albert Gallatin"</a>. <i>American Philosophical Society Member History</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129154218/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Albert+Gallatin">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Philosophical+Society+Member+History&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DAlbert%2BGallatin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> GALLATIN TO LEWIS F. DELESDERNIER.1798 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/adams-the-writings-of-albert-gallatin-vol-1">https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/adams-the-writings-of-albert-gallatin-vol-1</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1879" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Henry (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifealbertgalla01adamgoog"><i>Life of Albert Gallatin</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/J.B._Lippincott_%26_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Lippincott & Co.">J.B. Lippincott & Co.</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Albert+Gallatin&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Co.&rft.date=1879&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifealbertgalla01adamgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91316346">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310104329/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=91316346">Archived</a> March 10, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1925" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Everett S. (1925). "The Presidential Election of 1824–1825". <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Science_Quarterly" title="Political Science Quarterly">Political Science Quarterly</a></i>. <b>40</b> (3): 384–403. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2142211">10.2307/2142211</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2142211">2142211</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Political+Science+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Presidential+Election+of+1824%E2%80%931825&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=384-403&rft.date=1925&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2142211&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2142211%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Everett+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDungan2010" class="citation book cs1">Dungan, Nicholas (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ZyTbDynRp8C"><i>Gallatin: America's Swiss Founding Father</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814721117" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814721117"><bdi>978-0814721117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gallatin%3A+America%27s+Swiss+Founding+Father&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0814721117&rft.aulast=Dungan&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-ZyTbDynRp8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurlong1968" class="citation journal cs1">Furlong, Patrick J. (1968). "The Origins of the House Committee of Ways and Means". <i><a href="/wiki/The_William_and_Mary_Quarterly" class="mw-redirect" title="The William and Mary Quarterly">The William and Mary Quarterly</a></i>. <b>25</b> (4): 587–604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1916799">10.2307/1916799</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1916799">1916799</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+House+Committee+of+Ways+and+Means&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=587-604&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1916799&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1916799%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Furlong&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGraw2012" class="citation book cs1">McGraw, Thomas K. (2012). <i>The Founders and Finance: How Hamilton, Gallatin, and Other Immigrants Forged a New Economy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674066922" title="Special:BookSources/9780674066922"><bdi>9780674066922</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founders+and+Finance%3A+How+Hamilton%2C+Gallatin%2C+and+Other+Immigrants+Forged+a+New+Economy&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780674066922&rft.aulast=McGraw&rft.aufirst=Thomas+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman1972" class="citation journal cs1">Rothman, Rozann (1972). "Political Method in the Federal System: Albert Gallatin's Contribution". <i><a href="/wiki/Publius_(journal)" title="Publius (journal)">Publius</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2): 123–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubjof.a037841">10.1093/oxfordjournals.pubjof.a037841</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3329473">3329473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publius&rft.atitle=Political+Method+in+the+Federal+System%3A+Albert+Gallatin%27s+Contribution&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=123-141&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordjournals.pubjof.a037841&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3329473%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Rothman&rft.aufirst=Rozann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1888" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, John Austin (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertgallatin02stevgoog"><i>Albert Gallatin</i></a> (6 ed.). Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton,_Mifflin_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton, Mifflin and Company">Houghton Mifflin</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7327639">7327639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Gallatin&rft.place=Boston&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1888&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7327639&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=John+Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertgallatin02stevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1957" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Raymond Jr. (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/albertgallatin000062mbp"><i>Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822952107" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822952107"><bdi>978-0822952107</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Gallatin%3A+Jeffersonian+Financier+and+Diplomat&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1957&rft.isbn=978-0822952107&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falbertgallatin000062mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/library/book/albert-gallatin-jeffersonian-financier-and-diplomat-by-raymond-walters.jsp">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108133155/http://www.questia.com/library/book/albert-gallatin-jeffersonian-financier-and-diplomat-by-raymond-walters.jsp">Archived</a> 2009-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBalinsky1958" class="citation magazine cs1">Balinsky, Alexander S. (1958). "Albert Gallatin, Naval Foe". <i>The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</i>. Vol. 82, no. 3. pp. 293–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pennsylvania+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin%2C+Naval+Foe&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=293-304&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Balinsky&rft.aufirst=Alexander+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCachia-Riedl1998" class="citation book cs1">Cachia-Riedl, Markus Claudius (1998). <i>Albert Gallatin and the Politics of the New Nation</i>. Ph.D. dissertation at U. of California, Berkeley. UMI Dissertation Services. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/427962570">427962570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Gallatin+and+the+Politics+of+the+New+Nation&rft.pub=UMI+Dissertation+Services&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F427962570&rft.aulast=Cachia-Riedl&rft.aufirst=Markus+Claudius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein1950" class="citation journal cs1">Heinlein, Jay C. (1950). "Albert Gallatin: A Pioneer in Public Administration". <i>The William and Mary Quarterly</i>. <b>7</b> (1): 64–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1922937">10.2307/1922937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1922937">1922937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin%3A+A+Pioneer+in+Public+Administration&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64-94&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1922937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1922937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Jay+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey1981" class="citation journal cs1">Hickey, Donald R. (1981). "American Trade Restrictions during the War of 1812". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_American_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of American History">Journal of American History</a></i>. <b>68</b> (3): 517–538. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1901937">10.2307/1901937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1901937">1901937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+History&rft.atitle=American+Trade+Restrictions+during+the+War+of+1812&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=517-538&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1901937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1901937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Donald+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuppenheimer1996" class="citation book cs1">Kuppenheimer, L. B. (1996). <i>Albert Gallatin's Vision of Democratic Stability: An Interpretive Profile</i>. Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275953881" title="Special:BookSources/978-0275953881"><bdi>978-0275953881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albert+Gallatin%27s+Vision+of+Democratic+Stability%3A+An+Interpretive+Profile&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0275953881&rft.aulast=Kuppenheimer&rft.aufirst=L.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2018" class="citation book cs1">May, Gregory (2018). <i>Jefferson's Treasure: How Albert Gallatin Saved the New Nation from Debt</i>. Regnery History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1621576457" title="Special:BookSources/978-1621576457"><bdi>978-1621576457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Treasure%3A+How+Albert+Gallatin+Saved+the+New+Nation+from+Debt&rft.pub=Regnery+History&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1621576457&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1976" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Forrest (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofthom0000mcdo"><i>The Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700603305" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700603305"><bdi>978-0700603305</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Thomas+Jefferson&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0700603305&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Forrest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofthom0000mcdo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1979" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, John Robert (1979). <i>Hamilton and Gallatin: Political Economy and Policy-Making in the New Nation, 1789–1812</i>. Ph.D. dissertation, Northern Illinois U.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hamilton+and+Gallatin%3A+Political+Economy+and+Policy-Making+in+the+New+Nation%2C+1789%E2%80%931812&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNettels1962" class="citation book cs1">Nettels, Curtis (1962). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/emergenceofnatio0000nett"><i>The Emergence of a National Economy, 1775–1815</i></a></span>. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07219JL61">B07219JL61</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emergence+of+a+National+Economy%2C+1775%E2%80%931815&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+%26+Winston&rft.date=1962&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB07219JL61%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Nettels&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Femergenceofnatio0000nett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutland1990" class="citation book cs1">Rutland, Robert A. (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidencyofjame0000rutl"><i>The Presidency of James Madison</i></a></span>. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0700604654" title="Special:BookSources/978-0700604654"><bdi>978-0700604654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+James+Madison&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0700604654&rft.aulast=Rutland&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidencyofjame0000rutl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1879b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Brooks_Adams" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Brooks Adams">Adams, Henry</a>, ed. (1879b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsofalbert03galluoft"><i>The Writings of Albert Gallatin (original in pdf form)</i></a>. Three volumes. Philadelphia, J.B. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Writings+of+Albert+Gallatin+%28original+in+pdf+form%29&rft.pub=Philadelphia%2C+J.B.+Lippincott&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwritingsofalbert03galluoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/writingsgallatin01gallrich/writingsgallatin01gallrich.pdf">Volume I</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/writingsgallatin02gallrich/writingsgallatin02gallrich.pdf">Volume II</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/writingsofalbert03galluoft">Volume III</a> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallatin1976" class="citation book cs1">Gallatin, Albert (1976). "The Land West of the Rockies". <i>The Annals of America</i>. 11 volumes. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica. pp. 209–214.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Land+West+of+the+Rockies&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=209-214&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Gallatin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallatin1848" class="citation book cs1">Gallatin, Albert (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texashistory.unt.edu/permalink/meta-pth-2411"><i>Peace with Mexico</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220129154220/https://texashistory.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metapth2411/">Archived</a> from the original on January 29, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+with+Mexico&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Gallatin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexashistory.unt.edu%2Fpermalink%2Fmeta-pth-2411&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallatin1836" class="citation journal cs1">Gallatin, Albert (1836). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeaamericanstudies/16/">"A Synopsis of the Indian Tribes Within the United States East of the Rocky Mountains, and in the British and Russian Possessions in North America"</a>. <i>Zea E-Books in American Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181118081612/http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeaamericanstudies/16/">Archived</a> from the original on November 18, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zea+E-Books+in+American+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Synopsis+of+the+Indian+Tribes+Within+the+United+States+East+of+the+Rocky+Mountains%2C+and+in+the+British+and+Russian+Possessions+in+North+America&rft.date=1836&rft.aulast=Gallatin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.unl.edu%2Fzeaamericanstudies%2F16%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Gallatin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Albert_Gallatin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Albert Gallatin">Albert Gallatin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKestenbaum" class="citation web cs1">Kestenbaum, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/galland-gallman.html">"Index to Politicians: Gallaher to Gallmeyer"</a>. <i>The Political Graveyard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060807195901/http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/galland-gallman.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Political+Graveyard&rft.atitle=Index+to+Politicians%3A+Gallaher+to+Gallmeyer&rft.aulast=Kestenbaum&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fgalland-gallman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressG000020" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000020">"Albert Gallatin (id: G000020)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=Albert+Gallatin+%28id%3A+G000020%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DG000020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/35718">Works by Albert Gallatin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Gallatin%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Albert%20Gallatin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gallatin%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Albert%20Gallatin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Gallatin%2C%20A%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Albert%20Gallatin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Gallatin%2C%20Albert%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Albert%20Gallatin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221761-1849%22%20AND%20Gallatin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Albert Gallatin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/frhi/index.htm">Friendship Hill National Historical Site</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallatin" class="citation web cs1">Gallatin, Albert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/gallatin-report-of-the-secretary-of-the-treasury-on-the-subject-of-public-roads-and-canals">"REPORT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY ON THE SUBJECT OF PUBLIC ROADS AND CANALS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+OF+THE+SECRETARY+OF+THE+TREASURY+ON+THE+SUBJECT+OF+PUBLIC+ROADS+AND+CANALS&rft.aulast=Gallatin&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foll.libertyfund.org%2Ftitles%2Fgallatin-report-of-the-secretary-of-the-treasury-on-the-subject-of-public-roads-and-canals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlbert+Gallatin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box mw-collapsible autocollapse" style="margin: 0 auto 0 auto; font-size:95%;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">William Maclay</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Pennsylvania">United States Senator (Class 1) from Pennsylvania</a> </b><br />1793–1794 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">James Ross</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfurd" title="John Rutherfurd">John Rutherfurd</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_youngest_members_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="List of youngest members of the United States Congress">Baby of the Senate</a> </b><br />1793–1794 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutherfurd" title="John Rutherfurd">John Rutherfurd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Most senior living U.S. senator<br />(Sitting or former) </b><br />1840–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Plumer" title="William Plumer">William Plumer</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Findley" title="William Findley">William Findley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Pennsylvania">U.S. House of Representatives</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania%27s_12th_congressional_district" title="Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district">Pennsylvania's 12th congressional district</a> </b><br />1795–1801 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Hoge_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="William Hoge (Pennsylvania politician)">William Hoge</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States Secretary of the Treasury</a> </b><br />1801–1814 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_France" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to France">United States Minister to France</a> </b><br />1816–1823 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Brown (Louisiana)">James Brown</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">Rufus King</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Minister to the United Kingdom</a> </b><br />1826–1827 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">James Barbour</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Daniel D. Tompkins</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President of the United States</a>¹<br />Withdrew </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a> <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Nathan Sanford</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;"><small><b>Notes and references</b></small> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left;"><small>1. The <a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a> split in the <a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 election</a>, fielding four separate candidates.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USSecTreas" title="Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USSecTreas" title="Template talk:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USSecTreas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_the_treasury" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">United States secretaries of the treasury</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott_Jr." title="Oliver Wolcott Jr.">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Dexter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_D._Ingham" title="Samuel D. Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Duane" title="William J. Duane">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Taney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Woodbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ewing" title="Thomas Ewing">Ewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Forward" title="Walter Forward">Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Walker" title="Robert J. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Meredith" title="William M. Meredith">Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Corwin" title="Thomas Corwin">Corwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Guthrie_(Kentucky_politician)" title="James Guthrie (Kentucky politician)">Guthrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howell_Cobb" title="Howell Cobb">Cobb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Francis_Thomas" title="Philip Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Fessenden" title="William P. Fessenden">Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Boutwell" title="George S. Boutwell">Boutwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Adams_Richardson" title="William Adams Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bristow" title="Benjamin Bristow">Bristow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lot_M._Morrill" title="Lot M. Morrill">Morrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Folger" title="Charles J. Folger">Folger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_McCulloch" title="Hugh McCulloch">McCulloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_S._Fairchild" title="Charles S. Fairchild">Fairchild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">Windom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(Ohio_politician)" title="Charles Foster (Ohio politician)">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Carlisle" title="John G. Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_J._Gage" title="Lyman J. Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._M._Shaw" title="L. M. Shaw">Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_MacVeagh" title="Franklin MacVeagh">MacVeagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibbs_McAdoo" title="William Gibbs McAdoo">McAdoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_F._Houston" title="David F. Houston">Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogden_L._Mills" title="Ogden L. Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Woodin" title="William H. Woodin">Woodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Morgenthau_Jr." title="Henry Morgenthau Jr.">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_M._Vinson" title="Fred M. Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Snyder" title="John Wesley Snyder">Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Humphrey" title="George M. Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Anderson_(Texas_politician)" title="Robert B. Anderson (Texas politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Fowler" title="Henry H. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Barr" title="Joseph W. Barr">Barr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Kennedy_(politician)" title="David M. Kennedy (politician)">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Connally" title="John Connally">Connally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Shultz" title="George Shultz">Shultz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Simon" title="William E. Simon">Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Michael_Blumenthal" title="W. Michael Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._William_Miller" title="G. William Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Regan" title="Donald Regan">Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baker" title="James Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_F._Brady" title="Nicholas F. Brady">Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Bentsen" title="Lloyd Bentsen">Bentsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Rubin" title="Robert Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Summers" title="Lawrence Summers">Summers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_H._O%27Neill" title="Paul H. O'Neill">O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Snow" title="John W. Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Paulson" title="Henry Paulson">Paulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Geithner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Mnuchin" title="Steven Mnuchin">Mnuchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Yellen" title="Janet Yellen">Yellen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury"><img alt="Seal of the United States Department of the Treasury" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/110px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/165px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg/220px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Template talk:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Democratic-Republican Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Democratic-Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Administration_party" title="Anti-Administration party">Anti-Administration Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Federalism" title="Anti-Federalism">Anti-Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Party_System" title="First Party System">First Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Good_Feelings" title="Era of Good Feelings">Era of Good Feelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">Presidency of Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">Presidency of James Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">Presidency of James Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertium_quids" title="Tertium quids">Tertium quids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party#Presidential_elections" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Presidential<br />tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1796_United_States_presidential_election" title="1796 United States presidential election">1796</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1800_United_States_presidential_election" title="1800 United States presidential election">1800</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Burr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1804_United_States_presidential_election" title="1804 United States presidential election">1804</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1808_United_States_presidential_election" title="1808 United States presidential election">1808</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_United_States_presidential_election" title="1812 United States presidential election">1812</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_United_States_presidential_election" title="1816 United States presidential election">1816</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_United_States_presidential_election" title="1820 United States presidential election">1820</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a>/<a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Tompkins" title="Daniel D. Tompkins">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Jackson</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Macon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Muhlenberg" title="Frederick Muhlenberg">Frederick Muhlenberg</a> (1793–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Macon" title="Nathaniel Macon">Nathaniel Macon</a> (1801–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley_Varnum" title="Joseph Bradley Varnum">Joseph Bradley Varnum</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdon_Cheves" title="Langdon Cheves">Langdon Cheves</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1815–1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Taylor_(politician)" title="John W. Taylor (politician)">John W. Taylor</a> (1820–1821)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_P._Barbour" title="Philip P. Barbour">Philip P. Barbour</a> (1821–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Henry Clay</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">U.S. Cabinet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (1790–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1811–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graham_(diplomat)" title="John Graham (diplomat)">John Graham</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Graham_(soldier)" title="George Graham (soldier)">George Graham</a> (1816–1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">John C. Calhoun</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wirt_(Attorney_General)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Wirt (Attorney General)">William Wirt</a> (1817–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1815–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_Thompson" title="Smith Thompson">Smith Thompson</a> (1819–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Southard" title="Samuel L. Southard">Samuel L. Southard</a> (1823–1825)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Template talk:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States senators from Pennsylvania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Pennsylvania" title="List of United States senators from Pennsylvania">United States senators from Pennsylvania</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Maclay_(Pennsylvania_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Maclay (Pennsylvania senator)">W. Maclay</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Ross_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Ross (Pennsylvania politician)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Maclay" title="Samuel Maclay">S. Maclay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Leib" title="Michael Leib">Leib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Roberts_(politician)" title="Jonathan Roberts (politician)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findlay_(governor)" title="William Findlay (governor)">Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_D._Barnard" title="Isaac D. Barnard">Barnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_McKean" title="Samuel McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Sturgeon" title="Daniel Sturgeon">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Brodhead" title="Richard Brodhead">Brodhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wilmot" title="David Wilmot">Wilmot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Buckalew" title="Charles R. Buckalew">Buckalew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_(Pennsylvania_politician,_born_1824)" title="John Scott (Pennsylvania politician, born 1824)">J. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Wallace" title="William A. Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I._Mitchell" title="John I. Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_T._Oliver" title="George T. Oliver">Oliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philander_C._Knox" title="Philander C. Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Crow" title="William E. Crow">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Reed" title="David A. Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Guffey" title="Joseph F. Guffey">Guffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Martin_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="Edward Martin (Pennsylvania politician)">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">H. Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heinz" title="John Heinz">Heinz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harris_Wofford" title="Harris Wofford">Wofford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Casey_Jr." title="Bob Casey Jr.">Casey</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bingham" title="William Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Muhlenberg" title="Peter Muhlenberg">Muhlenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Logan_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="George Logan (Pennsylvania politician)">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg" title="Andrew Gregg">Gregg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abner_Lacock" title="Abner Lacock">Lacock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lowrie_(politician)" title="Walter Lowrie (politician)">Lowrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Marks_(politician)" title="William Marks (politician)">Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Wilkins_(American_politician)" title="William Wilkins (American politician)">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cooper_(Pennsylvania_politician)" title="James Cooper (Pennsylvania politician)">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bigler" title="William Bigler">Bigler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Cowan" title="Edgar Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">S. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">J. Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Pepper" title="George W. Pepper">Pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Scott_Vare" title="William Scott Vare">Vare</a><sup><a href="#Notes">†</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Grundy" title="Joseph R. Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Davis" title="James J. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_J._Myers" title="Francis J. Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_H._Duff" title="James H. Duff">Duff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark_Jr." title="Joseph S. Clark Jr.">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Schweiker" title="Richard Schweiker">Schweiker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlen_Specter" title="Arlen Specter">Specter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Toomey" title="Pat Toomey">Toomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fetterman" title="John Fetterman">Fetterman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><sup>†</sup> Never officially seated</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_United_States_Ambassadors_to_France_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=France&#124;link=France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_France" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to France">United States Ambassadors to France</a> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys<br />to France<br />(1776–1779)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lee_(diplomat)" title="Arthur Lee (diplomat)">Lee</a> & <a href="/wiki/Silas_Deane" title="Silas Deane">Deane</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the US Department of State"><img alt="Seal of the US Department of State" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/70px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/105px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg/140px-U.S._Department_of_State_official_seal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary<br />to France<br />(1778–1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Short_(American_ambassador)" title="William Short (American ambassador)">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Livingston" title="Robert R. Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Barlow" title="Joel Barlow">Barlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">Crawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoy Extraordinary and<br />Minister Plenipotentiary <br />to France<br />(1816–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Brown_(Louisiana_politician)" title="James Brown (Louisiana politician)">Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Levett_Harris&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Levett Harris (page does not exist)">Harris</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_P._Barton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas P. Barton (page does not exist)">Barton</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._King" title="William R. King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cabell_Rives" title="William Cabell Rives">Rives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Y._Mason" title="John Y. Mason">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bigelow" title="John Bigelow">Bigelow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_Dix" title="John Adams Dix">Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Follansbee_Noyes" title="Edward Follansbee Noyes">Noyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Milligan_McLane" title="Robert Milligan McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Jefferson_Coolidge" title="T. Jefferson Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassador Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary<br />to France<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Eustis" title="James B. Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Porter" title="Horace Porter">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_McCormick" title="Robert Sanderson McCormick">McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_White_(diplomat)" title="Henry White (diplomat)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bacon" title="Robert Bacon">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Graves_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="William Graves Sharp">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Campbell_Wallace" title="Hugh Campbell Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_T._Herrick" title="Myron T. Herrick">Herrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_E._Edge" title="Walter E. Edge">Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_I._Straus" title="Jesse I. Straus">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Christian_Bullitt_Jr." title="William Christian Bullitt Jr.">Bullitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Leahy" title="William D. Leahy">Leahy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerville_Pinkney_Tuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerville Pinkney Tuck">Tuck</a> <small>(<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Caffery" title="Jefferson Caffery">Caffery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clement_Dunn" title="James Clement Dunn">Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">Dillon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amory_Houghton" title="Amory Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Gavin" title="James M. Gavin">Gavin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Bohlen" title="Charles E. Bohlen">Bohlen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_K._Watson" title="Arthur K. Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Irwin_II" title="John N. Irwin II">Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Rush" title="Kenneth Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_A._Hartman" title="Arthur A. Hartman">Hartman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evan_G._Galbraith" title="Evan G. Galbraith">Galbraith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_M._Rodgers" title="Joe M. Rodgers">Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Curley" title="Walter Curley">Curley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamela_Harriman" title="Pamela Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Rohatyn" title="Felix Rohatyn">Rohatyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Leach" title="Howard H. Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Roberts_Stapleton" title="Craig Roberts Stapleton">Stapleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rivkin" title="Charles Rivkin">Rivkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. Hartley">Hartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_McCourt" title="Jamie McCourt">McCourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denise_Bauer" title="Denise Bauer">Bauer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Template talk:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Ambassadors_to_the_UK" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Ambassadors to the UK"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ambassadors_of_the_United_States_of_America_to_the_Court_of_St._James&#039;s" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Kingdom">Ambassadors of the United States of America to the Court of St. James's</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1785–1811)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Pinckney" title="Thomas Pinckney">Pickney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">Pinkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Russell" title="Jonathan Russell">Russell</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Envoys Extraordinary and <br />Ministers Plenipotentiary to<br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1815–1893)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">J. Q. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King" title="Rufus King">King</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Beach_Lawrence" title="William Beach Lawrence">Lawrence</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Barbour" title="James Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Vail" title="Aaron Vail">Vail</a> (<i>chargé d'affaires</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Stevenson" title="Andrew Stevenson">Stevenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Everett" title="Edward Everett">Everett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_McLane" title="Louis McLane">McLane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbott_Lawrence" title="Abbott Lawrence">Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Reed_Ingersoll" title="Joseph Reed Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Dallas" title="George M. Dallas">Dallas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Francis_Adams_Sr." title="Charles Francis Adams Sr.">C. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverdy_Johnson" title="Reverdy Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lothrop_Motley" title="John Lothrop Motley">Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwards_Pierrepont" title="Edwards Pierrepont">Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Welsh_(diplomat)" title="John Welsh (diplomat)">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">Lowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Phelps" title="Edward John Phelps">Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ambassadors Extraordinary<br />and Plenipotentiary to <br />the Court of St. James's<br />(1893–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay" title="John Hay">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hodges_Choate" title="Joseph Hodges Choate">Choate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Hines_Page" title="Walter Hines Page">Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Davis" title="John W. Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Brinton_McClellan_Harvey" title="George Brinton McClellan Harvey">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Kellogg" title="Frank B. Kellogg">Kellogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alanson_B._Houghton" title="Alanson B. Houghton">Houghton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mellon" title="Andrew Mellon">Mellon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Worth_Bingham" title="Robert Worth Bingham">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Gilbert_Winant" title="John Gilbert Winant">Winant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Williams_Douglas" title="Lewis Williams Douglas">Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Sherman_Gifford" title="Walter Sherman Gifford">Gifford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winthrop_W._Aldrich" title="Winthrop W. Aldrich">Aldrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hay_Whitney" title="John Hay Whitney">Whitney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_K._E._Bruce" title="David K. E. Bruce">Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Annenberg" title="Walter Annenberg">Annenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Richardson" title="Elliot Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Anne Armstrong">Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingman_Brewster_Jr." title="Kingman Brewster Jr.">Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Louis_Jr." title="John J. Louis Jr.">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Price_II" title="Charles H. Price II">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_E._Catto_Jr." title="Henry E. Catto Jr.">Catto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_G._H._Seitz" title="Raymond G. H. Seitz">Seitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lader" title="Philip Lader">Lader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stamps_Farish_III" title="William Stamps Farish III">Farish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Tuttle" title="Robert H. Tuttle">Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Susman" title="Louis Susman">Susman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Barzun" title="Matthew Barzun">Barzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woody_Johnson" title="Woody Johnson">W. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_D._Hartley" title="Jane D. 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/100px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/150px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/200px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dexter" title="Samuel Dexter">Samuel Dexter</a> (1801)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Gallatin</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dearborn" title="Henry Dearborn">Henry Dearborn</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> (1801–1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Breckinridge_(U.S._Attorney_General)" title="John Breckinridge (U.S. Attorney General)">John Breckinridge</a> (1805–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1807–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stoddert" title="Benjamin Stoddert">Benjamin Stoddert</a> (1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(Cabinet_member)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Smith (Cabinet member)">Robert Smith</a> (1801–1809)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_Madison_(1809–1817)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madison_cabinet" title="Template:Madison 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href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Gallatin</a> (1809–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Campbell" title="George W. Campbell">George W. Campbell</a> (1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_J._Dallas_(statesman)" title="Alexander J. Dallas (statesman)">Alexander J. Dallas</a> (1814–1816)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1816–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armstrong_Jr." title="John Armstrong Jr.">John Armstrong Jr.</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Crawford" title="William H. Crawford">William H. Crawford</a> (1815–1816)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Augustus_Rodney" title="Caesar Augustus Rodney">Caesar Augustus Rodney</a> (1809–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pinkney" title="William Pinkney">William Pinkney</a> (1811–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rush" title="Richard Rush">Richard Rush</a> (1814–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamilton_(politician)" title="Paul Hamilton (politician)">Paul Hamilton</a> (1809–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jones_(statesman)" title="William Jones (statesman)">William Jones</a> (1813–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Benjamin Williams Crowninshield</a> (1814–1817)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_University" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_University" title="Template:New York University"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_University" title="Template talk:New York University"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_University" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York University"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_University" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">New York University</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">University</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#57068c; color:#FFFFFF;">Campuses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Abu_Dhabi" title="New York University Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Shanghai" title="New York University Shanghai">Shanghai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#57068c; color:#FFFFFF;">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_the_Ancient_World" title="Institute for the Study of the Ancient World">Ancient World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tisch_School_of_the_Arts" title="New York University Tisch School of the Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Arts_%26_Science" title="New York University College of Arts & Science">Arts and Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Liberal_Studies" title="NYU Liberal Studies">Liberal Studies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Graduate_School_of_Arts_and_Science" title="New York University Graduate School of Arts and Science">Graduate Arts and Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Stern_School_of_Business" title="New York University Stern School of Business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courant_Institute_of_Mathematical_Sciences" title="Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences">Mathematical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Grossman_School_of_Medicine" title="New York University Grossman School of Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Rory_Meyers_College_of_Nursing" title="New York University Rory Meyers College of Nursing">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Institute_of_Fine_Arts" title="New York University Institute of Fine Arts">Fine Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinhardt_School_of_Culture,_Education,_and_Human_Development" title="Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallatin_School_of_Individualized_Study" title="Gallatin School of Individualized Study">Individualized Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_College_of_Dentistry" title="New York University College of Dentistry">Dentistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_School_of_Professional_Studies" title="New York University School of Professional Studies">Professional Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Graduate_School_of_Public_Service" title="Wagner Graduate School of Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Tandon_School_of_Engineering" title="New York University Tandon School of Engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Silver_School_of_Social_Work" title="New York University Silver School of Social Work">Social Work</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#57068c; color:#FFFFFF;">Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Archives" title="New York University Archives">Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Libraries" title="New York University Libraries">Libraries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Holmes_Bobst_Library" title="Elmer Holmes Bobst Library">Bobst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fales_Library" title="Fales Library">Fales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamiment_Library_and_Robert_F._Wagner_Archives" title="Tamiment Library and Robert F. Wagner Archives">Tamiment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#57068c; color:#FFFFFF;">Centers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Paris" title="NYU Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_London" title="NYU London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Florence" title="NYU Florence">Florence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ewen_Academic_Freedom_Center" title="Frederic Ewen Academic Freedom Center">Academic Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_on_the_Administration_of_Criminal_Law" title="Center on the Administration of Criminal Law">Administration of Criminal Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Institute_for_the_Humanities" title="New York Institute for the Humanities">Humanities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennan_Center_for_Justice" title="Brennan Center for Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root-Tilden-Kern_Scholarship" title="Root-Tilden-Kern Scholarship">Law School Scholarship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Tandon_School_of_Engineering_Lynford_Lecture_Series" title="NYU Tandon School of Engineering Lynford Lecture Series">Lynford Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Department_of_Philosophy" title="New York University Department of Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furman_Center_for_Real_Estate_and_Urban_Policy" title="Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy">Real Estate and Urban Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusk_Institute_of_Rehabilitation_Medicine" title="Rusk Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine">Rehabilitation Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Catherine_B._Reynolds_Program_for_Social_Entrepreneurship" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Catherine B. Reynolds Program for Social Entrepreneurship">Social Entrepreneurship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudin_Center_for_Transportation_Policy_%26_Management" title="Rudin Center for Transportation Policy & Management">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Environmental_Law_Journal" title="New York University Environmental Law Journal">Environmental Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Intellectual_Property_and_Entertainment_Law" title="Journal of Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law">Intellectual Property and Entertainment Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Journal_of_International_Law_and_Politics" title="New York University Journal of International Law and Politics">International Law and Politics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Journal_of_Law_%26_Business" title="New York University Journal of Law & Business">Law and Business</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Journal_of_Law_%26_Liberty" title="New York University Journal of Law & Liberty">Law and Liberty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Law_Review" title="New York University Law Review">Law Review</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NYU_Annual_Survey_of_American_Law" title="NYU Annual Survey of American Law">Annual Survey of American Law</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Review" title="Washington Square Review">Washington Square Review</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets" title="NYU Violets"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Athletics</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets" title="NYU Violets">NYU Violets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Violets_men%27s_basketball" title="NYU Violets men's basketball">Men's basketball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deans%27_Cup" title="Deans' Cup">Deans' Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Intercollegiate_Volleyball_Association" title="Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association">Eastern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Athletic_Association" title="University Athletic Association">University Athletic Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni" title="List of New York University alumni"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_New_York_University" title="List of presidents of New York University">University president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_alumni" title="List of New York University alumni">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_faculty" title="List of New York University faculty">Faculty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_staff" title="List of New York University staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_University_honorary_degree_recipients" title="List of New York University honorary degree recipients">Honorary degree recipients</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campus_of_New_York_University" title="Campus of New York University"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Campus<br />at NYC</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/370_Jay_Street" title="370 Jay Street">370 Jay Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Building_(Manhattan)" title="Brown Building (Manhattan)">Brown Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Italiana_Zerilli_Marim%C3%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò">Casa Italiana Zerilli Marimò</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Holmes_Bobst_Library" title="Elmer Holmes Bobst Library">Elmer Holmes Bobst Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fales_Library" title="Fales Library">Fales Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gould_Plaza" title="Gould Plaza">Gould Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Duke_House" title="James B. Duke House">James B. Duke House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maison_Fran%C3%A7aise_(New_York_University)" title="La Maison Française (New York University)">La Maison Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NYU_Langone_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="NYU Langone Medical Center">Langone Medical Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_Building" title="Puck Building">Puck Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University_residence_halls" title="New York University residence halls">Residence halls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Center" title="Silver Center">Silver Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirball_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="Skirball Center for the Performing Arts">Skirball Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Village_(Manhattan)" title="University Village (Manhattan)">University Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Mews" title="Washington Mews">Washington Mews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Village" title="Washington Square Village">Washington Square Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wunsch_Building" title="Wunsch Building">Wunsch Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coles_Sports_and_Recreation_Center" title="Coles Sports and Recreation Center">Coles Sports and Recreation Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#57068C;color:white;box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #000000, inset -2px -2px 0 #000000;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eucleian_Society" title="Eucleian Society">Eucleian Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Student_Organizing_Committee" title="Graduate Student Organizing Committee">Graduate Student Organizing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_University" title="History of New York University">History of NYU</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/NYU_Local" title="NYU Local">NYU Local</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philomathean_Society_(New_York_University)" title="Philomathean Society (New York University)">Philomathean Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plague_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Plague (magazine)"><i>The Plague</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dragon_Society" title="Red Dragon Society">Red Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_University#Student_life" title="New York University">Student life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Senators_Council_of_New_York_University" title="Student Senators Council of New York University">Student Senators Council</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_News" title="Washington Square News">Washington Square News</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNYU-FM" title="WNYU-FM">WNYU-FM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Whiskey_Rebellion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Template:Whiskey Rebellion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Template talk:Whiskey Rebellion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Whiskey Rebellion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Whiskey_Rebellion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Addison_(Judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Addison (Judge)">Alexander Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Henry_Brackenridge" title="Hugh Henry Brackenridge">Hugh Henry Brackenridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bradford_(lawyer)" title="David Bradford (lawyer)">David Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Findley" title="William Findley">William Findley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gaddis" title="Thomas Gaddis">Thomas Gaddis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Albert Gallatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Husband" title="Herman Husband">Herman Husband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Morgan" title="Daniel Morgan">Daniel Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Philson" title="Robert Philson">Robert Philson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smilie" title="John Smilie">John Smilie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="John Wilkins, Jr.">John Wilkins, Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania" title="Western Pennsylvania">Western Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Rabb_House" title="Andrew Rabb House">Andrew Rabb House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Presbyterian_Church_(Bethel_Park,_Pennsylvania)" title="Bethel Presbyterian Church (Bethel Park, Pennsylvania)">Bethel Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Horse_Tavern_(Canonsburg,_Pennsylvania)" title="Black Horse Tavern (Canonsburg, Pennsylvania)">Black Horse Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bradford_House" title="David Bradford House">David Bradford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defibaugh_Tavern" title="Defibaugh Tavern">Defibaugh Tavern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gaddis" title="Fort Gaddis">Fort Gaddis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_Distillery_and_Chopping_Mill" title="Huffman Distillery and Chopping Mill">Huffman Distillery and Chopping Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Corbley_Farm" title="John Corbley Farm">John Corbley Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingo_Creek_Presbyterian_Church_and_Churchyard" title="Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard">Mingo Creek Presbyterian Church and Churchyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Miller_Homestead" title="Oliver Miller Homestead">Oliver Miller Homestead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobb%27s_Cemetery_and_Yohogania_County_Courthouse_Site" title="Lobb's Cemetery and Yohogania County Courthouse Site">Lobb's Cemetery and Yohogania County Courthouse Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redstone_Old_Fort" title="Redstone Old Fort">Redstone Old Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crawford_House" title="William Crawford House">William Crawford House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="Whiskey Point">Whiskey Point</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigle_Whiskey" title="Wigle Whiskey">Wigle Whiskey</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Whiskey_Rebels" title="The Whiskey Rebels">The Whiskey Rebels</a></i></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Copper_Kettle" title="Copper Kettle">Copper Kettle</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_Boy" title="Wilderness Boy">Wilderness Boy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Delectable_Country" title="The Delectable Country">The Delectable Country</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Latimers" title="The Latimers">The Latimers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500046#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q500046#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000008095519X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/15580820">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4783/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvRYrWkT9kVhQWTDPbmVC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119467143">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50015401">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13327785b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13327785b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00742896">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35110283">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=vse2015876385&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1355835">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p250442329">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/13004635">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812484442705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463232505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14054131">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500329566">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000020">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/829593">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119467143.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119467143">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035661305">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025658">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10580307">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6h132s3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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[\"CITEREFHickey1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKestenbaum\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuppenheimer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGraw2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeade2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettels1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRothman1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutland1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinger2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens1888\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalters1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiener2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 13,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"CongBio\"] = 1,\n [\"Css Image Crop\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Gallatin, Albert\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"Democratic-Republican Party\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"For-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Jefferson cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Madison cabinet\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 2,\n [\"New York University\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 7,\n [\"S-dip\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ref\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start-collapsible\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 65,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to France\"] = 1,\n [\"US Ambassadors to the UK\"] = 1,\n [\"USSecTreas\"] = 1,\n [\"USSenPA\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n [\"Whiskey Rebellion\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-qmj8w","timestamp":"20241125133413","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Albert Gallatin","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Gallatin","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q500046","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q500046","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-21T01:37:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-08T08:16:48Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b6\/Albert_Gallatin_%28by_Gilbert_Stuart%29.jpg","headline":"Swiss and American politician, diplomat and scholar (1761-1849)"}</script> </body> </html>