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href="#Molekulyar_assemblerlar_boʻyicha_bahs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Molekulyar assemblerlar boʻyicha bahs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekulyar_assemblerlar_boʻyicha_bahs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advokatlik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advokatlik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Advokatlik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advokatlik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shaxsiy_hayoti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaxsiy_hayoti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Shaxsiy hayoti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Shaxsiy_hayoti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Shaxsiy hayoti subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Shaxsiy_hayoti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxirgi_yillarda_din" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxirgi_yillarda_din"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Oxirgi yillarda din</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxirgi_yillarda_din-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nashrlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nashrlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nashrlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nashrlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yutuqlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yutuqlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Yutuqlar</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Yutuqlar-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Yutuqlar subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Yutuqlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hamkorlik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hamkorlik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Hamkorlik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hamkorlik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mukofotlar_va_mukofotlar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mukofotlar_va_mukofotlar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Mukofotlar va mukofotlar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mukofotlar_va_mukofotlar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maʼlumotnomalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maʼlumotnomalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Maʼlumotnomalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maʼlumotnomalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Havolalar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Havolalar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Havolalar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Havolalar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Mundarija" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Mundarija" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Richard Smalley</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Boshqa tildagi maqolaga oʻting. 55 ta tilda mavjud" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-55" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">55 ta til</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ريتشارد سمولي – arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ريتشارد سمولي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89_(%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريتشارد سمولى (بروفسور من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ri%C3%A7ard_Smolli" title="Riçard Smolli – ozarbayjon" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riçard Smolli" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="ozarbayjon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Рычард Смелі – belarus" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рычард Смелі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смоли – bolgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ричард Смоли" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bolgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF" title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি – bengal" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিচার্ড স্মোলি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – chex" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chex" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – dan" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – nemischa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="nemischa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – inglizcha" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglizcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_E._Smalley" title="Richard E. Smalley – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Richard E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – ispancha" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ispancha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – bask" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bask" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – fors" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="fors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – fincha" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="fincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – fransuzcha" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransuzcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – irland" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – shotland-gel" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="shotland-gel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – galisiy" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A6%27%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99" title="ריצ'רד סמולי – ivrit" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריצ'רד סמולי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – venger" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="venger" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – indonez" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonez" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – italyan" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italyan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC" title="リチャード・スモーリー – yapon" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リチャード・スモーリー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="yapon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%B2%98%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%EB%AA%B0%EB%A6%AC" title="리처드 스몰리 – koreyscha" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리처드 스몰리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreyscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richardus_E._Smalley" title="Richardus E. Smalley – lotincha" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Richardus E. Smalley" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="lotincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="ریچارد اسمالی – mozandaron" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ریچارد اسمالی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mozandaron" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – quyi nemis" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="quyi nemis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – niderland" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="niderland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – norveg-bokmal" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveg-bokmal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Errett_Smalley" title="Richard Errett Smalley – oksitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Richard Errett Smalley" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – polyakcha" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polyakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%92" title="رچرڈ سمالے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رچرڈ سمالے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – portugalcha" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – rumincha" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumincha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Смолли, Ричард – ruscha" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Смолли, Ричард" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruscha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – shotland" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="shotland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%93" title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී – singal" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රිචඩ් ස්මාලී" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – slovakcha" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakcha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – shved" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="shved" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – suaxili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suaxili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – turk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Ричард Смолли – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ричард Смолли" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Річард Смоллі – ukrain" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Річард Смоллі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%86%D8%B1%DA%88_%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="رچرڈ سمالی – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="رچرڈ سمالی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – vyetnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vyetnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – volapyuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapyuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="რიჩარდ სმოლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რიჩარდ სმოლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Smalley" title="Richard Smalley – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Richard Smalley" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%8E%AB%E5%88%A9" title="理查德·斯莫利 – xitoy" 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ambox-rough_translation" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fayl:Translation_to_english_arrow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">Bu maqola <b>avtomat tarjima qilingan</b> yoki <b>mashina tarjimasi tayinli oʻzgartirishsiz chop etilgani</b> eʼtirof etilmoqda. Tarjimani tekshirib chiqish hamda maqoladagi mazmuniy va uslubiy xatolarini tuzatish kerak. <br />Siz maqolani <a class="external text" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit">tuzatishga</a> koʻmaklashishingiz mumkin. (Shuningdek, <a href="/wiki/Vikipediya:Tarjima" title="Vikipediya:Tarjima">tarjima boʻyicha tavsiyalar</a> bilan tanishib chiqishingiz mumkin.)<br /><hr /><big><span style="color:red;">DIQQAT! BU OGOHLANTIRISHNI OʻZBOSHIMCHALIK BILAN OLIB TASHLAMANG!</span></big><br /><small><span style="color:#E30;">Maqolaning originali koʻrsatilinmagan.</span></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>  </p><p><b>Richard Errett Smalley</b> (1943-yil 6-iyun — 2005-yil 28-oktyabr) amerikalik kimyogar, Gen va Norman Xakerman Rays universitetida <a href="/wiki/Kimyo" title="Kimyo">kimyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizika</a> va <a href="/wiki/Astronomiya" title="Astronomiya">astronomiya</a> professori boʻlgan. 1996-yilda Rays kimyo professori Robert Körl va Sasseks universiteti professori Garold Kroto bilan birga u uglerodning yangi shakli — bukminsterfullerenni kashf etgani uchun <a href="/wiki/Kimyo_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti">kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻldi.</a> toʻplar kabi. U nanotexnologiya va uning ilovalari tarafdori edi. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erta_hayot_va_taʼlim"><span id="Erta_hayot_va_ta.CA.BClim"></span>Erta hayot va taʼlim</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Erta hayot va taʼlim" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Erta hayot va taʼlim"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley, 4 aka-ukaning eng kichigi, 1943-yil 6-iyun kuni <a href="/wiki/Ogayo" title="Ogayo">Ogayo shtatining</a> <a href="/wiki/Akron_(Ohio)" title="Akron (Ohio)">Akron</a> shahrida kichik Frenk Dadli Smolli va Ester Virjiniya Roads oilasida tugʻilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Legacy.com_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Legacy.com-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U <a href="/wiki/Missuri" title="Missuri">Missuri</a> shtatining Kanzas-Siti shahrida oʻsgan<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Richard Smalley otasi, onasi va xolasini sanoat, fan va kimyoda shakllantiruvchi taʼsirlar deb hisoblaydi. Uning otasi kichik Frenk Dadli Smolli mexanik va elektr jihozlari bilan ishlagan va oxir-oqibat <i>Implement and Tractor</i> nomli qishloq xoʻjaligi asboblari savdo jurnalining bosh direktori boʻlgan. Uning onasi Ester Roads Smolli Richard oʻsmirlik chogʻida bakalavr darajasini tugatgan. U, ayniqsa, fizika fanining asoslari fanidan dars bergan kichik matematik Norman N. Royalldan ilhomlangan va uzoq suhbatlar va birgalikdagi mashgʻulotlar orqali oʻgʻliga oʻzining fanga boʻlgan muhabbatini bildirgan. Smalleyning xolasi, kashshof ayol kimyogar Sara Jeyn Roads, Smalleyni kimyo sohasiga qiziqtirgan, unga organik kimyo laboratoriyasida ishlashga ruxsat bergan va kuchli kimyo dasturiga ega boʻlgan Hope kollejiga borishni taklif qilgan<sup id="cite_ref-NobelBio_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelBio-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smalley Michigan universitetiga oʻtishdan oldin ikki yil davomida Hope kollejida oʻqigan va u yerda 1965-yilda Raul Kopelman laboratoriyasida bakalavriat tadqiqotlarini olib borgan holda fan bakalavriatini olgan<sup id="cite_ref-Hafner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hafner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Oʻqish oraligʻida u sanoatda ham ishladi va u yerda oʻziga xos boshqaruv uslubini rivojlantirdi. U fan nomzodi ilmiy darajasini oldi. 1973-yilda <a href="/wiki/Princeton_universiteti" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton universiteti">Prinston universitetidan</a> Elliot R. Bernshteyn rahbarligida „1,3,5 (sim) — triazinning pastki elektron holatlari“ nomli doktorlik dissertatsiyasini tamomlagandan soʻng<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U 1973-yildan 1976-yilgacha <a href="/wiki/Chicago_universiteti" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago universiteti">Chikago universitetida</a> Donald Levi va Lennard Uorton bilan doktorlik dissertatsiyasida ishlagan, u yerda tovushdan yuqori nurli <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopiya" title="Spektroskopiya">lazer spektroskopiyasini</a> rivojlantirishda kashshof boʻlgan<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Faoliyati">Faoliyati</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Faoliyati" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Faoliyati"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1976-yilda Smalley Rays universitetiga qoʻshildi.<sup id="cite_ref-Hargittai_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1982-yilda u Raysdagi kimyo boʻyicha Gen va Norman Xakerman kafedrasi etib tayinlandi. U 1979-yilda Rays kvant institutini tashkil etishga yordam berdi, 1986-yildan 1996-yilgacha rais boʻlib ishladi. 1990-yilda u fizika kafedrasi professori boʻldi. 1990-yilda u Nano-miqyosdagi fan va texnologiyalar markazini tashkil etishga yordam berdi. 1996-yilda uning direktori etib tayinlandi<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1990-yilda <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari_Milliy_fanlar_akademiyasi" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Milliy fanlar akademiyasi">Milliy Fanlar akademiyasining</a>, 1991-yilda esa Amerika sanʼat va fanlar akademiyasining aʼzosi boʻldi<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fullerenlar">Fullerenlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Fullerenlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fullerenlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalleyning <a href="/wiki/Fizik_kimyo" title="Fizik kimyo">fizik kimyo</a> boʻyicha tadqiqotlari impulsli molekulyar nurlar va parvoz vaqtining <a href="/wiki/Mass-spektroskopiya" title="Mass-spektroskopiya">massa spektrometriyasidan</a> foydalangan holda noorganik va yarim oʻtkazgichli klasterlarning shakllanishini oʻrgandi. Ushbu tajriba natijasida Robert Curl astronomik changning tarkibiy qismlari haqidagi savolni tekshirish uchun uni Garri Kroto bilan tanishtirdi. Bular R Coronae Borealis kabi eski yulduzlar tomonidan chiqarib yuborilgan uglerodga boy donalardir. Ushbu hamkorlikning natijasi C <sub>60</sub> (Buckyballs nomi bilan tanilgan) va uglerodning uchinchi <a href="/wiki/Allotropiya" title="Allotropiya">allotropik</a> shakli sifatida fullerenlarning kashf etilishi edi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smalley C<sub>60</sub> ning tuzilishi 20 olti burchakli va 12 beshburchakdan foydalangan holda uch oʻlchovli tarzda olti burchaklarni bir-biriga kesib, urib boʻlgach, futbol toʻpiga oʻxshashligini tushundi<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U, shuningdek, C <sub>60</sub> nomiga mas’ul boʻlib, uni oʻz dizaynlarida geodezik gumbazlardan foydalanganligi bilan mashhur boʻlgan amerikalik arxitektor Bukminster Fuller sharafiga nomlagan<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Kroto, Smalley va Curl Nobel mukofotiga sazovor boʻlgan tadqiqot asosan uchta maqoladan iborat edi. Birinchi boʻlib 1985-yil 14-noyabrdagi <i>Nature</i> jurnalining „C <sub>60</sub> : Buckminsterfullerene“ sonida C<sub>60</sub> kashf qilindi<sup id="cite_ref-C60_publication_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C60_publication-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ikkinchi maqolada <i>Amerika Kimyo Jamiyati jurnalida</i> (1985) „Spheroidal uglerod qobiqlarining lantan komplekslari“ da endohedral fullerenlarning kashfiyoti batafsil yoritilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Heath_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heath-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uchinchisi " <i>Journal of Physical Chemistry</i> " (1986) da „Katta uglerod klasterlarining reaktivligi: sferoid uglerod qobigʻi va ularning kuyik hosil boʻlishi va morfologiyasiga aloqadorligi“ da fullerenlar kashf etilganini eʼlon qildi<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nobel mukofoti uchun faqat uch kishi nomini olish mumkin boʻlsa-da, aspirantlar Jeyms R. Xit, Yuan Liu va Shon C. OʻBrayen ishda ishtirok etishdi. Smalley Nobel maʼruzasida Xit va OʻBrayenni eslatib oʻtdi. Xit <a href="/wiki/California_texnologiya_instituti" class="mw-redirect" title="California texnologiya instituti">Kaliforniya Texnologiya Institutida</a> (Kaltek) professor boʻldi va OʻBrayen Texas Instruments kompaniyasiga qoʻshildi va hozir MEMtronics’da. Yuan Liu Oak Ridge milliy laboratoriyasining katta ilmiy xodimi<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ushbu tadqiqot <a href="/wiki/Fullerenlar" title="Fullerenlar">fulleren</a> sifatida maʼlum boʻlgan uglerodning yangi allotropini kashf qilish uchun muhim ahamiyatga ega. Uglerodning boshqa allotroplari orasida <a href="/wiki/Grafit" title="Grafit">grafit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmos" title="Olmos">olmos</a> va <a href="/wiki/Grafen" title="Grafen">grafen</a> mavjud. Garri Krotoning 1985-yilda JR Heath, SC OʻBrien, RF Curl va RE Smalley hamkasblari bilan chop etilgan „C60: Buckminsterfullerine“ nomli maqolasi Amerika Kimyo Jamiyatining Kimyo tarixi boʻlimining Kimyoviy yutuqlar uchun mukofoti bilan taqdirlangan., 2015-yilda Rays universitetiga taqdim etilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Award_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fullerenlarning kashfiyoti 2010-yilda Amerika Kimyo Jamiyati tomonidan Xyustondagi Rays universiteti qoshidagi Richard E. Smolli nomidagi Nano oʻlchovli fan va texnologiya instituti tomonidan Milliy tarixiy kimyoviy yoʻnalish belgisi sifatida tan olingan<sup id="cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemLandmark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nanotexnologiya">Nanotexnologiya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nanotexnologiya" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Nanotexnologiya"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Muqobil fulleren birikmalarini hosil qilish boʻyicha qariyb oʻn yillik tadqiqotlardan soʻng (masalan C<sub>28</sub>, C<sub>70</sub>), shuningdek, endohedral metallofullerenlarning sintezi (M@C <sub>60</sub>), uglerod nanotube tuzilmalarini aniqlash haqidagi hisobotlar Smalleyni ularning temir katalizlangan sintezini tekshirishni boshlashiga olib keldi<sup id="cite_ref-Ghosh_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Ushbu tadqiqot natijasida Smalley oʻsha paytdagi prezident Malkolm Gillis boshchiligidagi Rays universiteti maʼmuriyatini molekulyar nanotexnologiyaning har qanday jihatiga eʼtibor qaratuvchi Raysning Nano oʻlchamdagi fan va texnologiya markazini (CNST) yaratishga koʻndira oldi<sup id="cite_ref-Death_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boyd_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyd-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Almond_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Almond-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. 2005-yilda Smolli vafotidan keyin u The Richard E. Smalley Nanoscale Science and Technology instituti nomini oldi<sup id="cite_ref-InterNano_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InterNano-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> va shundan beri Rays kvant instituti bilan birlashtirilib, 2015-yilda Smalley-Curl institutiga (SCI) aylandi<sup id="cite_ref-Smalley-Curl_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smalley-Curl-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smalleyning soʻnggi tadqiqotlari uglerod nanotubalariga qaratilgan boʻlib, ayniqsa nanotubka tadqiqotlarining <a href="/wiki/Birikish_reaksiyasi" title="Birikish reaksiyasi">kimyoviy sintez</a> tomoniga eʼtibor qaratgan. U oʻz guruhi tomonidan yuqori sifatli nanotubalarning katta partiyalarini ishlab chiqarishning yuqori bosimli <a href="/wiki/Is_gazi" title="Is gazi">uglerod oksidi</a> (HiPco) usulini ixtiro qilgani bilan mashhur.<sup id="cite_ref-Harris_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smalley oʻz ishini Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc kompaniyasiga va u bilan bogʻliq <a href="/wiki/Nanotexnologiya" title="Nanotexnologiya">nanotexnologiyalarga</a> aylantirdi<sup id="cite_ref-Sparks_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sparks-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smalley va uning laboratoriyasi umrining oxirigacha taxminan 10 yil davomida faqat shu sohada ishladi va boshqa hech narsa yoʻq. Uning tadqiqot laboratoriyasi „Agar u naychalar boʻlmasa, biz buni qilmaymiz“ shiorini gʻurur bilan olib bordi<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Molekulyar_assemblerlar_boʻyicha_bahs"><span id="Molekulyar_assemblerlar_bo.CA.BByicha_bahs"></span>Molekulyar assemblerlar boʻyicha bahs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Molekulyar assemblerlar boʻyicha bahs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Molekulyar assemblerlar boʻyicha bahs"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U K. Erik Drexler tomonidan qoʻllab-quvvatlanganidek, molekulyar assemblerlar gʻoyasiga ochiq skeptik edi. Uning „yogʻli barmoqlar muammosi“ va „yopishqoq barmoqlar muammosi“ deb atagan asosiy ilmiy eʼtirozlari molekulyar assemblerlarning alohida atomlarni aniq tanlash va joylashtirish imkoniyatiga qarshi edi. Shuningdek, u Drekslerning molekulyar yigʻuvchilarning apokaliptik xavfi haqidagi taxminlari nanotexnologiyalar rivojlanishini jamoatchilik tomonidan qoʻllab-quvvatlashga tahdid soladi, deb hisobladi<sup id="cite_ref-Ford_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ford-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U <i>Drexler</i> bilan maktublar almashinuvida bahslashdi<sup id="cite_ref-Baum_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baum-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advokatlik">Advokatlik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Advokatlik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Advokatlik"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1990-yillarning oxiridan boshlab, Smalley arzon, toza energiyaga ehtiyojni himoya qildi, uni XXI asrda insoniyat oldida turgan birinchi raqamli muammo deb taʼrifladi. U „Teravatt muammosi“ deb atagan narsani, „bizning energiya ishlab chiqarishimizni kamida ikki marta, umumiy kelishilgan raqamni, albatta, asrning oʻrtalarida, lekin afzalroq) oshirishga qodir boʻlgan yangi energiya manbasini ishlab chiqish zarurligini tasvirlab berdi. bundan oldin.“<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Norris_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norris-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Shuningdek, u „Keyingi 50 yil davomida insoniyatning eng yaxshi oʻnta muammosi“ roʻyxatini taqdim etdi<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Uning roʻyxatini 2004-yilda BMTning Yuqori darajadagi tahdidlar paneli tomonidan tuzilgan oʻnta tahdid bilan ustuvorlik tartibida solishtirish qiziqarli boʻlishi mumkin. Smalley roʻyxati, ustuvorlik tartibida: </p> <ol><li>Energiya</li> <li>Suv</li> <li>Ovqat</li> <li>Atrof-muhit</li> <li>Qashshoqlik</li> <li>Terrorizm va urush</li> <li>Kasallik</li> <li>Taʼlim</li> <li>Demokratiya</li> <li>Aholi<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Smalley bir nechta muammolarni oʻzaro bogʻliq deb hisobladi: <a href="/wiki/Fan" title="Fan">fan</a> va <a href="/wiki/Muhandislik" title="Muhandislik">muhandislik</a> sohalariga odamlarning etishmasligi, <a href="/wiki/Qazib_olinadigan_yoqilg%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Qazib olinadigan yoqilg'i">qazib olinadigan yoqilgʻiga</a> muqobil ehtiyoj va global isishni hal qilish zarurati<sup id="cite_ref-Terawatt_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. U ilm-fan taʼlimini yaxshilash muhim deb hisobladi va yosh talabalarni ilm-fan sohasida oʻylashga undashga harakat qildi. Uning bu harakat uchun shiori „Olim boʻl, dunyoni qutqar“ edi<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smalley 2003-yilda Milliy nanotexnologiya tashabbusining yetakchi himoyachisi edi<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimyoterapiya muolajalari natijasida soch toʻkilishi va zaiflikdan aziyat chekkan Smalley Kongress koʻrsatuvlari oldidan koʻrsatma berib, maqsadli saraton terapiyasini ishlab chiqishda nanotexnologiyaning potentsial foydalari haqida bahslashdi. 21-asrning nanotexnologiyalarni tadqiq etish va rivojlantirish toʻgʻrisidagi qonuni 189-sonli qonun loyihasi Senatga 2003-yil 16-yanvarda senator Ron Uayden tomonidan kiritilgan, 2003-yil 18-noyabrda Senat tomonidan qabul qilingan va ertasi kuni Vakillar palatasida 405-19 ovoz bilan qabul qilingan. ovoz berish. Prezident Jorj Bush 2003-yil 3-dekabrda 108-153-sonli ommaviy qonun sifatida qonunni imzoladi. Smalley ishtirok etishga taklif qilindi<sup id="cite_ref-Schottel_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schottel-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shaxsiy_hayoti">Shaxsiy hayoti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Shaxsiy hayoti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Shaxsiy hayoti"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Smalley toʻrt marta, Judit Greys Sampieri (1968—1978), Meri L. Chapieski (1980—1994), JoNell M. Shovin (1997—1998) va Debora Sheffild (2005) bilan turmush qurgan va Chad Richard Smalley ismli ikki oʻgʻli bor edi. (1969-yil 8-iyunda tugʻilgan) va Preston Rid Smalley (1997-yil 8-avgustda tugʻilgan)<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CV_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>1999-yilda Smalley saraton kasalligiga chalingan. Smalley 2005-yil 28-oktyabrda Xyustondagi MD Anderson saraton markazida 62 yoshida [1] leykemiyadan vafot etdi,<sup id="cite_ref-Lymphoma_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lymphoma-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hodgkin boʻlmagan limfoma<sup id="cite_ref-Service_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Service-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> va surunkali limfotsitar leykemiya<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turlicha xabar berilgan<sup id="cite_ref-Feder_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Smolli vafot etgandan soʻng, AQSh Senati Smollini „Nanotexnologiyaning otasi“ deb eʼtirof etish toʻgʻrisida qaror qabul qildi<sup id="cite_ref-Wasey_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wasey-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxirgi_yillarda_din">Oxirgi yillarda din</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Oxirgi yillarda din" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Oxirgi yillarda din"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Umid kollejida ilm-fan bilan bir qatorda dindan saboq olgan Smolli keyingi hayotida, ayniqsa saraton kasalligiga qarshi kurashayotgan soʻnggi yillarida oʻzining diniy asosini qayta kashf etdi<sup id="cite_ref-Alumni_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Umrining soʻnggi yilida Smalley shunday deb yozgan edi: „Men hech qachon toʻliq tushuna olmayman deb oʻylasam ham, hozir javob juda oddiy: bu haqiqat. Xudo koinotni taxminan 13,7 milliard yil oldin yaratgan va shu vaqtdan beri zarurat tufayli Oʻzini Oʻzining yaratilishiga jalb qilgan.“<sup id="cite_ref-Alumni_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Tuskegee universitetining 79-yillik stipendiya chaqiruvi/Ota-onalarning eʼtirofi dasturida u evolyutsiya mavzusiga oid quyidagi bayonotni keltirgan va oʻz tinglovchilarini sayyoradagi eng yuqori tur sifatidagi rolini jiddiy qabul qilishga chaqirgan. „ Ibtido toʻgʻri edi va yaratilish bor edi va bu Yaratuvchi hamon ishtirok etadi… Biz Yerni yoʻq qila oladigan yoki unga gʻamxoʻrlik qila oladigan va ushbu oʻziga xos sayyorada yashovchi barcha narsalarni boqadigan yagona turmiz. Men sizni bu narsalarni koʻrib chiqishga chaqiraman. Nima sababdan bu sayyora biz uchun maxsus qurilgan. Bu sayyorada ishlash mutlaq axloqiy koddir. . . . Keling, tashqariga chiqaylik va biz Yerda nima qilishimiz kerak boʻlsa, shuni qilaylik.“<sup id="cite_ref-Tuskegee_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuskegee-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eski Yer yaratuvchisi va <a href="/wiki/Astronom" title="Astronom">astronomi</a> Xyu Ross Smalleyning dafn marosimida nutq soʻzladi, 2005-yil 2-noyabr<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nashrlar">Nashrlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Nashrlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Nashrlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Smalley, RE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/527522-supersonic-bare-metal-cluster-beams-final-report">„Supersonik yalangʻoch metall klaster nurlari.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/527522-supersonic-bare-metal-cluster-beams-final-report">Yakuniy hisobot“</a>, Rays universiteti, Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Energetika Departamenti — Energiya tadqiqotlari idorasi, (1997-yil 14-oktyabr).</li> <li>Smalley, RE <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5545551-supersonic-metal-cluster-beams-technical-progress-report-march-april">„Supersonik yalangʻoch metall klaster nurlari.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/5545551-supersonic-metal-cluster-beams-technical-progress-report-march-april">Texnik taraqqiyot hisoboti, 1984-yil 16 mart — 1985-yil 1-aprel“</a>, Rays universiteti, Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari Energetika departamenti — Asosiy energiya fanlari boʻlimi, (1985-yil 1-yanvar).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Yutuqlar">Yutuqlar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Yutuqlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Yutuqlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hamkorlik">Hamkorlik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Hamkorlik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Hamkorlik"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Garold V. Dodds stipendiyasi, Prinston universiteti, 1973-yil</li> <li>Alfred P. Sloan Fellow, 1978-1980</li> <li>Amerika fizika jamiyati aʼzosi, 1987-yil</li> <li>Amerika fanni rivojlantirish assotsiatsiyasi aʼzosi, 2003-yil</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mukofotlar_va_mukofotlar">Mukofotlar va mukofotlar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Mukofotlar va mukofotlar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Mukofotlar va mukofotlar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kimyoviy fizika boʻyicha <a href="/wiki/Irving_Langmuir" title="Irving Langmuir">Irving Langmuir</a> mukofoti, Amerika fizika jamiyati, 1991-yil</li> <li>Ilm-fan va texnologiya boʻyicha mashhur ilmiy jurnalning katta mukofoti, 1991-yil</li> <li>Yangi materiallar uchun APS xalqaro mukofoti, 1992 (RF Curl & HW Kroto bilan birgalikda)</li> <li>Ernest O. Lourens xotira mukofoti, AQSh Energetika vazirligi, 1992-yil</li> <li>Kimyo boʻyicha Welch mukofoti, Robert A. Welch Foundation, 1992-yil</li> <li>Auburn-GM Kosolapoff mukofoti, Auburn boʻlimi, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 1992-yil</li> <li>Janubi-gʻarbiy mintaqaviy mukofot, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 1992-yil</li> <li>Uilyam H. Nikols medali, Nyu-York boʻlimi, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 1993-yil</li> <li>Jon Skott mukofoti, Filadelfiya shahri, 1993 yil</li> <li>Hewlett-Packard Evrofizika mukofoti, Yevropa fizika jamiyati, 1994 (Volfgang Kraetschmer, Don Huffman va Garold Kroto bilan)</li> <li>Harrison Xou mukofoti, Rochester boʻlimi, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 1994-yil</li> <li>Madison Marshall mukofoti, Shimoliy Alabama boʻlimi, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 1995-yil</li> <li>Franklin medali, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_instituti" title="Franklin instituti">Franklin instituti</a>, 1996<sup id="cite_ref-Franklin_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimyo_bo%CA%BByicha_Nobel_mukofoti" title="Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti">Kimyo boʻyicha Nobel mukofoti,</a> <a href="/wiki/Shvetsiya_qirollik_fanlar_akademiyasi" title="Shvetsiya qirollik fanlar akademiyasi">Shvetsiya Qirollik Fanlar Akademiyasi</a>, 1996-yil</li> <li>Harbiy-dengiz kuchlari boʻlimining davlat xizmatidagi faxriy mukofoti, 1997-yil</li> <li>Amerika uglerod jamiyati medali, 1997-yil</li> <li>75 ta taniqli ishtirokchilar, kimyo va muhandislik yangiliklari, 1998-yil</li> <li>Hayot boʻyi muvaffaqiyat mukofoti, Small Times jurnali, 2003-yil</li> <li>Glenn T. Seaborg medali, <a href="/wiki/Los-Anjelesdagi_Kaliforniya_universiteti" title="Los-Anjelesdagi Kaliforniya universiteti">Los-Anjelesdagi Kaliforniya universiteti</a>, 2002-yil</li> <li>Hurmatli bitiruvchilar mukofoti, Hope kolleji, 2005-yil</li> <li>50-yillik Visioner mukofoti, <a href="/wiki/Optika_va_fotonika_jamiyati" title="Optika va fotonika jamiyati">SPIE</a> — Xalqaro optik muhandislik jamiyati, 2005-yil</li> <li>Milliy tarixiy kimyoviy diqqatga sazovor joy, Amerika kimyo jamiyati, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChemLandmark-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kimyoviy yutuqlar mukofoti uchun iqtibos, Kimyo tarixi boʻlimi, Amerika Kimyo Jamiyati, 2015<sup id="cite_ref-Award_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Award-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Breakthrough-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maʼlumotnomalar"><span id="Ma.CA.BClumotnomalar"></span>Maʼlumotnomalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Maʼlumotnomalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Maʼlumotnomalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3605845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Legacy.com-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Legacy.com_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/houstonchronicle/obituary.aspx?n=richard-errett-smalley&pid=15564204">„Dr. Richard Errett Smalley“</a></span>. <i>Legacy.com</i>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feder-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-0">2,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-1">2,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-2">2,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-3">2,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Feder_2-4">2,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Feder, Barnaby J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/29/science/richard-e-smalley-62-dies-chemistry-nobel-winner.html">„Richard E. Smalley, 62, Dies; Chemistry Nobel Winner“</a>. <i>The New York Times</i> (29-oktabr 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NobelBio-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-NobelBio_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/chemistry/laureates/1996/smalley-bio.html">„Richard E. Smalley - Biographical“</a></span>. <i>Nobelprize.org</i>. Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hafner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hafner_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r5263675">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFHafner" class="citation magazine cs1">Hafner, Jason H. (2006-yil may). „Obituary: Richard Errett Smalley“. <i>Physics Today</i>. 59-jild, № 5. 71–72-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PhT....59e..71H">2006PhT....59e..71H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2216973">10.1063/1.2216973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Richard+Errett+Smalley&rft.chron=2006-yil+may&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=71-72&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2216973&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PhT....59e..71H&rft.aulast=Hafner&rft.aufirst=Jason+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSmalley1974">Smalley, Richard Errett<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/1639967">The lower electronic states of 1,3,5 (sym)-triazine</a></i> (inglizcha), 1974.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lower+electronic+states+of+1%2C3%2C5+%28sym%29-triazine&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Richard+Errett&rft.date=1974 &rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.princeton.edu%2Fcatalog%2F1639967"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hargittai-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hargittai_6-1">6,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHargittai2000">Hargittai, István<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_u3CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA363">Candid science</a></i>. London: Imperial College Press, 2000 — 363–373-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-86094-151-1" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-86094-151-1">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-86094-151-1</span></a>. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 18-iyul.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candid+science&rft.aulast=Hargittai&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.place=London&rft.pages=363%E2%80%93373 &rft.isbn=978-1-86094-151-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_u3CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA363"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Franklin-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-0">7,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-1">7,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Franklin_7-2">7,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fi.edu/laureates/richard-e-smalley">„Richard E. Smalley“</a></span>. <i>Franklin Institute</i> (15-yanvar 2014-yil). Qaraldi: 19-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFEdwards2006">Edwards, Steven A.<i>. The Nanotech Pioneers: Where Are They Taking Us?</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, 2006 — 64–66-bet.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nanotech+Pioneers%3A+Where+Are+They+Taking+Us%3F&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Steven+A.&rft.date=2006&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pages=64%E2%80%9366"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/14078.html">„Richard E. Smalley“</a></span>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i>. Qaraldi: 22-aprel 2022-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFBuntrock" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Buntrock, Robert E. (21-sentabr 1998-yil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ci9804239">„The Most Beautiful Molecule. The Discovery of the Buckyball. By Hugh Aldersey-Williams. John Wiley & Sons: NY 1995. 340 pp. incl. index. ISBN 0-471-19333-X (Paper) Price: 126.95“</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences</i> (inglizcha). 38-jild, № 5. 939–940-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fci9804239">10.1021/ci9804239</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0095-2338">0095-2338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Information+and+Computer+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+Most+Beautiful+Molecule.+The+Discovery+of+the+Buckyball.+By+Hugh+Aldersey-Williams.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons%3A+NY+1995.+340+pp.+incl.+index.+ISBN+0-471-19333-X+%28Paper%29+Price%3A+126.95.&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=939-940&rft.date=1998-09-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fci9804239&rft.issn=0095-2338&rft.aulast=Buntrock&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fci9804239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C60_publication-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-C60_publication_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFKrotoHeathO'BrienCurl" class="citation magazine cs1">Kroto, H. W.; Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Curl, R. F.; Smalley, R. E. (14-noyabr 1985-yil). „C60: Buckminsterfullerene“. <i>Nature</i>. 318-jild, № 6042. 162–163-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.318..162K">1985Natur.318..162K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F318162a0">10.1038/318162a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=C60%3A+Buckminsterfullerene&rft.volume=318&rft.issue=6042&rft.pages=162-163&rft.date=1985-11-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F318162a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.318..162K&rft.aulast=Kroto&rft.aufirst=H.+W.&rft.au=Heath%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Curl%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Smalley%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heath-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Heath_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFHeathO'BrienZhangLiu" class="citation magazine cs1">Heath, J. R.; O'Brien, S. C.; Zhang, Q.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_K._Tittel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank K. Tittel (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Tittel, F. K.</a>; Smalley, R. E. (1985-yil dekabr). „Lanthanum complexes of spheroidal carbon shells“. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. 107-jild, № 25. 7779–7780-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00311a102">10.1021/ja00311a102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Lanthanum+complexes+of+spheroidal+carbon+shells&rft.chron=1985-yil+dekabr&rft.volume=107&rft.issue=25&rft.pages=7779-7780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja00311a102&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Q.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y.&rft.au=Curl%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Tittel%2C+F.+K.&rft.au=Smalley%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Zhang_13-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangO'BrienHeathLiu" class="citation magazine cs1">Zhang, Q. L.; O'Brien, S. C.; Heath, J. R.; Liu, Y.; Curl, R. F.; Kroto, H. W.; Smalley, R. E. (1986-yil fevral). „Reactivity of large carbon clusters: spheroidal carbon shells and their possible relevance to the formation and morphology of soot“. <i>The Journal of Physical Chemistry</i>. 90-jild, № 4. 525–528-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fj100276a001">10.1021/j100276a001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Physical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Reactivity+of+large+carbon+clusters%3A+spheroidal+carbon+shells+and+their+possible+relevance+to+the+formation+and+morphology+of+soot&rft.chron=1986-yil+fevral&rft.volume=90&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=525-528&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fj100276a001&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Q.+L.&rft.au=O%27Brien%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Heath%2C+J.+R.&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y.&rft.au=Curl%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=Kroto%2C+H.+W.&rft.au=Smalley%2C+R.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549395/Richard-E-Smalley">"Richard E. Smalley"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549395/Richard-E-Smalley">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/549395/Richard-E-Smalley</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Richard+E.+Smalley&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F549395%2FRichard-E-Smalley&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Richard_Smalley"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Award-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Award_15-0">15,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Award_15-1">15,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/CCB-2015_Awardees.php">„2015 Awardees“</a></span>. <i>American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry</i>.  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences (2015). 2016-yil 21-iyunda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621153928/http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/CCB-2015_Awardees.php">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 1-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breakthrough-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-0">16,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Breakthrough_16-1">16,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scs.illinois.edu/~mainzv/HIST/awards/Citations/2015-Kroto%20plaque.pdf">„Citation for Chemical Breakthrough Award“</a></span>. <i>American Chemical Society, Division of the History of Chemistry</i>.  University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign School of Chemical Sciences (2015). Qaraldi: 1-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChemLandmark-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ChemLandmark_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/fullerenes.html">„Discovery of Fullerenes National Historic Chemical Landmark“</a></span>. <i>American Chemical Society</i>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFGhosh2009">Ghosh, Pallab<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5j3jt06Fcs8C&pg=PA410">Colloid and interface science.</a></i>. [S.l.]: Phi Learning, 2009 — 410-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-81-203-3857-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-81-203-3857-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-81-203-3857-9</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colloid+and+interface+science.&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=Pallab&rft.date=2009&rft.pub=Phi+Learning&rft.place=%5BS.l.%5D&rft.pages=410 &rft.isbn=978-81-203-3857-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5j3jt06Fcs8C%26pg%3DPA410"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Death_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Boyd, Jade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rice.edu/2005/10/28/nanotech-pioneer-nobel-laureate-richard-smalley-dead-at-62/">„Nanotech pioneer, Nobel laureate Richard Smalley dead at 62“</a>. <i>Rice University News and Media</i> (28-oktabr 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyd-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyd_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Boyd, Jade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rice.edu/2005/11/03/rice-remembers-nobel-laureate-richard-smalley/">„Rice remembers Nobel laureate Richard Smalley“</a>. <i>Rice University News and Media</i> (3-noyabr 2005-yil). 2017-yil 18-aprelda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170418204537/http://news.rice.edu/2005/11/03/rice-remembers-nobel-laureate-richard-smalley/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Almond-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Almond_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Almond, B. J.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rice.edu/2015/10/04/malcolm-gillis-rices-sixth-president-dies-of-cancer/">„In memoriam: President Emeritus Malcolm Gillis“</a>. <i>Rice University News and Media</i> (4-oktabr 2015-yil). 2015-yil 7-noyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107111033/http://news.rice.edu/2015/10/04/malcolm-gillis-rices-sixth-president-dies-of-cancer/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-InterNano-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-InterNano_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.internano.org/node/1522">„The Richard E. Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology“</a>. <i>InterNano</i>. 2022-yil 1-iyulda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701190358/http://internano.org/node/1522">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smalley-Curl-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Smalley-Curl_23-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Boyd, Jade. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.rice.edu/2015/05/22/rice-merges-two-institutes-to-form-smalley-curl-institute/">„Rice merges two institutes to form Smalley-Curl Institute“</a>. <i>Rice University News and Media</i> (22-may 2015-yil). 2020-yil 1-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001053056/http://news.rice.edu/2015/05/22/rice-merges-two-institutes-to-form-smalley-curl-institute/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Harris_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFHarris2001">Harris, Peter J. F.<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UfBXDPdrAjUC&pg=PA40">Carbon nanotubes and related structures : new materials for the twenty-first century</a></i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-521-00533-3" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-0-521-00533-3">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-0-521-00533-3</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carbon+nanotubes+and+related+structures+%3A+new+materials+for+the+twenty-first+century&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Peter+J.+F.&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.place=Cambridge &rft.isbn=978-0-521-00533-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUfBXDPdrAjUC%26pg%3DPA40"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_25-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFSparks2012">Sparks, Sherron<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2G_RBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Nanotechnology : business applications and commercialization</a></i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2012 — 1–2-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4398-4521-9" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-4398-4521-9">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-4398-4521-9</span></a>. Qaraldi: 2016-yil 18-iyul.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nanotechnology+%3A+business+applications+and+commercialization&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Sherron&rft.date=2012&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pages=1%E2%80%932 &rft.isbn=978-1-4398-4521-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2G_RBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFHalford" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halford, Bethany (9-oktabr 2006-yil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013">„THE WORLD ACCORDING TO RICK: Richard Smalley left his mark on science by laying the foundation for nanotechnology as we know it, then he tried to save the world“</a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News Archive</i> (inglizcha). 84-jild, № 41. 13–19-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v084n041.p013">10.1021/cen-v084n041.p013</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2347">0009-2347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News+Archive&rft.atitle=THE+WORLD+ACCORDING+TO+RICK%3A+Richard+Smalley+left+his+mark+on+science+by+laying+the+foundation+for+nanotechnology+as+we+know+it%2C+then+he+tried+to+save+the+world&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=13-19&rft.date=2006-10-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v084n041.p013&rft.issn=0009-2347&rft.aulast=Halford&rft.aufirst=Bethany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v084n041.p013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ford-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ford_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" id="CITEREFFord2015">Ford, Martin<i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hB1fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT168">Rise of the Robots: Technology and the Threat of a Jobless Future</a></i>. Oneworld Publications, 2015 — 240–241-bet. <a href="/wiki/Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-78074-750-7" title="Maxsus:BookSources/978-1-78074-750-7">ISBN <span style="white-space: nowrap;">978-1-78074-750-7</span></a>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rise+of+the+Robots%3A+Technology+and+the+Threat+of+a+Jobless+Future&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=2015&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.pages=240%E2%80%93241 &rft.isbn=978-1-78074-750-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhB1fCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT168"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Baum_28-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFBaum" class="citation magazine cs1">Baum, Rudy (1-dekabr 2003-yil). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/cen/coverstory/8148/8148counterpoint.html">„Nanotechnology: Drexler and Smalley make the case for and against 'molecular assemblers'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>“</a>. <i>Chemical & Engineering News</i>. 81-jild, № 48. 37–42-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcen-v081n048.p037">10.1021/cen-v081n048.p037</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Qaraldi: <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+%26+Engineering+News&rft.atitle=Nanotechnology%3A+Drexler+and+Smalley+make+the+case+for+and+against+%27molecular+assemblers%27&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=48&rft.pages=37-42&rft.date=2003-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fcen-v081n048.p037&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Rudy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fcen%2Fcoverstory%2F8148%2F8148counterpoint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: date format ()</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Terawatt-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Terawatt_29-0">29,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Terawatt_29-1">29,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Terawatt_29-2">29,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Terawatt_29-3">29,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFSmalley2005" class="citation magazine cs1">Smalley, Richard E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohesion.rice.edu/NaturalSciences/Smalley/emplibrary/120204%20MRS%20Boston.pdf">„Future Global Energy Prosperity: The Terawatt Challenge“</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>MRS Bulletin</i>. 30-jild, № JUNE. 412–417-bet. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1557%2Fmrs2005.124">10.1557/mrs2005.124</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Qaraldi: <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MRS+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Future+Global+Energy+Prosperity%3A+The+Terawatt+Challenge&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=JUNE&rft.pages=412-417&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1557%2Fmrs2005.124&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Richard+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcohesion.rice.edu%2FNaturalSciences%2FSmalley%2Femplibrary%2F120204%2520MRS%2520Boston.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norris-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Norris_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Norris, Teryn; Jenkins, Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/teryn-norris/want-to-save-the-world-ma_b_173482.html">„Want to Save the World? Make Clean Energy Cheap.“</a>. <i>The Huffington Post</i> (10-mart 2009-yil). Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Top Ten Problems of Humanity for Next 50 Years", Professor R. E. Smalley, Energy & NanoTechnology Conference, Rice University, May 3, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r5263675" /><cite id="CITEREFNelsonStrano" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donna_Nelson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donna Nelson (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Nelson, Donna J.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Strano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Strano (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Strano, Michael</a> (2006-yil noyabr). „Richard Smalley: Saving the world with nanotechnology“. <i>Nature Nanotechnology</i>. 1-jild, № 2. 96–97-bet. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibcode&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bibcode (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006NatNa...1...96N">2006NatNa...1...96N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnnano.2006.113">10.1038/nnano.2006.113</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=PMID&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PMID (sahifa yaratilmagan)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18654156">18654156</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Nanotechnology&rft.atitle=Richard+Smalley%3A+Saving+the+world+with+nanotechnology&rft.chron=2006-yil+noyabr&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=96-97&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18654156&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnnano.2006.113&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006NatNa...1...96N&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Donna+J.&rft.au=Strano%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fuz.wikipedia.org%3ARichard+Smalley" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Andoza:Cite_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Andoza:Cite magazine">cite magazine</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">sana kiritilishi kerak boʻlgan parametrga berilgan qiymatni tekshirish lozim: <code class="cs1-code">|date=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Yordam:MU1_xatolari#bad_date" title="Yordam:MU1 xatolari">yordam</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Adams_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Adams, W Wade; Baughman, Ray H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1122120">„Retrospective: Richard E. Smalley (1943—2005)“</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Science_(jurnal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Science (jurnal) (sahifa yaratilmagan)">Science</a></i> (2005), s. 1916.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schottel-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Schottel_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Schottel.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Schottel-and-Karn-web-1.pdf">„The National Nanotechnology Initiative Approach to Environment, Health, and Safety: A Model for Future Science Investments“</a></span>. <i>Society for History in the Federal Government</i> (2010). 2017-yil 10-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210153016/http://shfg.org/shfg/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Schottel-and-Karn-web-1.pdf">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 2022-yil 10-noyabr.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CV-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CV_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohesion.rice.edu/naturalsciences/smalley/smalley.cfm?doc_id=5111">„RICHARD E. SMALLEY Curriculum Vitae“</a></span>. <i>Rice University</i>. 2021-yil 30-oktyabrda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211030093131/https://cohesion.rice.edu/naturalsciences/smalley/smalley.cfm?doc_id=5111">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lymphoma-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Lymphoma_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lymphoma.org/atf/cf/%7Baaf3b4e5-2c43-404c-afe5-fd903c87b254%7D/UNDERSTANDING_CLLSLL_BOOKLET.PDF">„Understanding CLL/SLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma“</a></span>. <i>Lymphoma Research Foundation</i>. 2017-yil 10-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210152909/http://www.lymphoma.org/atf/cf/%7Baaf3b4e5-2c43-404c-afe5-fd903c87b254%7D/UNDERSTANDING_CLLSLL_BOOKLET.PDF">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Service-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Service_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Service, Robert F.. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/content/article/grandfather-nanotech-dies-62">„"Grandfather of Nanotech" Dies at 62“</a>. <i>Science</i> (31-oktabr 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Greenfieldboyce.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4983474">„'Buckyball' Nobel Laureate Richard Smalley Dies“</a></span>.  NPR (31-oktabr 2005-yil). Qaraldi: 12-may 2016-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wasey-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Wasey_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">Wasey, Adnaan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/richard_errett_smalley_father_of_nanotechnology_dies_at_62/">„Nobelist in chemistry for co-discovering fullerenes, Rice University Homecoming Queen“</a>. <i>SEEDMAGAZINE.COM</i> (18-iyul 2016-yil). 14-yanvar 2010-yilda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100114071809/http://seedmagazine.com/content/article/richard_errett_smalley_father_of_nanotechnology_dies_at_62/">arxivlangan</a>. Qaraldi: 18-iyul 2016-yil.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alumni-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alumni_40-0">40,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Alumni_40-1">40,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><i>Smalley.</i> <span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hope.edu/news/2005/10/29/remarks-by-richard-smalley-at-alumni-banquet.html">„Remarks by Richard Smalley at 2005 Alumni Banquet“</a></span> (29-oktabr 2005-yil). — „My short two years at Hope starting as a freshman in 1961 were immensely important to me. I went to chapel, studied religion, and attended church more than I had ever done before, and was with people who took to these issues seriously. I valued that greatly back then. Recently I have gone back to church regularly with a new focus to understand as best I can what it is that makes Christianity so vital and powerful in the lives of billions of people today, even though almost 2000 years have passed since the death and resurrection of Christ.“. Qaraldi: 15-dekabr 2017-yil.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tuskegee-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Tuskegee_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuskegee.edu/Articles/scholarship_convocation_speaker_challenges_scholars_to_serve_the_greater_good.aspx">„Scholarship Convocation Speaker Challenges Scholars to Serve the Greater Good“</a></span>. <i>Tuskegee University</i> (3-oktabr 2004-yil). 2017-yil 10-fevralda asl nusxadan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210153849/http://www.tuskegee.edu/Articles/scholarship_convocation_speaker_challenges_scholars_to_serve_the_greater_good.aspx">arxivlangan</a>.</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"><span class="citation"><span lang="aniqlanmagan"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmtour.com/media/smalley_funeral.mp3">„Funeral Service for Professor Richard Smalley - Speakers: James Tour, Hugh Ross and Ben Young, 2005-11-02, mp3 audio“</a></span>.</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Havolalar">Havolalar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Boʻlimni tahrirlash: Havolalar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>tahrir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Havolalar"><span>manbasini tahrirlash</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sci.rice.edu/">Smalley-Curl instituti</a> — Rays universiteti</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cohesion.rice.edu/naturalsciences/smalley/">Smalley Group — Rays universiteti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> saytida 2019-03-29 sanasida <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329004652/https://cohesion.rice.edu/naturalsciences/smalley/">arxivlangan</a>)</li> <li>Richard E. Smalley </img></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/science-july-dec03-hydrogen_10-20/">Intervyu: Nobel mukofoti sovrindori doktor Richard Smalley</a> – PBS Online NewsHour, „Yoqilgʻi kelajagi: vodorod yoqilgʻisi texnologiyasidagi yutuqlar“</li> <li>Energiya: Energy: the 50-year Plan (2007-yil 7-avgustda arxivlangan) – Chemistry.org</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""><pre>"<a dir="ltr" href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&oldid=5357635">https://uz.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_Smalley&oldid=5357635</a>" dan olindi </pre></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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