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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Islamic_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Pre-Islamic Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Islamic_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Islamic period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Present_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Present_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Present day</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Present_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronunciation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronunciation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pronunciation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronunciation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-As_a_loanword" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_loanword"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>As a loanword</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-As_a_loanword-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle As a loanword subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-As_a_loanword-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-English_and_other_European_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_and_other_European_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>English and other European languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_and_other_European_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysian_and_Indonesian_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysian_and_Indonesian_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Malaysian and Indonesian language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysian_and_Indonesian_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_flags_with_"Allah"_written_on_them" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_flags_with_"Allah"_written_on_them"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>National flags with "Allah" written on them</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_flags_with_"Allah"_written_on_them-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Typography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unicode" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unicode"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Unicode</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unicode-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_and_cited_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_and_cited_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>General and cited references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_and_cited_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Online</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Allah</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 139 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-139" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">139 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%8B%E1%88%85" title="አላህ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="አላህ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="الله (كلمة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الله (كلمة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="আল্লাহ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1" title="Alá – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Alá" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अल्लाह – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="अल्लाह" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Аллагь – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Аллагь" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9" title="আল্লাহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আল্লাহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Аллаһ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Аллаһ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Алах – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Алах" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Алаг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Алаг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्ला – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="अल्ला" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C2%B7l%C3%A0" title="Al·là – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Al·là" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C3%A1h" title="Alláh – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Alláh" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-l%C3%A2h" title="Al-lâh – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Al-lâh" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87_(%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A9)" title="الله (كلمة) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="الله (كلمة)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EF%B7%B2" title="ﷲ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ﷲ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Αλλάχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλλάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1" title="Alá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaho" title="Alaho – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alaho" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1" title="Alá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Alá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80" title="АллахӀ – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="АллахӀ" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%85%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B9" title="અલ્લાહ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="અલ્લાહ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%8C%EB%9D%BC" title="알라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="알라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B0" title="Ալլահ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալլահ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9" title="अल्लाह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अल्लाह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alah" title="Alah – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Alah" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אללה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אללה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B9" title="ಅಲ್ಲಾಹ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಲ್ಲಾಹ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ალაჰი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალაჰი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="اللہ – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اللہ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Аллаһ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аллаһ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellah" title="Ellah – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ellah" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Аллагь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Аллагь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C4%81h" title="Allāh – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Allāh" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/All%C4%81hs" title="Allāhs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Allāhs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C" title="Аллагь – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Аллагь" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alachas" title="Alachas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Alachas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alah" title="Alah – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alah" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Алах – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Алах" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81" title="അല്ലാഹു – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അല്ലാഹു" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्ला – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अल्ला" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98" title="ალაჰი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ალაჰი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8D" title="ꯑꯜꯂꯥꯍ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯑꯜꯂꯥꯍ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B9%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9F%E1%80%BA" title="အလ္လာဟ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အလ္လာဟ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="अल्ला – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अल्ला" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D" title="अल्लाह् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अल्लाह्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%83%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95" title="アッラーフ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アッラーフ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85%D3%80" title="АллахӀ – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="АллахӀ" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloh" title="Alloh – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Alloh" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9" title="ਅੱਲਾਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅੱਲਾਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%A1%E1%9F%84%E1%9F%87" title="អល់ឡោះ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អល់ឡោះ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C3%A1" title="Alá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Аллаг – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Аллаг" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллаах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аллаах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8D" title="अल्लाह् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अल्लाह्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="اللہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اللہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8A" title="අල්ලාහ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අල්ලාහ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87" title="الله – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="الله" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alah" title="Alah – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alah" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alah" title="Alah – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Alah" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilaahay" title="Ilaahay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ilaahay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Алах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Алах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alah" title="Alah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Alah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloh" title="Alloh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Alloh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B9%E0%AF%8D" title="அல்லாஹ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அல்லாஹ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D2%BB" title="Аллаһ – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Аллаһ" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%8D" title="అల్లాహ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అల్లాహ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AE%E0%B9%8C" title="อัลลอฮ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อัลลอฮ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%B3" title="Аллоҳ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аллоҳ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alla" title="Alla – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Alla" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Аллах – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аллах" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%DB%81" title="اللہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اللہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%BE" title="ئاللاھ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئاللاھ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89" title="安拉 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="安拉" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89" title="阿拉 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="阿拉" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellah" title="Ellah – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ellah" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89" title="安拉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="安拉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allah" title="Allah – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Allah" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%80" title="ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵍⵍⴰⵀ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q234801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Arabic word for God</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Arabic word for God. For the Islamic conception of God, see <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Allah_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Allah (disambiguation)">Allah (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/220px-Allah3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/330px-Allah3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Allah3.svg/440px-Allah3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>The word 'Allah' in <i><a href="/wiki/Thuluth" title="Thuluth">thuluth</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">calligraphy</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Allah</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">A(H)L</span>-ə, ə-<span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span></i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ﷲ</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ar-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[ɑɫˈɫɑːh]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/98\/Ar-Allah.oga\/Ar-Allah.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ar-Allah.oga"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/98/Ar-Allah.oga/Ar-Allah.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ar-Allah.oga" title="File:Ar-Allah.oga">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>) is the Arabic word for <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/God_in_Abrahamic_religions" title="God in Abrahamic religions">God of Abraham</a>. Outside of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, it is principally associated with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">Islam</a>, but the term was used in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a> and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gardet-allah_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gardet-allah-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thought to be derived by contraction from <i><a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">al</a>-<a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">ilāh</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاله</span></span>, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the god</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) and is linguistically related to God's names in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ</span></span> <span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʼAlāhā</i></span>) and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> (<span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">אֱלוֹהַּ</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ʾĔlōah</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word "Allah" now implies the superiority or sole existence of <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">one God</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but among the pre-Islamic Arabs, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia#Role_of_Allah" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Allah was a supreme deity</a> and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> founded Islam, he used "Allah" to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">same unitary God</a> who met <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, according to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>. Many Jews, Christians, and <a href="/wiki/Early_Muslims" title="Early Muslims">early Muslims</a> used "Allah" and "al-ilah" interchangeably in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical Arabic</a>. The word is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼís</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Indonesia" title="Christianity in Indonesia">Indonesian Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malta" title="Christianity in Malta">Maltese Christians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Gagauz_people" title="Gagauz people">Gagauz people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is an Arabic word and has historically been used by Muslims and non-Muslims alike in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, the usage of "Allah" by non-Muslims has been controversial in non-Arab parts of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Malaysia" title="Islam in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, where it became illegal for non-Muslims to use "Allah" after the country experienced a social and political upheaval in the face of the word being used by <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Malaysian Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Malaysia" title="Sikhism in Malaysia">Sikhs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10-point_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10-point-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Component_letters_in_Allah.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Component_letters_in_Allah.svg/240px-Component_letters_in_Allah.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Component_letters_in_Allah.svg/360px-Component_letters_in_Allah.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Component_letters_in_Allah.svg/480px-Component_letters_in_Allah.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption> The Arabic components that make up the word "Allah": <div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph#Arabic" title="Aleph">alif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hamza#Hamzat_al-waṣl_(_ٱ_)" title="Hamza">hamzat waṣl</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">همزة وصل</span></span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Lām">lām</a></li><li>lām</li><li><a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda">shadda</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شدة</span></span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">alif khunjāriyah</a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ألف خنجرية</span></span>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/H%C4%81%CA%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="Hāʾ">hāʾ</a></li></ol></div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the word <i>Allāh</i> has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-Ilah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most considered it to be derived from a <a href="/wiki/Synalepha" title="Synalepha">contraction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_definite_article" title="Arabic definite article">Arabic definite article</a> <i>al-</i> and <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ilāh</i></span></i> "<a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a>, god" to <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-lāh</i></span></i> meaning "the deity, the God".<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-Ilah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, there is "the interchangeability of <i>al-ilāh</i> and <i>allāh</i> in early Arabic poetry even when composed by the Christian <a href="/wiki/Adi_ibn_Zayd" title="Adi ibn Zayd">ʿAdī ibn Zayd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of scholars accept this hypothesis. A minority hypothesis, seen with more skepticism, is that the term is a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a> <i>Alāhā</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grammarians of the <a href="/wiki/Hasan_of_Basra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan of Basra">Basra school</a> regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" (<i>murtajal</i>) or as the definite form of <i>lāh</i> (from the verbal root <i>lyh</i> with the meaning of "lofty" or "hidden").<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-Ilah-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of Allah as the name of a deity appears as early as the <a href="/wiki/First_century" class="mw-redirect" title="First century">first century</a>. An inscription using the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Ancient South Arabian script</a> in <a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic">Old Arabic</a> from <a href="/wiki/Qaryat_al-F%C4%81w" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaryat al-Fāw">Qaryat al-Fāw</a> reads, "to Kahl and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">lh</span> and ʿAththar (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">b-khl w-lh w-ʿṯr</span>)".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">Cognates</a> of the name "Allāh" exist in other <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic language">Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The corresponding <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> form is <i>ʼElāh</i> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אלה</span></span>), but its emphatic state is <i><span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʼElāhā</i></span></i> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language text"><span lang="arc" dir="rtl">אלהא</span></span>). It is written as <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܠܗܐ</span></span> (<span title="Imperial Aramaic (700-300 BCE)-language romanization"><i lang="arc-Latn">ʼĔlāhā</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Aramaic" title="Biblical Aramaic">Biblical Aramaic</a> and <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ</span></span> (<span title="Classical Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syc-Latn">ʼAlāhā</i></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, both meaning simply "God".<sup id="cite_ref-cal_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cal-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unusual Syriac form is likely an imitation of the Arabic.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_usage">History of usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Islamic_Arabia">Pre-Islamic Arabia</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:150%;white-space:normal;">Deities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_deities" title="Ancient Egyptian deities">Ancient Egyptian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apis_(deity)" title="Apis (deity)">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchis" title="Buchis">Buchis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geb" title="Geb">Geb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horus" title="Horus">Horus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montu" title="Montu">Montu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephthys" title="Nephthys">Nephthys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(goddess)" title="Nut (goddess)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osiris" title="Osiris">Osiris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qetesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra" title="Ra">Ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(deity)" title="Set (deity)">Set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shu_(Egyptian_god)" title="Shu (Egyptian god)">Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnut" title="Tefnut">Tefnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thoth" title="Thoth">Thoth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-Islamic_Arabian_deities" title="List of pre-Islamic Arabian deities">Arabian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_Dhul_Khalasa" title="Demolition of Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gad_(deity)" title="Gad (deity)">Gad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manat_(goddess)" title="Manat (goddess)">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(deity)" title="Nasr (deity)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yagh%C5%ABth" title="Yaghūth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ebla#Religion" title="Ebla">Eblaite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamma_(goddess)" title="Adamma (goddess)">Adamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadabal" title="Hadabal">Hadabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Hadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAalabatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḫalabatu">Ḫalabatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kura_(deity)" title="Kura (deity)">Kura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkarrak" title="Ninkarrak">Ninkarrak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saggar_(god)" title="Saggar (god)">Saggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elam#Religion" title="Elam">Elamite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humban" title="Humban">Humban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshushinak" title="Inshushinak">Inshushinak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishmekarab" title="Ishmekarab">Ishmekarab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabru" title="Jabru">Jabru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiririsha" title="Kiririsha">Kiririsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagamal" title="Lagamal">Lagamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manzat_(goddess)" title="Manzat (goddess)">Manzat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahhunte" title="Nahhunte">Nahhunte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narundi" title="Narundi">Narundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napir" title="Napir">Napir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napirisha" title="Napirisha">Napirisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir" title="Pinikir">Pinikir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhurater" title="Ruhurater">Ruhurater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simut_(god)" title="Simut (god)">Simut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hurrian_deities" title="List of Hurrian deities">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allani" title="Allani">Allani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1tabi" title="Aštabi">Aštabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Hayya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%AAepat" title="Ḫepat">Ḫepat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutena_and_Hutellura" title="Hutena and Hutellura">Hutena and Hutellura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABara" title="Išḫara">Išḫara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubaba_(goddess)" title="Kubaba (goddess)">Kubaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumarbi" title="Kumarbi">Kumarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku%C5%A1u%E1%B8%AB" title="Kušuḫ">Kušuḫ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lelluri" title="Lelluri">Lelluri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitanni" title="Mitanni">Mitanni</a> dynastic deities (<a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitra" title="Mitra">Mitra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabarbi" title="Nabarbi">Nabarbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninatta_and_Kulitta" title="Ninatta and Kulitta">Ninatta and Kulitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupatik" title="Nupatik">Nupatik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinikir#In_Syria_and_Anatolia" title="Pinikir">Pirengir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalash" title="Shalash">Shalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0arruma" title="Šarruma">Šarruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0au%C5%A1ka" title="Šauška">Šauška</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0imige" title="Šimige">Šimige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0uwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Šuwala">Šuwala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takitu" title="Takitu">Takitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%A1mi%C5%A1u" title="Tašmišu">Tašmišu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshub" title="Teshub">Teshub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilla_(deity)" title="Tilla (deity)">Tilla</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)">Levantine<br />(<a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion#Beliefs" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ugaritic_deities" title="List of Ugaritic deities">Ugaritic</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adonis" title="Adonis">Adonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anat" title="Anat">Anat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsay" title="Arsay">Arsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashima" title="Ashima">Ashima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atargatis" title="Atargatis">Atargatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BFA%E1%B9%AFtar" title="ʿAṯtar">ʿAṯtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Baʿal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_Hammon" title="Baal Hammon">Baʿal Ḥammon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marqod" class="mw-redirect" title="Marqod">Baʿal Marqod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal-zephon" title="Baal-zephon">Baʿal Ṣapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baʿalshamem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalat_Gebal" title="Baalat Gebal">Baʿalat Gebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemosh" title="Chemosh">Chemosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eshmun" title="Eshmun">Eshmun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Haddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotharat" title="Kotharat">Kotharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kothar-wa-Khasis" title="Kothar-wa-Khasis">Kothar-wa-Khasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melqart" title="Melqart">Melqart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcom" title="Milcom">Milcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misor" title="Misor">Misor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot_(god)" title="Mot (god)">Mot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikkal" title="Nikkal">Nikkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qetesh" title="Qetesh">Qedesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qos_(deity)" title="Qos (deity)">Qos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resheph" title="Resheph">Resheph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakkun" title="Sakkun">Sakkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadrafa" title="Shadrafa">Shadrafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahar_(god)" title="Shahar (god)">Shahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalim" title="Shalim">Shalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapshu" title="Shapshu">Shapshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydyk" title="Sydyk">Sydyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanit" title="Tanit">Tanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarikh" title="Yarikh">Yarikh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="font-size:115%; border-top: #aaa 1px solid; text-align: left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mesopotamian_deities" title="List of Mesopotamian deities">Mesopotamian</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad/Ishkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amurru_(god)" title="Amurru (god)">Amurru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An/Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asarluhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aya_(goddess)" title="Aya (goddess)">Aya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belet_Nagar" title="Belet Nagar">Belet Nagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enki" title="Enki">Enki/Ea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ishtar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtar">Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%A1taran" title="Ištaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manungal" title="Manungal">Manungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shala" title="Shala">Shala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0umugan" title="Šumugan">Šumugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninisina" title="Ninisina">Ninisina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabilsa%C4%9D" title="Pabilsaĝ">Pabilsag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papsukkal" title="Papsukkal">Papsukkal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebitti" title="Sebitti">Sebitti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tishpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wer_(god)" title="Wer (god)">Wer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zababa" title="Zababa">Zababa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_deities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern deities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Regional variants of the word <i>Allah</i> occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Hodgson" title="Marshall Hodgson">Marshall Hodgson</a>, it seems that in the pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a>, a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Syriac word <span title="Classical Syriac-language text"><span lang="syc" dir="rtl">ܐܠܗܐ</span></span> (<span title="Syriac-language romanization"><i lang="syr-Latn">ʼĔlāhā</i></span>) can be found in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as reported by antique Syriac documents of the names of those martyrs from the era of the <a href="/wiki/Himyarite" class="mw-redirect" title="Himyarite">Himyarite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aksumite" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksumite">Aksumite</a> kingdoms<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated back to 512, references to al-ilah (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاله</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-Kugener_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugener-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic. The inscription starts with the statement "By the Help of al-ilah".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic</a> inscriptions and tombs made by <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> in the ruins of a church at <a href="/wiki/Umm_el-Jimal" title="Umm el-Jimal">Umm el-Jimal</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, which initially, according to <a href="/wiki/Enno_Littmann" title="Enno Littmann">Enno Littmann</a> (1949), contained references to <i>Allah</i> as the proper name of God. However, on a second revision by Bellamy et al. (1985 & 1988) the five-verse inscription was retranslated: "(1)This [inscription] was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh, (2) son of ʿUbaydah, secretary (3) of the cohort Augusta Secunda (4) Philadelphiana; may he go mad who (5) effaces it."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irfan_Shah%C3%AEd" title="Irfan Shahîd">Irfan Shahîd</a> quoting the 10th-century encyclopedic collection <a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani">Kitab al-Aghani</a> notes that pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry "<i>Ya La Ibad Allah</i>" (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Shahid, on the authority of 10th-century Muslim scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Marzubani" title="Al-Marzubani">Al-Marzubani</a>, "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some <a href="/wiki/Ghassanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghassanid">Ghassanid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanukhids" title="Tanukhids">Tanukhid</a> poets in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and Northern <a href="/wiki/Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabia">Arabia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Different theories have been proposed regarding the role of Allah in pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheistic cults</a>. According to the Quran exegete <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a>, Arab pagans considered Allah as an unseen God who created and controlled the Universe. Pagans believed worship of humans or animals who had lucky events in their life brought them closer to God. Pre-Islamic Meccans worshiped Allah alongside a host of lesser gods and those whom they called the "daughters of Allah."<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam forbade worship of anyone or anything other than God.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used the name as a reference to a <a href="/wiki/Creator_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Creator god">creator god</a> or a supreme deity of their <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(religion)" title="Pantheon (religion)">pantheon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term may have been vague in the <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Meccan religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GodEoQ_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GodEoQ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to one hypothesis, which goes back to <a href="/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen" title="Julius Wellhausen">Julius Wellhausen</a>, Allah (the supreme deity of the tribal federation around <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a> (the supreme deity of Quraysh) over the other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is also evidence that Allah and Hubal were two distinct deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to that hypothesis, the <a href="/wiki/Kaaba" title="Kaaba">Kaaba</a> was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a>, about a century before the time of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some inscriptions seem to indicate the use of Allah as a name of a polytheist deity centuries earlier, but nothing precise is known about this use.<sup id="cite_ref-Robin304_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkey_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peterson2007_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2007-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the Meccan religious cult.<sup id="cite_ref-Berkey_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berkey-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Peters107_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters107-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters107_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters107-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zeitlin33_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeitlin33-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muhammad's father's name was <a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Abd_al_Muttalib" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Abd al Muttalib"><span title="DIN 31635 Arabic (Arabic language) transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʿAbd-Allāh</i></span></a> meaning "the slave of Allāh".<sup id="cite_ref-GodEoQ_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GodEoQ-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interpretation that Pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> is supported by some literary evidence, being the prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Ishmael" title="Ishmael">Ishmael</a>, whose God was that of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, in pre-Islamic Arab culture.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">Names of God in Islam</a></div> <p>In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian <a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">polytheism</a>, as stated by <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Gerhard Böwering</a>, God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and <a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Edward_Peters" title="Francis Edward Peters">Francis Edward Peters</a>, "The <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'ān</a> insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> and his followers worship the same God as the Jews (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quran.com/29?startingVerse=46">29:46</a>). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>, and as a universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israelites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters1_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters1-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term <i>Allah</i> as a generic term for the supreme being.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saadia_Gaon" title="Saadia Gaon">Saadia Gaon</a> used the term <i>Allah</i> interchangeably with the term <i><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">ʾĔlōhīm</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Abu_Qurrah" title="Theodore Abu Qurrah">Theodore Abu Qurrah</a> translates <i>theos</i> as <i>Allah</i> in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word was with Allah".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim commentators likewise used the term Allah for the Biblical concept of God. <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutayba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qutayba">Ibn Qutayba</a> writes "You cannot serve both Allah and Mammon.".<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Muslim translators of the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia rarely translated the <a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">Tetragrammaton</a>, referring to the supreme being in Israelite tradition, as <i>Allah</i>. Instead, most commentators either translated <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as either <i>yahwah</i> or <i>rabb</i>, the latter corresponding to the Jewish custom to refer to Yahweh as <i>Adonai</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_56-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Qur'an <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">commentators</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (d. 923), <a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">al-Zamakhshari</a> (d. 1143/44), and <a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">al-Razi</a> (d. 1209), regard <i>Allah</i> to be a proper name.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While other names of <a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God in Islam</a> denote attributes or adjectives, the term <i>Allah</i> specifically refers to his essence as his real name (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ism'alam li-dhatih</i></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other names are known as the <a href="/wiki/99_Names_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="99 Names of God">99 Names of Allah</a> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-asmā' al-ḥusná</i></span></i> lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names') and considered attributes, each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name.<sup id="cite_ref-Tao-Islam_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tao-Islam-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" (<i><a href="/wiki/Rahman_(name)" title="Rahman (name)">ar-Raḥmān</a></i>) and "the Compassionate" (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ar-Raḥīm</i></span></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ben_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the forementioned above <i>al-Aḥad</i> ("the One, the Indivisible") and <i>al-Wāḥid</i> ("the Unique, the Single"). </p><p>According to Islamic belief, Allah is the most common word to represent God,<sup id="cite_ref-EoQ_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoQ-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EncMMENA-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "He is unique (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">wāḥid</i></span></i>) and inherently one (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">aḥad</i></span></i>), all-merciful and omnipotent."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No human eyes can see Allah till the Day Of Judgement.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures."<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allah does not depend on anything.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allah is not considered a part of the Christian Trinity.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God has no parents and no children.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The concept correlates to the <a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">Tawhid</a>, where chapter 112 of the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a> (<a href="/wiki/Al-Ikhlas" title="Al-Ikhlas"><i>Al-'Ikhlās</i></a>, The Sincerity) reads:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ <a href="/wiki/%DB%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="۝">۝</a> ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ۝ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ ۝ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ ۝١ </p><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%DB%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="۝">۝</a> Say, God is one God;</dd> <dd>۝ the eternal God:</dd> <dd>۝ He begetteth not, neither is He begotten:</dd> <dd>۝ and there is not any one like unto Him.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> practice known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">dhikr Allāh</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: <big>ذِكر الله</big>, lit. "Remembrance of God"), the Sufi repeats and contemplates the name <i>Allah</i> or other associated divine names to Him while controlling his or her breath.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Present_day">Present day</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Istanbul,_Hagia_Sophia,_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/220px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/330px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg/440px-Istanbul%2C_Hagia_Sophia%2C_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2118" data-file-height="2077" /></a><figcaption>Medallion showing "Allah <a href="/wiki/Jalla_Jalaluhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalla Jalaluhu">Jalla Jalaluhu</a>" in the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg/220px-Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg/330px-Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg/440px-Dcp7323-Edirne-Eski_Camii_Allah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption>Allah script outside the <a href="/wiki/Old_Mosque,_Edirne" title="Old Mosque, Edirne">Old Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a>, Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>The Islamic tradition to use <i>Allah</i> as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word <i>Allah</i> should be translated as <i>God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Umar_Faruq_Abd-Allah" title="Umar Faruq Abd-Allah">Umar Faruq Abd-Allah</a> urged English-speaking Muslims to use God instead of Allah for the sake of finding "extensive middle ground we share with other Abrahamic and universal traditions".<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase <i><a href="/wiki/Insha%27Allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Insha'Allah"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">in shā'a llāh</i></span></a></i> (meaning 'if God wills') untranslated after references to future events.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of <i><a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bi-smi llāh</i></span></a></i> (meaning 'In the name of God').<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are certain other phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims and left untranslated, including "<a href="/wiki/Subhan%27allah" class="mw-redirect" title="Subhan'allah"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Subḥāna llāh</i></span></a>" (Glory be to God), "<a href="/wiki/Alhamdulillah" title="Alhamdulillah"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-ḥamdu li-llāh</i></span></a>" (Praise be to God), "<a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">lā ilāha illā llāh</i></span></a>" (There is no deity but God) or sometimes "<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lā ilāha illā inta/ huwa</i></span>" (There is no deity but <i>You</i>/ <i>Him</i>) and "<a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allāhu Akbar</i></span></a>" (God is the Most Great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God (<a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">dhikr</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Christian Arabs</a> of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah".<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> word for "God" in the language of <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Christians">Assyrian Christians</a> is <span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">ʼĔlāhā</i></span>, or <i><span title="Amharic-language romanization"><i lang="am-Latn">Alaha</i></span></i>. (Even the Arabic-descended <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, whose population is almost entirely <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>, uses <i>Alla</i> for "God".) </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> have used two forms of invocations that were <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixed</a> to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslim <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bismillāh</i></span></i>, and also created their own <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinitized</a> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bismillāh</i></span></i> as early as the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Muslim <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bismillāh</i></span></i> reads: "In the name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bismillāh</i></span></i> reads: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> aspect of Trinitarian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pronunciation">Pronunciation</h2></div> <p>The word <i>Allāh</i> is generally pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)]</span>, exhibiting a heavy <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɫ]</span>, a <a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">velarized alveolar lateral approximant</a>, a marginal phoneme in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Modern Standard Arabic</a>. Since the initial alef has no <a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza">hamza</a>, the initial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[a]</span> is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span> is light, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[l]</span>, as in, for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Basmala" title="Basmala">Basmala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ARABIC_for_NERDS_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARABIC_for_NERDS-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="As_a_loanword">As a loanword</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_and_other_European_languages">English and other European languages</h3></div> <p>The history of the name <i>Allāh</i> in English was probably influenced by the study of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> in the 19th century; for example, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Thomas Carlyle</a> (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muḥammad (1934), <a href="/wiki/Tor_Andr%C3%A6" title="Tor Andræ">Tor Andræ</a> always used the term <i>Allah</i>, though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of the Jewish and Christian theologies.<sup id="cite_ref-Watt45_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watt45-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Languages which may not commonly use the term <i>Allah</i> to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula</a>, the word <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">ojalá</i></span> in the Spanish language and <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">oxalá</i></span> in the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a> exist today, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Andalusi_Arabic" title="Andalusi Arabic">Andalusi Arabic</a> <span title="Andalusian Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="xaa-Latn">law šá lláh</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-DRAE_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Inshalla" class="mw-redirect" title="Inshalla">inshalla</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ</span>). This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in the sense of "I hope so").<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German poet <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_August_Mahlmann" title="Siegfried August Mahlmann">Mahlmann</a> used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey. </p><p>Some Muslims leave the name "Allāh" untranslated in English, rather than using the English translation "God".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word has also been applied to certain living human beings as <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">personifications</a> of the term and concept.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysian_and_Indonesian_language">Malaysian and Indonesian language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Titular_Roman_Catholic_Archbishop_of_Kuala_Lumpur_v._Menteri_Dalam_Negeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri">Titular Roman Catholic Archbishop of Kuala Lumpur v. Menteri Dalam Negeri</a> and <a href="/wiki/2010_attacks_against_places_of_worship_in_Malaysia" title="2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia">2010 attacks against places of worship in Malaysia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vocabularium,_ofte_Woordenboek,_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_(IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog).djvu%3Fpage%3D77" title="File:Vocabularium, ofte Woordenboek, in 't Duytsch en Maleys (IA vocabulariumoft00dancgoog).djvu?page=77"><img resource="/wiki/File:Vocabularium,_ofte_Woordenboek,_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_(IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog).djvu?page=77" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu/page77-220px-Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu/page77-330px-Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu/page77-440px-Vocabularium%2C_ofte_Woordenboek%2C_in_%27t_Duytsch_en_Maleys_%28IA_vocabulariumoft00dancgoog%29.djvu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2787" data-file-height="3501" /></a><figcaption>The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Cornelius_Ruyl" title="Albert Cornelius Ruyl">A.C. Ruyl</a>, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 recorded <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Allah</i></span> as the translation of the Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Godt</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg/220px-GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg/330px-GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg/440px-GKKA_Banjarmasin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Gereja Kalam Kebangunan Allah</i></span> (Word of God Revival Church) in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Allah</i></span> is the word for "God" in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a> - even in <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id">Alkitab</i></span> (Christian <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, from <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الكتاب</span></span> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">al-kitāb</i></span> = the book) translations, while <span title="Indonesian-language text"><i lang="id"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tuhan" class="extiw" title="wikt:Tuhan">Tuhan</a></i></span> is the word for "Lord".</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg/220px-Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg/330px-Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg/440px-Seremban-Annunciation-feast-3808.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Malaysia" title="Christianity in Malaysia">Christians in Malaysia</a> also use the word <span title="Malay (individual language)-language text"><i lang="zlm">Allah</i></span> for "God".</figcaption></figure> <p>Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Allah</i></span> to refer to God in the <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian languages</a> (both of them standardized forms of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>). Mainstream Bible translations in the language use <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Allah</i></span> as the translation of Hebrew <span title="Biblical Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="hbo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></i></span> (translated in English Bibles as "God").<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This goes back to early translation work by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a> in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin edition) recorded <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Allah</i></span>" as the translation of the Dutch word <span title="Dutch-language text"><i lang="nl">Godt</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ruyl also translated the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> in 1612 into the Malay language (an early Bible translation into a non-European language,<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made a year after the publication of the <a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>, published in 1638.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">government of Malaysia</a> in 2007 outlawed usage of the term <span title="Malay (individual language)-language text"><i lang="zlm">Allah</i></span> in any other but Muslim contexts, but the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Malaya">Malayan High Court</a> in 2009 revoked the law, ruling it unconstitutional. While <span title="Malay (macrolanguage)-language text"><i lang="ms">Allah</i></span> had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of <span title="Malay (individual language)-language text"><i lang="zlm">Allah</i></span> by the Roman Catholic newspaper <a href="/wiki/The_Herald_(Malaysian_Catholic_Weekly)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Herald (Malaysian Catholic Weekly)"><i>The Herald</i></a>. The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until the hearing of the appeal. In October 2013 the court ruled in favor of the government's ban.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 2014 the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Peninsular Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the use of <span title="Malay (individual language)-language text"><i lang="zlm">Allah</i></span> is not prohibited in the two Malaysian states of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-settle_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-settle-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states is that usage has been long-established and local Alkitab (<a href="/wiki/Bibles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibles">Bibles</a>) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years.<sup id="cite_ref-settle_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-settle-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia.<sup id="cite_ref-10-point_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10-point-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In reaction to some media criticism, the Malaysian government has introduced a "10-point solution" to avoid confusion and misleading information.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 10-point solution is in line with the spirit of the <a href="/wiki/18-point_agreement" title="18-point agreement">18</a>- and <a href="/wiki/20-point_agreement" title="20-point agreement">20-point agreements</a> of Sarawak and Sabah.<sup id="cite_ref-10-point_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10-point-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="National_flags_with_"Allah"_written_on_them"><span id="National_flags_with_.22Allah.22_written_on_them"></span>National flags with "Allah" written on them</h2></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iraq.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iraq with the Takbir written on it"><img alt="Flag of Iraq with the Takbir written on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/200px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/300px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/400px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iraq" title="Flag of Iraq">Flag of Iraq</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir</a> written on it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia with the Shahada written on it"><img alt="Flag of Saudi Arabia with the Shahada written on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/300px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/400px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Flag of Saudi Arabia">Flag of Saudi Arabia</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> written on it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Afghanistan with the Shahada written on it"><img alt="Flag of Afghanistan with the Shahada written on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg/400px-Flag_of_the_Taliban.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Afghanistan" title="Flag of Afghanistan">Flag of Afghanistan</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a> written on it</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 170px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran with "Allah" written on it"><img alt="Flag of Iran with "Allah" written on it" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/200px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/300px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/400px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran" title="Flag of Iran">Flag of Iran</a> with "Allah" written on it</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typography">Typography</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allah_name_in_different_languages.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Allah_name_in_different_languages.png/280px-Allah_name_in_different_languages.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Allah_name_in_different_languages.png/420px-Allah_name_in_different_languages.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Allah_name_in_different_languages.png/560px-Allah_name_in_different_languages.png 2x" data-file-width="1374" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>The word <i>Allah</i> written in different <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The word <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allāh</i></span></i> is always written without an <a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></a> to spell the <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ā</i></span></i> vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i> to spell <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ā</i></span></i>. However, in vocalized spelling, a <a href="/wiki/Dagger_alif" title="Dagger alif">small diacritic <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i></a> is added on top of the <i><a href="/wiki/Shadda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shadda"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">shaddah</i></span></a></i> to indicate the pronunciation. </p><p>In the pre-Islamic <a href="/wiki/Zabad_inscription" title="Zabad inscription">Zabad inscription</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> God is referred to by the term <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">الاله</span></span>, that is, alif-lam-alif-lam-ha.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugener_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugener-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This presumably indicates <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Al-'ilāh</i></span></i> means "the god", without <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i> for <i>ā</i>. </p><p>Many Arabic type fonts feature special <a href="/wiki/Typographic_ligature" class="mw-redirect" title="Typographic ligature">ligatures</a> for Allah.<sup id="cite_ref-Typ1_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Typ1-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span></i> + <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">lām</i></span></i> + <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hā'</i></span></i> as the previous ligature is considered faulty which is the case with most common Arabic typefaces. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. </p><dl><dd>—<a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unicode">Unicode</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> has a code point reserved for <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allāh</i></span></i>, <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+FDF2</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ﷲ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM</span>, in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_Presentation_Forms-A" title="Arabic Presentation Forms-A">Arabic Presentation Forms-A</a> block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly";<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Uni_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Uni-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is discouraged for new text. Instead, the word <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Allāh</i></span></i> should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature. </p><p>The calligraphic variant of the word used as the <a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran">emblem of Iran</a> is encoded in Unicode, in the <a href="/wiki/Miscellaneous_Symbols" title="Miscellaneous Symbols">Miscellaneous Symbols</a> range, at code point U+262B (☫). The <a href="#National_flags_with_"Allah"_written_on_them">flags that include the word</a> are also present in the <a href="/wiki/Regional_indicator_symbol" title="Regional indicator symbol">regional indicator symbols</a> of Unicode: 🇮🇶, 🇸🇦, 🇦🇫, 🇮🇷, 🇺🇿. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_(name)" title="Abdullah (name)">Abdullah (name)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allah_as_a_lunar_deity" title="Allah as a lunar deity">Allah as a lunar deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran">Emblem of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismul_Azam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismul Azam">Ismul Azam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/allah">"Allah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/allah">"Allah"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Learner%27s_Dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Learner's Dictionaries">Oxford Learner's Dictionaries</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Learner%27s+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Allah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Allah">"Definition of ALLAH"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. 18 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+ALLAH&rft.date=2024-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FAllah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327034958/http://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">"God"</a>. <i>Islam: Empire of Faith</i>. PBS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/empires/islam/faithgod.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Islam%3A+Empire+of+Faith&rft.atitle=God&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fempires%2Fislam%2Ffaithgod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Islam and Christianity", <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity</i> (2001): Arabic-speaking Christians and Jews also refer to God as <i>Allāh</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gardet-allah-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gardet-allah_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardet" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Gardet, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/allah-COM_0047">"Allah"</a>. In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.; Bosworth, C.E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam Online</i>. Brill Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam+Online&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.aulast=Gardet&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fallah-COM_0047&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerriam-Webster" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140420121231/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah">"Allah"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/allah">the original</a> on 20 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.au=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeki_Saritoprak2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Zeki Saritoprak (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=isDgI0-0Ip4C&q=ilah">"Allah"</a>. In Oliver Leaman (ed.). <i>The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32639-1"><bdi>978-0-415-32639-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=The+Qur%27an%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32639-1&rft.au=Zeki+Saritoprak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DisDgI0-0Ip4C%26q%3Dilah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVincent_J._Cornell2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Vincent J. Cornell (2005). "God: God in Islam". In Lindsay Jones (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Religion</i>. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). MacMillan Reference USA. p. 724.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=God%3A+God+in+Islam&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.pages=724&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Vincent+J.+Cornell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robin304-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robin304_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristian_Julien_Robin2012" class="citation book cs1">Christian Julien Robin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GKRybwb17WMC&pg=PA304"><i>Arabia and Ethiopia. In The Oxford Handbook of Late Antiquity</i></a>. OUP USA. pp. 304–305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-533693-1"><bdi>978-0-19-533693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabia+and+Ethiopia.+In+The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Late+Antiquity&rft.pages=304-305&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-533693-1&rft.au=Christian+Julien+Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGKRybwb17WMC%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_S._Mercatante_&_James_R._Dow2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anthony S. Mercatante & James R. Dow (2004). "Allah". <i>The Facts on File Encyclopedia of World Mythology and Legend</i>. Facts on File. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2685-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2685-2"><bdi>978-1-4381-2685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Allah&rft.btitle=The+Facts+on+File+Encyclopedia+of+World+Mythology+and+Legend&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Facts+on+File&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2685-2&rft.au=Anthony+S.+Mercatante+%26+James+R.+Dow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Allah." <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2007. Encyclopædia Britannica</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EncMMENA-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EncMMENA_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopedia of the Modern Middle East and North Africa, <i>Allah</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Willis Barnstone, Marvin Meyer <i>The Gnostic Bible: Revised and Expanded Edition</i> Shambhala Publications 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2414-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8348-2414-0">978-0-8348-2414-0</a> page 531</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_Skutsch2005" class="citation book cs1">Carl Skutsch (2005). <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Minorities</i>. Routledge. p. 480.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Minorities&rft.pages=480&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Carl+Skutsch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=10620032">Sikhs target of 'Allah' attack</a>, Julia Zappei, 14 January 2010, <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. Accessed on line 15 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&objectid=11139915">Malaysia court rules non-Muslims can't use 'Allah'</a>, 14 October 2013, <i>The New Zealand Herald</i>. Accessed on line 15 January 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102">Malaysia's Islamic authorities seize Bibles as Allah row deepens</a>, Niluksi Koswanage, 2 January 2014, Reuters. Accessed on line 15 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-religion-idUSBREA010C120140102">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10-point-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10-point_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10-point_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10-point_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdris_Jala2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Idris_Jala" title="Idris Jala">Idris Jala</a> (24 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/Business/Business-News/2014/02/24/My-take-on-the-Allah-issue-10point-solution-is-key-to-managing-the-polarity/">"The 'Allah'/Bible issue, 10-point solution is key to managing the polarity"</a>. <i>The Star</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=The+%27Allah%27%2FBible+issue%2C+10-point+solution+is+key+to+managing+the+polarity&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.au=Idris+Jala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FBusiness%2FBusiness-News%2F2014%2F02%2F24%2FMy-take-on-the-Allah-issue-10point-solution-is-key-to-managing-the-polarity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-Ilah-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Ilah_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">D.B. Macdonald. Encyclopedia of Islam, 2nd ed, Brill. "Ilah", Vol. 3, p. 1093.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai2019" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Nicholas (2019). <i>Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry</i>. Atlanta, GA: American Oriental Society. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9"><bdi>978-1-948488-25-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain-Giver%2C+Bone-Breaker%2C+Score-Settler%3A+All%C4%81h+in+Pre-Quranic+Poetry&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-948488-25-9&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_B%C3%B6wering" title="Gerhard Böwering">Gerhard Böwering</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Quran" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of the Quran">Encyclopedia of the Quran</a>, Brill, 2002. Vol. 2, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2020" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Gabriel Said (2020). <i>Allah: God in the Qur'an</i>. New Haven: Yale university press. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-24658-2"><bdi>978-0-300-24658-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Allah%3A+God+in+the+Qur%27an&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Yale+university+press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-300-24658-2&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Gabriel+Said&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai2019" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Nicholas (2019). <i>Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry</i>. Atlanta, GA: American Oriental Society. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9"><bdi>978-1-948488-25-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain-Giver%2C+Bone-Breaker%2C+Score-Settler%3A+All%C4%81h+in+Pre-Quranic+Poetry&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-948488-25-9&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Columbia Encyclopaedia says: Derived from an old Semitic root referring to the Divine and used in the Canaanite <i><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a></i>, the Mesopotamian <i><a href="/wiki/Ilah" title="Ilah">ilu</a></i>, and the biblical <i><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Eloah" class="mw-redirect" title="Eloah">Eloah</a></i>, the word Allah is used by all Arabic-speaking Muslims, Christians, Jews, and other monotheists.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cal-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cal_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cal1.cn.huc.edu">The Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon</a> – Entry for <i>ʼlh</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131018045941/http://cal1.cn.huc.edu/">Archived</a> 18 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinai2019" class="citation book cs1">Sinai, Nicholas (2019). <i>Rain-Giver, Bone-Breaker, Score-Settler: Allāh in Pre-Quranic Poetry</i>. Atlanta, GA: American Oriental Society. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-948488-25-9"><bdi>978-1-948488-25-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rain-Giver%2C+Bone-Breaker%2C+Score-Settler%3A+All%C4%81h+in+Pre-Quranic+Poetry&rft.place=Atlanta%2C+GA&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=American+Oriental+Society&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-948488-25-9&rft.aulast=Sinai&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitti1970" class="citation book cs1">Hitti, Philip Khouri (1970). <i>History of the Arabs</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 100–101.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Arabs&rft.pages=100-101&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hitti&rft.aufirst=Philip+Khouri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marshall G. S. Hodgson, <i>The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>, p. 156</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.syriaca.org/work/254">"The Himyarite Martyrs (text) —"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Himyarite+Martyrs+%28text%29+%E2%80%94&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.syriaca.org%2Fwork%2F254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>James of Edessa the hymns of Severus of Antioch and others." Ernest Walter Brooks (ed.), Patrologia Orientalis VII.5 (1911)., vol: 2, p. 613</i>. pp. ܐܠܗܐ (Elaha).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+of+Edessa+the+hymns+of+Severus+of+Antioch+and+others.%22+Ernest+Walter+Brooks+%28ed.%29%2C+Patrologia+Orientalis+VII.5+%281911%29.%2C+vol%3A+2%2C+p.+613&rft.pages=%DC%90%DC%A0%DC%97%DC%90+%28Elaha%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ignatius Ya`qub III, The Arab Himyarite Martyrs in the Syriac Documents (1966), Pages: 9-65-66-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugener-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kugener_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kugener_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>M. A. Kugener, "Nouvelle Note Sur L'Inscription Trilingue De Zébed", Rivista Degli Studi Orientali, pp. 577-586</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M.+A.+Kugener%2C+%22Nouvelle+Note+Sur+L%27Inscription+Trilingue+De+Z%C3%A9bed%22%2C+Rivista+Degli+Studi+Orientali%2C+pp.+577-586.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adolf Grohmann, Arabische Paläographie II: Das Schriftwesen und die Lapidarschrift (1971), Wien: Hermann Böhlaus Nochfolger, Page: 6-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beatrice Gruendler, The Development of the Arabic Scripts: From the Nabatean Era to the First Islamic Century according to Dated Texts (1993), Atlanta: Scholars Press, Page:</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Bellamy, "Two Pre-Islamic Arabic Inscriptions Revised: Jabal Ramm and Umm al-Jimal", <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>, 108/3 (1988) pp. 372–378 (translation of the inscription) "This was set up by colleagues/friends of ʿUlayh, the son of ʿUbaydah, secretary/adviser of the cohort Augusta Secunda Philadelphiana; may he go mad/crazy who effaces it."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enno Littmann, Arabic Inscriptions (Leiden, 1949)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels2014" class="citation book cs1">Daniels, Peter T. (2014). <i>The Type and Spread of Arabic Script</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Type+and+Spread+of+Arabic+Script&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Peter+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, page 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irfan Shahîd, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fourth Century, Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University-Washington DC, Page: 452</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Amin and A. Harun, Sharh Diwan Al-Hamasa (Cairo, 1951), Vol. 1, Pages: 478-480</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Marzubani, Mu'jam Ash-Shu'araa, Page: 302</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIslamKotob" class="citation book cs1">IslamKotob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uTJoiXp3pS4C"><i>Tafsir Ibn Kathir all 10 volumes</i></a>. IslamKotob.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tafsir+Ibn+Kathir+all+10+volumes&rft.pub=IslamKotob&rft.au=IslamKotob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuTJoiXp3pS4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Gardet, <i>Allah</i>, Encyclopaedia of Islam, ed. by <a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb">Sir H.A.R. 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Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationofislam0000berk/page/42">42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-58813-3"><bdi>978-0-521-58813-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+Islam%3A+Religion+and+Society+in+the+Near+East%2C+600-1800&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-521-58813-3&rft.au=Jonathan+Porter+Berkey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationofislam0000berk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peterson2007-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peterson2007_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel_C._Peterson2007" class="citation book cs1">Daniel C. 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Eerdmans Publishing. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-0754-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-0754-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad%2C+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2007-02-26&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-0754-0&rft.au=Daniel+C.+Peterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9zpbEj0xA_sC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters107-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters107_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters107_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_E._Peters1994" class="citation book cs1">Francis E. 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SUNY Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1875-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1875-8"><bdi>978-0-7914-1875-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+and+the+Origins+of+Islam&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1875-8&rft.au=Francis+E.+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OrCo4VyvGkC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeitlin33-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zeitlin33_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIrving_M._Zeitlin2007" class="citation book cs1">Irving M. 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Polity. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3999-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3999-4"><bdi>978-0-7456-3999-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Muhammad&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2007-03-19&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3999-4&rft.au=Irving+M.+Zeitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsbhJJ7AOLL4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Treasury of literature, Sect. 437</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Beginning of History, Volume 3, Sect.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Collection of the Speeches of Arabs, volume 1, section 75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoQ-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoQ_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Böwering, Gerhard, <i>God and His Attributes</i>, Encyclopaedia of the Qurʼān, Brill, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters1-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peters1_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F.E. Peters, <i>Islam</i>, p.4, Princeton University Press, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_56-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas, Kenneth J. "Allah in Translations of the Bible." The Bible Translator 52.3 (2001): 301-306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibrahim, Zakyi. "To Use "God" or "Allah"?." 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D6%26verse%3D103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noblequran.com/surah-al-ikhlaas-or-at-tauhid/">"112. Surah Al-Ikhlaas or At-Tauhid – NobleQuran.com"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=112.+Surah+Al-Ikhlaas+or+At-Tauhid+%E2%80%93+NobleQuran.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoblequran.com%2Fsurah-al-ikhlaas-or-at-tauhid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=5&verse=73">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D5%26verse%3D73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpus.quran.com/translation.jsp?chapter=112&verse=3">"The Quranic Arabic Corpus - Translation"</a>. <i>corpus.quran.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=corpus.quran.com&rft.atitle=The+Quranic+Arabic+Corpus+-+Translation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpus.quran.com%2Ftranslation.jsp%3Fchapter%3D112%26verse%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script_in_Unicode" title="Arabic script in Unicode">Arabic script in Unicode</a> symbol for a Quran verse, U+06DD, page 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso10646/pdf/09419-encode-koranic.pdf">Proposal for additional Unicode characters</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Sale,_G" class="mw-redirect" title="Sale, G">Sale, G</a> <a href="/wiki/AlKoran" class="mw-redirect" title="AlKoran">AlKoran</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence, <i>Sufi Martyrs of Love: The Chishti Order in South Asia and Beyond</i>, Macmillan, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andreas Görke and Johanna Pink Tafsir and Islamic Intellectual History Exploring the Boundaries of a Genre Oxford University Press in association with The Institute of Ismaili Studies London <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-870206-1">978-0-19-870206-1</a> p. 478</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gary S. 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M.; Holt, Peter R.; Lambton, Ann Katherine Swynford (1977). <i>The Cambridge history of Islam</i>. Cambridge, Eng: University Press. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29135-4"><bdi>978-0-521-29135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Islam&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Eng&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29135-4&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Bernard&rft.au=Holt%2C+P.+M.&rft.au=Holt%2C+Peter+R.&rft.au=Lambton%2C+Ann+Katherine+Swynford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas E. Burman, <i>Religious Polemic and the Intellectual History of the Mozarabs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>, 1994, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARABIC_for_NERDS-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ARABIC_for_NERDS_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617092853/https://www.arabic-for-nerds.com/2018/06/16/how-do-you-pronounce-allah-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-correctly/">"How do you pronounce "Allah" (الله) correctly?"</a>. <i>ARABIC for NERDS</i>. 16 June 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arabic-for-nerds.com/2018/06/16/how-do-you-pronounce-allah-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87-correctly/">the original</a> on 17 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ARABIC+for+NERDS&rft.atitle=How+do+you+pronounce+%22Allah%22+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%87%29+correctly%3F&rft.date=2018-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arabic-for-nerds.com%2F2018%2F06%2F16%2Fhow-do-you-pronounce-allah-%25D8%25A7%25D9%2584%25D9%2584%25D9%2587-correctly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt45-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watt45_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Montgomery Watt, <i>Islam and Christianity today: A Contribution to Dialogue</i>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 1983, p.45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"ojalá". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dle.rae.es/ojal%25C3%25A1"><i>Diccionario de la lengua española</i></a> (in Spanish) (23.6 electronic ed.). Real Academia Española - ASALE. 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ojal%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+la+lengua+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.edition=23.6+electronic&rft.pub=Real+Academia+Espa%C3%B1ola+-+ASALE&rft.date=2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdle.rae.es%2Fojal%2525C3%2525A1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Islam in Luce López Baralt, <i>Spanish Literature: From the Middle Ages to the Present</i>, Brill, 1992, p.25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. E. Peters, <i>The Monotheists: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in Conflict and Competition</i>, <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>, p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130813190129/http://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-nation-of-islam.htm">"Nation of Islam"</a>. <i>www.bible.ca</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bible.ca/islam/islam-nation-of-islam.htm">the original</a> on 13 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bible.ca&rft.atitle=Nation+of+Islam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bible.ca%2Fislam%2Fislam-nation-of-islam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022034331/http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtml">"A history of Clarence 13X and the Five Percenters, referring to Clarence Smith as Allah"</a>. Finalcall.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finalcall.com/artman/publish/article_3290.shtml">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+history+of+Clarence+13X+and+the+Five+Percenters%2C+referring+to+Clarence+Smith+as+Allah&rft.pub=Finalcall.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.finalcall.com%2Fartman%2Fpublish%2Farticle_3290.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Example: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=off">Usage of the word "Allah" from Matthew 22:32 in Indonesian bible versions (parallel view) as old as 1733</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019125828/http://alkitab.sabda.org/verse.php?book=Mat&chapter=22&verse=32&search=allah&scope=all&exact=off">Archived</a> 19 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society Sneddon, James M.; University of New South Wales Press; 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The History of Christianity in India from the Commencement of the Christian Era: Hough, James; Adamant Media Corporation; 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiltensHeurnius1650" class="citation book cs1">Wiltens, Caspar; Heurnius, Justus (1650). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131022172808/https://books.google.com/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&v=onepage&q=allah&f=false"><i>Justus Heurnius, Albert Ruyl, Caspar Wiltens. "Vocabularium ofte Woordenboeck nae ordre van den alphabeth, in 't Duytsch en Maleys". 1650:65</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3GcTAAAAQAAJ&q=allah">the original</a> on 22 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justus+Heurnius%2C+Albert+Ruyl%2C+Caspar+Wiltens.+%22Vocabularium+ofte+Woordenboeck+nae+ordre+van+den+alphabeth%2C+in+%27t+Duytsch+en+Maleys%22.+1650%3A65&rft.date=1650&rft.aulast=Wiltens&rft.aufirst=Caspar&rft.au=Heurnius%2C+Justus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3GcTAAAAQAAJ%26q%3Dallah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> But compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilkias2011" class="citation book cs1">Milkias, Paulos (2011). "Ge'ez Literature (Religious)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DtIRbpUNp_oC"><i>Ethiopia</i></a>. Africa in Focus. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-257-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-257-9"><bdi>978-1-59884-257-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>. <q>Monasticism played a key role in the Ethiopian literary movement. The Bible was translated during the time of the Nine Saints in the early sixth century [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ge%27ez+Literature+%28Religious%29&rft.btitle=Ethiopia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+California&rft.series=Africa+in+Focus&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-257-9&rft.aulast=Milkias&rft.aufirst=Paulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDtIRbpUNp_oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barton, John (2002–12). The Biblical World, Oxford, UK: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27574-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27574-3">978-0-415-27574-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">North, Eric McCoy; Eugene Albert Nida ((2nd Edition) 1972). The Book of a Thousand Tongues, London: United Bible Societies.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sejarah.sabda.org/sejarah/bio_ruyl.htm">"Sejarah Alkitab Indonesia / Albert Conelisz Ruyl"</a>. <i>sejarah.sabda.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sejarah.sabda.org&rft.atitle=Sejarah+Alkitab+Indonesia+%2F+Albert+Conelisz+Ruyl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsejarah.sabda.org%2Fsejarah%2Fbio_ruyl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019171117/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruyl">"Encyclopædia Britannica: Albert Cornelius Ruyl"</a>. <i>Britannica.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/514364/Albert-Cornelius-Ruyl">the original</a> on 19 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%3A+Albert+Cornelius+Ruyl&rft.btitle=Britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F514364%2FAlbert-Cornelius-Ruyl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoughneen2013" class="citation news cs1">Roughneen, Simon (14 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Asia-Pacific/2013/1014/No-more-Allah-for-Christians-Malaysian-court-says">"No more 'Allah' for Christians, Malaysian court says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">The Christian Science Monitor</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=No+more+%27Allah%27+for+Christians%2C+Malaysian+court+says&rft.date=2013-10-14&rft.aulast=Roughneen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2FWorld%2FAsia-Pacific%2F2013%2F1014%2FNo-more-Allah-for-Christians-Malaysian-court-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25578348">"BBC News - More than 300 Bibles are confiscated in Malaysia"</a>. BBC. 2 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140125052310/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-25578348">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+News+-+More+than+300+Bibles+are+confiscated+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2014-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-25578348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-settle-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-settle_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-settle_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=87900">"Catholic priest should respect court: Mahathir"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express_(Sabah)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Express (Sabah)">Daily Express</a></i>. 9 January 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140110085352/http://www.dailyexpress.com.my/news.cfm?NewsID=87900">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Express&rft.atitle=Catholic+priest+should+respect+court%3A+Mahathir&rft.date=2014-01-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyexpress.com.my%2Fnews.cfm%3FNewsID%3D87900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJane_MohPeter_Sibon2014" class="citation news cs1">Jane Moh; Peter Sibon (29 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/29/worship-without-hindrance/">"Worship without hindrance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Borneo_Post" title="The Borneo Post">The Borneo Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140329094134/http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/03/29/worship-without-hindrance/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Borneo+Post&rft.atitle=Worship+without+hindrance&rft.date=2014-03-29&rft.au=Jane+Moh&rft.au=Peter+Sibon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theborneopost.com%2F2014%2F03%2F29%2Fworship-without-hindrance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aliran.com/web-specials/bahasa-malaysia-bibles-10-point-solution/">"Bahasa Malaysia Bibles: The Cabinet's 10-point solution"</a>. 25 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bahasa+Malaysia+Bibles%3A+The+Cabinet%27s+10-point+solution&rft.date=2014-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faliran.com%2Fweb-specials%2Fbahasa-malaysia-bibles-10-point-solution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Nation/2014/01/24/Najib-Kalimah-Allah/">"Najib: 10-point resolution on Allah issue subject to Federal, state laws"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a></i>. 24 January 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Najib%3A+10-point+resolution+on+Allah+issue+subject+to+Federal%2C+state+laws&rft.date=2014-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FNews%2FNation%2F2014%2F01%2F24%2FNajib-Kalimah-Allah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/zebed.html">"Zebed Inscription: A Pre-Islamic Trilingual Inscription In Greek, Syriac & Arabic From 512 CE"</a>. Islamic Awareness. 17 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Zebed+Inscription%3A+A+Pre-Islamic+Trilingual+Inscription+In+Greek%2C+Syriac+%26+Arabic+From+512+CE&rft.pub=Islamic+Awareness&rft.date=2005-03-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.islamic-awareness.org%2FHistory%2FIslam%2FInscriptions%2Fzebed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Typ1-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Typ1_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html">Arabic fonts and Mac OS X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310022047/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html">Archived</a> 10 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html">Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005022/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html">Archived</a> 6 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//software.sil.org/scheherazade/design/">"Scheherazade New"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">SIL International</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL+International&rft.atitle=Scheherazade+New&rft_id=%2F%2Fsoftware.sil.org%2Fscheherazade%2Fdesign%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Unicode Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5">FAQ - Middle East Scripts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001110649/http://www.unicode.org/faq/middleeast.html#5">Archived</a> 1 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Uni-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Uni_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428184606/http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">"<i>Unicode Standard 5.0</i>, p.479, 492"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UFB50.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unicode+Standard+5.0%2C+p.479%2C+492&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2Fcharts%2FPDF%2FUFB50.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_and_cited_references">General and cited references</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrDagliDakakeLumbard2015" class="citation book cs1">Nasr, Seyyed Hossein; Dagli, C.K.; Dakake, Maria Massi; Lumbard, J.E.B.; Rustom, M., eds. (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thestudyquran_201909/mode/2up"><i>The Study Quran: A New Translation and Commentary</i></a></span>. Harper Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-222762-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-222762-1"><bdi>978-0-06-222762-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Study+Quran%3A+A+New+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-06-222762-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthestudyquran_201909%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAllah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>The Unicode Consortium, <i>Unicode Standard 5.0</i>, Addison-Wesley, 2006, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-321-48091-0">978-0-321-48091-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080304160907/http://www.unicode.org/book/aboutbook.html">About the Unicode Standard Version 5.0 Book</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Allah">Allah Qur'ān</a>, in <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>, by Asma Afsaruddin, Brian Duignan, Thinley</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 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article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Allah" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/Allah">Allah</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Allah_in_calligraphy" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Allah in calligraphy">Allah in calligraphy</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.searchtruth.com/Allah/99Names.php">Names of Allah with Meaning on Website, Flash, and Mobile Phone Software</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sultan.org/articles/god.html">Concept of God (Allah) in Islam</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.islam-info.ch/en/Who_is_Allah.htm">The Concept of Allāh According to the Qur'an</a> by Abdul Mannan Omar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim.org/islam/allah.htm">Allah, the Unique Name of God</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Typography</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310022047/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicFonts.html">Arabic Fonts and Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005022/http://www.smi.uib.no/ksv/ArabicProgsx.html">Programs for Arabic in Mac OS X</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Revelation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Qadar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Resurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Day of Resurrection">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holiest sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Shahada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Salah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fasting_in_Islam" title="Fasting in Islam">Sawm</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_religious_leaders" title="Islamic religious leaders">Leaders</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_Islam" title="Timeline of the history of Islam">Timeline of the history of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Shia_doctrine" title="Imamate in Shia doctrine">Shi'a Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate"><i>Rashidun</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokoto_Caliphate" title="Sokoto Caliphate">Sokoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Caliphate" title="Ottoman Caliphate">Ottoman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Religious texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Seerah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qisas_Al-Anbiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Qisas Al-Anbiya">Story of Prophets</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Denominations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazili" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazili">Mu'tazili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Bektashi Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a></li> <li>Moderate Kharijites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam#Wahbi_school" title="Ibadi Islam">Wahbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Life</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Culture</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Islam" title="Animals in Islam">Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_association_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in association football">Association football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_children" title="Islam and children">Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_clothing" title="Islamic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_flags" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holidays" title="Islamic holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morality_in_Islam" title="Morality in Islam">Moral teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Political aspects</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qurban_(Islamic_ritual_sacrifice)" title="Qurban (Islamic ritual sacrifice)">Qurbani</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_attitudes_towards_science" title="Islamic attitudes towards science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_humanity" title="Islam and humanity">Social welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT in Islam">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_by_country" title="Islam by country">Islam by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="LawJurisprudence" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">Economic history</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukuk" title="Sukuk">Sukuk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takaful" title="Takaful">Takaful</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murabaha" title="Murabaha">Murabaha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Hygiene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ghusl" title="Ghusl">Ghusl</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miswak" title="Miswak">Miswak</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">Najis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tayammum" title="Tayammum">Tayammum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_toilet_etiquette" title="Islamic toilet etiquette">Toilet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wudu" title="Wudu">Wudu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_family_jurisprudence" title="Islamic family jurisprudence">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marital_jurisprudence" title="Islamic marital jurisprudence">Marriage</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_sexual_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic sexual jurisprudence">Sex</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haya_(Islam)" title="Haya (Islam)">Haya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_marriage_contract" title="Islamic marriage contract">Marriage contract</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahr" title="Mahr">Mahr</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahram" title="Mahram">Mahram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Islam" title="Marriage in Islam">Nikah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nikah_mut%27ah" title="Nikah mut'ah">Nikah mut'ah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">Zina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baligh" title="Baligh">Baligh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Cleanliness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_jurisprudence" title="Islamic criminal jurisprudence">Criminal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_blasphemy" title="Islam and blasphemy">Blasphemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Islam" title="Capital punishment in Islam">Death penalty</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhabihah" title="Dhabihah">Dhabiĥa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">Dhimmi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_Islam" title="Divorce in Islam">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adab_(Islam)" title="Adab (Islam)">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maisir" title="Maisir">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Gender segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_honorifics" title="Islamic honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_inheritance_jurisprudence" title="Islamic inheritance jurisprudence">Inheritance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_leadership" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic leadership">Leadership</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ma_malakat_aymanukum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma malakat aymanukum">Ma malakat aymanukum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_military_jurisprudence" title="Islamic military jurisprudence">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war in Islam">POWs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_slavery" title="Islamic views on slavery">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sources_of_sharia" class="mw-redirect" title="Sources of sharia">Sources of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_theological_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theological jurisprudence">Theological</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">Schools of islamic jurisprudence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Islamic_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span><a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">Ophthalmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Theological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_views_on_evolution" title="Islamic views on evolution">Creationism (evolution)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shu%27ubiyya" title="Shu'ubiyya">Shu'ubiyya</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_non-Islamic_places_of_worship_into_mosques" title="Conversion of non-Islamic places of worship into mosques">Conversion to mosques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div id="_Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="padding-left:2.5em;"> </span>Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_other_religions" title="Islam and other religions">Other religions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Mormonism" title="Islam and Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_and_Islam" title="Protestantism and Islam">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze#Relationship_with_Muslims" title="Druze">Druzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Jainism" title="Islam and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">Apostasy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0;background-color:#f7fdf7;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ex-Muslims" title="Ex-Muslims">Ex-Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_Muslims" title="List of former Muslims">List of former Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ex-Muslim_organisations" title="List of ex-Muslim organisations">List of ex-Muslim organisations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em;background:#dcf5dc;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Criticism of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Muslim">Cultural Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Islamism" title="Post-Islamism">Post-Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_miracles" title="Islamic view of miracles">Islamic view of miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_domestic_violence" title="Islam and domestic violence">Domestic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing_in_Islam" title="Nursing in Islam">Nursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran_and_miracles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran and miracles">Quran and miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_Islam" title="Symbols of Islam">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Names of God in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">In Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Islam" title="Names of God in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi#Names" title="Hayyi Rabbi">In Mandaeism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adon" title="Adon">Adonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khuda" title="Khuda">Khuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvardigar" title="Parvardigar">Parvardigar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Amun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aten" title="Aten">Aten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atum" title="Atum">Atum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavan" title="Bhagavan">Bhagavan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Deva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiranyagarbha" title="Hiranyagarbha">Hiranyagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasadiya_Sukta" title="Nasadiya Sukta">Tad Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svayam_Bhagavan" title="Svayam Bhagavan">Svayam Bhagavan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_%C4%90%C3%A0i" class="mw-redirect" title="Cao Đài">Cao Đài</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus" title="Deus">Deus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devla" title="Devla">Devla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Sof" title="Ein Sof">Ein Sof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">Elohim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elyon" title="Elyon">El Elyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai" title="El Shaddai">El Shaddai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">God the Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakan_Tanka" title="Wakan Tanka">Wakan Tanka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haneunim" title="Haneunim">Haneunim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayyi_Rabbi" title="Hayyi Rabbi">Hayyi Rabbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huwa" title="Huwa">Huwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acintya" title="Acintya">Acintya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanghyang_Adi_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanghyang Adi Buddha">Sanghyang Adi Buddha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypsistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypsistos">Hypsistos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Am_that_I_Am" title="I Am that I Am">I Am that I Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahbulon" title="Jahbulon">Jahbulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Jehovah 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kami" title="Kami">Kami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawu" title="Mawu">Mawu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulungu" title="Mulungu">Mulungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngai" title="Ngai">Ngai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyame" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyame">Nyame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzambi_a_Mpungu" title="Nzambi a Mpungu">Nzambi a Mpungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olodumare" class="mw-redirect" title="Olodumare">Olodumare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cl%E1%BB%8Drun" title="Ọlọrun">Ọlọrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olofi" class="mw-redirect" title="Olofi">Olofi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osanobua" title="Osanobua">Osanobua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianzhu_(Chinese_name_of_God)" title="Tianzhu (Chinese name of God)">Tianzhu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenri-%C5%8C-no-Mikoto" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto">Tenri-Ō-no-Mikoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">The One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umvelinqangi" title="Umvelinqangi">Umvelinqangi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unkulunkulu" title="Unkulunkulu">Unkulunkulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetragrammaton" title="Tetragrammaton">YHWH</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah" title="Jehovah">Jehovah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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