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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publicaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Smalley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 53 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ريتشارد سمولي – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد سمولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا) – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Smolli" title="Riçard Smolli – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Smolli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рычард Смелі – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Смелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смоли – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Смоли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ריצ'רד סמולי – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד סמולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="リチャード・スモーリー – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・スモーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="리처드 스몰리 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 스몰리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="رچرڈ سمالے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ سمالے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Смолли, Ричард – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смолли, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93" title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смолли – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ричард Смолли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Річард Смоллі – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Смоллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رچرڈ سمالی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ سمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Richard Smalley </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/6_juni" title="6 juni">6 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> – <a href="/wiki/28_oktober" title="28 oktober">28 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Richard_Smalley.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Richard Errett Smalley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Richard_Smalley.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="303" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Richard Errett Smalley</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Akron_(Ohio)" title="Akron (Ohio)">Akron</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1996 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">Voor hun ontdekking van <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullereen</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Samen met </th> <td colspan="2">Sir <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" title="Paul Crutzen">Paul Crutzen</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Mario J. Molina</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Frank Sherwood Rowland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jens_Skou" class="mw-redirect" title="Jens Skou">Jens Skou</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Paul_Boyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Boyer">Paul Boyer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Richard Errett Smalley</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akron_(Ohio)" title="Akron (Ohio)">Akron</a>, <a href="/wiki/6_juni" title="6 juni">6 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> – <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/28_oktober" title="28 oktober">28 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/2005" title="2005">2005</a>) was een Amerikaans scheikundige en <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijswinnaar</a>. Hij was de <i>Gene and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norman_Hackerman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norman Hackerman (de pagina bestaat niet)">Norman Hackerman</a> Professor in Scheikunde</i>, en professor <a href="/wiki/Natuurkunde" title="Natuurkunde">natuurkunde</a> en <a href="/wiki/Astronomie" title="Astronomie">astronomie</a> aan de <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>. In 1996 won hij samen met <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Harold Kroto</a> en <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Robert Curl</a> de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a> voor hun ontdekking van <a href="/wiki/Fullereen" title="Fullereen">fullereen</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley was de jongste van vier kinderen van Frank Dudley Smalley Jr. en Esther Virginia Rhoads.<sup id="cite_ref-NNDB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NNDB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hij groeide op in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_(Missouri)" title="Kansas City (Missouri)">Kansas City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri_(staat)" title="Missouri (staat)">Missouri</a>. </p><p>Smalley ging eerst naar het <a href="/wiki/Hope_College" title="Hope College">Hope College</a>, alvorens over te stappen naar de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Michigan" title="Universiteit van Michigan">Universiteit van Michigan</a>. Hier haalde hij in 1965 zijn <a href="/wiki/Bachelor" title="Bachelor">Bachelordiploma</a>. Tussen zijn studies door werkte hij in de industrie, waar hij zijn unieke managementstijl ontwikkelde. Hij haalde in 1973 zijn <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> van de <a href="/wiki/Princeton-universiteit" title="Princeton-universiteit">Princeton-universiteit</a>. Daarna deed hij nog post-doctoraal werk aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Chicago" title="Universiteit van Chicago">Universiteit van Chicago</a>, samen met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lennard_Wharton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lennard Wharton (de pagina bestaat niet)">Lennard Wharton</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donald_Levy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donald Levy (de pagina bestaat niet)">Donald Levy</a>. Met hen was hij een pionier op het gebied van supersonische <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopie" title="Spectroscopie">laser spectroscopie</a>. </p><p>Smalley's onderzoek op het gebied van fysische chemie richtte zich vooral op de formatie van anorganische en semi-geleidende clusters. Hij deed dit onderzoek met de toen nog vrij nieuwe techniek van <a href="/wiki/Ion_(deeltje)" title="Ion (deeltje)">ion</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a> <a href="/wiki/Resonantie_(natuurkunde)" title="Resonantie (natuurkunde)">resonantie</a> <a href="/wiki/Massaspectrometrie" title="Massaspectrometrie">massaspectrometrie</a>. Hij werd door Robert Curl voorgesteld aan Harry Kroto. Hun onderzoek samen leidde tot de ontdekking van C<sub>60</sub> als de derde <a href="/wiki/Allotropie" title="Allotropie">allotropische</a> vorm van koolstof. </p><p>Het onderzoek dat Kroto, Smalley en Curl de Nobelprijs opleverde, werd gepubliceerd in het tijdschrift <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> in de editie van <a href="/wiki/14_november" title="14 november">14 november</a> <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a> onder de naam "C<sub>60</sub>: Buckminsterfullerene."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoewel maar drie mensen tegelijk een Nobelprijs kunnen ontvangen, waren er meer mensen bij dit onderzoek betrokken, waaronder studenten James R. Heath en Sean C. O'Brien. Smalley noemt de twee in zijn verslag over de Nobelprijs. </p><p>Smalley's laatste onderzoek richtte zich op <a href="/wiki/Koolstofnanobuis" title="Koolstofnanobuis">koolstofnanobuizen</a>, en dan vooral de chemische synthese hiervan. Hij is bekend voor het onderzoek van zijn groep naar de methode voor het maken van grote ladingen hoge-kwaliteits nanobuizen. Smalley's werk leidde tot de oprichting van <i>Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc.</i> </p><p>Later in zijn leven was hield Smalley zich vaak bezig met de behoefte aan goedkope schone energie, wat volgens hem het grootste probleem van de mensheid in de 21e eeuw was. Hij was van mening dat verbeterd wetenschappelijk onderwijs de sleutel vormde tot de oplossing voor dit probleem, en moedigde veel jonge studenten aan om wetenschappelijke carrières te kiezen. Zijn slogan hiervoor was "Be a scientist, save the world." </p><p>Hoewel hij het grootste gedeelte van zijn leven sceptisch was over <a href="/wiki/Religie" title="Religie">religie</a>, werd hij in de laatste jaren van zijn leven <a href="/wiki/Christen" title="Christen">christen</a>. </p><p>In 1999 werd bij Smalley <a href="/wiki/Non-hodgkinlymfoom" title="Non-hodgkinlymfoom">non-hodgkinlymfoom</a> vastgesteld, wat uiteindelijk resulteerde in <a href="/wiki/Chronische_lymfatische_leukemie" title="Chronische lymfatische leukemie">chronische lymfatische leukemie</a>. Hij stierf op 28 oktober 2005 in het <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.D._Anderson_Cancer_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.D. Anderson Cancer Center (de pagina bestaat niet)">M.D. Anderson Cancer Center</a> in Houston, Texas. <a href="/wiki/Astronoom" title="Astronoom">Astronoom</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Ross_(creationist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Ross (creationist) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hugh Ross</a> was op zijn begrafenis aanwezig, en hield ook een toespraak.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicaties">Publicaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Publicaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Publicaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Smalley, R.E.</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0057&numPages=4&fp=N">"Supersonic bare metal cluster beams. Final report"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>—Office of Energy Research, (Oct. 14, 1997).</li> <li><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Smalley, R.E.</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/cgi-bin/rd_accomplishments/display_biblio.cgi?id=ACC0056&numPages=14&fp=N">"Supersonic Bare Metal Cluster Beams. Technical Progress Report, March 16, 1984 - April 1, 1985"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>—Office of Basic Energy Sciences, (Jan. 1, 1985).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/accomplishments/smalley.html">Biography and Bibliographic Resources</a>, from the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Scientific_and_Technical_Information&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Scientific and Technical Information (de pagina bestaat niet)">Office of Scientific and Technical Information</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smalley.rice.edu/">Smalley Group - Rice University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1996/press-release/">Official Press Release: 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1996/smalley/auto-biography/">Richard E. Smalley – Biographical</a>. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2018.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171028132020/http://news.rice.edu/2005/10/28/nanotech-pioneer-nobel-laureate-richard-smalley-dead-at-62/">Nanotech pioneer, Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley dead at 62</a> – Rice University press release</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081016030031/http://www.cnanotech.com/">Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/hydrogen/smalley.html">Interview: Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Richard Smalley</a> – PBS Online NewsHour, "The Future of Fuel: Advances in Hydrogen Fuel Technology"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807032733/http://www.chemistry.org/portal/a/c/s/1/feature_pro.html?DOC=professionals%5Cpro_energyplan.html">Energy: the 50-year Plan</a> – Chemistry.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.200504094">Obituary by Harold Kroto, published in Angewandte Chemie</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li><span class="citation" id="CITEREFAdams2005"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Adams, W.W.</span>, <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Baughman, R.H.</span> (2005). <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373566">Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943-2005)</a></cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a></i> <b>310</b> (5756): 1916. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16373566">16373566</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122120">10.1126/science.1122120</a>. </span></li></ul> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-NNDB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NNDB_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/802/000100502/">Biografie Richard E. Smalley</a> op Notable Names Database (NNDb)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFH.W._Kroto,_J.R._Heath,_S.C._O'Brien,_R.F._Curl_&_R.E._Smalley1985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67679320"><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">H.W. Kroto, J.R. Heath, S.C. O'Brien, R.F. Curl & R.E. Smalley</span> (1985). <cite>C60: Buckminsterfullerene</cite>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></i> <b>318</b>: 162-163. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/318162a0">10.1038/318162a0</a>. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080305004644/http://tourserver.rice.edu/audio/indiv.html">Geluidsopname van de speech: "Funeral Service for Professor Richard Smalley", Speakers: James Tour, Hugh Ross and Ben Young (2 november 2005)</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto 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class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Van 't Hoff</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">E. Fischer</a></span> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Baeyer</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Buchner</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> · 1909: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald">Ostwald</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Wallach</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Curie</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Grignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Sabatier</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Werner</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Richards</a> · 1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Willstätter</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Pregl</a> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Svedberg</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Wieland</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Windaus</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Euler-Chelpin</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer_(scheikundige)" title="Hans Fischer (scheikundige)">H. Fischer</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Bergius</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Langmuir</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Urey</a> · <span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a></span> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Haworth" title="Walter Haworth">Haworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Kuhn</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Lavoslav Ružička">Ružička</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">Hevesy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Virtanen</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/James_Batcheller_Sumner" title="James Batcheller Sumner">Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Stanley</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robinson</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Tiselius</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">Giauque</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Diels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_John_Porter_Martin" title="Archer John Porter Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Synge</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vigneaud</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Semjonov" title="Nikolaj Semjonov">Semjonov</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Todd</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Heyrovský</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">Kendrew</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(scheikundige)" title="Karl Ziegler (scheikundige)">Ziegler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Woodward</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Mulliken</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Norrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">Porter</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Hassel</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Leloir</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Herzberg</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Anfinsen" title="Christian Anfinsen">Anfinsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stein" title="William Stein">Stein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">E.O. Fischer</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">Cornforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Prelog</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mitchell_(biochemicus)" title="Peter Mitchell (biochemicus)">Mitchell</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg_(scheikundige)" title="Paul Berg (scheikundige)">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Taube</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Merrifield</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Hauptman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Karle</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Herschbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polanyi</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram">Cram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Pedersen</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Michel</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Corey</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Ernst</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Marcus</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="Michael Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">Olah</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" title="Paul Crutzen">Crutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Smalley</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Skou</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">Pople</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Heeger" title="Alan Heeger">Heeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori" title="Ryoji Noyori">Noyori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Fenn" title="John Fenn">Fenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Ciechanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Hershko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schrock" title="Richard Schrock">Schrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kornberg" title="Roger Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" title="Roger Tsien">Tsien</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steitz" title="Thomas Steitz">Steitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Yonath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heck" title="Richard Heck">Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Negishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Suzuki</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shechtman" title="Daniel Shechtman">Shechtman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Moerner" title="William Moerner">Moerner</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="George Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">MacMillan</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morten_Meldal" title="Morten Meldal">Meldal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" title="Louis Brus">Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Jekimov" title="Alexei Jekimov">Jekimov</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemicus)" title="David Baker (biochemicus)">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jumper" title="John Jumper">Jumper</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&oldid=63668894">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&oldid=63668894</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Amerikaans_scheikundige" title="Categorie:Amerikaans scheikundige">Amerikaans scheikundige</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:20e-eeuws_scheikundige" title="Categorie:20e-eeuws scheikundige">20e-eeuws scheikundige</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 jan 2023 om 10:44.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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