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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publicaties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publicaties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Publicaties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publicaties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wilhelm Ostwald</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" 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Beschikbaar in 81 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فيلهلم أوستفالد – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلهلم أوستفالد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="فيلهلم اوستفالد – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فيلهلم اوستفالد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Ostvald" title="Vilhelm Ostvald – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilhelm Ostvald" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Фрыдрых Оствальд – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вільгельм Фрыдрых Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Оствальд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вільгельм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вилхелм Оствалд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="ফ্রিডরিখ ভিলহেল্ম অস্টভাল্ড – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ফ্রিডরিখ ভিলহেল্ম অস্টভাল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AF%CE%BB%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BC_%CE%8C%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Βίλχελμ Όστβαλντ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βίλχελμ Όστβαλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Schots-Gaelisch" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Schots-Gaelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93" title="וילהלם אוסטוולד – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="וילהלם אוסטוולד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B0%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B4_%D5%95%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Վիլհելմ Օստվալդ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիլհելմ Օստվալդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%98%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="ヴィルヘルム・オストヴァルト – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴィルヘルム・オストヴァルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%8C%ED%97%AC%EB%A6%84_%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%B0%9C%ED%8A%B8" title="빌헬름 오스트발트 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빌헬름 오스트발트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Ostwald" title="Gulielmus Ostwald – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelms_Ostvalds" title="Vilhelms Ostvalds – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vilhelms Ostvalds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Malagassisch" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagassisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Вилхелм Оствалд – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилхелм Оствалд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="വിൽഹെം ഓസ്റ്റ് വാൾഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിൽഹെം ഓസ്റ്റ് വാൾഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вильхелм Оствальд – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Вильхелм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="विल्हेल्म ओस्टवाल्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विल्हेल्म ओस्टवाल्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%87%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF" title="ویلهلم اوستوالد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ویلهلم اوستوالد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88" title="ولیہلم اوسٹوالڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیہلم اوسٹوالڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Оствальд, Вильгельм – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оствальд, Вильгельм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="आस्ट्टाल्ट् फ्रिडरिक् विल्हेल्म् – Sanskriet" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="आस्ट्टाल्ट् फ्रिडरिक् विल्हेल्म्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskriet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilhelm_Ostvald" title="Vilhelm Ostvald – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Vilhelm Ostvald" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="வில்ஹெம் ஆஸ்ட்வால்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்ஹெம் ஆஸ்ட்வால்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вилһелм Оствальд – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вилһелм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC_%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Вільгельм Оствальд – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільгельм Оствальд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%81%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88" title="ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ولہلم اوسٹوالڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვილჰელმ ოსტვალდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="威廉·奥斯特瓦尔德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Wilhelm Ostwald – Minnanyu" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Wilhelm Ostwald" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnanyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="奧斯華德 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奧斯華德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12658#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ostwald" title="Inhoudspagina bekijken [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikel</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overleg:Wilhelm_Ostwald&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Overleg over deze pagina (de pagina bestaat niet) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1"> <tbody><tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center; font-size:120%;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Nobel_prize_medal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nobelprijswinnaar"><img alt="Nobelprijswinnaar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/25px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/38px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Nobel_prize_medal.svg/50px-Nobel_prize_medal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="150" /></a></span>  Wilhelm Ostwald </th></tr> <tr> <th class="infobox-kop notheme" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit; text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/2_september" title="2 september">2 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1853" title="1853">1853</a> – <a href="/wiki/4_april" title="4 april">4 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center; padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/266px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/399px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg/532px-Wilhelm_Ostwald.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="825" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteland </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Geboorteplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Overlijdensplaats </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (hoofdbetekenis)">Leipzig</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Nobelprijs </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs_voor_de_Scheikunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobelprijs voor de Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Jaar </th> <td colspan="2">1909 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Reden </th> <td colspan="2">"Voor zijn verdiensten in de <a href="/wiki/Katalyse" class="mw-redirect" title="Katalyse">katalyse</a> en voor zijn onderzoek naar <a href="/wiki/Evenwichtsreactie" title="Evenwichtsreactie">chemische evenwichten</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chemische_kinetiek" title="Chemische kinetiek">reactiesnelheden</a>." </td></tr> <tr> <th><span class="nowrap">Voorganger(s)</span> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Opvolger(s) </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Otto Wallach</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:lightsteelblue; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Scheikunde" title="Portaal:Scheikunde">Scheikunde</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Friedrich Wilhelm Ostwald</b> (<a href="/wiki/Lets" title="Lets">Lets</a>: <i>Vilhelms Ostvalds</i>), (<a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a>, <a href="/wiki/2_september" title="2 september">2 september</a> <a href="/wiki/1853" title="1853">1853</a> – <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leipzig (hoofdbetekenis)">Leipzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/4_april" title="4 april">4 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1932" title="1932">1932</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Baltische_Duitsers" title="Baltische Duitsers">Baltisch-Duitse</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicus">chemicus</a>. Samen met <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a> en <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a> was Ostwald een van de grondleggers van de <a href="/wiki/Fysische_scheikunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Fysische scheikunde">fysische scheikunde</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostwald werd geboren in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> (destijds <a href="/wiki/Keizerrijk_Rusland" title="Keizerrijk Rusland">Keizerrijk Rusland</a>) als zoon van de meester-kuiper Gottfried Wilhelm Ostwald (1824-1903) en diens echtgenote Elisabeth Leuckel (1824-1903).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beide ouders waren afstammelingen van Duitse immigranten uit respectievelijk <a href="/wiki/Berlijn_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlijn (hoofdbetekenis)">Berlijn</a> en <a href="/wiki/Hessen" title="Hessen">Hessen</a>. Hij was de middelste van drie broers, de andere waren Eugen (1851-1932) en Gottfried (1855-1918). Hij studeerde en promoveerde in de chemie aan de <a href="/wiki/Universiteit_van_Tartu" title="Universiteit van Tartu">Universiteit van Dorpat</a> (het huidige <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a>), waar hij vervolgens een docentschap bekleedde. In 1882 werd hij <a href="/wiki/Hoogleraar" title="Hoogleraar">hoogleraar</a> aan het <a href="/wiki/Polytechnicum_van_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnicum van Riga">Polytechnicum van Riga</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1887" title="1887">1887</a> werd hij benoemd in <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>. Hier bleef hij aan tot aan zijn emeritaat in 1906. Onder zijn later beroemd geworden leerlingen bevonden zich <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Svante Arrhenius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Walther Nernst</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Tammann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Tammann (de pagina bestaat niet)">Gustav Tammann</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_Wislicenus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Wislicenus (de pagina bestaat niet)">Johannes Wislicenus</a>. </p><p>Met de Nederlander Van 't Hoff was hij medeoprichter van het <i>Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie</i>. Hij ontdekte in <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> de naar hem vernoemde <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verdunningswet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verdunningswet (de pagina bestaat niet)">verdunningswet</a></i> voor zwakke elektrolyten. </p><p>Ostwald stond lange tijd bekend als een groot tegenstander van de <a href="/wiki/Kinetische_gastheorie" title="Kinetische gastheorie">kinetische gastheorie</a> en de daarop gebaseerde <a href="/wiki/Statistische_thermodynamica" title="Statistische thermodynamica">statistische thermodynamica</a> zoals die door de Oostenrijker <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> en de Amerikaan <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> in die tijd werden ontwikkeld. Hij wenste moleculen hooguit als bruikbare hypothesen op te vatten, niet als werkelijk bestaande entiteiten. In zijn energetische theorie beschouwde hij <a href="/wiki/Energie" title="Energie">energie</a> als de enige fundamentele eenheid van de natuur. <a href="/wiki/Materie" title="Materie">Materie</a> was een afgeleid verschijnsel, een manifestatie van een samenballing van energie. Pas in 1909, toen de Fransman <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrin" title="Jean Perrin">Jean Perrin</a> uit experimentele metingen aan de <a href="/wiki/Brownse_beweging_(natuurkunde)" title="Brownse beweging (natuurkunde)">brownse beweging</a> de <a href="/wiki/Constante_van_Avogadro" title="Constante van Avogadro">constante van Avogadro</a> kon berekenen, ging hij als een der laatsten om. </p><p>Hoewel het katalysatieproces al zo'n zestig jaar eerder was beschreven was het Ostwald die deze processen meetbaar maakte en hierbij de link legde met zijn eigen werk omtrent chemische reacties. In 1894 definieerde hij katalyse als: </p> <dl><dd>"de versnelling van een chemische reactie, die langzaam verloopt, door de aanwezigheid van een vreemde substantie".</dd></dl> <p>Hij benadrukt hierbij dat de katalysator voor de chemische reactie geen verandering zorgt in de algemene energiereacties of in de evenwichtstoestand. Een samenvatting werd gepubliceerd in het artikel "Über Katalyse" (1901).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voor zijn werk omtrent onder andere katalysatoren won hij de <a href="/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs">Nobelprijs</a> voor scheikunde in <a href="/wiki/1909" title="1909">1909</a>. </p><p>Wilhelm Ostwald ontwikkelde ook het <a href="/wiki/Ostwaldproces" class="mw-redirect" title="Ostwaldproces">Ostwaldproces</a> dat tot op heden gebruikt wordt op industriële schaal om uit <a href="/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak">ammoniak</a> door oxidatie <a href="/wiki/Salpeterzuur" title="Salpeterzuur">salpeterzuur</a> te produceren. Dit salpeterzuur werd een belangrijke grondstof voor de <a href="/wiki/Kunstmest" title="Kunstmest">kunstmeststoffen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Buskruit" title="Buskruit">buskruit</a>. Eigenlijk betrof het een herontdekking van een basisprincipe dat 64 jaar eerder was gepatenteerd door de Franse scheikundige <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Kuhlmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frédéric Kuhlmann (de pagina bestaat niet)">Frédéric Kuhlmann</a>. Echter door een gebrek aan een significante, goedkope bron van ammoniak was er weinig interesse in Kuhlmanns proces. Dit was ook het geval toen Ostwald er in 1902 patent op aanvroeg, maar wat veranderde toen in de tweede helft van de jaren 1910 het <a href="/wiki/Haber-Boschproces" title="Haber-Boschproces">Haber-Boschproces</a> werd ontwikkeld. </p><p>Ostwald streefde ook naar de eenheid van alle wetenschappelijke kennis, o.a. door een poging om de economie op thermodynamische leest te schoeien en door samen met <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a> een Duitse monistenbond op te richten, die een wetenschappelijk wereldbeeld moest ontwikkelen, vrij van godsdienstige invloeden. In 1933, dus na zijn dood, zou dit door het pas aangetreden nazibewind worden opgeheven. Een ander door hem mede opgericht genootschap, <i>Die Brücke</i>, zette zich in voor de standaardisering van alle wetenschappelijke kennis, ook van de geesteswetenschappen, en voor de stimulering van een wereldtaal, die eerst <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a> moest worden en later het <a href="/wiki/Ido_(kunsttaal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ido (kunsttaal)">Ido</a>. Dit genootschap moest in 1914 wegens geldgebrek worden opgeheven. </p><p>Ostwald was ook een gepassioneerd amateurschilder en ontwierp een eigen kleurenleer in <i>Die Farbenfibel</i>, gepubliceerd in 1916, die in Duitsland veel invloed zou hebben. Zijn werk in de kleurentheorie werd beïnvloed door die van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Munsell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Munsell (de pagina bestaat niet)">Albert Munsell</a>, en op zijn beurt beïnvloedde hij <a href="/wiki/Paul_Klee" title="Paul Klee">Paul Klee</a> en leden van <a href="/wiki/De_Stijl" title="De Stijl">De Stijl</a>, waaronder <a href="/wiki/Piet_Mondriaan" title="Piet Mondriaan">Piet Mondriaan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hij overleed op 4 april 1932 op 78-jarige leeftijd in het ziekenhuis in Leipzig. Hij was gehuwd met Helene von Reyher (1854-1946), samen kregen ze twee dochters, Grete en Elisabeth, en drie zonen, Wolfgang (die ook een bekend scheikundige zou worden), Walter en Karl Otto. Ostwald was een <a href="/wiki/Athe%C3%AFst" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheïst">atheïst</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publicaties">Publicaties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Publicaties" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Publicaties"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ostwald publiceerde verscheidene leerboeken, waaronder <i>Lehrbuch der Allgemeinen Chemie</i> in 1884. Deze werd gevolgd door <i>Grundriss der Allgemeinen Chemie</i> in 1889 en <i>Hand- und Hilfsbuch zur Ausführung physikalisch-chemischer Messungen</i> in 1893. Talrijke andere wetenschappelijke publicaties over analytische scheikunde, elektrochemie en anorganische scheikunde volgden. </p> <ul><li>Wilh. Ostwald (mei 1920) 'Die Harmonie der Farben', <i>De Stijl</i>, 3e jaargang, nummer 7, pp. 60-62. <small>Zie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdrc.lib.uiowa.edu/dada/De_Stijl/3/7/pages/60.htm">Digital Dada Library</a>.</small></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Engels">(<span>en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nndb.com/people/883/000092607/">Biografie Wilhelm Ostwald</a> op Notable Names Database (NNDb)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFF.W._Ostwald1901"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">F.W. Ostwald</span> (1901). <cite>Über Katalyse</cite>. <i>Verhandelingen der Gesellschaft Deutsche Naturforscher und Artz</i> <b>73</b>: 184-201. </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFCage1993_Blz._247-8,_257-60"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Cage, John</span> (1993). <cite><i>Color and Culture: Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction</i></cite>, Blz. 247-8, 257-60.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREF2010_45"><span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Jürgen Kocka</span> (2010). <cite><i>Work in a Modern Society: The German Historical Experience in Comparative Perspective</i></cite>. Berghahn Books, p. 45. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-84545-575-0" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/978-1-84545-575-0">ISBN 978-1-84545-575-0</a></span> "Even Wilhelm Ostwald, who was the most radical atheist among these scholars, uses the instrument of the 'Monistic Sunday Sermons' to spread his ideas on rationality."</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Wilhelm_Ostwald#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Wilhelm Ostwald">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus van 't Hoff">Van 't Hoff</a></span> · <span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Emil_Fischer" title="Hermann Emil Fischer">E. Fischer</a></span> · 1903: <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a> · 1904: <a href="/wiki/William_Ramsay" title="William Ramsay">Ramsay</a> · 1905: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyer" title="Adolf von Baeyer">Baeyer</a> · 1906: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Moissan</a> · 1907: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Buchner" title="Eduard Buchner">Buchner</a> · 1908: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a> · 1909: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ostwald</a> · 1910: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Wallach" title="Otto Wallach">Wallach</a> · 1911: <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Curie</a> · 1912: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Grignard" title="Victor Grignard">Grignard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Sabatier" title="Paul Sabatier">Sabatier</a> · 1913: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Werner</a> · 1914: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_William_Richards" title="Theodore William Richards">Richards</a> · 1915: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter" title="Richard Willstätter">Willstätter</a> · 1918: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Haber</a> · 1920: <a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a> · 1921: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Soddy</a> · 1922: <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Aston</a> · 1923: <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pregl" title="Fritz Pregl">Pregl</a> · 1925: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Adolf_Zsigmondy" title="Richard Adolf Zsigmondy">Zsigmondy</a> · 1926: <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Svedberg" title="Theodor Svedberg">Svedberg</a> · 1927: <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Otto_Wieland" title="Heinrich Otto Wieland">Wieland</a> · 1928: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Windaus" title="Adolf Windaus">Windaus</a> · 1929: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Harden" title="Arthur Harden">Harden</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Euler-Chelpin</a></span> · 1930: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Fischer_(scheikundige)" title="Hans Fischer (scheikundige)">H. Fischer</a> · 1931: <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Bergius" title="Friedrich Bergius">Bergius</a> · 1932: <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Langmuir</a> · 1934: <a href="/wiki/Harold_Urey" title="Harold Urey">Urey</a> · <span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">F. Joliot-Curie</a>,</span> <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">I. Joliot-Curie</a></span> · 1936: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Debye</a> · 1937: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Haworth" title="Walter Haworth">Haworth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Karrer" title="Paul Karrer">Karrer</a> · 1938: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Kuhn</a> · 1939: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Butenandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lavoslav_Ru%C5%BEi%C4%8Dka" title="Lavoslav Ružička">Ružička</a> · 1943: <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">Hevesy</a> · 1944: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Hahn</a> · 1945: <a href="/wiki/Artturi_Ilmari_Virtanen" title="Artturi Ilmari Virtanen">Virtanen</a> · 1946: <a href="/wiki/James_Batcheller_Sumner" title="James Batcheller Sumner">Sumner</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Howard_Northrop" title="John Howard Northrop">Northrop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Meredith_Stanley" title="Wendell Meredith Stanley">Stanley</a> · 1947: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson" title="Robert Robinson">Robinson</a> · 1948: <a href="/wiki/Arne_Tiselius" title="Arne Tiselius">Tiselius</a> · 1949: <a href="/wiki/William_Giauque" title="William Giauque">Giauque</a> · 1950: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Diels" title="Otto Diels">Diels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Alder" title="Kurt Alder">Alder</a> · 1951: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">McMillan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Seaborg" title="Glenn Seaborg">Seaborg</a> · 1952: <a href="/wiki/Archer_John_Porter_Martin" title="Archer John Porter Martin">Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Laurence_Millington_Synge" title="Richard Laurence Millington Synge">Synge</a> · 1953: <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Staudinger" title="Hermann Staudinger">Staudinger</a> · 1954: <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Pauling</a> · 1955: <a href="/wiki/Vincent_du_Vigneaud" title="Vincent du Vigneaud">Vigneaud</a> · 1956: <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Hinshelwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolaj_Semjonov" title="Nikolaj Semjonov">Semjonov</a> · 1957: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Todd" title="Alexander Todd">Todd</a> · 1958: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> · 1959: <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Heyrovsk%C3%BD" title="Jaroslav Heyrovský">Heyrovský</a> · 1960: <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Libby</a> · 1961: <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Calvin</a> · 1962: <a href="/wiki/Max_Perutz" title="Max Perutz">Perutz</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Kendrew" title="John Kendrew">Kendrew</a> · 1963: <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler_(scheikundige)" title="Karl Ziegler (scheikundige)">Ziegler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Natta</a> · 1964: <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Hodgkin</a> · 1965: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Woodward</a> · 1966: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mulliken" title="Robert Mulliken">Mulliken</a> · 1967: <a href="/wiki/Manfred_Eigen" title="Manfred Eigen">Eigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_George_Wreyford_Norrish" title="Ronald George Wreyford Norrish">Norrish</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">Porter</a> · 1968: <a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a> · 1969: <a href="/wiki/Derek_Barton" title="Derek Barton">Barton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Hassel" title="Odd Hassel">Hassel</a> · 1970: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Federico_Leloir" title="Luis Federico Leloir">Leloir</a> · 1971: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Herzberg" title="Gerhard Herzberg">Herzberg</a> · 1972: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Anfinsen" title="Christian Anfinsen">Anfinsen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Moore" title="Stanford Moore">Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Stein" title="William Stein">Stein</a> · <span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Otto_Fischer" title="Ernst Otto Fischer">E.O. Fischer</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Wilkinson" title="Geoffrey Wilkinson">Wilkinson</a> · 1974: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Flory" title="Paul Flory">Flory</a> · 1975: <a href="/wiki/John_Cornforth" title="John Cornforth">Cornforth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Prelog" title="Vladimir Prelog">Prelog</a> · 1976: <a href="/wiki/William_Lipscomb" title="William Lipscomb">Lipscomb</a> · 1977: <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Prigogine" title="Ilya Prigogine">Prigogine</a> · 1978: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Mitchell_(biochemicus)" title="Peter Mitchell (biochemicus)">Mitchell</a> · 1979: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brown" title="Herbert Brown">Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wittig" title="Georg Wittig">Wittig</a> · 1980: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Berg_(scheikundige)" title="Paul Berg (scheikundige)">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Gilbert" title="Walter Gilbert">Gilbert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Sanger</a> · 1981: <a href="/wiki/Kenichi_Fukui" title="Kenichi Fukui">Fukui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roald_Hoffmann" title="Roald Hoffmann">Hoffmann</a> · 1982: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Klug</a> · 1983: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Taube" title="Henry Taube">Taube</a> · 1984: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Merrifield" title="Robert Bruce Merrifield">Merrifield</a> · 1985: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptman" title="Herbert A. Hauptman">Hauptman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Karle" title="Jerome Karle">Karle</a> · 1986: <a href="/wiki/Dudley_R._Herschbach" title="Dudley R. Herschbach">Herschbach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Lee" title="Yuan Lee">Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Polanyi" title="John Polanyi">Polanyi</a> · 1987: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cram" title="Donald Cram">Cram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Lehn" title="Jean-Marie Lehn">Lehn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Pedersen" title="Charles J. Pedersen">Pedersen</a> · 1988: <a href="/wiki/Johann_Deisenhofer" title="Johann Deisenhofer">Deisenhofer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Huber" title="Robert Huber">Huber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Michel" title="Hartmut Michel">Michel</a> · 1989: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Altman" title="Sidney Altman">Altman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cech" title="Thomas Cech">Cech</a> · 1990: <a href="/wiki/Elias_James_Corey" title="Elias James Corey">Corey</a> · 1991: <a href="/wiki/Richard_R._Ernst" title="Richard R. Ernst">Ernst</a> · 1992: <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcus" title="Rudolph A. Marcus">Marcus</a> · 1993: <a href="/wiki/Kary_Mullis" title="Kary Mullis">Mullis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="Michael Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 1994: <a href="/wiki/George_Andrew_Olah" title="George Andrew Olah">Olah</a> · 1995: <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crutzen" title="Paul Crutzen">Crutzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_J._Molina" title="Mario J. Molina">Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sherwood_Rowland" title="Frank Sherwood Rowland">Rowland</a> · 1996: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Curl" title="Robert Curl">Curl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Kroto" title="Harold Kroto">Kroto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley">Smalley</a> · 1997: <a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">Walker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Skou</a> · 1998: <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kohn" title="Walter Kohn">Kohn</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">Pople</a> · 1999: <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Zewail" title="Ahmed Zewail">Zewail</a> · 2000: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Heeger" title="Alan Heeger">Heeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alan_MacDiarmid" title="Alan MacDiarmid">MacDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Shirakawa" title="Hideki Shirakawa">Shirakawa</a> · 2001: <a href="/wiki/William_Standish_Knowles" title="William Standish Knowles">Knowles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ryoji_Noyori" title="Ryoji Noyori">Noyori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2002: <a href="/wiki/John_Fenn" title="John Fenn">Fenn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Tanaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_W%C3%BCthrich" title="Kurt Wüthrich">Wüthrich</a> · 2003: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Agre" title="Peter Agre">Agre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roderick_MacKinnon" title="Roderick MacKinnon">MacKinnon</a> · 2004: <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanover" title="Aaron Ciechanover">Ciechanover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avram_Hershko" title="Avram Hershko">Hershko</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Rose" title="Irwin Rose">Rose</a> · 2005: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Grubbs" title="Robert Grubbs">Grubbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Schrock" title="Richard Schrock">Schrock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yves_Chauvin" title="Yves Chauvin">Chauvin</a> · 2006: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Kornberg" title="Roger Kornberg">Kornberg</a> · 2007: <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Ertl" title="Gerhard Ertl">Ertl</a> · 2008: <a href="/wiki/Osamu_Shimomura" title="Osamu Shimomura">Shimomura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalfie" title="Martin Chalfie">Chalfie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Tsien" title="Roger Tsien">Tsien</a> · 2009: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Steitz" title="Thomas Steitz">Steitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ada_Yonath" title="Ada Yonath">Yonath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venkatraman_Ramakrishnan" title="Venkatraman Ramakrishnan">Ramakrishnan</a> · 2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Heck" title="Richard Heck">Heck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ei-ichi_Negishi" title="Ei-ichi Negishi">Negishi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Suzuki" title="Akira Suzuki">Suzuki</a> · 2011: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Shechtman" title="Daniel Shechtman">Shechtman</a> · 2012: <a href="/wiki/Brian_Kobilka" title="Brian Kobilka">Kobilka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitz" title="Robert Lefkowitz">Lefkowitz</a> · 2013: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Karplus" title="Martin Karplus">Karplus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Levitt" title="Michael Levitt">Levitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arieh_Warshel" title="Arieh Warshel">Warshel</a> · 2014: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Betzig" title="Eric Betzig">Betzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Hell" title="Stefan Hell">Hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Moerner" title="William Moerner">Moerner</a> · 2015: <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Lindahl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Modrich" title="Paul Modrich">Modrich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Sancar" title="Aziz Sancar">Sancar</a> · 2016: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Sauvage" title="Jean-Pierre Sauvage">Sauvage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fraser_Stoddart" title="Fraser Stoddart">Stoddart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Feringa" title="Ben Feringa">Feringa</a> · 2017: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dubochet" title="Jacques Dubochet">Dubochet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Frank" title="Joachim Frank">Frank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson" title="Richard Henderson">Henderson</a> · 2018: <a href="/wiki/Frances_Arnold" title="Frances Arnold">Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Winter</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Smith_(scheikundige)" title="George Smith (scheikundige)">Smith</a> · 2019: <a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">Goodenough</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._Stanley_Whittingham" title="M. Stanley Whittingham">Whittingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akira_Yoshino" title="Akira Yoshino">Yoshino</a> · 2020: <a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Charpentier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Doudna</a> · 2021: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">List</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_MacMillan" title="David MacMillan">MacMillan</a> · 2022: <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bertozzi" title="Carolyn Bertozzi">Bertozzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morten_Meldal" title="Morten Meldal">Meldal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Sharpless</a> · 2023: <a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Bawendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Brus" title="Louis Brus">Brus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Jekimov" title="Alexei Jekimov">Jekimov</a> · 2024: <a href="/wiki/David_Baker_(biochemicus)" title="David Baker (biochemicus)">Baker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demis_Hassabis" title="Demis Hassabis">Hassabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jumper" title="John Jumper">Jumper</a> </p> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&oldid=66973289">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Ostwald&oldid=66973289</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Duits_hoogleraar" title="Categorie:Duits hoogleraar">Duits hoogleraar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Duits_scheikundige" title="Categorie:Duits scheikundige">Duits scheikundige</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lets_scheikundige" title="Categorie:Lets scheikundige">Lets scheikundige</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Fysisch_chemicus" title="Categorie:Fysisch chemicus">Fysisch chemicus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Winnaar_van_de_Nobelprijs_voor_Scheikunde" title="Categorie:Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde">Winnaar van de Nobelprijs voor Scheikunde</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Baltische_Duitser" title="Categorie:Baltische Duitser">Baltische Duitser</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Duits_athe%C3%AFst" title="Categorie:Duits atheïst">Duits atheïst</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Duits_uitvinder" title="Categorie:Duits uitvinder">Duits uitvinder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lets_uitvinder" title="Categorie:Lets uitvinder">Lets uitvinder</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lid_van_de_Deutsche_Akademie_der_Wissenschaften_Leopoldina" title="Categorie:Lid van de Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina">Lid van de Deutsche Akademie der Wissenschaften Leopoldina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:19e-eeuws_scheikundige" title="Categorie:19e-eeuws scheikundige">19e-eeuws scheikundige</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 3 feb 2024 om 17:56.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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