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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_and_Iron_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_and_Iron_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bronze and Iron Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_and_Iron_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Classical antiquity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_antiquity_and_the_medieval_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_antiquity_and_the_medieval_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late antiquity and the medieval period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_antiquity_and_the_medieval_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period_and_the_emergence_of_Zionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period_and_the_emergence_of_Zionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern period and the emergence of Zionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period_and_the_emergence_of_Zionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Mandate_for_Palestine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Mandate_for_Palestine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 British Mandate for Palestine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Mandate_for_Palestine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_of_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_of_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 State of Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_of_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Establishment_and_early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_and_early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Establishment and early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_and_early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab–Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 Arab–Israeli conflict </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab–Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Peace process </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tectonics_and_seismicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tectonics_and_seismicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Tectonics and seismicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tectonics_and_seismicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli_citizenship_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli_citizenship_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Israeli citizenship law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli_citizenship_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israeli-occupied_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israeli-occupied_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Israeli-occupied territories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israeli-occupied_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-International_opinion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_opinion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 International opinion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apartheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apartheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Apartheid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apartheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Foreign aid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Legal system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real_estate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real_estate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Real estate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real_estate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_urban_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_urban_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Major urban areas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_urban_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Cinema and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Israel</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 284 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-284" aria-hidden="true" > 284 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Israèl" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B5%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8D" title="እስራኤል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እስራኤል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="इजराइल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="इजराइल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israh%C4%93l" title="Israhēl – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Israhēl" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إسرائيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A3%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܣܪܐܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A7%D5%AC" title="Իսրայէլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իսրայէլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Israèl" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ইজৰাইল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইজৰাইল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इजरायल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इजरायल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil" title="Israyil – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Israyil" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail" title="İsrail – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İsrail" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ايسراییل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ايسراییل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A9l" title="Israél – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Israél" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israil" title="Israil – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Israil" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ইসরায়েল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসরায়েল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D-sek-lia%CC%8Dt" title="Í-sek-lia̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Í-sek-lia̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраіль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ізраіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраіль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ізраіль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="इजराइल – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="इजराइल" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Израел – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Израел" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་སི་ར་ཨེལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་སི་ར་ཨེལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiraeri" title="Isiraeri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Isiraeri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele" title="Israele – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Israele" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="إسرائيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إسرائيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%8D%DE%AA" title="އިސްރާއީލު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އިސްރާއީލު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C7%AB%CA%BC_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Sǫʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Sǫʼ Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इजरायल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इजरायल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%9B%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨིཛ་རཱེལ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨིཛ་རཱེལ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisrael" title="Iisrael – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iisrael" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Ισραήλ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισραήλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Израиль Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Израиль Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelo" title="Israelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Israelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسرائیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsrael" title="Ísrael – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ísrael" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israa%E2%80%99iila" title="Israa’iila – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Israa’iila" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosrael" title="Iosrael – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iosrael" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0zrail" title="İzrail – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İzrail" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosrael" title="Iosrael – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Iosrael" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Жугтехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Жугтехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="以色列" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%B2" title="ઇઝરાયલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઇઝરાયલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B4%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍃𐍂𐌰𐌴𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्राएल – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="इस्राएल" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AE-set-lie%CC%8Dt" title="Yî-set-lie̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yî-set-lie̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%97%98" title="이스라엘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이스라엘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%27ila" title="Isra'ila – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Isra'ila" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIkela%CA%BBela" title="ʻIkelaʻela – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIkelaʻela" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BD%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC" title="Իսրայել – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իսրայել" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B2" title="इज़राइल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इज़राइल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%27el" title="Isra'el – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Isra'el" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2" title="ইসরাইল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইসরাইল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isreyili" title="Isreyili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Isreyili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsrael" title="Ísrael – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ísrael" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele" title="Israele – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Israele" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ישראל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ישראל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Israèl" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izr%C9%9B%C9%9Bl%C9%A9" title="Izrɛɛlɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Izrɛɛlɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ისრაელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ისრაელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اِسرٲیل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="اِسرٲیل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysrael" title="Ysrael – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ysrael" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isirayeli" title="Isirayeli – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Isirayeli" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izray%C3%A8l" title="Izrayèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Izrayèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isray%C3%A8l" title="Israyèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Israyèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Esra%C3%AAl" title="Îsraêl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îsraêl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອິດສະຣາເອນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິດສະຣາເອນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrae%C4%BCs" title="Izraeļs – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Izraeļs" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra%C4%93la" title="Izraēla – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Izraēla" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelis" title="Izraelis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Izraelis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isr%C3%A6" title="Isræ – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isræ" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrail" title="Izrail – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Izrail" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/brogu%27e" title="brogu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="brogu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israell" title="Israell – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Israell" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इजरायल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इजरायल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Израел – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Израел" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israely" title="Israely – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Israely" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%87%E0%B5%BD" title="ഇസ്രയേൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇസ്രയേൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%BCrael" title="Iżrael – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iżrael" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iharaira" title="Iharaira – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Iharaira" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्रायल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इस्रायल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ისრაელი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ისრაელი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسرائيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسرائيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%BF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="အေဿရေလ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="အေဿရေလ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسرائیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯁ꯭ꯔꯦꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AA-s%C3%A1ik-li%C4%95k" title="Ī-sáik-liĕk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ī-sáik-liĕk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eisrael" title="Eisrael – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eisrael" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Израил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Израил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%85%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အစ္စရေးနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အစ္စရေးနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isireli" title="Isireli – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Isireli" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इजरायल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इजरायल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B2" title="इजरायल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इजरायल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A8%E3%83%AB" title="イスラエル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イスラエル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele" title="Israele – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Israele" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%9B%DF%91%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%8C%DF%9F" title="ߌߛߑߙߊߌߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߛߑߙߊߌߟ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esrail" title="Esrail – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Esrail" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Israèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%B2" title="ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇସ୍ରାଏଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isiraa%27el" title="Isiraa'el – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Isiraa'el" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isroil" title="Isroil – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Isroil" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%B2" title="ਇਜ਼ਰਾਇਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਇਜ਼ਰਾਇਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B2" title="इस्रैल – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="इस्रैल" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسرائیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="အိစ်သရေးခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="အိစ်သရေးခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسرائيل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسرائيل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrel" title="Izrel – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Izrel" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Исраэль – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Исраэль" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="អ៊ីស្រាអែល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីស្រាអែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israil" title="Israil – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="Israil" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%AE%CE%BB" title="Ισραήλ – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ισραήλ" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrail" title="Izrail – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Izrail" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail" title="İsrail – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İsrail" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil" title="Israyil – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Israyil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраіль – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ізраіль" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaraelu" title="Isaraelu – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Isaraelu" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="इस्रेलम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="इस्रेलम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱡᱽᱨᱟᱭᱮᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسرائیل – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israele" title="Israele – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Israele" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraeli" title="Izraeli – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Izraeli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli" title="Israeli – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Israeli" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%8A%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="ඊශ්‍රායලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඊශ්‍රායලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" title="اسرائيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="اسرائيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka-Israyeli" title="Ka-Israyeli – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ka-Israyeli" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%87%EA%99%81%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D2%84%D1%8C" title="Їꙁдраил҄ь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Їꙁдраил҄ь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israaiil" title="Israaiil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Israaiil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="ئیسرائیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیسرائیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Израел – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Израел" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrael" title="Izrael – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izrael" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A9l" title="Israél – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Israél" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இஸ்ரேல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இஸ்ரேல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyil" title="Israyil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Israyil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyel" title="Israyel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Israyel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isdraele" title="Isdraele – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Isdraele" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исраил – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Исраил" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢိတ်ႇသရေး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢိတ်ႇသရေး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇజ్రాయిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇజ్రాయిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izra%C3%A9l" title="Izraél – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Izraél" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ประเทศอิสราเอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิสราเอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Исроил – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Исроил" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIsileli" title="ʻIsileli – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIsileli" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%B1" title="ᎢᏏᎵᏱ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᏏᎵᏱ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail" title="İsrail – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İsrail" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ysra%C3%BDyl" title="Ysraýyl – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ysraýyl" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isi%CC%B1rela" title="Isi̱rela – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Isi̱rela" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Израиль – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Израиль" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Ізраїль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ізраїль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84" title="اسرائیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اسرائیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="ئىسرائىلىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىسرائىلىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yijswzlez" title="Yijswzlez – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yijswzlez" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrail%27" title="Izrail' – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Izrail'" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yisrael%C3%A4n" title="Yisraelän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yisraelän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iisrael" title="Iisrael – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iisrael" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israyel_(estat)" title="Israyel (estat) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Israyel (estat)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira%27eer%C3%BC" title="Ira'eerü – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Ira'eerü" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wayuunaiki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="以色列" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israayil" title="Israayil – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Israayil" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="以色列" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="ישראל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ישראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dsr%C3%A1%E1%BA%B9%CC%81l%C3%AC" title="Ísráẹ́lì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ísráẹ́lì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="以色列" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0srail" title="İsrail – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İsrail" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%ABl" title="Israël – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Israël" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izraelis" title="Izraelis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Izraelis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97" title="以色列 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="以色列" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ijeren" title="Ijeren – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ijeren" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Israèl" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel" title="Israel – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Israel" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israil" title="Israil – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Israil" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵙⵔⴰⵢⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q801#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media 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#a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">State of Israel</div><div class="ib-country-names">מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>) دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Israel"><img alt="The flag of Israel – Star of David centred between two horizontal stripes of a Tallit (a Jewish prayer shawl)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/125px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/188px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/250px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Israel" title="Flag of Israel">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Israel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Israel"><img alt="Menorah surrounded by an olive branch on either side" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Emblem_of_Israel.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Israel" title="Emblem of Israel"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: הַתִּקְוָה (<a href="/wiki/Hatikvah" title="Hatikvah">Hatīkvāh</a>; "The Hope")<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="106" data-mwtitle="Hatikva_vocal.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6f/Hatikva_vocal.ogg/Hatikva_vocal.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6f/Hatikva_vocal.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHatikva_vocal.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHatikva_vocal.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHatikva_vocal.ogg&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_(centered_orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Israel_%28centered_orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a>Show globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_-_Location_Map_(2012)_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg/220px-Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg/330px-Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg/440px-Israel_-_Location_Map_%282012%29_-_ISR_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a>Map of Israel (<a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>)</div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Israel within internationally recognized borders shown in dark green; <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a> shown in light green</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> (<a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">limited recognition</a>)<a href="#cite_note-7">[fn 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[fn 2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Israel&params=31_47_N_35_13_E_region:IL-JM_type:city(880000)">31°47′N 35°13′E / 31.783°N 35.217°E / 31.783; 35.217</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Special status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[fn 3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIA2022-15">[12]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>73.5% <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a></li><li>21.1% <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a></li><li>5.4% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIA2022-15">[12]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space:nowrap;">73.5% <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Judaism</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">18.1% <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Islam</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.9% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christianity</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">1.6% <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze Faith</a></li><li style="white-space:nowrap;">4.9% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">others</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_parliamentary_republic" title="Unitary parliamentary republic">Unitary parliamentary republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_Knesset_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Knesset speakers">Knesset Speaker</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amir_Ohana" title="Amir Ohana">Amir Ohana</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Chief Justice</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Amit" title="Yitzhak Amit">Yitzhak Amit</a> (acting)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">14 May 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_the_United_Nations" title="Israel and the United Nations">Admission to the United Nations</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Current Basic Law</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">19 July 2018</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,072 or 20,770<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a> km2 (8,522 or 8,019 sq mi)<a href="#cite_note-19">[a]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">149th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2.71<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">10,009,800 <a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">93rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 census</div></th><td class="infobox-data">9,601,720<a href="#cite_note-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd-22">[fn 4]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">453/km2 (1,173.3/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">29th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $541.343 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IL-23">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">47th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $54,446<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IL-23">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">29th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $528.067 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IL-23">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">29th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $53,110<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IL-23">[18]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">18th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Negative increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/11px-Increase_Negative.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/17px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Increase_Negative.svg/22px-Increase_Negative.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37.9<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.915<a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">25th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_new_shekel" title="Israeli new shekel">New shekel</a> (₪) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">ILS</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+2:00 (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Standard_Time" title="Israel Standard Time">IST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3:00 (<a href="/wiki/Israel_Summer_Time" title="Israel Summer Time">IDT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>יי-חח-שששש (<a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">AM</a>)</li><li>dd-mm-yyyy (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Israel" title="Telephone numbers in Israel">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IL" title="ISO 3166-2:IL">IL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.il" title=".il">.il</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> 20,770 km2 is Israel within the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>. 22,072 km2 includes the occupied <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> (c. 1,200 km2 (460 sq mi)) and <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> (c. 64 km2 (25 sq mi)). </li> </ol></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Israel,<a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> officially the State of Israel,<a href="#cite_note-27">[b]</a> is a country in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> region of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">bordered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> to the north, the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> to the east, the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> to the southwest, and the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-28">[21]</a> The country also has a small coastline on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> at its southernmost point, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> lies along its eastern border. Israel's <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">proclaimed capital</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[22]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> is the country's <a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">largest urban area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">economic center</a>. Israel is located in a region known to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, synonymous with the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>. In antiquity, it was home to the <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite civilization</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a>. Situated at a <a href="/wiki/Levantine_corridor" title="Levantine corridor">continental crossroad</a>, the region experienced <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">demographic changes</a> under the rule of various empires from the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe#19th_and_early_20th_century" title="Antisemitism in Europe">European antisemitism</a> in the late 19th century galvanized <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a>, which sought a <a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">Jewish homeland</a> in Palestine and gained <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">British support</a>. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Britain occupied the region and established <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> in 1920. Increased <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Jewish immigration</a> in the leadup to the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East#Mandate_for_Palestine" title="British foreign policy in the Middle East">British colonial policy</a> led to <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">intercommunal conflict</a> between Jews and <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>,<a href="#cite_note-31">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[25]</a> which escalated into a <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">civil war</a> in 1947 after the United Nations (UN) <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">proposed partitioning</a> the land between them. The State of Israel <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">declared its establishment</a> on 14 May 1948. The armies of neighboring Arab states invaded the area of the former Mandate the next day, beginning the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">First Arab–Israeli War</a>. Subsequent <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">armistice agreements</a> established Israeli control over <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">77 percent</a> of the former Mandate territory.<a href="#cite_note-33">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischbach200826–27-35">[28]</a> The majority of <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arabs</a> were either <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">expelled or fled</a> in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">those remaining</a> becoming the new state's main minority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater202081–92,_350-36">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[31]</a> Over the following decades, Israel's population increased greatly as the country received an influx of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world#1948_Arab–Israeli_War" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jews who emigrated, fled or were expelled from the Muslim world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:05-39">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-:22-40">[33]</a> Following the 1967 <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a> Israel occupied the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula" title="Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> and Syrian <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. Israel established and continues to expand <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli settlements">settlements</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Legality_of_the_Israeli_occupation_of_Palestine" title="Legality of the Israeli occupation of Palestine">illegally</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">contrary</a> to international law, and has effectively annexed <a href="/wiki/Israeli_annexation_of_East_Jerusalem" title="Israeli annexation of East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">Golan Heights</a> in moves largely unrecognized internationally. After the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, Israel signed peace treaties with <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt</a>—returning the Sinai in 1982—and <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Jordan</a>. In the 2020s, it <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_normalization" title="Arab–Israeli normalization">normalized relations</a> with more Arab countries. However, <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">efforts to resolve</a> the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> after the interim <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> have not succeeded, and the country has engaged in <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">several wars</a> and clashes with Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">militant groups</a>. Israel's practices in its occupation of the Palestinian territories have drawn sustained international criticism—along with accusations that it has committed <a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">war crimes</a> and crimes against humanity against the Palestinian people—from human rights organizations and United Nations officials. The country's <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a> establish a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliament</a> elected by <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>, which determines the makeup of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">government</a> headed by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">prime minister</a> and elects the figurehead <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">president</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-41">[34]</a> Israel is the only country to have a <a href="/wiki/Revived_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Revived language">revived</a> official language, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Hebrew</a>. <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Its culture</a> comprises <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a> elements alongside <a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arab</a> influences. Israel has one of the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_GDP" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by GDP">economies in the Middle East</a> and among the highest GDP per capita and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_in_Asia_and_Oceania_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries in Asia and Oceania by Human Development Index">standards of living in Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[35]</a> One of the most <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">technologically advanced and developed</a> countries in the world, it <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_research_and_development_spending" title="List of sovereign states by research and development spending">spends proportionally</a> more on research and development than any other and is widely believed to possess <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">nuclear weapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[38]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Israel_(name)" title="Israel (name)">Israel (name)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Levant#Israel_and_Judea" title="Names of the Levant">Names of the Levant § Israel and Judea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Merneptah_Steli_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Merneptah_Steli_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1770" data-file-height="3473" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> (13th century BCE). The majority of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical Archeology">biblical archeologists</a> translate a set of hieroglyphs as Israel, the first instance of the name in the record.</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">British Mandate</a> (1920–1948), the entire region was known as Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Upon <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment in 1948</a>, the country formally adopted the name State of Israel (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-labelElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2b\/He-Medinat_Israel2.ogg\/He-Medinat_Israel2.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","label":{"html":"Med\u012bnat Yisr\u0101'el<\/i><\/i><\/span>"},"data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"He-Medinat Israel2.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2b/He-Medinat_Israel2.ogg/He-Medinat_Israel2.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button">Medīnat Yisrā'el</a><a href="/wiki/File:He-Medinat_Israel2.ogg" title="File:He-Medinat Israel2.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, Dawlat Isrāʼīl, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">[dawlat ʔisraːˈʔiːl]</a>) after other <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence#Name" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">proposed names</a> including <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> (Eretz Israel), Ever (from ancestor <a href="/wiki/Eber" title="Eber">Eber</a>), <a href="/wiki/Zion" title="Zion">Zion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judea</a>, were considered but rejected.<a href="#cite_note-47">[40]</a> The name Israel was suggested by <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> and passed by a vote of 6–3.<a href="#cite_note-48">[41]</a> In the early weeks after establishment, the government chose the term <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israeli</a> to denote a citizen of the Israeli state.<a href="#cite_note-49">[42]</a> The names Land of Israel and <a href="/wiki/Children_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Children of Israel">Children of Israel</a> have historically been used to refer to the biblical <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Kingdom of Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">entire Jewish people</a> respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Israel_(name)" title="Israel (name)">name Israel</a> (Hebrew: Yīsrāʾēl; <a href="/wiki/Septuagint" title="Septuagint">Septuagint</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἰσραήλ, Israēl, "<a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El (God)</a> persists/rules", though after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%2012:4&version=nrsv">Hosea 12:4</a> often interpreted as "struggle with God") refers to the patriarch <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a> who, according to the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, was given the name after he successfully wrestled with the <a href="/wiki/Angel_of_the_Lord" title="Angel of the Lord">Angel of the Lord</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> The earliest known archaeological artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the <a href="/wiki/Merneptah_Stele" title="Merneptah Stele">Merneptah Stele</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a> (dated to the late 13th century BCE).<a href="#cite_note-51">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline of Israeli history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory of the Levant</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Early_expansions_of_hominins_out_of_Africa" title="Early expansions of hominins out of Africa">Early hominin presence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, where Israel is located, dates back at least 1.5 million years based on the <a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya prehistoric site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Skhul_and_Qafzeh_hominins" title="Skhul and Qafzeh hominins">Skhul and Qafzeh hominins</a>, dating back 120,000 years, are some of the earliest traces of <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_human" title="Early modern human">anatomically modern humans</a> outside of Africa.<a href="#cite_note-53">[46]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>, which may have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Afroasiatic_language" title="Proto-Afroasiatic language">Proto-Afroasiatic language</a>,<a href="#cite_note-54">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> emerged by the 10th millennium BCE,<a href="#cite_note-56">[49]</a> followed by the <a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a> culture by around 4,500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-57">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_and_Iron_Ages">Bronze and Iron Ages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></div> Early references to "Canaanites" and "<a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaan</a>" appear in <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near Eastern</a> and Egyptian texts (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BCE); these populations were structured as politically independent <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (1550–1200 BCE), large parts of Canaan formed <a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">vassal states</a> of the <a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[53]</a> As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age_collapse" title="Late Bronze Age collapse">Late Bronze Age collapse</a>, Canaan fell into chaos, and Egyptian control over the region collapsed.<a href="#cite_note-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> A people named Israel appear for the first time in the Merneptah Stele, an ancient Egyptian inscription which dates to about 1200 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-NollMerneptah-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-ThompsonMerneptah-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[fn 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[59]</a> Ancestors of the <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a> are thought to have included <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">ancient Semitic-speaking peoples</a> native to this area.<a href="#cite_note-Miller1986-68">[60]</a>: 78–79  Modern archaeological accounts suggest that the Israelites and their culture branched out of the Canaanite peoples through the development of a distinct <a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">monolatristic</a>—and later <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a>—religion centered on <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-69">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[62]</a> They spoke an archaic form of <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[63]</a> Around the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Philistines" title="Philistines">Philistines</a> settled on the southern <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew2005230-72">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahin20056-73">[65]</a> Most modern scholars agree that the <a href="/wiki/The_Exodus" title="The Exodus">Exodus</a> narrative in the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> did not take place as depicted; however, some elements of these traditions do have <a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Bible" title="Historicity of the Bible">historical roots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a> There is debate about the earliest existence of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Kingdoms of Israel and Judah</a> and their extent and power. While it is unclear if there was a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">United Kingdom of Israel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lipschits-76">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kuhrtp438-77">[69]</a> historians and archaeologists agree that the northern <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a> existed by <abbr title="circa">ca.</abbr> 900 BCE<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein-78">[70]</a>: 169–195  and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a> by <abbr title="circa">ca.</abbr> 850 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-79">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pitcher-80">[72]</a> The Kingdom of Israel was the more prosperous of the two and soon developed into a regional power, with a capital at <a href="/wiki/Samaria_(ancient_city)" title="Samaria (ancient city)">Samaria</a>;<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:04-82">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Omrides" title="Omrides">Omride dynasty</a>, it controlled <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, the upper <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sharon_plain" title="Sharon plain">plain of Sharon</a> and large parts of <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:04-82">[74]</a> The Kingdom of Israel was conquered around 720 BCE by the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-84">[76]</a> The Kingdom of Judah, under <a href="/wiki/Davidic_line" title="Davidic line">Davidic</a> rule with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, later became a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of first the Neo-Assyrian Empire and then the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. It is estimated that <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">the region's population</a> was around 400,000 in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age II">Iron Age II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-85">[77]</a> In 587/6 BCE, following a <a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">revolt in Judah</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_II" title="Nebuchadnezzar II">Nebuchadnezzar II</a> <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(587_BC)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (587 BC)">besieged and destroyed Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[79]</a> dissolved the kingdom and <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">exiled much of the Judean elite to Babylon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></div> After <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Babylon" title="Fall of Babylon">capturing Babylon</a> in 539 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, issued <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Cyrus" title="Edict of Cyrus">a proclamation</a> allowing the exiled Judean population to return to Judah.<a href="#cite_note-rennert-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> The construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was completed <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 520 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-rennert-89">[81]</a> The Achaemenids ruled the region as the province of <a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grabbe355-91">[83]</a> In 332 BCE, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the region as part of his <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_Alexander_the_Great" title="Wars of Alexander the Great">campaign against the Achaemenid Empire</a>. After his death, the area was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> empires as a part of <a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Coele-Syria</a>. Over the ensuing centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a> of the region led to cultural tensions that came to a head during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV</a>, giving rise to the <a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a> of 167 BCE. The civil unrest weakened Seleucid rule, and in the late 2nd century the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean Kingdom of Judea</a> arose, eventually attaining full independence and expanding into neighboring regions.<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/170px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/255px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg/340px-Israel-2013-Aerial_21-Masada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3755" data-file-height="5000" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Masada" title="Masada">Masada</a> fortress overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, which is the location of a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">1st-century Roman siege</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> invaded the region in 63 BCE, first <a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">taking control of Syria</a>, and then intervening in the <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasmonean Civil War">Hasmonean Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">The struggle</a> between pro-Roman and pro-<a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> factions in Judea led to the installation of <a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">dynastic vassal</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>. In 6 CE, the area was annexed as the <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Roman province of Judaea</a>; tensions with Roman rule led to a series of <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>, resulting in widespread destruction. The <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73 CE) resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">destruction of Jerusalem and the Second Temple</a> and a sizable portion of the population being killed or displaced.<a href="#cite_note-:8-95">[87]</a> A second uprising known as the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> (132–136 CE) initially allowed the Jews to form an independent state, but the Romans brutally crushed the rebellion, devastating and depopulating Judea's countryside.<a href="#cite_note-:8-95">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> Jerusalem was rebuilt as a <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>), and the province of Judea was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-100">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-101">[93]</a> Jews were expelled from the districts surrounding Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-98">[90]</a> Nevertheless, there was a continuous small Jewish presence, and Galilee became its religious center.<a href="#cite_note-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_antiquity_and_the_medieval_period">Late antiquity and the medieval period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilad_al-Sham" title="Bilad al-Sham">Bilad al-Sham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Kingdom of Jerusalem</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/330px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg/440px-Ruins_of_the_Ancient_Synagogue_at_Bar%27am.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4048" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption>3rd-century <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Bar%27am_synagogue" title="Kfar Bar'am synagogue">Kfar Bar'am synagogue</a> in the Galilee<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> displaced <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman paganism</a> in the 4th century CE, with <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a> embracing and promoting the Christian religion and <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> making it <a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">the state religion</a>. A series of laws were passed that discriminated against Jews and Judaism, and Jews were persecuted by both the church and the authorities.<a href="#cite_note-:3-106">[98]</a> Many Jews had emigrated to flourishing <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">diaspora</a> communities,<a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[99]</a> while locally there was both Christian immigration and local conversion. By the middle of the 5th century, there was a Christian majority.<a href="#cite_note-CHJ2-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[101]</a> Towards the end of the 5th century, <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a> erupted, continuing until the late 6th century and resulting in a large decrease in the Samaritan population.<a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_conquest_of_Jerusalem" title="Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem">Sasanian conquest of Jerusalem</a> and the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a> in 614 CE, the Byzantine Empire <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Sasanian_War_of_602%E2%80%93628" title="Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628">reconsolidated control of the area</a> in 628.<a href="#cite_note-111">[103]</a> In 634–641 CE, the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a> <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Levant" title="Muslim conquest of the Levant">conquered the Levant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Ellenblum20102-113">[105]</a> Over the next six centuries, control of the region transferred between the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a> caliphates, and subsequently the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">Seljuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> dynasties.<a href="#cite_note-MosheGil2-114">[106]</a> The population drastically decreased during the following several centuries, dropping from an estimated 1 million during Roman and Byzantine periods to about 300,000 by the early <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman period</a>, and there was a steady process of <a href="/wiki/Arabization" title="Arabization">Arabization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Ellenblum20102-113">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-:102-112">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-:Broshi1979-115">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-85">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-30">[23]</a> The end of the 11th century brought the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pope">papally</a>-sanctioned incursions of Christian crusaders intent on wresting Jerusalem and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a> from Muslim control and establishing <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">crusader states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[108]</a> The Ayyubids pushed back the crusaders before Muslim rule was fully restored by the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk sultans of Egypt</a> in 1291.<a href="#cite_note-GudrunKramer-117">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period_and_the_emergence_of_Zionism">Modern period and the emergence of Zionism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem Sanjak</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils,_1870s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/220px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/330px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg/440px-Jews_at_Western_Wall_by_Felix_Bonfils%2C_1870s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2978" data-file-height="2313" /></a><figcaption>Jews at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> In 1516, the Ottoman Empire conquered the region and ruled it as part of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-118">[110]</a> Two violent incidents took place against Jews, the <a href="/wiki/1517_Safed_attacks" title="1517 Safed attacks">1517 Safed attacks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1517_Hebron_attacks" title="1517 Hebron attacks">1517 Hebron attacks</a>, after the Turkish Ottomans ousted the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluks</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Mamluk_War_(1516%E2%80%931517)" title="Ottoman–Mamluk War (1516–1517)">Ottoman–Mamluk War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-JudaicaStudies1999-120">[112]</a> Under the Ottoman Empire, the Levant was fairly cosmopolitan, with religious freedoms for <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">Christians, Muslims, and Jews</a>. In 1561 the <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Ottoman sultan</a> invited <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> escaping the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> to settle in and rebuild the city of <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-alfassa2-122">[114]</a> Under the Ottoman Empire's <a href="/wiki/Millet_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Millet (Ottoman Empire)">millet system</a>, Christians and Jews were considered <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmi</a> (meaning "protected") under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman law">Ottoman law</a> in exchange for loyalty to the state and payment of the <a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a> tax.<a href="#cite_note-123">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[116]</a> Non-Muslim Ottoman subjects faced geographic and lifestyle restrictions, though these were not always enforced.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-125">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[119]</a> The millet system organized non-Muslims into autonomous communities on the basis of religion.<a href="#cite_note-:4-128">[120]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg/220px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg/330px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg/440px-THEODOR_HERZL_AT_THE_FIRST_ZIONIST_CONGRESS_IN_BASEL_ON_25.8.1897._%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%9C_%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F_-_1897.8.25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/First_Zionist_Congress" title="First Zionist Congress">First Zionist Congress</a> (1897) in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">concept of the "return"</a> remained a symbol within religious Jewish belief which emphasized that their return should be determined by Divine Providence rather than human action.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-129">[121]</a> Leading Zionist historian <a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri" title="Shlomo Avineri">Shlomo Avineri</a> describes this connection: "Jews did not relate to the vision of the Return in a more active way than most Christians viewed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a>." The religious Judaic notion of being a nation was distinct from the modern European notion of nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-130">[122]</a> The Jewish population of Palestine from the Ottoman rule to the beginning of the Zionist movement, known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a>, comprised a minority and fluctuated in size. During the 16th century, Jewish communities struck roots in the <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a>—Jerusalem, Tiberias, <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a>—and in 1697, Rabbi Yehuda Hachasid led a group of 1,500 Jews to Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> A 1660 <a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)#Lebanon_and_Galilee_campaign" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze revolt</a> against the Ottomans destroyed <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Safed" title="1660 destruction of Safed">Safed</a> and <a href="/wiki/1660_destruction_of_Tiberias" title="1660 destruction of Tiberias">Tiberias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:7-118">[110]</a> In the second half of the 18th century, Eastern European Jews who were <a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">opponents</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Perushim" title="Perushim">Perushim</a>, settled in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-132">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> In the late 18th century, local Arab Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Umar" title="Zahir al-Umar">Zahir al-Umar</a> created a de facto independent emirate in the Galilee. Ottoman attempts to subdue the sheikh failed. After Zahir's death the Ottomans regained control of the area. In 1799, governor <a href="/wiki/Jazzar_Pasha" title="Jazzar Pasha">Jazzar Pasha</a> repelled an <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">assault on Acre</a> by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s troops, prompting the French to abandon the Syrian campaign.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a> In 1834, a <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_revolt_in_Palestine" title="Peasants' revolt in Palestine">revolt by Palestinian Arab peasants</a> against Egyptian conscription and taxation policies under <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Muhammad Ali</a> was suppressed; Muhammad Ali's army retreated and Ottoman rule was restored with British support in 1840.<a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> reforms were implemented across the Ottoman Empire. The first wave of modern Jewish migration to <a href="/wiki/Southern_Syria" title="Southern Syria">Ottoman-ruled Palestine</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Aliyah" title="First Aliyah">First Aliyah</a>, began in 1881, as Jews fled <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> in Eastern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-136">[128]</a> The 1882 <a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a> increased economic discrimination against Jews, and restricted where they could live.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[130]</a> In response, political <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> took form, a movement that sought to establish a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_state" title="Jewish state">Jewish state</a> in Palestine, thus offering a solution to the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a> of the European states.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzl194611-139">[131]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Antisemitism, pogroms and official policies, in tsarist Russia led to the emigration of three million Jews in the years between 1882 and 1914, only 1% of which went to Palestine. Those who went to Palestine were driven primarily by ideas of self-determination and Jewish identity, rather than as a response to pogroms or economic insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-129">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Aliyah" title="Second Aliyah">Second Aliyah</a> (1904–1914) began after the <a href="/wiki/Kishinev_pogrom" title="Kishinev pogrom">Kishinev pogrom</a>; some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine, although nearly half left eventually. Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox Jews</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[132]</a> The Second Aliyah included <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Zionist socialist</a> groups who established the <a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">kibbutz</a> movement based on the idea of establishing a separate Jewish economy based exclusively on Jewish labor.<a href="#cite_note-141">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano200330-142">[134]</a> Those of the Second Aliyah who became leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a> in the coming decades believed that the Jewish settler economy should not depend on Arab labor. This would be a dominant source of antagonism with the Arab population, with the new Yishuv's nationalist ideology overpowering its socialist one.<a href="#cite_note-143">[135]</a> Though the immigrants of the Second Aliyah largely sought to create communal Jewish agricultural settlements, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> was established as the first planned Jewish town in 1909. Jewish armed militias emerged during this period, the first being <a href="/wiki/Bar-Giora_(organization)" title="Bar-Giora (organization)">Bar-Giora</a> in 1907. Two years later, the larger <a href="/wiki/Hashomer" title="Hashomer">Hashomer</a> organization was founded as its replacement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Mandate_for_Palestine">British Mandate for Palestine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intercommunal_conflict_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine">Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestine_war" title="1948 Palestine war">1948 Palestine war</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_land_purchase_in_Palestine" title="Jewish land purchase in Palestine">Jewish land purchase in Palestine</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizmann" title="Chaim Weizmann">Chaim Weizmann's</a> efforts to garner British support for the Zionist movement eventually secured the <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a> of 1917,<a href="#cite_note-144">[136]</a> stating Britain's support for the creation of a Jewish "<a href="/wiki/Homeland_for_the_Jewish_people" title="Homeland for the Jewish people">national home</a>" in Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-macintyre-145">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[138]</a> Weizmann's interpretation of the declaration was that negotiations on the future of the country were to happen directly between Britain and the Jews, excluding Arabs. <a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Jewish-Arab relations</a> in Palestine deteriorated dramatically in the following years.<a href="#cite_note-Avi_Shlaim-147">[139]</a> In 1918 the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Legion" title="Jewish Legion">Jewish Legion</a>, primarily Zionist volunteers, assisted in the British <a href="/wiki/Sinai_and_Palestine_campaign" title="Sinai and Palestine campaign">conquest of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[140]</a> In 1920 the territory was divided between Britain and France under the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations_mandate" title="League of Nations mandate">mandate system</a>, and the British-administered area (including modern Israel) was named <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GudrunKramer-117">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[142]</a> Arab opposition to British rule and Jewish immigration led to the <a href="/wiki/1920_Nebi_Musa_riots" title="1920 Nebi Musa riots">1920 Palestine riots</a> and the formation of a Jewish militia known as the <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> as an outgrowth of Hashomer, from which the <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lehi_(group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lehi (group)">Lehi</a> paramilitaries later split.<a href="#cite_note-151">[143]</a> In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> granted Britain the <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate for Palestine</a> under terms which included the Balfour Declaration with its promise to the Jews and with similar provisions regarding the Arab Palestinians.<a href="#cite_note-152">[144]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">population of the area</a> was predominantly Arab and Muslim, with Jews accounting for about 11%<a href="#cite_note-153">[145]</a> and Arab Christians about 9.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-154">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_(1938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg/220px-%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg/330px-%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg/440px-%22Jews_and_Arabs_in_Grim_Struggle_for_Holy_Land%22_article_%281938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4225" data-file-height="3005" /></a><figcaption>"Jews and Arabs in Grim Struggle for Holy Land", article from 1938</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Third_Aliyah" title="Third Aliyah">Third</a> (1919–1923) and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Aliyah" title="Fourth Aliyah">Fourth Aliyahs</a> (1924–1929) brought an additional 100,000 Jews to Palestine. The <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">rise of Nazism</a>, and the increasing persecution of Jews in 1930s Europe led to the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Aliyah" title="Fifth Aliyah">Fifth Aliyah</a>, with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This was a major cause of the <a href="/wiki/1936%E2%80%931939_Arab_revolt_in_Palestine" title="1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine">Arab revolt of 1936–39</a>, which was suppressed by British security forces and Zionist militias. Several hundred British security personnel and Jews were killed; 5,032 Arabs were killed, 14,760 were wounded, and 12,622 were detained.<a href="#cite_note-155">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[149]</a> An estimated ten percent of the adult male <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian Arab</a> population was killed, wounded, imprisoned or exiled.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a> The British introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine with the <a href="/wiki/White_Paper_of_1939" title="White Paper of 1939">White Paper of 1939</a>. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, a clandestine movement known as <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Aliyah Bet</a> was organized to bring Jews to Palestine. By the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, 31% of the population of Palestine was Jewish.<a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a> The UK found itself facing a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_insurgency_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine">Jewish insurgency</a> over immigration restrictions and continued conflict with the Arab community over limit levels. The Haganah joined Irgun and Lehi in an armed struggle against British rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200427-160">[152]</a> The Haganah attempted to bring tens of thousands of Jewish refugees and <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_survivors" title="Holocaust survivors">Holocaust survivors</a> to Palestine by ship. Most of the ships were intercepted by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> and the refugees placed in detention camps in <a href="/wiki/Atlit_detainee_camp" title="Atlit detainee camp">Atlit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_internment_camps" title="Cyprus internment camps">Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Golani2013-161">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/170px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="352" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/255px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg/340px-UN_Palestine_Partition_Versions_1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Map</a>, "Palestine plan of partition with economic union"</figcaption></figure> On 22 July 1946, Irgun <a href="/wiki/King_David_Hotel_bombing" title="King David Hotel bombing">bombed the British administrative headquarters</a> for Palestine, killing 91.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-brtca_irgun-164">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-tclarke81-165">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-bethell-166">[158]</a> The attack was a response to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Agatha" title="Operation Agatha">Operation Agatha</a> (a series of raids, including one on the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel" title="Jewish Agency for Israel">Jewish Agency</a>, by the British) and was the deadliest directed at the British during the Mandate era.<a href="#cite_note-tclarke81-165">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-bethell-166">[158]</a> The Jewish insurgency continued throughout 1946 and 1947 despite concerted efforts by the British military and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Police_Force" title="Palestine Police Force">Palestine Police Force</a> to suppress it. British efforts to mediate with Jewish and Arab representatives also failed as the Jews were unwilling to accept any solution that did not involve a Jewish state and suggested a partition of Palestine into Jewish and Arab states, while the Arabs were adamant that a Jewish state in any part of Palestine was unacceptable and that the only solution was a unified Palestine under Arab rule. In February 1947, the British referred the Palestine issue to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. On 15 May 1947, the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="General Assembly of the United Nations">UN General Assembly</a> resolved that a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Committee_on_Palestine" title="United Nations Special Committee on Palestine">Special Committee</a> be created "to prepare ... a report on the question of Palestine".<a href="#cite_note-167">[159]</a> The Report of the Committee<a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">proposed a plan</a> to replace the British Mandate with "an independent Arab State, an independent Jewish State, and the City of Jerusalem [...] the last to be under an International Trusteeship System".<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> Meanwhile, the Jewish insurgency continued and peaked in July 1947, with a series of widespread guerrilla raids culminating in <a href="/wiki/The_Sergeants_affair" title="The Sergeants affair">the Sergeants affair</a>, in which the Irgun took two British sergeants hostage as attempted leverage against the planned execution of three Irgun operatives. After the executions were carried out, the Irgun killed the two British soldiers, hanged their bodies from trees, and left a booby trap at the scene which injured a British soldier. The incident caused widespread outrage in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-Hoffman-170">[162]</a> In September 1947, the British cabinet decided to evacuate Palestine as the Mandate was no longer tenable.<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> On 29 November 1947, the General Assembly adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">Resolution 181 (II)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181(II)-172">[164]</a> The plan attached to the resolution was essentially that proposed in the report of 3 September. The Jewish Agency, the recognized representative of the Jewish community, accepted the plan, which assigned 55–56% of Mandatory Palestine to the Jews. At the time, the Jews were about a third of the population and owned around 6–7% of the land. Arabs constituted the majority and owned about 20% of the land, with the remainder held by the Mandate authorities or foreign landowners.<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morris2008396-174">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Higher_Committee" title="Arab Higher Committee">Arab Higher Committee</a> of Palestine rejected it on the basis that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of the Palestinians,<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> and indicated that they would reject any other plan of partition.<a href="#cite_note-177">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman200240–41-178">[170]</a> On 1 December 1947, the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a three-day strike, and <a href="/wiki/1947_Jerusalem_riots" title="1947 Jerusalem riots">riots broke out in Jerusalem</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[171]</a> The situation spiraled into <a href="/wiki/1947%E2%80%931948_civil_war_in_Mandatory_Palestine" title="1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine">a civil war</a>. Colonial Secretary <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Creech_Jones" title="Arthur Creech Jones">Arthur Creech Jones</a> announced that the British Mandate would end on 15 May 1948, at which point the British would evacuate. As Arab militias and gangs attacked Jewish areas, they were faced mainly by the Haganah as well as the smaller Irgun and Lehi. In April 1948, the Haganah moved onto the offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200877–78-180">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_of_Israel">State of Israel</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel_(1948%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Israel (1948–present)">History of Israel (1948–present)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_and_early_years">Establishment and early years</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Israeli Declaration of Independence</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/220px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/330px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg/440px-Declaration_of_State_of_Israel_1948.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a> declaring the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">establishment of Israel</a> on 14 May 1948</figcaption></figure> On 14 May 1948, the day before the expiration of the British Mandate, <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, the head of the Jewish Agency, declared "the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz-Israel".<a href="#cite_note-182">[174]</a> The following day, the armies of four Arab countries—Egypt, Syria, Transjordan and Iraq—entered what had been Mandatory Palestine, launching the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson19851058-183">[175]</a> contingents from <a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> joined the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008205-184">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[177]</a> The purpose of the invasion was to prevent the establishment of the Jewish state and to "sweep them [Jews] into the sea".<a href="#cite_note-Morris2008396-174">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[179]</a> The Arab League stated the invasion was to restore order and prevent further bloodshed.<a href="#cite_note-cablegram-188">[180]</a> After a year of fighting, a <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">ceasefire was declared</a> and temporary borders, known as the <a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a>, were established.<a href="#cite_note-189">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordan annexed</a> what became known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_the_United_Arab_Republic" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by the United Arab Republic">Egypt occupied</a> the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a>. Over 700,000 Palestinians <a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">fled or were expelled</a> by <a href="/wiki/Zionist_political_violence" title="Zionist political violence">Zionist militias</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israeli military</a>—what would become known in Arabic as the <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">nakba</a> ('catastrophe').<a href="#cite_note-190">[182]</a> The events also led to the destruction of most of Palestine's Arab <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Palestine" title="Culture of Palestine">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_identity" title="Palestinian identity">identity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_nationalism" title="Palestinian nationalism">national aspirations</a>. Some 156,000 Arabs remained and became <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-191">[183]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_(Eilat)_(3x4).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg/220px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg/330px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg/440px-Raising_the_Ink_Flag_at_Umm_Rashrash_%28Eilat%29_%283x4%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="2432" /></a><figcaption>Raising of the <a href="/wiki/Ink_Flag" title="Ink Flag">Ink Flag</a> on 10 March 1949, marking the end of the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 war</a></figcaption></figure> By <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_273" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273">United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273</a>, Israel was admitted as a member of the UN on 11 May 1949.<a href="#cite_note-192">[184]</a> In the early years of the state, the <a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor Zionist</a> movement led by Prime Minister Ben-Gurion dominated <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Israeli politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELustick198837–39-193">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[186]</a> Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored <a href="/wiki/Mossad_LeAliyah_Bet" title="Mossad LeAliyah Bet">Mossad LeAliyah Bet</a> (<abbr class="small" title="literally">lit.</abbr> "Institute for <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_Bet" title="Aliyah Bet">Immigration B</a>").<a href="#cite_note-195">[187]</a> The latter engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were in danger and exit was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet was disbanded in 1953.<a href="#cite_note-196">[188]</a> The immigration was in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Plan" title="One Million Plan">One Million Plan</a>. Some immigrants held Zionist beliefs or came for the promise of a better life, while others moved to escape persecution or were expelled from their homes.<a href="#cite_note-197">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[190]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Aliyah#Early_statehood_(1948–1960)" title="Aliyah">influx of Holocaust survivors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jews from Arab and Muslim countries</a> to Israel during the first three years increased the number of Jews from 700,000 to 1,400,000. By 1958, the population had risen to two million.<a href="#cite_note-199">[191]</a> Between 1948 and 1970, approximately 1,150,000 Jewish refugees relocated to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-200">[192]</a> Some immigrants arrived as refugees and were housed in temporary camps known as <a href="/wiki/Ma%27abarot" title="Ma'abarot">ma'abarot</a>; by 1952, over 200,000 people were living in these tent cities.<a href="#cite_note-201">[193]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Jews of European background</a> were often treated more favorably than Jews from <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">North African</a> countries—housing units reserved for the latter were often re-designated for the former, so Jews newly arrived from Arab lands generally ended up staying longer in transit camps.<a href="#cite_note-202">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007155–157-203">[195]</a> During this period, food, clothes and furniture were rationed in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">austerity period</a>. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and the Federal Republic of Germany">reparations agreement with West Germany</a> that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea that Israel could accept monetary compensation for the Holocaust.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShindler200249–50-204">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab–Israeli_conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a></div> During the 1950s, Israel was <a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_Israeli_civilians_before_1967" title="List of attacks against Israeli civilians before 1967">frequently attacked</a> by <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_fedayeen" title="Palestinian fedayeen">Palestinian fedayeen</a>, nearly always against civilians,<a href="#cite_note-205">[197]</a> mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert200558-206">[198]</a> leading to several Israeli <a href="/wiki/Reprisal_operations" title="Reprisal operations">reprisal operations</a>. In 1956, the UK and France aimed at regaining control of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, which Egypt had nationalized. The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and <a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Tiran" title="Straits of Tiran">Straits of Tiran</a> to Israeli shipping, together with increasing fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population and recent Arab threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt.<a href="#cite_note-207">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[201]</a> Israel joined <a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_S%C3%A8vres" title="Protocol of Sèvres">a secret alliance</a> with the UK and France and overran the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a> but was pressured to withdraw by the UN in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights.<a href="#cite_note-210">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[204]</a> The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.<a href="#cite_note-213">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/220px--1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="155" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="392" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="392" data-height="276" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="204" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/34/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv/1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="340" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=fi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fi" label="suomi ‪(fi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=he&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="he" label="עברית ‪(he)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3A1961-04-13_Tale_Of_Century_-_Eichmann_Tried_For_War_Crimes.ogv&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>U.S. newsreel on the trial of <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 1960s, Israel captured Nazi war criminal <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a> in Argentina and brought him to Israel <a href="/wiki/Eichmann_trial" title="Eichmann trial">for trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009219–229-214">[206]</a> Eichmann remains the only person executed in Israel by conviction in an Israeli civilian court.<a href="#cite_note-215">[207]</a> In 1963, Israel was engaged in a diplomatic standoff with the United States in relation to the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">nuclear programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz2019-216">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[209]</a> Since 1964 Arab countries, concerned over Israeli plans to divert waters of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-218">[210]</a> had been trying to divert the headwaters to deprive Israel of water resources, <a href="/wiki/War_over_Water_(Jordan_River)" title="War over Water (Jordan River)">provoking tensions</a> between Israel on the one hand, and Syria and Lebanon on the other. <a href="/wiki/Arab_nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab nationalist">Arab nationalists</a> led by Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a> refused to recognize Israel and called for its destruction.<a href="#cite_note-RoutledgeAtlas-219">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[213]</a> By 1966 Israeli-Arab relations had deteriorated to the point of battles taking place between Israeli and Arab forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007178-222">[214]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Six_Day_War_Territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/220px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/330px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Six_Day_War_Territories.svg/440px-Six_Day_War_Territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Territory held by Israel: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  before the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  after the war</div> The <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a> was returned to Egypt in 1982.</figcaption></figure> In May 1967, Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">UN peacekeepers stationed in the Sinai Peninsula</a> since 1957, and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-223">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[217]</a> Other Arab states mobilized their forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007289-226">[218]</a> Israel reiterated that these actions were a <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a> and launched a pre-emptive strike (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Focus" title="Operation Focus">Operation Focus</a>) against Egypt in June. Jordan, Syria and Iraq attacked Israel. In the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank from Jordan, the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, and the Golan Heights from Syria.<a href="#cite_note-227">[219]</a> Jerusalem's boundaries were enlarged, incorporating East Jerusalem. The 1949 Green Line became the administrative boundary between Israel and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">occupied territories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlayRosen2010362–363-228">[220]</a> Following the 1967 war and the "<a href="/wiki/Khartoum_Resolution" title="Khartoum Resolution">Three Nos</a>" resolution of the Arab League, Israel faced attacks from the Egyptians in the Sinai Peninsula during the 1967–1970 <a href="/wiki/War_of_Attrition" title="War of Attrition">War of Attrition</a>, and from Palestinian groups targeting Israelis in the occupied territories, globally, and in Israel. Most important among the Palestinian and Arab groups was the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestine Liberation Organization</a> (PLO), established in 1964, which initially committed itself to "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland".<a href="#cite_note-229">[221]</a> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_political_violence" title="Palestinian political violence">Palestinian groups launched attacks</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[223]</a> against Israeli and Jewish targets around the world,<a href="#cite_note-232">[224]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">a massacre of Israeli athletes</a> at the <a href="/wiki/1972_Summer_Olympics" title="1972 Summer Olympics">1972 Summer Olympics</a> in Munich. The Israeli government responded with an <a href="/wiki/Mossad_assassinations_following_the_Munich_massacre" title="Mossad assassinations following the Munich massacre">assassination campaign</a> against the organizers of the massacre, <a href="/wiki/1972_Israeli_air_raid_in_Syria_and_Lebanon" title="1972 Israeli air raid in Syria and Lebanon">a bombing</a> and a <a href="/wiki/1973_Israeli_raid_in_Lebanon" title="1973 Israeli raid in Lebanon">raid on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon</a>. On 6 October 1973, the Egyptian and Syrian armies launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Badr_(1973)" title="Operation Badr (1973)">a surprise attack</a> against Israeli forces in the Sinai Peninsula and Golan Heights, opening the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>. The war ended on 25 October with Israel repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but suffering great losses.<a href="#cite_note-233">[225]</a> An <a href="/wiki/Agranat_Commission" title="Agranat Commission">internal inquiry</a> exonerated <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_government_of_Israel" title="Fifteenth government of Israel">the government</a> of responsibility for failures before and during the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Golda_Meir" title="Golda Meir">Golda Meir</a> to resign.<a href="#cite_note-234">[226]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In July 1976, an airliner was hijacked in flight from Israel to France by Palestinian guerrillas; Israeli commandos <a href="/wiki/Operation_Entebbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Entebbe">rescued 102 of 106 Israeli hostages</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peace_process">Peace process</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Israeli–Palestinian peace process</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/1977_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1977 Israeli legislative election">1977 Knesset elections</a> marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as <a href="/wiki/Menachem_Begin" title="Menachem Begin">Menachem Begin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a> party took control from the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Labor_Party" title="Israeli Labor Party">Labor Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-235">[227]</a> Later that year, Egyptian President <a href="/wiki/Anwar_El_Sadat" class="mw-redirect" title="Anwar El Sadat">Anwar El Sadat</a> made a trip to Israel and spoke before the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002171–174-236">[228]</a> Sadat and Begin signed the <a href="/wiki/Camp_David_Accords" title="Camp David Accords">Camp David Accords</a> (1978) and the <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Israel_peace_treaty" title="Egypt–Israel peace treaty">Egypt–Israel peace treaty</a> (1979).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187-237">[229]</a> In return, Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and agreed to enter negotiations over autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187-237">[229]</a> On 11 March 1978, a PLO guerilla raid from Lebanon led to the <a href="/wiki/Coastal_Road_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal Road massacre">Coastal Road massacre</a>. Israel responded by launching an <a href="/wiki/1978_South_Lebanon_conflict" title="1978 South Lebanon conflict">invasion of southern Lebanon</a> to destroy PLO bases. Most PLO fighters withdrew, but Israel was able to secure southern Lebanon until a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Force_in_Lebanon" title="United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon">UN force</a> and the Lebanese army could take over. The PLO soon <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_insurgency_in_South_Lebanon" title="Palestinian insurgency in South Lebanon">resumed its insurgency</a> against Israel, and Israel carried out numerous retaliatory attacks. Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israelis to settle</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">occupied West Bank</a>, increasing friction with the Palestinians there.<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a> The 1980 <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Law" title="Jerusalem Law">Jerusalem Law</a> was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree and <a href="/wiki/UN_Security_Council_Resolution_478" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Security Council Resolution 478">reignited international controversy</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">status of the city</a>. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel, and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein.<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> In 1981 Israel <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights_Law" title="Golan Heights Law">effectively annexed</a> the Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-bbc_golan_profile-240">[232]</a> The international community largely rejected these moves, with the UN Security Council declaring both the Jerusalem Law and the Golan Heights Law null and void.<a href="#cite_note-241">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[234]</a> Several waves of <a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Ethiopian Jews</a> <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">immigrated to Israel</a> since the 1980s, while between 1990 and 1994, <a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">immigration from the post-Soviet states</a> increased Israel's population by twelve percent.<a href="#cite_note-243">[235]</a> On 7 June 1981, during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Opera" title="Operation Opera">Israeli air force destroyed</a> Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, then under construction, in order to impede the Iraqi nuclear weapons program.<a href="#cite_note-244">[236]</a> Following a series of PLO attacks in 1982, Israel <a href="/wiki/1982_Lebanon_War" title="1982 Lebanon War">invaded Lebanon</a> to destroy the PLO bases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002199-245">[237]</a> In the first six days, Israel destroyed the military forces of the PLO in Lebanon and decisively defeated the Syrians. An Israeli government inquiry (the <a href="/wiki/Kahan_Commission" title="Kahan Commission">Kahan Commission</a>) held Begin and several Israeli generals indirectly responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Sabra_and_Shatila_massacre" title="Sabra and Shatila massacre">Sabra and Shatila massacre</a> and held <a href="/wiki/Defense_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Defense Minister of Israel">Defense Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Ariel_Sharon" title="Ariel Sharon">Ariel Sharon</a> as bearing "personal responsibility".<a href="#cite_note-246">[238]</a> Sharon was forced to resign.<a href="#cite_note-247">[239]</a> In 1985, Israel responded to a Palestinian <a href="/wiki/Larnaca_yacht_killings" title="Larnaca yacht killings">terrorist attack in Cyprus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wooden_Leg" title="Operation Wooden Leg">bombing the PLO headquarters</a> in Tunisia. Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986 but maintained a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">borderland buffer zone</a> in southern Lebanon until 2000, from where Israeli forces <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">engaged in conflict</a> with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a>. The <a href="/wiki/First_Intifada" title="First Intifada">First Intifada</a>, a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule,<a href="#cite_note-248">[240]</a> broke out in 1987, with waves of uncoordinated demonstrations and violence in the occupied West Bank and Gaza. Over the following six years, the intifada became more organized and included economic and cultural measures aimed at disrupting the Israeli occupation. Over 1,000 people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-249">[241]</a> During the 1991 <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a>, the PLO supported <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a> and Iraqi missile <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi rocket attacks on Israel">attacks against Israel</a>. Despite public outrage, Israel heeded American calls to refrain from hitting back.<a href="#cite_note-250">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMowlanaGerbnerSchiller1992111-251">[243]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_%28GPO%29_-_Foreign_Min._Peres_and_King_Hussein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> (left) with <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (center) and King <a href="/wiki/Hussein_of_Jordan" title="Hussein of Jordan">Hussein of Jordan</a> (right), prior to signing the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a> in 1994</figcaption></figure> In 1992, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> became prime minister following <a href="/wiki/1992_Israeli_legislative_election" title="1992 Israeli legislative election">an election</a> in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbours.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002236-252">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[245]</a> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> on behalf of Israel and <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Abbas" title="Mahmoud Abbas">Mahmoud Abbas</a> for the PLO signed the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>, which gave the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Authority" title="Palestinian Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> (PNA) the right to govern <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" title="West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord">parts of the West Bank</a> and the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-254">[246]</a> The PLO also <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition" title="Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition">recognized Israel's right to exist</a> and pledged an end to terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETessler2009729-255">[247]</a> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Jordan_peace_treaty" title="Israel–Jordan peace treaty">Israel–Jordan peace treaty</a> was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-256">[248]</a> Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the continuation of Israeli settlements<a href="#cite_note-257">[249]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_checkpoint" title="Israeli checkpoint">checkpoints</a>, and the deterioration of economic conditions.<a href="#cite_note-258">[250]</a> Israeli public support for the Accords waned after <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="List of Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[251]</a> In November 1995, Rabin <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Assassination of Yitzhak Rabin">was assassinated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Yigal_Amir" title="Yigal Amir">Yigal Amir</a>, a far-right Jew who opposed the Accords.<a href="#cite_note-260">[252]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu's</a> premiership at the end of the 1990s, Israel <a href="/wiki/Protocol_Concerning_the_Redeployment_in_Hebron" title="Protocol Concerning the Redeployment in Hebron">agreed to withdraw</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hebron" title="Hebron">Hebron</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002257-261">[253]</a> though this was never ratified or implemented,<a href="#cite_note-262">[254]</a> and he signed the <a href="/wiki/Wye_River_Memorandum" title="Wye River Memorandum">Wye River Memorandum</a>, giving greater control to the PNA.<a href="#cite_note-263">[255]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ehud_Barak" title="Ehud Barak">Ehud Barak</a>, <a href="/wiki/1999_Israeli_general_election" title="1999 Israeli general election">elected</a> prime minister in 1999, withdrew forces from southern Lebanon and conducted negotiations with PNA Chairman <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2000_Camp_David_Summit" title="2000 Camp David Summit">2000 Camp David Summit</a>. Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian state">Palestinian state</a>, including the entirety of the Gaza Strip and over 90% of the West Bank with Jerusalem as a shared capital.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGelvin2005240-264">[256]</a> Each side blamed the other for the failure of the talks. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st_century">21st century</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png/280px-Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png/420px-Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png/560px-Rocket_Attacks_fired_at_Israel_from_the_Gaza_Strip_by_year.png 2x" data-file-width="1699" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">Rocket attacks fired at Israel</a> from the Gaza Strip, 2001–2021<a href="#cite_note-pinfold-265">[257]</a></figcaption></figure> In late 2000, after a controversial visit by Sharon to the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada</a> began. <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_suicide_attacks" title="Palestinian suicide attacks">Palestinian suicide bombings</a> were a recurrent feature.<a href="#cite_note-266">[258]</a> Some commentators contend that the intifada was pre-planned by Arafat after the collapse of peace talks.<a href="#cite_note-267">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-jewishweek-269">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-270">[262]</a> Sharon became prime minister in a <a href="/wiki/2001_Israeli_prime_ministerial_election" title="2001 Israeli prime ministerial election">2001 election</a>; he carried out his plan to <a href="/wiki/Israeli_disengagement_from_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip">unilaterally withdraw</a> from the Gaza Strip and spearheaded the construction of the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank_barrier" title="West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[263]</a> ending the intifada.<a href="#cite_note-272">[264]</a> Between 2000 and 2008, 1,063 Israelis, 5,517 Palestinians and 64 foreign citizens were killed.<a href="#cite_note-273">[265]</a> In 2006, a Hezbollah artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a <a href="/wiki/2006_Hezbollah_cross-border_raid" title="2006 Hezbollah cross-border raid">cross-border abduction</a> of two Israeli soldiers precipitated the month-long <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Second Lebanon War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UN1701-274">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRTZ_Harel-275">[267]</a> In 2007 the Israeli Air Force <a href="/wiki/Operation_Outside_the_Box" title="Operation Outside the Box">destroyed a nuclear reactor</a> in Syria. In 2008, <a href="/wiki/2008_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_ceasefire" title="2008 Israel–Hamas ceasefire">a ceasefire</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> and Israel collapsed, resulting in the three-week <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-ravid-277">[269]</a> In what Israel described as a response to <a href="/wiki/List_of_Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel_in_2012" title="List of Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel in 2012">over a hundred Palestinian rocket attacks</a> on southern Israeli cities,<a href="#cite_note-pound-278">[270]</a> Israel began <a href="/wiki/2012_Gaza_War" title="2012 Gaza War">an operation in the Gaza Strip</a> in 2012, lasting eight days.<a href="#cite_note-279">[271]</a> Israel started another <a href="/wiki/2014_Gaza_War" title="2014 Gaza War">operation in Gaza</a> following an escalation of rocket attacks by Hamas in July 2014.<a href="#cite_note-280">[272]</a> In May 2021 another <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">round of fighting</a> took place in Gaza and Israel, lasting eleven days.<a href="#cite_note-281">[273]</a> By the 2010s, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">increasing regional cooperation</a> between Israel and <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> countries have been established, culminating in the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a>. The Israeli security situation shifted from the traditional <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">direct confrontation with Iran during the Syrian civil war</a>. On 7 October 2023, Palestinian militant groups from Gaza, led by Hamas, launched <a href="/wiki/7_October_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" title="7 October Hamas-led attack on Israel">a series of coordinated attacks</a> on Israel, leading to the start of the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[274]</a> On that day, approximately 1,300 Israelis, predominantly civilians, were killed in communities near the Gaza Strip border and <a href="/wiki/Re%27im_music_festival_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Re'im music festival massacre">during a music festival</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war_hostage_crisis" title="Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis">Over 200 hostages</a> were kidnapped and taken to the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-Gillett-283">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-natureparty-285">[277]</a> After clearing militants from its territory, Israel launched <a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip">one of the most destructive bombing campaigns in modern history</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[278]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[279]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">invaded Gaza</a> on 27 October with the stated objectives of destroying Hamas and freeing hostages.<a href="#cite_note-288">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[281]</a> The fifth war of the <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel conflict</a> since 2008, it has been the deadliest for Palestinians in the entire <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[282]</a> and the most significant military engagement in the region since the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-El_Deeb-2023-291">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Agriculture in Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Israel" title="Wildlife of Israel">Wildlife of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_forests_in_Israel" title="List of forests in Israel">List of forests in Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yatir_Forest" title="Yatir Forest">Yatir Forest</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 220px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Israel_relief_location_map.jpg/440px-Israel_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:0.6px; top:7.4px"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography of Israel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2.8px; top:388px"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel_Geographical_Map" title="Template:Israel Geographical Map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_Geographical_Map" title="Template talk:Israel Geographical Map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel_Geographical_Map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel Geographical Map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:115px; top:80px"><a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:62.2px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:90.8px; top:157px"><a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:132.6px; top:97.6px"><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley_(Middle_East)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordan Valley (Middle East)">Jordan Valley</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:82px; top:245px"><a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:73.4px"><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a>)</div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:137px; top:60.2px"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Kinneret</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:139.2px; top:183.4px"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:64.4px; top:372.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Eilat" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf of Eilat">Gulf of Eilat</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:117.2px; top:124px"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:42.4px; top:185.6px"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:134.8px; top:3px"><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:194.2px; top:5.2px"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:181px; top:168px"><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:27px; top:278px"><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/98px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/147px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg/196px-Satellite_image_of_Israel_in_January_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1731" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:233px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Israel_at_night.jpg/106px-Israel_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="106" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Israel_at_night.jpg/159px-Israel_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Israel_at_night.jpg/212px-Israel_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="934" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Satellite_imagery" title="Satellite imagery">Satellite images</a> of Israel and neighboring territories during the day and night</div></div></div></div> Israel is located in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean" title="Eastern Mediterranean">eastern end</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, it is bounded by Lebanon to the north, Syria to the northeast, Jordan and the West Bank to the east, and Egypt and the Gaza Strip to the southwest. It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/29th_parallel_north" title="29th parallel north">29°</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_north" title="34th parallel north">34° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/34th_meridian_east" title="34th meridian east">34°</a> and <a href="/wiki/36th_meridian_east" title="36th meridian east">36° E</a>. The sovereign territory of Israel (according to the demarcation lines of the <a href="/wiki/1949_Armistice_Agreements" title="1949 Armistice Agreements">1949 Armistice Agreements</a> and excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War) is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi), of which two percent is water.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> However Israel is so narrow (100 km at its widest, compared to 400 km from north to south) that the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> in the Mediterranean is double the land area of the country.<a href="#cite_note-293">[285]</a> The total area under Israeli law, including East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights, is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-294">[286]</a> and the total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially Palestinian-governed territory of the West Bank, is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-loc-geo-295">[287]</a> Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert in the south to the inland fertile <a href="/wiki/Jezreel_Valley" title="Jezreel Valley">Jezreel Valley</a>, with mountain ranges of the <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Carmel" title="Mount Carmel">Carmel</a> and toward the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan</a> in the north. The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">Israeli coastal plain</a> on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to most of the population.<a href="#cite_note-296">[288]</a> East of the central highlands lies the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>, a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,039 mi) <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_Valley" title="Great Rift Valley">Great Rift Valley</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a> runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Hulah_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulah Valley">Hulah Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Earth">lowest point</a> on the surface of the Earth.<a href="#cite_note-297">[289]</a> Further south is the <a href="/wiki/Arabah" title="Arabah">Arabah</a>, ending with the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Eilat</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. <a href="/wiki/Makhtesh" title="Makhtesh">Makhtesh</a>, or "erosion cirques" are unique to the Negev and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>, the largest being the <a href="/wiki/Makhtesh_Ramon" title="Makhtesh Ramon">Makhtesh Ramon</a> at 38 km in length.<a href="#cite_note-298">[290]</a> Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of the countries in the Mediterranean Basin<a href="#cite_note-rinat-299">[291]</a> and contains four terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mediterranean_conifer%E2%80%93sclerophyllous%E2%80%93broadleaf_forests" title="Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests">Eastern Mediterranean conifer–sclerophyllous–broadleaf forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Anatolian_montane_conifer_and_deciduous_forests" title="Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests">Southern Anatolian montane conifer and deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_shrub_desert" title="Mesopotamian shrub desert">Mesopotamian shrub desert</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-300">[292]</a> Forests accounted for 8.5% of the area in 2016, up from 2% in 1948, as the result of a large-scale forest planting program by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Fund" title="Jewish National Fund">Jewish National Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-301">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tectonics_and_seismicity">Tectonics and seismicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Levant" title="List of earthquakes in the Levant">List of earthquakes in the Levant</a></div> The Jordan Rift Valley is the result of tectonic movements within the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a> (DST) fault system. The DST forms the <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform boundary</a> between the <a href="/wiki/African_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="African Plate">African Plate</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian Plate">Arabian Plate</a> to the east. The Golan Heights and all of Jordan are part of the Arabian Plate, while the Galilee, West Bank, Coastal Plain, and Negev along with the Sinai Peninsula are on the African Plate. This tectonic disposition leads to a relatively high seismic activity. The entire Jordan Valley segment is thought to have ruptured repeatedly, for instance during the last two major earthquakes along this structure in <a href="/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake" title="749 Galilee earthquake">749</a> and <a href="/wiki/1033_Jordan_Valley_earthquake" title="1033 Jordan Valley earthquake">1033</a>. The deficit in <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Slip,_heave,_throw" title="Fault (geology)">slip</a> that has built up since the 1033 event is sufficient to cause an earthquake of Mw ~7.4.<a href="#cite_note-Ferry-303">[295]</a> The most catastrophic known earthquakes occurred in 31 BCE, <a href="/wiki/363_Galilee_earthquake" title="363 Galilee earthquake">363</a>, 749, and 1033 CE, that is every <abbr title="circa">ca.</abbr> 400 years on average.<a href="#cite_note-MarcoAFTAU-304">[296]</a> Destructive earthquakes strike about every 80 years, leading to serious loss of life .<a href="#cite_note-IllPreped-305">[297]</a> While stringent construction regulations are in place and recently built structures are earthquake resistant, as of 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a> many public buildings as well as 50,000 residential buildings did not meet the new standards and were "expected to collapse" if exposed to a strong earthquake.<a href="#cite_note-IllPreped-305">[297]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Israel" title="Climate change in Israel">Climate change in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/280px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/420px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg/560px-Soil_moisture_and_climate_change.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="755" /></a><figcaption>The projections of the <a href="/wiki/IPCC_Sixth_Assessment_Report" title="IPCC Sixth Assessment Report">IPCC Sixth Assessment Report</a> show clearly the impacts of climate change on Israel even at 2 degrees of warming.</figcaption></figure> Temperatures vary widely, especially during the winter. Coastal areas, such as those of Tel Aviv and Haifa, have a typical <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a> with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The area of Beersheba and the northern Negev have a <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid climate</a> with hot summers, cool winters, and fewer rainy days. The southern Negev and the Arabah areas have a <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert climate</a> with very hot, dry summers, and mild winters with few days of rain. The highest temperature of 54 °C (129 °F) was recorded in 1942 in the <a href="/wiki/Tirat_Zvi" title="Tirat Zvi">Tirat Zvi</a> kibbutz.<a href="#cite_note-watzman-306">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[299]</a> Mountainous regions can be windy and cold, and areas at elevation of 750 metres (2,460 ft) or more (same elevation as Jerusalem) usually receive at least one <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Israel" title="Snow in Israel">snowfall</a> each year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldreich200385-308">[300]</a> From May to September, rain is rare.<a href="#cite_note-309">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[302]</a> There are four different <a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">phytogeographic</a> regions, due to its location between the temperate and tropical zones. For this reason, the flora and fauna are extremely diverse. There are 2,867 known <a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_flora_of_Israel" title="List of endemic flora of Israel">species of plants in Israel</a>. Of these, at least 253 species are <a href="/wiki/List_of_adventive_wild_plants_in_Israel" title="List of adventive wild plants in Israel">introduced and non-native</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[303]</a> There are 380 <a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">Israeli nature reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-312">[304]</a> With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[306]</a> The considerable sunlight available for <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> makes <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">Israel the leading nation in solar energy</a> use per capita—practically every house uses solar panels for water heating.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_energy-315">[307]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Israel)">Ministry of Environmental Protection</a> has reported that <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Israel" title="Climate change in Israel">climate change</a> "will have a decisive impact on all areas of life", particularly for vulnerable populations.<a href="#cite_note-MEP_2020-316">[308]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government">Israeli system of government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics of Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Israel" title="Criticism of Israel">Criticism of Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Herzog,_July_2021_(D1233-049).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG/120px-Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG/180px-Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG/240px-Isaac_Herzog%2C_July_2021_%28D1233-049%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="4952" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Herzog" title="Isaac Herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Benjamin_Netanyahu,_February_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg/124px-Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg/186px-Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg/248px-Benjamin_Netanyahu%2C_February_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2947" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Netanyahu" title="Benjamin Netanyahu">Benjamin Netanyahu</a></div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/220px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/330px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg/440px-PikiWiki_Israel_7260_Knesset-Room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> chamber, home to the Israeli parliament</figcaption></figure> Israel has a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a>. A member of parliament supported by a parliamentary majority becomes the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">prime minister</a>—usually this is the chair of the largest party. The prime minister is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia2-317">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">president</a> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, with limited and largely ceremonial duties.<a href="#cite_note-cia2-317">[309]</a> Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a>. Membership of the Knesset is based on proportional representation of <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">political parties</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[312]</a> with a 3.25% electoral threshold, which in practice has resulted in coalition governments. Residents of Israeli settlements in the West Bank are eligible to vote,<a href="#cite_note-321">[313]</a> and after the <a href="/wiki/2015_Israeli_legislative_election" title="2015 Israeli legislative election">2015 election</a> 10 of the 120 members of the Knesset (8%) were settlers.<a href="#cite_note-322">[314]</a> Parliamentary <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">elections</a> are scheduled every four years, but unstable coalitions or a <a href="/wiki/Motion_of_no_confidence" title="Motion of no confidence">no-confidence vote</a> can dissolve a government earlier.<a href="#cite_note-cnn-41">[34]</a> The first Arab-led party was established in 1988,<a href="#cite_note-323">[315]</a> and as of 2022 Arab-led parties hold about 10% of seats.<a href="#cite_note-324">[316]</a> The Basic Law: The Knesset (1958) and its amendments prevent a party list from running for election to the Knesset if its objectives or actions include the "negation of the existence of the State of Israel as the state of the Jewish people". The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws of Israel</a> function as an <a href="/wiki/Uncodified_constitution" title="Uncodified constitution">uncodified constitution</a>. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish and democratic state</a> and the nation-state of exclusively the Jewish people.<a href="#cite_note-freedomhouse2008-325">[317]</a> In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of Israel">constitution</a> based on these laws.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazie200634-326">[318]</a> Israel has no official religion,<a href="#cite_note-327">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[321]</a> but the definition of the state as "Jewish and democratic" creates a strong connection with <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. On 19 July 2018, the Knesset passed a Basic Law that characterizes the State of Israel as principally a "<a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Nation State of the Jewish People</a>" and Hebrew as its official language. The bill ascribes an undefined "special status" to the Arabic language.<a href="#cite_note-330">[322]</a> The same bill gives Jews a unique right to national self-determination and views the developing of Jewish settlement in the country as "a national interest", empowering the government to "take steps to encourage, advance and implement this interest".<a href="#cite_note-331">[323]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Districts of Israel</a></div> <div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 220px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/220px-Israel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="409" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/330px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/440px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /> <div style="position:absolute; left:0.6px; top:7.4px"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Districts of Israel</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:113px"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:93px; top:69px"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86.4px; top:163.6px"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:126px; top:49.2px"><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">Northern</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:75.4px; top:216.4px"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:55.6px; top:132.8px"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110.6px; top:108.6px"><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:2.8px; top:388px"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel_Labelled_Map" title="Template:Israel Labelled Map"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_Labelled_Map" title="Template talk:Israel Labelled Map"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel_Labelled_Map" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel Labelled Map"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></div> </div> The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as mehozot (Hebrew: מחוזות; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: mahoz)—<a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">South</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> in the West Bank. All of the Judea and Samaria Area and parts of the Jerusalem and Northern districts are not recognized internationally as part of Israel. Districts are divided into 15 sub-districts known as nafot (Hebrew: נפות; <abbr title="singular form">sg.</abbr>: nafa), which are partitioned into 50 natural regions.<a href="#cite_note-332">[324]</a> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">District </th> <th rowspan="2">Capital </th> <th rowspan="2">Largest city </th> <th colspan="4">Population, 2021<a href="#cite_note-districts_pop-333">[325]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Jews </th> <th>Arabs </th> <th>Total </th> <th class="unsortable">note </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">66% </td> <td style="text-align:right">32% </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,209,700 </td> <td><a href="#endnote_jerusalemdistrict">a</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Northern_District_(Israel)" title="Northern District (Israel)">North</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Nof_HaGalil" title="Nof HaGalil">Nof HaGalil</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">42% </td> <td style="text-align:right">54% </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,513,600 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">67% </td> <td style="text-align:right">25% </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,092,700 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Center</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">87% </td> <td style="text-align:right">8% </td> <td style="text-align:right">2,304,300 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">92% </td> <td style="text-align:right">2% </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,481,400 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">South</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">71% </td> <td style="text-align:right">22% </td> <td style="text-align:right">1,386,000 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Ariel_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariel (city)">Ariel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit" title="Modi'in Illit">Modi'in Illit</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right">98% </td> <td style="text-align:right">0% </td> <td style="text-align:right">465,400 </td> <td><a href="#endnote_judeaandsamaria">b</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_jerusalemdistrict">^a</a> Including 361,700 Arabs and 233,900 Jews in <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jerusalem_pop-334">[326]</a></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_judeaandsamaria">^b</a> Israeli citizens only.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli_citizenship_law">Israeli citizenship law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_citizenship_law" title="Israeli citizenship law">Israeli citizenship law</a></div> The two primary pieces of legislation relating to Israeli citizenship are the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a> and 1952 Citizenship Law. The law of return grants Jews the unrestricted <a href="/wiki/Jus_soli#Restricted_jus_soli" title="Jus soli">right to immigrate</a> to Israel and obtain Israeli citizenship. Individuals born within the country receive <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">birthright citizenship</a> if at least one parent is a citizen.<a href="#cite_note-335">[327]</a> Israeli law defines Jewish nationality as distinct from Israeli nationality, and the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a> has ruled that an Israeli nationality does not exist.<a href="#cite_note-tekiner-336">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[329]</a> A Jewish national is defined as any person practicing Judaism and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-tekiner-336">[328]</a> Legislation has defined Israel as the <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> of the Jewish people since 2018.<a href="#cite_note-338">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israeli-occupied_territories">Israeli-occupied territories</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation of the West Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Overview of administration and sovereignty in <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">This box: <ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Administration in the Palestine region">view</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Administration in the Palestine region">talk</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administration_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administration in the Palestine region">edit</a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Area </th> <th>Administered by </th> <th>Recognition of governing authority </th> <th>Sovereignty claimed by </th> <th>Recognition of claim </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> (de jure) Controlled by <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> (de facto) </td> <td rowspan="3">Witnesses to the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_II_Accord" title="Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">146 UN member states</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Palestinian enclaves</a> (Areas A and B) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Israeli military</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Area_C_(West_Bank)" title="Area C (West Bank)">Area C</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law_in_the_West_Bank_settlements" title="Israeli law in the West Bank settlements">Israeli enclave law</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a>) and Israeli military (Palestinians under <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">Israeli occupation</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government">Israeli administration</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, Honduras, Guatemala, Nauru, and the United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Corpus_separatum_(Jerusalem)" title="Corpus separatum (Jerusalem)">international city</a> along with East Jerusalem </td> <td>Various UN member states and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; <a href="/wiki/Condominium_(international_law)" title="Condominium (international law)">joint sovereignty</a> also widely supported </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a> </td> <td>United States </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> </td> <td>All UN member states except the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Israel (Green Line border)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">165 UN member states</a> </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a> </td> <td>165 UN member states </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israeli-occupied_territories" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Template:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Template talk:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli_occupations_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israeli occupations navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israeli-occupied_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Ongoing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Golan_Heights" title="Israeli occupation of the Golan Heights">Golan Heights occupation</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Occupied_Palestinian_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupied Palestinian Territory">Occupied Palestinian Territory</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">West Bank occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank_areas_in_the_Oslo_II_Accord" title="West Bank areas in the Oslo II Accord">Oslo II Accord areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_enclaves" title="Palestinian enclaves">Enclaves within the West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem" title="Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem">Displacement in East Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli occupation of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip blockade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">Southern Lebanon occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_Sinai_Peninsula" title="Israeli occupation of the Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_the_Jordan_Valley" title="Annexation of the Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Israeli_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Proposed Israeli annexation of the West Bank">West Bank annexation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Israel,_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg/300px-Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg/450px-Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg/600px-Map_of_Israel%2C_neighbours_and_occupied_territories.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption>Map of Israel showing the West Bank, the Gaza Strip, and the Golan Heights</figcaption></figure> In 1967, as a result of the Six-Day War, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, the Gaza Strip and the Golan Heights. Israel also captured the Sinai Peninsula but returned it to Egypt as part of the 1979 Egypt–Israel peace treaty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187-237">[229]</a> Between 1982 and 2000, Israel occupied <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_Southern_Lebanon" title="Israeli occupation of Southern Lebanon">part of southern Lebanon</a>, in what was known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_security_belt_administration" title="South Lebanon security belt administration">Security Belt</a>. Since capture of these territories, Israeli settlements and military installations have been built within each of them, except Lebanon. The Golan Heights and East Jerusalem have been fully incorporated under Israeli law but not under international law. Israel has applied civilian law to both areas and granted their inhabitants permanent residency status and the ability to apply for citizenship. The UN Security Council has declared the annexation of the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem to be "null and void" and continues to view the territories as occupied.<a href="#cite_note-339">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[332]</a> The status of East Jerusalem in any future peace settlement has at times been a difficult issue in negotiations between Israeli governments and representatives of the Palestinians. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG/220px-West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG/330px-West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG/440px-West_Bank_Fence_South_Hebron.JPG 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">Israeli West Bank barrier</a> is a separation barrier built by Israel along the Green Line and inside parts of the West Bank.</figcaption></figure> The West Bank excluding East Jerusalem is known as the Judea and Samaria Area. The almost 400,000 Israeli settlers residing in the area are considered part of Israel's population, have Knesset representation, are subject to a <a href="/wiki/Enclave_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave law">large part of Israel's civil and criminal laws</a>, and their output is considered part of Israel's economy.<a href="#cite_note-Sher-341">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd-22">[fn 4]</a> The land is not considered part of Israel under Israeli law, as Israel has consciously refrained from annexing the territory, without ever relinquishing its legal claim to the land or defining a border.<a href="#cite_note-Sher-341">[333]</a> Israeli political opposition to annexation primarily stems from the perceived "demographic threat" of incorporating the West Bank's Palestinian population into Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Sher-341">[333]</a> Outside of the Israeli settlements, the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military rule, and Palestinians in the area cannot become Israeli citizens. The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the West Bank and considers Israel's control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history.<a href="#cite_note-occhist-344">[336]</a> The West Bank was occupied and annexed by Jordan in 1950, following the 1949 Armistice Agreements. Only Britain recognized this annexation, and Jordan has since <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_disengagement_from_the_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Jordanian disengagement from the West Bank">ceded its claim</a> to the territory to the PLO. The population is mainly Palestinians, including refugees of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War.<a href="#cite_note-345">[337]</a> From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under <a href="/wiki/Coordinator_of_Government_Activities_in_the_Territories" title="Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories">Israeli military administration</a>. Since the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_Liberation_Organization_letters_of_recognition" title="Israel–Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition">Israel–PLO letters of recognition</a>, most of the Palestinian population and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_administered_by_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities administered by the State of Palestine">cities</a> have been under the internal jurisdiction of the Palestinian Authority, and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has redeployed its troops and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. Israel's claim of universal suffrage has been questioned due to its blurred territorial boundaries and its simultaneous extension of voting rights to Israeli settlers in the occupied territories and denial of voting rights to their Palestinian neighbours, as well as the alleged <a href="/wiki/Ethnocracy" title="Ethnocracy">ethnocratic</a> nature of the state.<a href="#cite_note-346">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[339]</a> The Gaza Strip is considered to be a "foreign territory" under Israeli law. Israel and Egypt operate a land, air, and sea <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Blockade of the Gaza Strip">blockade of the Gaza Strip</a>. The Gaza Strip was occupied by Israel after 1967. In 2005, as part of a <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">unilateral disengagement plan</a>, Israel removed its settlers and forces from the territory but continues to maintain control of its airspace and waters. The international community, including numerous international humanitarian organizations and UN bodies, consider Gaza to remain occupied.<a href="#cite_note-348">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-349">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-350">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-351">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-352">[344]</a> Following the 2007 Battle of Gaza, when <a href="/wiki/Hamas_government_in_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Hamas government in the Gaza Strip">Hamas assumed power in the Gaza Strip</a>,<a href="#cite_note-gaza-353">[345]</a> Israel tightened control of the Gaza crossings along <a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_barrier" title="Gaza–Israel barrier">its border</a>, as well as by sea and air, and prevented persons from entering and exiting except for isolated cases it deemed humanitarian.<a href="#cite_note-gaza-353">[345]</a> Gaza has a <a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93Gaza_border" title="Egypt–Gaza border">border with Egypt</a>, and an agreement between Israel, the EU, and the PA governs how border crossings take place.<a href="#cite_note-354">[346]</a> The application of democracy to its Palestinian citizens and the selective application of Israeli democracy in the Israeli-controlled Palestinian territories have been criticized.<a href="#cite_note-Slater2020-355">[347]</a><a href="#cite_note-White2012-356">[348]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_opinion">International opinion</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_war_crimes" title="Israeli war crimes">Israeli war crimes</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> said, in its <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict#2004_advisory_opinion_of_the_ICJ" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">2004 advisory opinion</a> on the legality of the construction of the West Bank barrier, that the lands captured by Israel in the Six-Day War, including East Jerusalem, are occupied territory and found that the construction of the wall within the occupied Palestinian territory violates international law.<a href="#cite_note-357">[349]</a> Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 242">UN Security Council Resolution 242</a>, which emphasizes "the inadmissibility of the acquisition of territory by war", and calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states ("<a href="/wiki/Land_for_peace" title="Land for peace">Land for peace</a>").<a href="#cite_note-358">[350]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-360">[352]</a> Israel has been criticized for engaging in systematic and widespread violations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Israeli-occupied_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in the Israeli-occupied territories">human rights in the occupied territories</a>, including occupation<a href="#cite_note-361">[353]</a> and war crimes against civilians.<a href="#cite_note-tny1-362">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[355]</a><a href="#cite_note-364">[356]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[357]</a> The allegations include violations of international humanitarian law<a href="#cite_note-366">[358]</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">UN Human Rights Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/U.S._State_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. State Department">U.S. State Department</a> has called reports of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_violations_against_Palestinians_by_Israel" title="Human rights violations against Palestinians by Israel">abuses of significant human rights of Palestinians</a> "credible" both within Israel<a href="#cite_note-368">[360]</a> and the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-369">[361]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> and other NGOs have documented mass arbitrary arrests, torture, unlawful killings, systemic abuses and impunity<a href="#cite_note-370">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[363]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[364]</a><a href="#cite_note-373">[365]</a> in tandem with a denial of the right to <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_self-determination" title="Palestinian self-determination">Palestinian self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-374">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-377">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[370]</a> Prime Minister Netanyahu has defended the country's security forces for protecting the innocent from terrorists<a href="#cite_note-379">[371]</a> and expressed contempt for what he describes as a lack of concern about the human rights violations committed by "criminal killers".<a href="#cite_note-380">[372]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_community" title="International community">international community</a> widely regards Israeli settlements in the occupied territories <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">illegal under international law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-381">[373]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_2334" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2334</a> (passed 2016) states that Israel's settlement activity constitutes a "flagrant violation" of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a> and demands that Israel stop such activity and fulfill its obligations as an <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation#The_occupying_power" title="Military occupation">occupying power</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Geneva_Convention" title="Fourth Geneva Convention">Fourth Geneva Convention</a>.<a href="#cite_note-toi-382">[374]</a> A <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_special_rapporteur" title="United Nations special rapporteur">United Nations special rapporteur</a> concluded that the settlement program was a war crime under the <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute" title="Rome Statute">Rome Statute</a>,<a href="#cite_note-383">[375]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> found that the settlement program constitutes an illegal transfer of civilians into occupied territory and "pillage", which is prohibited by the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a> as well as being a war crime under the Rome Statute.<a href="#cite_note-384">[376]</a> In a <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_the_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict#2024_advisory_opinion_of_the_ICJ" title="International law and the Arab–Israeli conflict">2024 advisory opinion</a>, the International Court of Justice stated that occupation of the Palestinian territories violated international law; Israel should end its occupation as quickly as possible and pay reparations. The court also advised that other states were under an obligation not to recognise the occupation as lawful nor to aid or assist it. In addition, the court found that Israel was in breach of article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, which requires states to prevent, prohibit and eradicate all practices of racial segregation and apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-385">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-387">[379]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Apartheid">Apartheid</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Israeli_apartheid" title="Israeli apartheid">Israeli apartheid</a></div> Treatment of Palestinians within the occupied territories and to a lesser extent in Israel itself have drawn widespread accusations that it is guilty of <a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">apartheid</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Crime_against_humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime against humanity">crime against humanity</a> under the Rome Statute and the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Suppression_and_Punishment_of_the_Crime_of_Apartheid" class="mw-redirect" title="International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid">International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-388">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-ATC-389">[381]</a> The Washington Post's 2021 survey of scholars and academic experts on the Middle East found an increase from 59% to 65% of these scholars describing Israel as a "one-state reality akin to apartheid".<a href="#cite_note-390">[382]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[383]</a> The claim that Israel's policies for <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_citizens_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian citizens of Israel">Palestinians within Israel</a> amount to apartheid has been affirmed by Israeli human rights organization <a href="/wiki/B%27tselem" class="mw-redirect" title="B'tselem">B'tselem</a> and international human rights organizations such as Amnesty International and <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ATC-389">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arno-392">[384]</a> Israeli human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Yesh_Din" title="Yesh Din">Yesh Din</a> has also accused Israel of apartheid.<a href="#cite_note-Arno-392">[384]</a> Amnesty's claim was criticised by politicians and representatives from Israel and its closest allies such as, the US,<a href="#cite_note-393">[385]</a> the UK,<a href="#cite_note-394">[386]</a> the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>,<a href="#cite_note-395">[387]</a> Australia,<a href="#cite_note-396">[388]</a> Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-397">[389]</a> and Germany,<a href="#cite_note-398">[390]</a> while said accusations were welcomed by Palestinians<a href="#cite_note-399">[391]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-400">[392]</a> In 2022, Michael Lynk, a Canadian law professor <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur_on_the_occupied_Palestinian_territories" title="United Nations Special Rapporteur on the occupied Palestinian territories">appointed by the U.N. Human Rights Council</a> said that the situation met the legal definition of apartheid, and concluded: "Israel has imposed upon Palestine an apartheid reality in a post-apartheid world".<a href="#cite_note-401">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-402">[394]</a> Subsequent reports from his successor, <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Albanese" title="Francesca Albanese">Francesca Albanese</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Permanent_United_Nations_Fact_Finding_Mission_on_the_Israel_Palestine_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Permanent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Israel Palestine conflict">Permanent United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Israel Palestine conflict</a> chair Navi Pillay echoed the opinion.<a href="#cite_note-403">[395]</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[396]</a> In February 2024, The <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">ICJ held public hearings</a> in regards to the legal consequences arising from the policies and practices of Israel in the occupied Palestinian territory including East Jerusalem. During the hearings, 24 states and three international organizations said that Israeli practices amount to a breach of the prohibition of apartheid and/or amount to prohibited acts of racial discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-405">[397]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a> in its <a href="/wiki/ICJ_case_on_Israel%27s_occupation_of_the_Palestinian_territories" title="ICJ case on Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories">2024 advisory opinion</a> found that Israel's occupation of the Palestinian territories constitutes systemic discrimination and is in breach of Article 3 of the <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Racial_Discrimination" title="International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination">International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination</a>, which prohibits racial segregation and apartheid. The opinion is silent as to whether the discrimination amounts to apartheid; individual judges were split on the question.<a href="#cite_note-406">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[399]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[400]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto7-410">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto8-411">[403]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">International recognition of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foreign_relations_of_Israel_(map).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png/300px-Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png/450px-Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png/600px-Foreign_relations_of_Israel_%28map%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1425" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Diplomatic relations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Diplomatic relations suspended</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Former diplomatic relations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No diplomatic relations, but former trade relations</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  No diplomatic relations</div></figcaption></figure> Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 165 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations member states">UN member states</a>, as well as with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a>. It has 107 <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Israel" title="List of diplomatic missions of Israel">diplomatic missions</a>;<a href="#cite_note-412">[404]</a> countries with which it has no diplomatic relations include most Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-413">[405]</a> Six out of 22 nations in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a> have normalized relations with Israel. Israel remains formally in a <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="Israel–Syria relations">state of war with Syria</a>, a status that dates back uninterrupted to 1948. It has been in a similarly <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="Israel–Lebanon relations">formal state of war with Lebanon</a> since the end of the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> in 2000, with the Israel–Lebanon border remaining unagreed by treaty. Despite the peace treaty between Israel and Egypt, Israel is still widely considered an enemy country among Egyptians.<a href="#cite_note-414">[406]</a> Iran withdrew its recognition of Israel during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbadi200447–49-415">[407]</a> Israeli citizens may not visit Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen without permission from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Interior (Israel)">Ministry of the Interior</a>.<a href="#cite_note-416">[408]</a> As a result of the 2008–09 Gaza War, Mauritania, Qatar, Bolivia, and Venezuela suspended political and economic ties with Israel,<a href="#cite_note-al-jaz-eng-417">[409]</a> though Bolivia renewed ties in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-418">[410]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bill_Clinton,_Yitzhak_Rabin,_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/220px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/330px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg/440px-Bill_Clinton%2C_Yitzhak_Rabin%2C_Yasser_Arafat_at_the_White_House_1993-09-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption>Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat at the signing ceremony of the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a> with then US President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Israel–Russia relations">Soviet Union</a> were the first two countries to recognize the State of Israel, having declared recognition roughly simultaneously.<a href="#cite_note-419">[411]</a> Diplomatic relations with the Soviet Union were broken in 1967 following the Six-Day War and renewed in 1991.<a href="#cite_note-420">[412]</a> The United States regards Israel as its "most reliable partner in the Middle East",<a href="#cite_note-421">[413]</a> based on "common democratic values, religious affinities, and security interests".<a href="#cite_note-422">[414]</a> The US has provided $68 billion <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">in military assistance</a> and $32 billion in grants to Israel since 1967, under the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a> (period beginning 1962),<a href="#cite_note-PNADR900-423">[415]</a> more than any other country for that period until 2003.<a href="#cite_note-PNADR900-423">[415]</a><a href="#cite_note-424">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[417]</a> Most surveyed Americans have held consistently favorable views of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-426">[418]</a><a href="#cite_note-427">[419]</a> The United Kingdom is seen as having a "natural" <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="Israel–United Kingdom relations">relationship</a> with Israel because of the Mandate for Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-428">[420]</a> By 2007<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Germany–Israel relations">Germany</a> had paid 25 billion euros in <a href="/wiki/Reparations_Agreement_between_Israel_and_West_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany">reparations to Israel</a> and individual Israeli Holocaust survivors.<a href="#cite_note-429">[421]</a> Israel <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Israel–European Union relations">is included</a> in the European Union's <a href="/wiki/European_Neighbourhood_Policy" title="European Neighbourhood Policy">European Neighbourhood Policy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-430">[422]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Israel–Turkey relations">Turkey and Israel</a> did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991,<a href="#cite_note-431">[423]</a> Turkey has cooperated with the Jewish state since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab and Muslim states to temper its relationship with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbadi20044–6-432">[424]</a> Relations took a downturn after the 2008–09 Gaza War and Israel's <a href="/wiki/Gaza_flotilla_raid" title="Gaza flotilla raid">raid of the Gaza flotilla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-433">[425]</a> Relations between <a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Greece–Israel relations">Greece and Israel</a> have improved since 1995 after decline of Israeli–Turkish relations.<a href="#cite_note-434">[426]</a> The two countries have a defense cooperation agreement and in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a> hosted Greece's <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> in a joint exercise. The joint Cyprus-Israel oil and gas explorations centered on the <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_gas_field" title="Leviathan gas field">Leviathan gas field</a> are an important factor for Greece, given its <a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Greece_relations" title="Cyprus–Greece relations">strong links</a> with Cyprus.<a href="#cite_note-435">[427]</a> Cooperation in the world's longest <a href="/wiki/Submarine_power_cable" title="Submarine power cable">submarine power cable</a>, the <a href="/wiki/EuroAsia_Interconnector" class="mw-redirect" title="EuroAsia Interconnector">EuroAsia Interconnector</a>, has strengthened <a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Cyprus–Israel relations">Cyprus–Israel relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-436">[428]</a> Azerbaijan is one of the few majority Muslim countries to develop strategic and economic <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Azerbaijan–Israel relations">relations with Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-adalah-437">[429]</a> Kazakhstan also has an economic and strategic partnership with Israel.<a href="#cite_note-438">[430]</a> India established full <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">diplomatic ties</a> with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military, technological and cultural partnership with the country since then.<a href="#cite_note-439">[431]</a> India is the largest customer of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_military_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli military equipment">Israeli military equipment</a>, and Israel is the second-largest military partner of India after Russia.<a href="#cite_note-440">[432]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Ethiopia–Israel relations">Ethiopia</a> is Israel's main ally in Africa due to common political, religious and security interests.<a href="#cite_note-441">[433]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_aid">Foreign aid</h4></div> Israel has a history of providing emergency foreign aid and humanitarian response to disasters across the world.<a href="#cite_note-442">[434]</a> In 1955 Israel began its <a href="/wiki/Israeli_foreign_aid" title="Israeli foreign aid">foreign aid programme</a> in Burma. The programme's focus subsequently shifted to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Geldenhuys-443">[435]</a> Israel's humanitarian efforts officially began in 1957 with the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Mashav" title="Mashav">Mashav</a>, the Israel's Agency for International Development Cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-444">[436]</a> In this early period, whilst Israel's aid represented only a small percentage of total aid to Africa, its programme was effective in creating goodwill; however, following the 1967 war relations soured.<a href="#cite_note-Ismael-445">[437]</a> Israel's foreign aid programme subsequently shifted its focus to Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-Geldenhuys-443">[435]</a> Since the late 1970s Israel's foreign aid has gradually decreased, although in recent years Israel has tried to reestablish aid to Africa.<a href="#cite_note-446">[438]</a> There are additional Israeli humanitarian and emergency response groups that work with the government, including <a href="/wiki/IsraAid" title="IsraAid">IsraAid</a>, a joint programme run by Israeli organizations and North American Jewish groups,<a href="#cite_note-447">[439]</a> <a href="/wiki/ZAKA" title="ZAKA">ZAKA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-448">[440]</a> The Fast Israeli Rescue and Search Team,<a href="#cite_note-449">[441]</a> Israeli Flying Aid,<a href="#cite_note-450">[442]</a> <a href="/wiki/Save_a_Child%27s_Heart" title="Save a Child's Heart">Save a Child's Heart</a><a href="#cite_note-451">[443]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latet" title="Latet">Latet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-452">[444]</a> Between 1985 and 2015, Israel sent 24 delegations of their search and rescue unit the <a href="/wiki/Home_Front_Command" title="Home Front Command">Home Front Command</a> to 22 countries.<a href="#cite_note-453">[445]</a> Currently Israeli foreign aid <a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_country_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of development aid country donors">ranks</a> low among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> nations, spending less than 0.1% of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a> on development assistance.<a href="#cite_note-454">[446]</a> The country ranked 38th in the 2018 <a href="/wiki/World_Giving_Index" title="World Giving Index">World Giving Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-455">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israel" title="List of wars involving Israel">List of wars involving Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces_operations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the Israel Defense Forces operations">List of the Israel Defense Forces operations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Israel and weapons of mass destruction">Israel and weapons of mass destruction</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg/220px-The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg/330px-The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg/440px-The_Southern_Lions._Squadron_116._I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35</a> fighter jets of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">Israeli Air Force</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> (IDF) is the sole military wing of the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Israeli security forces</a> and is headed by its <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Israel)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Israel)">Chief of the General Staff</a>, the Ramatkal, subordinate to the Cabinet. The IDF consists of the <a href="/wiki/GOC_Army_Headquarters" title="GOC Army Headquarters">army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Air_Force" title="Israeli Air Force">air force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Navy" title="Israeli Navy">navy</a>. It was founded during the 1948 Arab–Israeli War by consolidating paramilitary organizations—chiefly the Haganah.<a href="#cite_note-456">[448]</a> The IDF also draws upon the resources of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Military Intelligence Directorate</a> (Aman).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200397-457">[449]</a> The IDF have been involved in several major wars and border conflicts, making it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.<a href="#cite_note-458">[450]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Israelis are conscripted</a> at age 18. Men serve two years and eight months, and <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Women in the Israel Defense Forces">women serve</a> two years.<a href="#cite_note-459">[451]</a> Following mandatory service, Israeli men join the reserve forces and usually do up to several weeks of <a href="/wiki/Reserve_duty_(Israel)" title="Reserve duty (Israel)">reserve duty</a> every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab citizens of Israel</a> (except the <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>) and those engaged in full-time religious studies <a href="/wiki/Exemption_from_military_service_in_Israel" title="Exemption from military service in Israel">are exempt</a>, although the <a href="/wiki/Tal_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Tal committee">exemption of yeshiva students</a> has been a source of contention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendel1997191–192-460">[452]</a><a href="#cite_note-461">[453]</a> An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is <a href="/wiki/Sherut_Leumi" title="Sherut Leumi">Sherut Leumi</a>, or national service, which involves a programme of service in social welfare frameworks.<a href="#cite_note-462">[454]</a> A small minority of Israeli Arabs also volunteer in the army.<a href="#cite_note-463">[455]</a> As a result of its conscription programme, the IDF maintains approximately 176,500 active troops and 465,000 reservists, giving Israel one of the world's highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">percentage of citizens with military training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IISS_military-464">[456]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls,_May_2021._I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg/220px-IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg/330px-IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg/440px-IDF_Air_Defense_fighters_during_Operation_Guardian_of_the_Walls%2C_May_2021._I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> is the world's first operational anti-<a href="/wiki/Rocket_artillery" title="Rocket artillery">artillery rocket</a> defense system.</figcaption></figure> The military relies heavily on high-tech <a href="/wiki/Military_equipment_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Military equipment of Israel">weapons</a> systems <a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Israel" title="Defense industry of Israel">designed and manufactured in Israel</a> as well as some foreign imports. The <a href="/wiki/Arrow_(Israeli_missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrow (Israeli missile)">Arrow</a> missile is one of the world's few operational <a href="/wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile" title="Anti-ballistic missile">anti-ballistic missile</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-465">[457]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Python_(missile)" title="Python (missile)">Python</a> air-to-air missile series is often considered one of the most crucial weapons in its military history.<a href="#cite_note-466">[458]</a> Israel's <a href="/wiki/Spike_(missile)" title="Spike (missile)">Spike</a> missile is one of the most widely exported <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank guided missiles</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-467">[459]</a> Israel's <a href="/wiki/Iron_Dome" title="Iron Dome">Iron Dome</a> anti-missile air defense system gained worldwide acclaim after intercepting hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel" title="Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel">rockets fired by Palestinian militants</a> from the Gaza Strip.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson-468">[460]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tory-469">[461]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur_War" title="Yom Kippur War">Yom Kippur War</a>, Israel has developed a network of <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance_satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconnaissance satellites">reconnaissance satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-470">[462]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ofeq" title="Ofeq">Ofeq</a> programme has made Israel <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">one of seven countries</a> capable of launching such satellites.<a href="#cite_note-471">[463]</a> Israel is widely believed to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_and_Israel" title="Nuclear weapons and Israel">possess nuclear weapons</a><a href="#cite_note-472">[464]</a> and per a 1993 report, chemical and biological <a href="/wiki/Israel_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Israel and weapons of mass destruction">weapons of mass destruction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-473">[465]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] Israel has not signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Non-Proliferation_of_Nuclear_Weapons" title="Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons">Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[466]</a> and maintains a <a href="/wiki/Policy_of_deliberate_ambiguity" title="Policy of deliberate ambiguity">policy of deliberate ambiguity</a> toward its nuclear capabilities.<a href="#cite_note-475">[467]</a> The Israeli Navy's <a href="/wiki/Dolphin-class_submarine" title="Dolphin-class submarine">Dolphin submarines</a> are believed to be armed with nuclear missiles offering <a href="/wiki/Second_strike" title="Second strike">second-strike</a> capability.<a href="#cite_note-476">[468]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Gulf War</a> in 1991, all homes in Israel are required to have a reinforced security room, <a href="/wiki/Merkhav_Mugan" title="Merkhav Mugan">Merkhav Mugan</a>, impermeable to chemical and biological substances.<a href="#cite_note-477">[469]</a> Since Israel's establishment, military expenditure constituted a significant portion of the country's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a>, with peak of 30.3% of GDP in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-478">[470]</a> In 2021, Israel ranked 15th in the world <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">by total military expenditure</a>, with $24.3 billion, and 6th by defense spending as a percentage of GDP, with 5.2%.<a href="#cite_note-479">[471]</a> Since 1974, the United States has been a particularly notable contributor of <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations#Military_aid_and_procurement" title="Israel–United States military relations">military aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-480">[472]</a> Under a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> signed in 2016, the U.S. is expected to provide the country with $3.8 billion per year, or around 20% of Israel's defense budget, from 2018 to 2028.<a href="#cite_note-481">[473]</a> Israel ranked 9th globally for <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">arms exports</a> in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-482">[474]</a> The majority of Israel's arms exports are unreported for security reasons.<a href="#cite_note-483">[475]</a> Israel is consistently rated low in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Peace_Index" title="Global Peace Index">Global Peace Index</a>, ranking 134th out of 163 nations in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-GPI-484">[476]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_system">Legal system</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Judiciary of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Israeli law</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg/220px-Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg/330px-Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg/440px-Israel_Supreme_Court.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4217" data-file-height="2767" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court of Israel</a>, Givat Ram, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> Israel has a <a href="/wiki/Israeli_judicial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli judicial system">three-tier court system</a>. At the lowest level are <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a> courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are <a href="/wiki/District_court" title="District court">district courts</a>, serving as both <a href="/wiki/Appeal" title="Appeal">appellate</a> courts and <a href="/wiki/Trial_court" title="Trial court">courts of first instance</a>; they are situated in five of Israel's six <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">districts</a>. The third and highest tier is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Israel" title="Supreme Court of Israel">Supreme Court</a>, located in Jerusalem; it serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justice_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Court of Justice (Israel)">High Court of Justice</a>. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against the decisions of state authorities.<a href="#cite_note-485">[477]</a> The legal system combines three legal traditions: <a href="/wiki/English_law" title="English law">English common law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> It is based on the principle of <a href="/wiki/Stare_decisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stare decisis">stare decisis</a> (precedent) and is an <a href="/wiki/Adversarial_system" title="Adversarial system">adversarial system</a>. Court cases are decided by professional judges with no role for juries.<a href="#cite_note-judiciary-486">[478]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_Israel" title="Marriage in Israel">Marriage</a> and divorce are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: <a href="/wiki/Beth_din" title="Beth din">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Muslim</a>, Druze, and Christian. The election of judges is carried out by a <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Selection_Committee_(Israel)" title="Judicial Selection Committee (Israel)">selection committee</a> chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Justice (Israel)">justice minister</a> (currently <a href="/wiki/Yariv_Levin" title="Yariv Levin">Yariv Levin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-487">[479]</a> Israel's <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Human_Dignity_and_Liberty" title="Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty">Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty</a> seeks to defend <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">human rights and liberties in Israel</a>. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Human_Rights_Council" title="United Nations Human Rights Council">United Nations Human Rights Council</a> and Israeli human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Adalah_(legal_center)" title="Adalah (legal center)">Adalah</a> have highlighted that this law does not in fact contain a general provision for equality and non-discrimination.<a href="#cite_note-adalah-437">[429]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[480]</a> As a result of "<a href="/wiki/Enclave_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave law">Enclave law</a>", large portions of Israeli civil law are applied to Israeli settlements and Israeli residents in the occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Ben-NaftaliSfard2018-489">[481]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Economy of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayalon_Highway,_Tel_Aviv_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ayalon_Highway%2C_Tel_Aviv_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3424" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Exchange_District" title="Diamond Exchange District">Diamond Exchange District</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg/220px-Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg/330px-Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg/440px-Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange_-_New_Building_Lobby_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange" title="Tel Aviv Stock Exchange">Tel Aviv Stock Exchange</a></figcaption></figure> Israel is considered the most advanced country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and the Middle East in economic and industrial development.<a href="#cite_note-Chua_2003_219–220-490">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[483]</a> As of October 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the IMF estimated its GDP at 521.7 billion dollars and GDP per capita at 53.2 thousand (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">ranking 13th worldwide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-492">[484]</a> It is the third richest country in Asia <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">by nominal per capita</a> income <a href="#cite_note-493">[485]</a> and has the highest average <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_wealth_per_adult" title="List of countries by wealth per adult">wealth per adult</a> in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-CS_2019-1-494">[486]</a><a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> ranked Israel as the 4th most successful economy among the developed countries for 2022.<a href="#cite_note-495">[487]</a> It has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_billionaires" title="List of countries by number of billionaires">most billionaires</a> in the Middle East and the 18th most in the world.<a href="#cite_note-496">[488]</a> In recent years Israel had one of the highest growth rates in the developed world.<a href="#cite_note-497">[489]</a> In 2010, it joined the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-498">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[491]</a> The country is ranked 20th in the <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Competitiveness_Report" title="Global Competitiveness Report">Global Competitiveness Report</a><a href="#cite_note-rank_2019-500">[492]</a> and 35th on the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ease_of_doing_business_index" title="Ease of doing business index">Ease of Doing Business index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[493]</a> Economic data covers the economic territory of Israel, including the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2011-342">[334]</a> Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">agricultural</a> and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Imports, totaling $96.5 billion in 2020, include raw materials, military equipment, investment goods, rough diamonds, fuels, grain, and consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> Leading exports include machinery, equipment, software, <a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel" title="Diamond industry in Israel">cut diamonds</a>, agricultural products, chemicals, textiles, and apparel; in 2020, exports reached $114 billion.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Israel" title="Bank of Israel">Bank of Israel</a> holds $201 billion of foreign-exchange reserves, the 17th highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> Since the 1970s, Israel has received <a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military aid</a> from the United States, as well as economic assistance in the form of loan guarantees, which account for roughly half of Israel's external debt. Israel has <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_external_debt" title="List of countries by external debt">one of the lowest</a> external debts in the developed world, and is a lender in terms of net external debt (<a href="/wiki/Net_international_investment_position" title="Net international investment position">assets vs. liabilities abroad</a>), which in 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a> stood at a surplus of $69 billion.<a href="#cite_note-502">[494]</a> Israel has the second-largest number of startup companies after the United States<a href="#cite_note-503">[495]</a> and the third-largest number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_companies_quoted_on_the_Nasdaq" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Israeli companies quoted on the Nasdaq">NASDAQ-listed companies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-504">[496]</a> It is the world leader for number of start-ups per capita<a href="#cite_note-505">[497]</a> and has been dubbed the "<a href="/wiki/Start-up_Nation" title="Start-up Nation">Start-Up Nation</a>".<a href="#cite_note-506">[498]</a><a href="#cite_note-507">[499]</a><a href="#cite_note-508">[500]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[501]</a> <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[502]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[503]</a> built their first overseas <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a> facilities in Israel, and other high-tech multinational corporations have opened <a href="/wiki/List_of_multinational_companies_with_research_and_development_centres_in_Israel" title="List of multinational companies with research and development centres in Israel">research and development centres in the country</a>. The days which are allocated to working times are Sunday through Thursday (for a five-day workweek), or Friday (for a six-day workweek). In observance of <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>, in places where Friday is a work day and the majority of population is Jewish, Friday is a "short day". Several proposals have been raised to adjust the work week with the majority of the world.<a href="#cite_note-512">[504]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology in Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Israeli inventions and discoveries">List of Israeli inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matam_hi-tech_park_(Haifa).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg/220px-Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg/330px-Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg/440px-Matam_hi-tech_park_%28Haifa%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1589" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Matam,_Haifa" title="Matam, Haifa">Matam</a> high-tech park in Haifa</figcaption></figure> Israel's development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Wadi" title="Silicon Wadi">evoked comparisons</a> with <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Valley" title="Silicon Valley">Silicon Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-513">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[506]</a> Israel is first in the world in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_research_and_development_spending" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by research and development spending">expenditure on research and development</a> as a percentage of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_R&D-515">[507]</a> It is ranked 15th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024,<a href="#cite_note-516">[508]</a> and 5th in the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg_innovation-517">[509]</a> Israel has 140 scientists, technicians, and engineers per 10,000 employees, the highest number in the world<a href="#cite_note-518">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[511]</a> and has produced six <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize-winning</a> scientists, mostly in chemistry, since 2004<a href="#cite_note-nobel-520">[512]</a> and has been frequently ranked as one of the countries with the highest ratios of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific papers">scientific papers</a> per capita.<a href="#cite_note-521">[513]</a><a href="#cite_note-522">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[515]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges" title="List of Israeli universities and colleges">Israeli universities</a> are ranked among the top 50 world universities in computer science (<a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>), mathematics (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a>) and chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>).<a href="#cite_note-ARWU-524">[516]</a> In 2012, Israel was ranked ninth in the world by the Futron's <a href="/wiki/Space_Competitiveness_Index" title="Space Competitiveness Index">Space Competitiveness Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-525">[517]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">Israel Space Agency</a> coordinates all space research programmes with scientific and commercial goals, and have designed and built at least 13 commercial, research and spy satellites.<a href="#cite_note-526">[518]</a> Some satellites are ranked among the world's most advanced space systems.<a href="#cite_note-527">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shavit_2" title="Shavit 2">Shavit</a> is a space <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicle</a> produced by Israel to launch small satellites into <a href="/wiki/Low_Earth_orbit" title="Low Earth orbit">low Earth orbit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-528">[520]</a> It was first launched in 1988, making Israel the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">eighth nation</a> to have a space launch capability. In 2003, <a href="/wiki/Ilan_Ramon" title="Ilan Ramon">Ilan Ramon</a> became Israel's first astronaut, serving on the <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia_disaster" title="Space Shuttle Columbia disaster">fatal mission</a> of <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle_Columbia" title="Space Shuttle Columbia">Space Shuttle Columbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-529">[521]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel" title="Water supply and sanitation in Israel">ongoing water shortage</a> has spurred innovation in water conservation techniques, and a substantial <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_research_in_Israel" title="Agricultural research in Israel">agricultural modernization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drip_irrigation" title="Drip irrigation">drip irrigation</a>, was invented in Israel. Israel is also at the technological forefront of desalination and water recycling. The Sorek desalination plant is the largest seawater <a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">reverse osmosis</a> desalination facility in the world.<a href="#cite_note-530">[522]</a> By 2014, desalination programmes provided roughly 35% of the drinking water, and it is expected to supply 70% by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-531">[523]</a> As of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>, over 50 percent of the water for households, agriculture and industry is artificially produced.<a href="#cite_note-Kershner-532">[524]</a> In 2011, Israel's water technology industry was worth around $2 billion per year with annual exports of products and services in the tens of millions of dollars. As a result of innovations in reverse osmosis technology, Israel is set to become a net <a href="/wiki/Water_export" title="Water export">exporter of water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-533">[525]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A horizontal parabolic dish, with a triangular structure on its top." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/330px-Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg/440px-Solar_dish_at_Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2504" /></a><figcaption>The world's largest <a href="/wiki/Parabolic_reflector" title="Parabolic reflector">solar parabolic dish</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_National_Solar_Energy_Center" title="Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center">Ben-Gurion National Solar Energy Center</a><a href="#cite_note-Register-534">[526]</a></figcaption></figure> Israel has embraced <a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Israel" title="Solar power in Israel">solar energy</a>; its engineers are on the cutting edge of solar energy technology,<a href="#cite_note-NPR-535">[527]</a> and its solar companies work on projects around the world.<a href="#cite_note-CBC-536">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-BW-537">[529]</a> Over 90% of homes use solar energy for hot water, the highest per capita.<a href="#cite_note-Solar_energy-315">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-Environment_California_SWH-538">[530]</a> According to government figures, the country saves 8% of its electricity consumption per year because of its solar energy use in heating.<a href="#cite_note-539">[531]</a> The high annual incident solar irradiance at its geographic latitude creates ideal conditions for what is an internationally renowned solar research and development industry in the Negev.<a href="#cite_note-NPR-535">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-CBC-536">[528]</a><a href="#cite_note-BW-537">[529]</a> Israel had a modern electric car infrastructure involving a countrywide network of charging stations;<a href="#cite_note-540">[532]</a><a href="#cite_note-541">[533]</a><a href="#cite_note-542">[534]</a> however, its electric car company <a href="/wiki/Better_Place_(company)" title="Better Place (company)">Better Place</a> shut down in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-543">[535]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Energy in Israel</a></div> Israel <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Israel" title="Natural gas in Israel">began producing natural gas</a> from its own offshore gas fields in 2004. In 2009 <a href="/wiki/Tamar_gas_field" title="Tamar gas field">Tamar gas field</a> was discovered near the coast, and <a href="/wiki/Leviathan_gas_field" title="Leviathan gas field">Leviathan gas field</a> was discovered in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-544">[536]</a> The natural gas reserves in these two fields could make Israel energy-secure for more than 50 years. Commercial production of natural gas from the Tamar field began in 2013, with over 7.5 billion cubic meters (bcm) produced annually.<a href="#cite_note-545">[537]</a> Israel had 199 billion bcm of proven reserves of natural gas as of 2016.<a href="#cite_note-546">[538]</a> The Leviathan gas field started production in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-547">[539]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ketura_Sun" title="Ketura Sun">Ketura Sun</a> is Israel's first commercial solar field. Built in 2011 by the <a href="/wiki/Arava_Power_Company" title="Arava Power Company">Arava Power Company</a>, the field consists of 18,500 photovoltaic panels made by <a href="/wiki/Suntech_Power" title="Suntech Power">Suntech</a>, which will produce about 9 gigawatt-hours of electricity per year.<a href="#cite_note-548">[540]</a> In the next 20 years, the field will spare the production of some 125,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide.<a href="#cite_note-549">[541]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Transport in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg/220px-4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg/330px-4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg/440px-4X-ECC_LLBG_09-05-2014b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3113" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ben Gurion International Airport">Ben Gurion International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Israel has 19,224 kilometres (11,945 mi) of paved <a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Israel" title="Roads in Israel">roads</a><a href="#cite_note-550">[542]</a> and 3 million motor vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-vehicles-551">[543]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by vehicles per capita">number of motor vehicles per 1,000 persons</a> is 365, relatively low among developed countries.<a href="#cite_note-vehicles-551">[543]</a> The country aims to have 30% of vehicles on its roads powered by electricity by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-552">[544]</a> Israel has 5,715 buses on scheduled routes,<a href="#cite_note-553">[545]</a> operated by several carriers, the largest and oldest of which is <a href="/wiki/Egged_(company)" title="Egged (company)">Egged</a>, serving most of the country.<a href="#cite_note-554">[546]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Israel" title="Rail transport in Israel">Railways</a> stretch across 1,277 kilometres (793 mi) and are operated by government-owned <a href="/wiki/Israel_Railways" title="Israel Railways">Israel Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cbs_rails-555">[547]</a> Following major investments beginning in the early to mid-1990s, the number of train passengers per year has grown from 2.5 million in 1990, to 53 million in 2015; railways transport 7.5 million tons of cargo per year.<a href="#cite_note-cbs_rails-555">[547]</a> Israel is served by three international <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Israel" title="List of airports in Israel">airports</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ben_Gurion_Airport" title="Ben Gurion Airport">Ben Gurion Airport</a>, the country's main hub for international air travel; <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Airport" title="Ramon Airport">Ramon Airport</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Haifa_Airport" title="Haifa Airport">Haifa Airport</a>. Ben Gurion handled over 21.1 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-556">[548]</a> There are three main ports: the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Haifa" title="Port of Haifa">Port of Haifa</a>, the oldest and largest; <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ashdod" title="Port of Ashdod">Ashdod Port</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Eilat" title="Port of Eilat">Port of Eilat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Israel_and_Palestine" title="List of archaeological sites in Israel and Palestine">List of archaeological sites in Israel and Palestine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg/220px-Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg/330px-Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg/440px-Ein_Bokek_-_Dead_Sea2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5288" data-file-height="3552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ein_Bokek" title="Ein Bokek">Ein Bokek</a> resort on the shore of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism, especially <a href="/wiki/Religious_tourism" title="Religious tourism">religious tourism</a>, is an important industry, with <a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Israel" title="List of beaches in Israel">beaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">archaeological</a>, other <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Israel">historical</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_places" title="List of biblical places">biblical</a> sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. In 2017, a record 3.6 million tourists visited Israel, yielding a 25 percent growth since 2016 and contributed NIS 20 billion to the economy.<a href="#cite_note-557">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-558">[550]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real_estate">Real estate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_Israel" title="Housing in Israel">Housing in Israel</a></div> Housing prices are listed in the top third of all countries,<a href="#cite_note-559">[551]</a> with an average of 150 salaries required to buy an apartment.<a href="#cite_note-560">[552]</a> As of 2022, there are about 2.7 million properties in Israel, with an annual increase of over 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-561">[553]</a> However, the demand for housing exceeds supply, with a shortage of about 200,000 apartments as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-562">[554]</a> As a result, by 2021 housing prices rose by 5.6%.<a href="#cite_note-563">[555]</a> In 2021, Israelis took a record of NIS 116.1 billion in mortgages, an increase of 50% from 2020.<a href="#cite_note-564">[556]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics of Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aliyah_1948-2015.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aliyah_1948-2015.png/280px-Aliyah_1948-2015.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aliyah_1948-2015.png/420px-Aliyah_1948-2015.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Aliyah_1948-2015.png/560px-Aliyah_1948-2015.png 2x" data-file-width="1617" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Israel">Immigration to Israel</a> in the years 1948–2015. The two peaks were in 1949 and 1990.</figcaption></figure> Israel has the largest Jewish population in the world and is the only country where Jews are the majority.<a href="#cite_note-565">[557]</a> As of 31 May 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>, the population was an estimated 9,907,100. In 2022, the government recorded 73.6% of the population as <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Jews</a>, 21.1% as <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arabs</a>, and 5.3% as "Others" (non-Arab Christians and people who have no religion listed).<a href="#cite_note-population_stat2022-566">[558]</a> Over the last decade, large numbers of migrant workers from Romania, Thailand, China, Africa, and South America have settled in Israel. Exact figures are unknown, as many of them are living in the country illegally,<a href="#cite_note-567">[559]</a> but estimates run from 166,000 to 203,000.<a href="#cite_note-Adriana_Kemp-568">[560]</a> By June 2012, approximately 60,000 <a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_from_Africa_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel">African migrants</a> had entered Israel.<a href="#cite_note-569">[561]</a> About 93% of Israelis live in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-570">[562]</a> 90% of Palestinian Israelis reside in 139 densely populated towns and villages concentrated in the Galilee, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(Israel)" title="Triangle (Israel)">Triangle</a> and Negev regions, with the remaining 10% in <a href="/wiki/Mixed_cities" title="Mixed cities">mixed cities</a> and neighbourhoods.<a href="#cite_note-571">[563]</a> The OECD in 2016 estimated the average life expectancy at 82.5 years, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">6th-highest in the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_life_expec-572">[564]</a> Israeli Arab life expectancy lags by 3 to 4 years<a href="#cite_note-573">[565]</a><a href="#cite_note-574">[566]</a> and is higher than in most Arab and Muslim countries.<a href="#cite_note-575">[567]</a><a href="#cite_note-576">[568]</a> The country has the highest <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> in the OECD and the only one which is above the replacement figure of 2.1.<a href="#cite_note-:5-577">[569]</a> Retention of Israel's population since 1948 is about even or greater, when compared to other countries with mass immigration.<a href="#cite_note-578">[570]</a> Jewish emigration from Israel (called <a href="/wiki/Yerida" title="Yerida">yerida</a>), primarily to the United States and Canada, is described by demographers as modest,<a href="#cite_note-579">[571]</a> but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel's future.<a href="#cite_note-580">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-581">[573]</a> Approximately 80% of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> are <a href="/wiki/Sabra_(person)" title="Sabra (person)">born in Israel</a>, 14% are immigrants from Europe and the Americas, and 6% are immigrants from Asia and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-582">[574]</a> Jews from Europe and the former Soviet Union and their descendants born in Israel, including Ashkenazi Jews, constitute approximately 44% of Jewish Israelis. Jews from Arab and Muslim countries and their descendants, including both Mizrahi and Sephardi Jews,<a href="#cite_note-583">[575]</a> form most of the rest of the Jewish population.<a href="#cite_note-584">[576]</a> Jewish intermarriage rates run at over 35% and recent studies suggest that the percentage of Israelis descended from both Sephardi and Ashkenazi Jews increases by 0.5 percent yearly, with over 25% of schoolchildren now originating from both.<a href="#cite_note-585">[577]</a> Around 4% of Israelis (300,000), ethnically defined as "others", are Russian descendants of Jewish origin or family who are not Jewish according to rabbinical law, but were eligible for citizenship under the Law of Return.<a href="#cite_note-586">[578]</a><a href="#cite_note-Israel_people-587">[579]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[580]</a> Israeli settlers beyond the Green Line number over 600,000 (≈10% of the Jewish Israeli population).<a href="#cite_note-589">[581]</a> In 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Population_statistics_for_Israeli_settlements_in_the_West_Bank" title="Population statistics for Israeli settlements in the West Bank">399,300 Israelis lived</a> in West Bank settlements,<a href="#cite_note-districts_pop-333">[325]</a> including those that predated the establishment of the State of Israel and which were re-established after the Six-Day War, in cities such as Hebron and Gush Etzion bloc. Additionally there were more than 200,000 Jews living in East Jerusalem<a href="#cite_note-jerusalem_pop-334">[326]</a> and 22,000 in the Golan Heights.<a href="#cite_note-districts_pop-333">[325]</a> Approximately 7,800 Israelis <a href="/wiki/Population_statistics_for_Israeli_Gaza_Strip_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="Population statistics for Israeli Gaza Strip settlements">lived in settlements</a> in the Gaza Strip, known as <a href="/wiki/Gush_Katif" title="Gush Katif">Gush Katif</a>, until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 <a href="/wiki/Israel%27s_unilateral_disengagement_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel's unilateral disengagement plan">disengagement plan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-590">[582]</a> Israeli Arabs (including the Arab population of East Jerusalem and the Golan Heights) comprise 21.1% of the population or 1,995,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-591">[583]</a> In a 2017 poll, 40% of Arab citizens of Israel identified as "Arab in Israel" or "Arab citizen of Israel", 15% identified as "Palestinian", 8.9% as "Palestinian in Israel" or "Palestinian citizen of Israel", and 8.7% as "Arab"; a poll found that 60% of Israeli Arabs have a positive view of the state.<a href="#cite_note-592">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-593">[585]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_urban_areas">Major urban areas</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">List of cities in Israel</a>.</div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View over the Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg/800px-Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg/1200px-Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg/1600px-Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4863" data-file-height="987" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Tel_Aviv_Panorama.jpg" title="File:Tel Aviv Panorama.jpg"> </a></div>View over the <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area">Tel Aviv Metropolitan Area</a></div></div></div> Israel has four major metropolitan areas: <a href="/wiki/Gush_Dan" title="Gush Dan">Gush Dan</a> (Tel Aviv metropolitan area; population 3,854,000), <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_metropolitan_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem metropolitan area">Jerusalem</a> (population 1,253,900), <a href="/wiki/Haifa_metropolitan_area" title="Haifa metropolitan area">Haifa</a> (924,400), and <a href="/wiki/Beersheba_metropolitan_area" title="Beersheba metropolitan area">Beersheba</a> (377,100).<a href="#cite_note-594">[586]</a> The largest municipality, in population and area, is Jerusalem with 981,711 residents in an area of 125 square kilometres (48 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-595">[587]</a> Statistics on Jerusalem include the population and area of East Jerusalem, the status of which is in international dispute.<a href="#cite_note-596">[588]</a> Tel Aviv and Haifa rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 474,530 and 290,306, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-595">[587]</a> The (mainly <a href="/wiki/Haredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Haredi">Haredi</a>) city of <a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a> is the most densely populated city in Israel and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_proper_by_population_density" title="List of cities proper by population density">10 most densely populated cities</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-597">[589]</a> Israel has 16 cities with populations over 100,000. As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a> there are 77 localities granted <a href="/wiki/City_council_(Israel)" title="City council (Israel)">"municipalities" (or "city") status</a> by the Ministry of the Interior,<a href="#cite_note-598">[590]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_settlements_with_city_status_in_the_West_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Israeli settlements with city status in the West Bank">four of which are in the West Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-599">[591]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Israel" title="Template:Largest cities of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities in Israel <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a><a href="#cite_note-Israelpopulations-595">[587]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">District</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Jerusalem"><img alt="Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG/120px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG/180px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG/240px-Jerusalem_Dome_of_the_rock_BW_14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3812" data-file-height="2540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Sarona_CBD_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tel Aviv"><img alt="Tel Aviv" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sarona_CBD_01.jpg/120px-Sarona_CBD_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sarona_CBD_01.jpg/180px-Sarona_CBD_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Sarona_CBD_01.jpg/240px-Sarona_CBD_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3078" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">981,711<a href="#endnote_jerusalem">a</a></td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ramat_Gan" title="Ramat Gan">Ramat Gan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">172,486 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haifa"><img alt="Haifa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg/120px-Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg/180px-Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg/240px-Haifa_Shrine_and_Port.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rishon LeZion"><img alt="Rishon LeZion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg/120px-Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg/180px-Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg/240px-Rishon_LeZion_West_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">474,530</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beit_Shemesh" title="Beit Shemesh">Beit Shemesh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_District" title="Jerusalem District">Jerusalem</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">154,694 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">290,306</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">153,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rishon_LeZion" title="Rishon LeZion">Rishon LeZion</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">260,453</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rehovot" title="Rehovot">Rehovot</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">150,748 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Petah_Tikva" title="Petah Tikva">Petah Tikva</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">255,387</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bat_Yam" title="Bat Yam">Bat Yam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">128,465 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">233,104</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Herzliya" title="Herzliya">Herzliya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">106,741 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ashdod" title="Ashdod">Ashdod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">226,827</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hadera" title="Hadera">Hadera</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Haifa_District" title="Haifa District">Haifa</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">103,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bnei_Brak" title="Bnei Brak">Bnei Brak</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">218,357</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">101,556 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Beersheba" title="Beersheba">Beersheba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_District_(Israel)" title="Southern District (Israel)">Southern</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">214,162</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Modi%27in-Maccabim-Re%27ut" title="Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut">Modi'in-Maccabim-Re'ut</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">99,171 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_District" title="Tel Aviv District">Tel Aviv</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">197,957</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Central_District_(Israel)" title="Central District (Israel)">Central</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">85,351 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_jerusalem">^a</a> This number includes <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> areas, which had a total population of 573,330 inhabitants in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-600">[592]</a> Israeli sovereignty over East Jerusalem is <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">internationally unrecognized</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_(3777232251).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg/220px-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg/330px-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg/440px-%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%95%D7%91_%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94_%283777232251%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Road_signs_in_Israel" title="Road signs in Israel">Road sign</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, Arabic, and English</figcaption></figure> The official language is <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>. Hebrew is the primary language of the state and is spoken daily by the majority of the population. Prior to 1948, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Yiddish_sentiment" title="Anti-Yiddish sentiment">opposition</a> to <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, the historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews, was common among supporters of the Zionist movement, including the Yishuv, who sought to promote <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Hebrew's revival</a> as a unifying national language.<a href="#cite_note-601">[593]</a> These sentiments were reflected in the early policies of the Israeli government, which largely banned <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre performances</a> and publications.<a href="#cite_note-602">[594]</a> Until 2018, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic</a> was also an official language;<a href="#cite_note-lang1-13">[11]</a> in 2018 it was downgraded to having a "special status in the state".<a href="#cite_note-lang2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-lang3-12">[10]</a> Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority, with Arabic and Hebrew taught in Arab schools.<a href="#cite_note-arabic_lang-603">[595]</a> Due to mass immigration from the former Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_Ethiopia" title="Aliyah from Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> (some 130,000 <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Ethiopian Jews in Israel">Ethiopian Jews live in Israel</a>),<a href="#cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-604">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-605">[597]</a> <a href="/wiki/Russian_language_in_Israel" title="Russian language in Israel">Russian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amharic" title="Amharic">Amharic</a> are widely spoken.<a href="#cite_note-606">[598]</a> Over one million Russian-speaking immigrants arrived in Israel between 1990 and 2004.<a href="#cite_note-607">[599]</a> French is spoken by around 700,000 Israelis,<a href="#cite_note-608">[600]</a> mostly originating <a href="/wiki/French_Jews_in_Israel" title="French Jews in Israel">from France</a> and North Africa (see <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a>). English was an official language during the Mandate period;<a href="#cite_note-609">[601]</a> it lost this status after the establishment of Israel, but retains a role comparable to that of an official language.<a href="#cite_note-610">[602]</a><a href="#cite_note-611">[603]</a> Many Israelis communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programmes are broadcast in English with subtitles and the language is taught from the early grades in elementary school. Israeli universities offer courses in the English language on various subjects.<a href="#cite_note-612">[604]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion in Israel</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westernwall2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A large open area with people bounded by old stone walls. To the left is a mosque with large golden dome." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/220px-Westernwall2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/330px-Westernwall2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Westernwall2.jpg/440px-Westernwall2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>, Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> The estimated religious affiliation as of 2022 was 73.5% Jewish, 18.1% <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslim</a>, 1.9% <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>, 1.6% <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, and 4.9% other.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2022-15">[12]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">religious affiliation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a> varies widely: a 2016 survey by <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Pew Research">Pew Research</a> indicates that 49% self-identify as <a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a> (secular), 29% as <a href="/wiki/Masortim" title="Masortim">Masorti</a> (traditional), 13% as <a href="/wiki/Dati" class="mw-redirect" title="Dati">Dati</a> (religious) and 9% as <a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> (ultra-Orthodox).<a href="#cite_note-613">[605]</a> Haredi Jews are expected to represent over 20% of the Jewish population by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-614">[606]</a> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Israel" title="Islam in Israel">Muslims</a> constitute the largest religious minority, making up about 18.1% of the population. About 1.9% of the population is <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Israel" title="Christianity in Israel">Christian</a>, and 1.6% is <a href="/wiki/Druze_in_Israel" title="Druze in Israel">Druze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA2022-15">[12]</a> The Christian population comprises primarily <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Arab Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arameans_in_Israel" title="Arameans in Israel">Aramean Christians</a> but also includes post-Soviet immigrants, foreign laborers, and followers of <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Judaism" title="Messianic Judaism">Messianic Judaism</a>, considered by most Christians and Jews to be a form of Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-615">[607]</a> Members of many other religious groups, including <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Israel" title="Hinduism in Israel">Hindus</a>, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.<a href="#cite_note-616">[608]</a> Out of over one million immigrants from the former Soviet Union, about 300,000 are considered not Jewish by the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbinate of Israel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-617">[609]</a> Israel comprises a major part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>, a region of significant importance to all <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. Jerusalem is of <a href="/wiki/Religious_significance_of_Jerusalem" title="Religious significance of Jerusalem">special importance</a> to Jews, Muslims, and Christians, as it is the home of <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Jerusalem" title="List of places in Jerusalem">sites</a> that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the <a href="/wiki/Old_City_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Old City (Jerusalem)">Old City</a> that incorporates the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> (Al-Aqsa Mosque compound) and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-618">[610]</a> Other locations of religious importance are <a href="/wiki/Nazareth" title="Nazareth">Nazareth</a> (site of the <a href="/wiki/Annunciation" title="Annunciation">Annunciation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tiberias" title="Tiberias">Tiberias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safed" title="Safed">Safed</a> (two of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a> in Judaism), the <a href="/wiki/White_Mosque,_Ramla" class="mw-redirect" title="White Mosque, Ramla">White Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ramla" title="Ramla">Ramla</a> (shrine of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Salih" title="Salih">Saleh</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saint_George_and_Mosque_of_Al-Khadr,_Lod" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr, Lod">Church of Saint George and Mosque of Al-Khadr, Lod</a> (tomb of <a href="/wiki/Saint_George" title="Saint George">Saint George</a> or <a href="/wiki/Al_Khidr" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Khidr">Al Khidr</a>). A number of other religious landmarks are located in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">birthplace of Jesus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Arc_(Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arc (Baháʼí)">administrative center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_B%C3%A1b" title="Shrine of the Báb">Shrine of the Báb</a> are located at the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_World_Centre" title="Baháʼí World Centre">Baháʼí World Centre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haifa" title="Haifa">Haifa</a>; the leader of the faith is <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Bah%C3%A1%27u%27ll%C3%A1h" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrine of Bahá'u'lláh">buried</a> in <a href="/wiki/Acre,_Israel" title="Acre, Israel">Acre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-619">[611]</a><a href="#cite_note-620">[612]</a><a href="#cite_note-621">[613]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mahmood_Mosque,_Haifa" title="Mahmood Mosque, Haifa">Mahmood Mosque</a> is affiliated with the reformist <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_Israel" title="Ahmadiyya in Israel">Ahmadiyya</a> movement. <a href="/wiki/Kababir" title="Kababir">Kababir</a>, Haifa's mixed neighbourhood of Jews and Ahmadi Arabs, is one of a few of its kind in the country.<a href="#cite_note-622">[614]</a><a href="#cite_note-623">[615]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Education in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg/220px-Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg/330px-Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg/440px-Brain_research_labs-Bar_Ilan_university.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University#Leslie_and_Susan_Gonda_Multidisciplinary_Brain_Research_Center" title="Bar-Ilan University">Multidisciplinary Brain Research Center</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a></figcaption></figure> Education is highly valued and was viewed as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_education_in_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of education in ancient Israel and Judah">fundamental block of ancient Israelites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-624">[616]</a> In 2015, the country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_tertiary_education_attainment" title="List of countries by tertiary education attainment">ranked</a> third among OECD members for the percentage of 25–64 year-olds that have attained tertiary education with 49% compared with the OECD average of 35%.<a href="#cite_note-OECD_education-625">[617]</a> In 2012, the country ranked third in the number of academic degrees per capita (20 percent of the population).<a href="#cite_note-626">[618]</a> Israel has a <a href="/wiki/School_life_expectancy" title="School life expectancy">school life expectancy</a> of 16 years and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_literacy_rate" title="List of countries by literacy rate">literacy rate</a> of 97.8%.<a href="#cite_note-cia-292">[284]</a> The State Education Law (1953) established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction.<a href="#cite_note-arabic_lang-603">[595]</a> Education is compulsory for children between the ages of three and eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-627">[619]</a> Schooling is divided into three tiers—primary school (grades 1–6), middle school (grades 7–9), and high school (grades 10–12)—culminating with <a href="/wiki/Bagrut" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagrut">Bagrut</a> matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, the Hebrew language, Hebrew and general literature, the English language, history, Biblical scripture and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.<a href="#cite_note-moia-628">[620]</a> The Jewish population maintains a relatively high level of educational attainment where just under half of all Israeli Jews (46%) hold post-secondary degrees.<a href="#cite_note-629">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-630">[622]</a> Israeli Jews (among those ages 25 and older) have average of 11.6 years of schooling making them one of the most highly educated of all major religious groups in the world.<a href="#cite_note-631">[623]</a><a href="#cite_note-632">[624]</a> In Arab, Christian and Druze schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam on Muslim, Christian or Druze heritage, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-633">[625]</a> In 2020, 68.7% of all 12th graders earned a matriculation certificate.<a href="#cite_note-634">[626]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg/220px-MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg/330px-MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg/440px-MountScopusDec032022_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="1456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Scopus" title="Mount Scopus">Mount Scopus</a> Campus of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a></figcaption></figure> Israel has a tradition of higher education where its quality university education has been largely responsible in spurring modern economic development.<a href="#cite_note-635">[627]</a> Israel has <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_universities_and_colleges" title="List of Israeli universities and colleges">nine public universities subsidized by the state and 49 private colleges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-moia-628">[620]</a><a href="#cite_note-636">[628]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[629]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem" title="Hebrew University of Jerusalem">Hebrew University of Jerusalem</a> houses the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>, the world's largest repository of Judaica and Hebraica.<a href="#cite_note-638">[630]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Technion" class="mw-redirect" title="Technion">Technion</a> and the Hebrew University consistently ranked among world's 100 top universities by <a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> ranking.<a href="#cite_note-ARWU-524">[516]</a> Other major universities include the <a href="/wiki/Weizmann_Institute_of_Science" title="Weizmann Institute of Science">Weizmann Institute of Science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_University" title="Tel Aviv University">Tel Aviv University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ben-Gurion_University_of_the_Negev" title="Ben-Gurion University of the Negev">Ben-Gurion University of the Negev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar-Ilan_University" title="Bar-Ilan University">Bar-Ilan University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Open_University_of_Israel" title="Open University of Israel">Open University of Israel</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a></div> Cultural diversity stems from its diverse population: Jews from various diaspora communities brought their cultural and religious traditions with them.<a href="#cite_note-639">[631]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arab_citizens_of_Israel#Culture" title="Arab citizens of Israel">Arab influences</a> are present in many cultural spheres,<a href="#cite_note-MendelRanta2016p137-640">[632]</a> being found in <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">architecture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-641">[633]</a> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">music</a>,<a href="#cite_note-642">[634]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-643">[635]</a> Israel is the only country where life revolves around the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Holidays</a> are determined by the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Jewish holidays</a>. The official day of rest is Saturday, the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Jewish Sabbath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-644">[636]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agnon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agnon.jpg/170px-Agnon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agnon.jpg/255px-Agnon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Agnon.jpg/340px-Agnon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a>, laureate of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli literature</a> is primarily <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_poetry" title="Modern Hebrew poetry">poetry</a> and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">renaissance</a> of Hebrew as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a>. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media.<a href="#cite_note-645">[637]</a> In 2016, 89 percent of the 7,300 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-646">[638]</a> In 1966, <a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnon" title="Shmuel Yosef Agnon">Shmuel Yosef Agnon</a> shared the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> with German Jewish author <a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-647">[639]</a> Leading poets include <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Amichai" title="Yehuda Amichai">Yehuda Amichai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Alterman" title="Nathan Alterman">Nathan Alterman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leah_Goldberg" title="Leah Goldberg">Leah Goldberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Bluwstein" title="Rachel Bluwstein">Rachel Bluwstein</a>.<a href="#cite_note-648">[640]</a> Internationally famous contemporary novelists include <a href="/wiki/Amos_Oz" title="Amos Oz">Amos Oz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etgar_Keret" title="Etgar Keret">Etgar Keret</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Grossman" title="David Grossman">David Grossman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-649">[641]</a><a href="#cite_note-650">[642]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Israel" title="Dance in Israel">Dance in Israel</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Several dozen musicians in formal dress, holding their instruments, behind a conductor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg/250px-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg/375px-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg/500px-Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a> conducted by <a href="/wiki/Zubin_Mehta" title="Zubin Mehta">Zubin Mehta</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Israeli music</a> includes <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Sephardic music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a> melodies, <a href="/wiki/Greek_music_in_Israel" title="Greek music in Israel">Greek music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pop_rock" title="Pop rock">pop rock</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonEllinghamTrillo1999365–369-651">[643]</a><a href="#cite_note-652">[644]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Israel Philharmonic Orchestra">Israel Philharmonic Orchestra</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson19851095-653">[645]</a><a href="#cite_note-654">[646]</a> has been in operation for over seventy years and performs more than two hundred concerts each year.<a href="#cite_note-655">[647]</a> <a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Perlman" title="Itzhak Perlman">Itzhak Perlman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinchas_Zukerman" title="Pinchas Zukerman">Pinchas Zukerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ofra_Haza" title="Ofra Haza">Ofra Haza</a> are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel. <a href="/wiki/Israel_in_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest">Israel has participated</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest" title="Eurovision Song Contest">Eurovision Song Contest</a> nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition four times and hosting it twice.<a href="#cite_note-656">[648]</a><a href="#cite_note-657">[649]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eilat" title="Eilat">Eilat</a> has hosted its own international music festival, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Jazz_Festival" title="Red Sea Jazz Festival">Red Sea Jazz Festival</a>, every summer since 1987.<a href="#cite_note-658">[650]</a> The nation's canonical <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk songs</a> are known as "Songs of the Land of Israel".<a href="#cite_note-659">[651]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema_and_theatre">Cinema and theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Cinema of Israel</a></div> Ten Israeli films <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Israeli submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">have been final nominees</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>. Palestinian Israeli filmmakers have made films dealing with the Arab-Israeli conflict and status of Palestinians within Israel, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Bakri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Bakri">Mohammed Bakri</a>'s 2002 film <a href="/wiki/Jenin,_Jenin" title="Jenin, Jenin">Jenin, Jenin</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Syrian_Bride" title="The Syrian Bride">The Syrian Bride</a>. Continuing the strong theatrical traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a> in Eastern Europe, Israel maintains a vibrant theatre scene. Founded in 1918, <a href="/wiki/Habima_Theatre" title="Habima Theatre">Habima Theatre</a> in Tel Aviv is Israel's oldest <a href="/wiki/Repertory_theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Repertory theater">repertory theater</a> company and national theater.<a href="#cite_note-660">[652]</a> Other theatres include <a href="/wiki/Ohel_Theater" title="Ohel Theater">Ohel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameri_Theatre" title="Cameri Theatre">the Cameri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gesher_Theater" title="Gesher Theater">Gesher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-661">[653]</a><a href="#cite_note-662">[654]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts in Israel</a></div> Israeli Jewish art has been particularly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a>. Another art movement that held a prominent role in the 20th century was the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">School of Paris</a>. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the Yishuv's art was dominated by art trends emanating <a href="/wiki/Bezalel_Academy_of_Arts_and_Design" title="Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design">Bezalel</a>. Beginning in the 1920s, the local art scene was heavily influenced by modern French art, first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Isaac Frenkel Frenel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-663">[655]</a><a href="#cite_note-664">[656]</a> Jewish masters of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Paris" title="School of Paris">school of Paris</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AFm_Soutine" title="Chaïm Soutine">Soutine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kikoine" title="Michel Kikoine">Kikoine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Frenkel" title="Yitzhak Frenkel">Frenkel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Chagall" title="Marc Chagall">Chagall</a> heavily influenced the subsequent development of Israeli art.<a href="#cite_note-665">[657]</a><a href="#cite_note-:43-666">[658]</a> Israeli sculpture took inspiration from modern <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">European sculpture</a> as well <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_sculpture" title="Assyrian sculpture">Assyrian</a> and local art.<a href="#cite_note-:6-667">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-668">[660]</a> <a href="/wiki/Avraham_Melnikov" title="Avraham Melnikov">Avraham Melnikov</a>'s roaring lion, David Polus' Alexander Zaid and <a href="/wiki/Zeev_Ben-Zvi" title="Zeev Ben-Zvi">Ze'ev Ben Zvi</a>'s cubist sculpture exemplify some of the different streams in sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-:6-667">[659]</a><a href="#cite_note-669">[661]</a><a href="#cite_note-670">[662]</a> Common themes in art are the mystical cities of Safed and Jerusalem, the bohemian café culture of Tel Aviv, agricultural landscapes, biblical stories and war. Today Israeli art has delved into <a href="/wiki/Optical_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical art">optical art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_art" title="Artificial intelligence art">AI art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital art</a> and the use of salt in sculpture.<a href="#cite_note-:43-666">[658]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Architecture of Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg/220px-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg/330px-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg/440px-%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="1864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bauhaus_Foundation_Tel_Aviv" title="Bauhaus Foundation Tel Aviv">Bauhaus Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a></figcaption></figure> Due to the immigration of Jewish architects, architecture has come to reflect different styles. In the early 20th century Jewish architects sought to combine Occidental and Oriental architecture producing buildings that showcase a myriad of infused styles.<a href="#cite_note-671">[663]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_architecture" title="Eclecticism in architecture">eclectic</a> style gave way to the modernist <a href="/wiki/Bauhaus" title="Bauhaus">Bauhaus</a> style with the influx of German Jewish architects (among them <a href="/wiki/Erich_Mendelsohn" title="Erich Mendelsohn">Erich Mendelsohn</a>) fleeing <a href="/wiki/Nazi_persecution_of_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi persecution of Jews">Nazi persecution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-672">[664]</a><a href="#cite_note-673">[665]</a> The <a href="/wiki/White_City,_Tel_Aviv" title="White City, Tel Aviv">White City of Tel Aviv</a> is a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Heritage_site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO Heritage site">UNESCO heritage site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-674">[666]</a> Following independence, multiple government projects were commissioned, a grand part built in a brutalist style with heavy emphasis on the use of concrete and acclimatization to the desert climate.<a href="#cite_note-675">[667]</a><a href="#cite_note-676">[668]</a> Several novel ideas such as the <a href="/wiki/Garden_city_movement" title="Garden city movement">Garden City</a> were implemented Israeli cities; the <a href="/wiki/Geddes_Plan_for_Tel_Aviv" title="Geddes Plan for Tel Aviv">Geddes plan</a> of Tel Aviv became renowned internationally for its revolutionary design and adaptation to the local climate.<a href="#cite_note-677">[669]</a> The design of kibbutzim also came to reflect ideology, such as the planning of the circular kibbutz <a href="/wiki/Nahalal" title="Nahalal">Nahalal</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kauffmann" title="Richard Kauffmann">Richard Kauffmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-678">[670]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Israel">Media of Israel</a></div> Media is diverse, reflecting the spectrum of audiences. Notable newspapers include the leftwing <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>,<a href="#cite_note-679">[671]</a> centrist <a href="/wiki/Yedioth_Ahronoth" title="Yedioth Ahronoth">Yedioth Ahronoth</a>,<a href="#cite_note-680">[672]</a> and center-right <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hayom" title="Israel Hayom">Israel Hayom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-681">[673]</a> There are several major TV channels which cater to different audiences, from Russian language <a href="/wiki/Israel_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel Plus">Channel 9</a><a href="#cite_note-682">[674]</a> to Arabic language <a href="/wiki/Kan_33" class="mw-redirect" title="Kan 33">Kan 33</a>.<a href="#cite_note-683">[675]</a> The 2024 Freedom House report found Israeli media is "vibrant and free to criticize government policy".<a href="#cite_note-684">[676]</a> In the 2024 <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a> by <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>, Israel was placed 101st of 180 countries, second in the Middle East and North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-685">[677]</a><a href="#cite_note-RSFNAME-686">[678]</a> Reporters Without Borders noted that the Israel Defense Forces had killed more than 100 journalists in Gaza. Since the Israel–Hamas war, Israel had been "been trying to suppress the reporting coming out of the besieged enclave while disinformation infiltrates its own media ecosystem."<a href="#cite_note-RSFNAME-686">[678]</a> On 5 May 2024, Israel shut down the local offices of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Qatar" title="Mass media in Qatar">Qatari channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>.<a href="#cite_note-687">[679]</a> Israel later briefly seized equipment belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, saying that its video stream of Gaza was being provided to Al Jazeera; after an intervention by the U.S. government the equipment was returned.<a href="#cite_note-688">[680]</a><a href="#cite_note-689">[681]</a><a href="#cite_note-690">[682]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a more comprehensive list, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">List of Israeli museums</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_(14755133799).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg/220px-Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg/330px-Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg/440px-Billy_Rose_Art_Garden_%2814755133799%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3062" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a>, repository of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a> in Jerusalem</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a> in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions<a href="#cite_note-imj-691">[683]</a> and houses the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>,<a href="#cite_note-692">[684]</a> along with an extensive collection of <a href="/wiki/Judaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaica">Judaica</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_art" class="mw-redirect" title="European art">European art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-imj-691">[683]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> is the world central archive of Holocaust-related information.<a href="#cite_note-693">[685]</a> <a href="/wiki/ANU_-_Museum_of_the_Jewish_People" class="mw-redirect" title="ANU - Museum of the Jewish People">ANU - Museum of the Jewish People</a> on the campus of Tel Aviv University, is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.<a href="#cite_note-694">[686]</a> Israel has the highest number of museums per capita.<a href="#cite_note-695">[687]</a> Several museums are devoted to Islamic culture, including the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/L._A._Mayer_Institute_for_Islamic_Art" class="mw-redirect" title="L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art">L. A. Mayer Institute for Islamic Art</a>, both in Jerusalem. The Rockefeller specializes in archaeological remains from Middle East history. It is also the home of the first hominid fossil skull found in Western Asia, called <a href="/wiki/Galilee_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilee Man">Galilee Man</a>.<a href="#cite_note-696">[688]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Food_in_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/220px-Food_in_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/330px-Food_in_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Food_in_Israel.jpg/440px-Food_in_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2390" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>A meal including <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Israeli_salad" title="Israeli salad">Israeli salad</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli cuisine</a> includes local dishes as well as <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish cuisine</a> brought to the country by immigrants. Particularly since the late 1970s, a <a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">fusion cuisine</a> has developed.<a href="#cite_note-raviv-697">[689]</a> The cuisine has adopted, and continues to adapt, elements of the <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi cuisine">Ashkenazi</a> styles of cooking. It incorporates many foods traditionally eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Arab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a> cuisines, such as <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">shakshouka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a>. <a href="/wiki/Schnitzel" title="Schnitzel">Schnitzel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">pizza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburgers</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a> are common. Roughly half of the Jewish population attests to keeping <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> at home.<a href="#cite_note-698">[690]</a><a href="#cite_note-bernstein_227,_233–234-699">[691]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kosher_restaurant" title="Kosher restaurant">Kosher restaurants</a> make up around a quarter of the total as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Israel&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-raviv-697">[689]</a> Together with non-kosher fish, rabbits and ostriches, pork—often called "white meat" in Israel<a href="#cite_note-bernstein-231-700">[692]</a>—is produced and consumed, though <a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">it is forbidden</a> by both Judaism and Islam.<a href="#cite_note-701">[693]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sport in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg/220px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg/330px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg/440px-%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C." title="Maccabi Haifa F.C.">Maccabi Haifa F.C.</a> fans at <a href="/wiki/Sammy_Ofer_Stadium" title="Sammy Ofer Stadium">Sammy Ofer Stadium</a> in the city of Haifa</figcaption></figure> The most popular spectator sports in Israel are association football and basketball.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorstrick2004141-702">[694]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Premier_League" title="Israeli Premier League">Israeli Premier League</a> is the country's premier football league, and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League" title="Israeli Basketball Premier League">Israeli Basketball Premier League</a> is the premier basketball league.<a href="#cite_note-703">[695]</a> <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Haifa_F.C." title="Maccabi Haifa F.C.">Maccabi Haifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_F.C." title="Maccabi Tel Aviv F.C.">Maccabi Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hapoel_Tel_Aviv_F.C." title="Hapoel Tel Aviv F.C.">Hapoel Tel Aviv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Jerusalem_F.C." title="Beitar Jerusalem F.C.">Beitar Jerusalem</a> are the largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_football_clubs_in_Israel" title="List of football clubs in Israel">football clubs</a>. Maccabi Tel Aviv, Maccabi Haifa and Hapoel Tel Aviv have competed in the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Champions_League" title="UEFA Champions League">UEFA Champions League</a> and Hapoel Tel Aviv reached the <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Cup">UEFA Cup</a> quarter-finals. Israel hosted and won the <a href="/wiki/1964_AFC_Asian_Cup" title="1964 AFC Asian Cup">1964 AFC Asian Cup</a>; in 1970 the <a href="/wiki/Israel_national_football_team" title="Israel national football team">Israel national football team</a> qualified for the <a href="/wiki/1970_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1970 FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>, the only time it participated in the World Cup. The <a href="/wiki/1974_Asian_Games" title="1974 Asian Games">1974 Asian Games</a>, held in Tehran, were the last Asian Games in which Israel <a href="/wiki/Israel_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Israel at the Asian Games">participated</a>, plagued by Arab countries that <a href="/wiki/Boycotts_of_Israel_in_sports" title="Boycotts of Israel in sports">refused to compete</a> with Israel. Israel was excluded from the <a href="/wiki/1978_Asian_Games" title="1978 Asian Games">1978 Asian Games</a> and since then has not competed in Asian sport events.<a href="#cite_note-704">[696]</a> In 1994, <a href="/wiki/UEFA" title="UEFA">UEFA</a> agreed to admit Israel, and its football teams now compete in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C." title="Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.">Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.</a> has won the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_European_Champions_Cup_and_EuroLeague_records_and_statistics" title="FIBA European Champions Cup and EuroLeague records and statistics">European championship</a> in basketball six times.<a href="#cite_note-705">[697]</a> Israel has won <a href="/wiki/Israel_at_the_Olympics" title="Israel at the Olympics">nine Olympic medals</a> since its first win <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">in 1992</a>, including a gold medal in <a href="/wiki/Sailing_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_Mistral_One_Design" title="Sailing at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's Mistral One Design">windsurfing</a> at the <a href="/wiki/2004_Summer_Olympics" title="2004 Summer Olympics">2004 Summer Olympics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-706">[698]</a> Israel has won <a href="/wiki/Israel_at_the_Paralympics" title="Israel at the Paralympics">over 100</a> gold medals in the <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a> and is ranked 20th in the <a href="/wiki/All-time_Paralympic_Games_medal_table" title="All-time Paralympic Games medal table">all-time medal count</a>. The <a href="/wiki/1968_Summer_Paralympics" title="1968 Summer Paralympics">1968 Summer Paralympics</a> were hosted by Israel.<a href="#cite_note-707">[699]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Maccabiah_Games" title="Maccabiah Games">Maccabiah Games</a>, an Olympic-style event for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jews_in_sports" title="List of Jews in sports">Jewish</a> and Israeli athletes, was inaugurated in the 1930s, and has been held every four years since then. <a href="/wiki/Krav_Maga" title="Krav Maga">Krav Maga</a>, a martial art developed by Jewish ghetto defenders during the struggle against fascism in Europe, is used by the Israeli security forces and police.<a href="#cite_note-708">[700]</a> Chess is a leading sport. There are many Israeli grandmasters and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_chess_players" title="List of Israeli chess players">Israeli chess players</a> have won a number of youth world championships.<a href="#cite_note-709">[701]</a> Israel stages an annual international <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Chess_Championship" title="Israeli Chess Championship">championship</a> and hosted the <a href="/wiki/World_Team_Chess_Championship" title="World Team Chess Championship">World Team Chess Championship</a> in 2005. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">Index of Israel-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Israel" title="Outline of Israel">Outline of Israel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Recognition by other UN member states: Russia (<a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a>),<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Jerusalem" title="West Jerusalem">West Jerusalem</a>),<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Jerusalem is Israel's largest city if including <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a>, which is widely recognized as occupied territory.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> If East Jerusalem is not counted, the largest city would be <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Arabic has a "special status" as set by the <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law:_Israel_as_the_Nation-State_of_the_Jewish_People" title="Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People">Basic Law of 2018</a>, which allows it to be used by official institutions.<a href="#cite_note-lang2-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-lang3-12">[10]</a> Prior to that law's passage, Arabic had been an official language alongside Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-lang1-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecd_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd_22-1">b</a> Israeli population and economic data covers the economic territory of Israel, including the Golan Heights, East Jerusalem and Israeli settlements in the West Bank.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2011-342">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[335]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Israel_(name)" title="Israel (name)">personal name "Israel"</a> appears much earlier, in material from <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈɪzri.əl, -reɪ-/</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Yīsrāʾēl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[jisʁaˈʔel]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: إِسْرَائِيل, romanized: ʾIsrāʾīl </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מְדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל, romanized: Medīnat Yīsrāʾēl <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">[mediˈnat jisʁaˈʔel]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دَوْلَة إِسْرَائِيل, romanized: Dawlat Isrāʾīl </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182">"Foreign Ministry statement regarding Palestinian-Israeli settlement"</a>. mid.ru. 6 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200104201944/https://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/news/-/asset_publisher/cKNonkJE02Bw/content/id/2717182">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2020. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mid.ru&rft.atitle=Foreign+Ministry+statement+regarding+Palestinian-Israeli+settlement&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mid.ru%2Fen%2Fforeign_policy%2Fnews%2F-%2Fasset_publisher%2FcKNonkJE02Bw%2Fcontent%2Fid%2F2717182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241">"Czech Republic announces it recognizes West Jerusalem as Israel's capital"</a>. The Jerusalem Post. 6 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303093750/https://www.jpost.com/Breaking-News/Czech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2017. <q>The Czech Republic currently, before the peace between Israel and Palestine is signed, recognizes Jerusalem to be in fact the capital of Israel in the borders of the demarcation line from 1967." The Ministry also said that it would only consider relocating its embassy based on "results of negotiations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post&rft.atitle=Czech+Republic+announces+it+recognizes+West+Jerusalem+as+Israel%27s+capital&rft.date=2017-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2FBreaking-News%2FCzech-Republic-announces-it-recognizes-West-Jerusalem-as-Israels-capital-517241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/">"Honduras recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's capital"</a>. The Times of Israel. 29 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191203023556/https://www.timesofisrael.com/honduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2019. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Honduras+recognizes+Jerusalem+as+Israel%27s+capital&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fhonduras-recognizes-jerusalem-as-israels-capital%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/">"Guatemala se suma a EEUU y también trasladará su embajada en Israel a Jerusalén"</a> [Guatemala joins US, will also move embassy to Jerusalem]. Infobae (in Spanish). 24 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200417074208/https://www.infobae.com/america/mundo/2017/12/24/guatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infobae&rft.atitle=Guatemala+se+suma+a+EEUU+y+tambi%C3%A9n+trasladar%C3%A1+su+embajada+en+Israel+a+Jerusal%C3%A9n&rft.date=2017-12-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infobae.com%2Famerica%2Fmundo%2F2017%2F12%2F24%2Fguatemala-se-suma-a-eeuu-y-tambien-trasladara-su-embajada-en-israel-a-jerusalen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> Guatemala's embassy was located in Jerusalem until the 1980s, when it was moved to Tel Aviv. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084">"Nauru recognizes J'lem as capital of Israel"</a>. Israel National News. 29 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200611110231/http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/268084">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2020. Retrieved 29 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+National+News&rft.atitle=Nauru+recognizes+J%27lem+as+capital+of+Israel&rft.date=2019-08-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F268084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html">"Trump Recognizes Jerusalem as Israel's Capital and Orders U.S. Embassy to Move"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 6 December 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617225602/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/06/world/middleeast/trump-jerusalem-israel-capital.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. 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Retrieved 17 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634-1099&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM0wUKoMJeccC%26dq%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bpalestine%2Btwo%2Bpeople%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ">Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–2001</a> (reprint ed.). Knopf. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679744757" title="Special:BookSources/9780679744757"><bdi>9780679744757</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131219/https://books.google.com/books?id=746mQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2024. Retrieved 22 March 2024. <q>The fear of territorial displacement and dispossession was to be the chief motor of Arab antagonism to Zionism down to 1948 (and indeed after 1967 as well).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%932001&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780679744757&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D746mQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> Also quoted, among many, by Mark M. Ayyash (2019). Hermeneutics of Violence: A Four-Dimensional Conception. University of Toronto Press, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">195</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240322131220/https://books.google.com/books?id=W1G_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA195">Archived</a> 22 March 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1487505868" title="Special:BookSources/1487505868">1487505868</a>. Accessed 22 March 2024. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFildisNisanci2019" class="citation journal cs1">Fildis, Ayse; Nisanci, Ensar (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename%3DBritish_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">"British Colonial Policy "Divide and Rule": Fanning Arab Rivalry in Palestine"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Islamic and Civilizational Studies. 6 (1). UTM Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240510121206/https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/78420814/ea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf?1641751843=&response-content-disposition=inline&%20filename=British_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf&Expires=1715344527&Signature=UEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Islamic+and+Civilizational+Studies&rft.atitle=British+Colonial+Policy+%22Divide+and+Rule%22%3A+Fanning+Arab+Rivalry+in+Palestine&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Fildis&rft.aufirst=Ayse&rft.au=Nisanci%2C+Ensar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fd1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net%2F78420814%2Fea601a07a2310f41e37ea266a47b38107202-libre.pdf%3F1641751843%3D%26response-content-disposition%3Dinline%253B%2Bfilename%253DBritish_Colonial_Policy_Divide_and_Rule.pdf%26Expires%3D1715344527%26Signature%3DUEfPzsmbLIHNW7Sd0jLxe4OpYUu4sPt5cIaU2beASuCt0BXqpfOQmcXAcR9EAPzkenh~ohMRrZlUREfMTTfqEosnMw8oqlVa2Ap6HVteACMhsC0VpH~MUmjcYs8f8rQUrWjZTnMuKwhEtiRQ92Md~PThKvq6IbAds05mX-cJzPamGLZ7fpx8xA3ejpYDXiG1uYE7Ks550xBeDWLCCPkfuOUJXMTbmJAucKnXRZnDL78EuDeQx0CNpSWdujVlcd82klFyLverjL5AAJs5AH2eHNVpXzym0fPdbY2YJWz5sgMYZOC9oN09cDXB007r7qRj2nFSL3Zs13Un0i~~1~pwbg__%26Key-Pair-Id%3DAPKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism">"Zionism | Definition, History, Examples, & Facts"</a>. britannica.com. 19 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225204632/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zionism">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 29 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Zionism+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+Examples%2C+%26+Facts&rft.date=2023-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FZionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeir-Glitzenstein2018" class="citation journal cs1">Meir-Glitzenstein, Esther (Fall 2018). "Turning Points in the Historiography of Jewish Immigration from Arab Countries to Israel". Israel Studies. 23 (3). Indiana University Press: 114–122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.23.3.15">10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15">10.2979/israelstudies.23.3.15</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150208821">150208821</a>. <q>The mass immigration from Arab countries began in mid-1949 and included three communities that relocated to Israel almost in their entirety: 31,000 Jews from Libya, 50,000 from Yemen, and 125,000 from Iraq. Additional immigrants arrived from Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Turkey, Iran, India, and elsewhere. Within three years, the Jewish population of Israel doubled. The ethnic composition of the population shifted as well, as immigrants from Muslim counties and their offspring now comprised one third of the Jewish population—an unprecedented phenomenon in global immigration history. From 1952–60, Israel regulated and restricted immigration from Muslim countries with a selective immigration policy based on economic criteria, and sent these immigrants, most of whom were North African, to peripheral Israeli settlements. The selective immigration policy ended in 1961 when, following an agreement between Israel and Morocco, about 100,000 Jews immigrated to the State. From 1952–68 about 600,000 Jews arrived in Israel, three quarters of whom were from Arab countries and the remaining immigrants were largely from Eastern Europe. Today fewer than 30,000 remain in Muslim countries, mostly concentrated in Iran and Turkey.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Turning+Points+in+the+Historiography+of+Jewish+Immigration+from+Arab+Countries+to+Israel&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=114-122&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150208821%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.23.3.15%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2Fisraelstudies.23.3.15&rft.aulast=Meir-Glitzenstein&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFischbach200826–27-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFischbach200826–27_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFischbach2008">Fischbach 2008</a>, p. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESlater202081–92,_350-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESlater202081–92,_350_36-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSlater2020">Slater 2020</a>, pp. 81–92, 350, "[p. 350] It is no longer a matter of serious dispute that in the 1947–48 period—beginning well before the Arab invasion in May 1948—some 700,000 to 750,000 Palestinians were expelled from or fled their villages and homes in Israel in fear of their lives—an entirely justifiable fear, in light of massacres carried out by Zionist forces." </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanim2009" class="citation journal cs1">Ghanim, Honaida (March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203">"Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, Gender, and Social Change Among Palestinian Poets in Israel After Nakba"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Politics,_Culture,_and_Society" title="International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society">International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society</a>. 22 (1): 23–39 [25–26]. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9">10.1007/s10767-009-9049-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0891-4486">0891-4486</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203">40608203</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144148068">144148068</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211106040944/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40608203">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2021. <q>Around 750,000–900,000 Palestinians were systematically expelled from their homes and lands and about 531 villages were deliberately destroyed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Politics%2C+Culture%2C+and+Society&rft.atitle=Poetics+of+Disaster%3A+Nationalism%2C+Gender%2C+and+Social+Change+Among+Palestinian+Poets+in+Israel+After+Nakba&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=23-39+25-26&rft.date=2009-03&rft.issn=0891-4486&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144148068%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40608203%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10767-009-9049-9&rft.aulast=Ghanim&rft.aufirst=Honaida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40608203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClevelandBunton2016" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L.; Bunton, Martin (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CUhaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT290">A History of the Modern Middle East</a>. <a href="/wiki/Westview_Press" title="Westview Press">Westview Press</a>. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-97513-4"><bdi>978-0-429-97513-4</bdi></a>. <q>Not only was there no Palestinian Arab state, but the vast majority of the Arab population in the territory that became Israel-over 700,000 people-had become refugees. The Arab flight from Palestine began during the intercommunal war and was at first the normal reaction of a civilian population to nearby fighting-a temporary evacuation from the zone of combat with plans to return once hostilities ceased. However, during spring and early summer 1948, the flight of the Palestinian Arabs was transformed into a permanent mass exodus... .</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-429-97513-4&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft.au=Bunton%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCUhaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:05-39"><a href="#cite_ref-:05_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeker2005" class="citation journal cs1">Beker, Avi (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637">"The Forgotten Narrative: Jewish Refugees from Arab Countries"</a>. Jewish Political Studies Review. 17 (3/4): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-335X">0792-335X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637">25834637</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109013108/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25834637">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Political+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Narrative%3A+Jewish+Refugees+from+Arab+Countries&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=3-19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25834637%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0792-335X&rft.aulast=Beker&rft.aufirst=Avi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25834637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-40"><a href="#cite_ref-:22_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinstein2021" class="citation book cs1">Dinstein, Yoram (11 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&dq=650000+%2872%25%29+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&pg=PA282">Israel Yearbook on Human Rights, Volume 6 (1976)</a>. BRILL. p. 282. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42287-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-42287-2"><bdi>978-90-04-42287-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240521171644/https://books.google.com/books?id=-cpKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA282&lpg=PA282&dq=650000+(72%25)+of+these+Jews+resettled+in+Israel.&source=bl&ots=F8PgTaUhaN&sig=ACfU3U0WsiDOJxluxSyPsNK60ypjp28O-A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnzt69mZ-GAxUiweYEHeYlBh04ChDoAXoECAMQAw#v=onepage&q=650000%20(72%25)%20of%20these%20Jews%20resettled%20in%20Israel.&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2024. Retrieved 23 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+Yearbook+on+Human+Rights%2C+Volume+6+%281976%29&rft.pages=282&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft.isbn=978-90-04-42287-2&rft.aulast=Dinstein&rft.aufirst=Yoram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-cpKEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3D650000%2B%252872%2525%2529%2Bof%2Bthese%2BJews%2Bresettled%2Bin%2BIsrael.%26pg%3DPA282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnn-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cnn_41-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/meast/02/05/israel.elections.explainer/index.html">"How Israel's electoral system works"</a>. CNN.com. <a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN.com&rft.atitle=How+Israel%27s+electoral+system+works&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Fmeast%2F02%2F05%2Fisrael.elections.explainer%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/30-wealthiest-countries-per-capita-111348314.html">"30 Wealthiest Countries by Per Capita Net Worth"</a>. Yahoo Finance. 9 September 2023. Retrieved 15 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=30+Wealthiest+Countries+by+Per+Capita+Net+Worth&rft.date=2023-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2F30-wealthiest-countries-per-capita-111348314.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-Vincent2022" class="citation book cs1">Dutta, Soumitra; Lanvin, Bruno; Wunsch-Vincent, Sacha (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/global_innovation_index/en/2023/index.html">Global Innovation Index 2023, 15th Edition</a>. 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Global Finance Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108044803/https://gfmag.com/data/non-economic-data/most-advanced-countries-in-the-world/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Finance+Magazine&rft.atitle=Most+Technologically+Advanced+Countries+In+The+World+2023&rft.date=2023-08-09&rft.aulast=Getzoff&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgfmag.com%2Fdata%2Fnon-economic-data%2Fmost-advanced-countries-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-15-most-advanced-countries-041038286.html">"Top 15 Most Advanced Countries in the World"</a>. Yahoo Finance. 4 December 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230110012152/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/top-15-most-advanced-countries-041038286.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Finance&rft.atitle=Top+15+Most+Advanced+Countries+in+the+World&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffinance.yahoo.com%2Fnews%2Ftop-15-most-advanced-countries-041038286.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Rayman2014" class="citation magazine cs1">Noah Rayman (29 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/3445003/mandatory-palestine/">"Mandatory Palestine: What It Was and Why It Matters"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190518140257/http://time.com/3445003/mandatory-palestine/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Mandatory+Palestine%3A+What+It+Was+and+Why+It+Matters&rft.date=2014-09-29&rft.au=Noah+Rayman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F3445003%2Fmandatory-palestine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120815030044/http://www.jpress.org.il/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_TAUEN&Type=text%2Fhtml&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PLS%2F1947%2F12%2F07&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar00105&PageLabel=1">"Popular Opinion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Palestine_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="The Palestine Post">The Palestine Post</a>. 7 December 1947. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpress.org.il/Repository/getFiles.asp?Style=OliveXLib:LowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_TAUEN&Type=text/html&Locale=english-skin-custom&Path=PLS/1947/12/07&ChunkNum=-1&ID=Ar00105&PageLabel=1">the original</a> on 15 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Palestine+Post&rft.atitle=Popular+Opinion&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-12-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpress.org.il%2FRepository%2FgetFiles.asp%3FStyle%3DOliveXLib%3ALowLevelEntityToSaveGifMSIE_TAUEN%26Type%3Dtext%2Fhtml%26Locale%3Denglish-skin-custom%26Path%3DPLS%2F1947%2F12%2F07%26ChunkNum%3D-1%26ID%3DAr00105%26PageLabel%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElli_Wohlgelernter1998" class="citation news cs1">Elli Wohlgelernter (30 April 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112220409/http://info.jpost.com/1998/Supplements/Jubilee/2.html">"One Day that Shook the world"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a>. 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Bromiley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yklDk6Vv0l4C&pg=PA907">"Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Bible_Encyclopedia" title="International Standard Bible Encyclopedia">International Standard Bible Encyclopedia</a>: E–J. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 907. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-3782-0"><bdi>978-0-8028-3782-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel&rft.btitle=International+Standard+Bible+Encyclopedia%3A+E%E2%80%93J&rft.pages=907&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-3782-0&rft.au=Geoffrey+W.+Bromiley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyklDk6Vv0l4C%26pg%3DPA907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartonBowden2004">Barton & Bowden 2004</a>, p. 126. 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BBC News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817113912/http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-34531861">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017. 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Anthropological Science. 3 (101): 263. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326034549/https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ase1993/101/3/101_3_263/_pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 12 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Science&rft.atitle=Migrations+in+the+Ancient+Near+East&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=101&rft.pages=263&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Steiglitz&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstage.jst.go.jp%2Farticle%2Fase1993%2F101%2F3%2F101_3_263%2F_pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0216.xml">"Canaanites"</a>. obo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230403082451/https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/display/document/obo-9780195393361/obo-9780195393361-0216.xml">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=obo&rft.atitle=Canaanites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordbibliographies.com%2Fdisplay%2Fdocument%2Fobo-9780195393361%2Fobo-9780195393361-0216.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlassman2017" class="citation cs2">Glassman, Ronald M. (2017), Glassman, Ronald M. (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49">"The Political Structure of the Canaanite City-States: Monarchy and Merchant Oligarchy"</a>, The Origins of Democracy in Tribes, City-States and Nation-States, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 473–477, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49">10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51695-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-51695-0"><bdi>978-3-319-51695-0</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429061941/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-51695-0_49">archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024, retrieved 1 December 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Origins+of+Democracy+in+Tribes%2C+City-States+and+Nation-States&rft.atitle=The+Political+Structure+of+the+Canaanite+City-States%3A+Monarchy+and+Merchant+Oligarchy&rft.pages=473-477&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49&rft.isbn=978-3-319-51695-0&rft.aulast=Glassman&rft.aufirst=Ronald+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-51695-0_49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBraunstein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Braunstein, Susan L. (2011). "The Meaning of Egyptian-Style Objects in the Late Bronze Cemeteries of Tell el-Farʿah (South)". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 364 (364): 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0001">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001">10.5615/bullamerschoorie.364.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164054005">164054005</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Egyptian-Style+Objects+in+the+Late+Bronze+Cemeteries+of+Tell+el-Far%CA%BFah+%28South%29&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=364&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164054005%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0001%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5615%2Fbullamerschoorie.364.0001&rft.aulast=Braunstein&rft.aufirst=Susan+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Dever, William G. Beyond the Texts, Society of Biblical Literature Press, 2017, pp. 89–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> S. Richard, "Archaeological sources for the history of Palestine: The Early Bronze Age: The rise and collapse of urbanism", The Biblical Archaeologist (1987) </li> <li id="cite_note-NollMerneptah-63"><a href="#cite_ref-NollMerneptah_63-0">^</a> K.L. Noll, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hMeRK7B1EsMC&pg=PA139">Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: A Textbook on History and Religion,</a> A&C Black, 2012, rev.ed. pp. 137ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-ThompsonMerneptah-64"><a href="#cite_ref-ThompsonMerneptah_64-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_L._Thompson" title="Thomas L. Thompson">Thomas L. Thompson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RwrrUuHFb6UC&pg=PA275">Early History of the Israelite People: From the Written & Archaeological Sources,</a> Brill, 2000 pp. 275–276 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasel1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hasel, Michael G. (1 January 1994). "Israel in the Merneptah Stela". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 296 (296): 45–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1357179">10.2307/1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1357179">1357179</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164052192">164052192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Israel+in+the+Merneptah+Stela&rft.volume=296&rft.issue=296&rft.pages=45-61&rft.date=1994-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164052192%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1357179%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1357179&rft.aulast=Hasel&rft.aufirst=Michael+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertman2005" class="citation book cs1">Bertman, Stephen (14 July 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1C4NKp4zgIQC&q=ebla%20israel%20ishmael%20abraham&pg=PA317">Handbook to Life in Ancient Mesopotamia</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518364-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-518364-1"><bdi>978-0-19-518364-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+Ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005-07-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-518364-1&rft.aulast=Bertman&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1C4NKp4zgIQC%26q%3Debla%2520israel%2520ishmael%2520abraham%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeindert_Dijkstra2010" class="citation book cs1">Meindert Dijkstra (2010). "Origins of Israel between history and ideology". In Becking, Bob; Grabbe, Lester (eds.). Between Evidence and Ideology Essays on the History of Ancient Israel read at the Joint Meeting of the Society for Old Testament Study and the Oud Testamentisch Werkgezelschap Lincoln Nebraska, July 2009. Brill. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18737-5"><bdi>978-90-04-18737-5</bdi></a>. <q>As a West Semitic personal name it existed long before it became a tribal or a geographical name. This is not without significance, though is it rarely mentioned. We learn of a maryanu named ysr"il (*Yi¡sr—a"ilu) from Ugarit living in the same period, but the name was already used a thousand years before in Ebla. The word Israel originated as a West Semitic personal name. One of the many names that developed into the name of the ancestor of a clan, of a tribe and finally of a people and a nation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+Israel+between+history+and+ideology&rft.btitle=Between+Evidence+and+Ideology+Essays+on+the+History+of+Ancient+Israel+read+at+the+Joint+Meeting+of+the+Society+for+Old+Testament+Study+and+the+Oud+Testamentisch+Werkgezelschap+Lincoln+Nebraska%2C+July+2009&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18737-5&rft.au=Meindert+Dijkstra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemche1998" class="citation book cs1">Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC&pg=PAPA35">The Israelites in History and Tradition</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22727-2"><bdi>978-0-664-22727-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israelites+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22727-2&rft.aulast=Lemche&rft.aufirst=Niels+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJIoY7PagAOAC%26pg%3DPAPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Miller1986-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Miller1986_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerHayes1986" class="citation book cs1">Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofancient00mill">A History of Ancient Israel and Judah</a>. Westminster John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-21262-9"><bdi>978-0-664-21262-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ancient+Israel+and+Judah&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-664-21262-9&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=James+Maxwell&rft.au=Hayes%2C+John+Haralson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofancient00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Rendsberg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible". In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: New Insights and Scholarship. NYU Press, pp. 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGnuse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel. Sheffield Academic Press Ltd. pp. 28, 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-657-6"><bdi>978-1-85075-657-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Other+Gods%3A+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel&rft.pages=28%2C+31&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press+Ltd&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-657-6&rft.aulast=Gnuse&rft.aufirst=Robert+Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Steiner, Richard C. (1997), "Ancient Hebrew", in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages, Routledge, pp. 145–173, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05767-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05767-7">978-0-415-05767-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKillebrew2005230-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKillebrew2005230_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKillebrew2005">Killebrew 2005</a>, p. 230. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahin20056-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahin20056_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahin2005">Shahin 2005</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaust2015">Faust 2015</a>, p. 476: "While there is a consensus among scholars that the Exodus did not take place in the manner described in the Bible, surprisingly most scholars agree that the narrative has a historical core, and that some of the highland settlers came, one way or another, from Egypt." </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRedmount2001">Redmount 2001</a>, p. 61: "A few authorities have concluded that the core events of the Exodus saga are entirely literary fabrications. But most biblical scholars still subscribe to some variation of the Documentary Hypothesis, and support the basic historicity of the biblical narrative." </li> <li id="cite_note-lipschits-76"><a href="#cite_ref-lipschits_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits2014" class="citation book cs1">Lipschits, Oded (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">"The History of Israel in the Biblical Period"</a>. In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997846-5"><bdi>978-0-19-997846-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160917/https://books.google.com/books?id=yErYBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Israel+in+the+Biblical+Period&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Study+Bible&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-997846-5&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyErYBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kuhrtp438-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Kuhrtp438_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhrt1995" class="citation book cs1">Kuhrt, Amiele (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438">The Ancient Near East</a>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientneareastc00akuh/page/438">438</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16762-8"><bdi>978-0-415-16762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ancient+Near+East&rft.pages=438&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16762-8&rft.aulast=Kuhrt&rft.aufirst=Amiele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fancientneareastc00akuh%2Fpage%2F438&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (2001). The Bible unearthed: archaeology's new vision of ancient Israel and the origin of its stories (1st Touchstone ed.). Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-86912-4"><bdi>978-0-684-86912-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+unearthed%3A+archaeology%27s+new+vision+of+ancient+Israel+and+the+origin+of+its+stories&rft.edition=1st+Touchstone&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-86912-4&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Finkelstein,_Israel,_(2020)_79-0">^</a> Finkelstein, Israel, (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wH3-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33">"Saul and Highlands of Benjamin Update: The Role of Jerusalem"</a>, in Joachim J. Krause, Omer Sergi, and Kristin Weingart (eds.), Saul, Benjamin, and the Emergence of Monarchy in Israel: Biblical and Archaeological Perspectives, SBL Press, Atlanta, GA, p. 48, footnote 57: "...They became territorial kingdoms later, Israel in the first half of the ninth century BCE and Judah in its second half..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Pitcher-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Pitcher_80-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229">The Pitcher Is Broken: Memorial Essays for Gosta W. Ahlstrom, Steven W. Holloway, Lowell K. Handy, Continuum, 1 May 1995</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160404/https://books.google.com/books?id=tu02muKUVJ0C&pg=PA229">Archived</a> 9 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quote: "For Israel, the description of the battle of Qarqar in the Kurkh Monolith of Shalmaneser III (mid-ninth century) and for Judah, a Tiglath-pileser III text mentioning (Jeho-) Ahaz of Judah (IIR67 = K. 3751), dated 734–733, are the earliest published to date." </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, pp. 146–147: Put simply, while Judah was still economically marginal and backward, Israel was booming. ... In the next chapter we will see how the northern kingdom suddenly appeared on the ancient Near Eastern stage as a major regional power. </li> <li id="cite_note-:04-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:04_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:04_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2013" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (2013). The Forgotten Kingdom: the archaeology and history of Northern Israel. pp. 65–66, 73, 74, 78, 87–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-911-3"><bdi>978-1-58983-911-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/880456140">880456140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Kingdom%3A+the+archaeology+and+history+of+Northern+Israel&rft.pages=65-66%2C+73%2C+74%2C+78%2C+87-94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880456140&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-911-3&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein2011" class="citation journal cs1">Finkelstein, Israel (1 November 2011). "Observations on the Layout of Iron Age Samaria". Tel Aviv. 38 (2): 194–207. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F033443511x13099584885303">10.1179/033443511x13099584885303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:128814117">128814117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=Observations+on+the+Layout+of+Iron+Age+Samaria&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=194-207&rft.date=2011-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A128814117%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0334-4355&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F033443511x13099584885303&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broshi_2001_174-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Broshi_2001_174_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi2001" class="citation book cs1">Broshi, Maguen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174">Bread, Wine, Walls and Scrolls</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84127-201-6"><bdi>978-1-84127-201-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230210203455/https://books.google.com/books?id=etTUEorS1zMC&pg=PAPA174">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread%2C+Wine%2C+Walls+and+Scrolls&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-84127-201-6&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Maguen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DetTUEorS1zMC%26pg%3DPAPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_85-1">b</a> Broshi, M., & Finkelstein, I. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60">"The Population of Palestine in Iron Age II"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305224039/https://www.academia.edu/40790691/M_Broshi_and_I_Finkelstein_The_Population_of_Palestine_in_Iron_Age_II_BASOR_287_1992_pp_47_60">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, 287(1), 47–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002">Finkelstein & Silberman 2002</a>, p. 307: "Intensive excavations throughout Jerusalem have shown that the city was indeed systematically destroyed by the Babylonians. The conflagration seems to have been general. When activity on the ridge of the City of David resumed in the Persian period, the-new suburbs on the western hill that had flourished since at least the time of Hezekiah were not reoccupied." </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipschits1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lipschits, Oded (1999). "The History of the Benjamin Region under Babylonian Rule". Tel Aviv. 26 (2): 155–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155">10.1179/tav.1999.1999.2.155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4355">0334-4355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tel+Aviv&rft.atitle=The+History+of+the+Benjamin+Region+under+Babylonian+Rule&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-190&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2Ftav.1999.1999.2.155&rft.issn=0334-4355&rft.aulast=Lipschits&rft.aufirst=Oded&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheeler2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wheeler, P. (2017). "Review of the book Song of Exile: The Enduring Mystery of Psalm 137, by David W. Stowe". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 79 (4): 696–697. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcbq.2017.0092">10.1353/cbq.2017.0092</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171830838">171830838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Biblical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+the+book+Song+of+Exile%3A+The+Enduring+Mystery+of+Psalm+137%2C+by+David+W.+Stowe&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=696-697&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcbq.2017.0092&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171830838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Wheeler&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rennert-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rennert_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rennert_89-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html">"Second Temple Period (538 BCE to 70 CE) Persian Rule"</a>. Biu.ac.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990116222939/http://www.biu.ac.il/js/rennert/history_4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 1999. Retrieved 15 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Temple+Period+%28538+BCE+to+70+CE%29+Persian+Rule&rft.pub=Biu.ac.il&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2Fjs%2Frennert%2Fhistory_4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Harper's Bible Dictionary, ed. by Achtemeier, etc., Harper & Row, San Francisco, 1985, p. 103 </li> <li id="cite_note-Grabbe355-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Grabbe355_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&dq=%22gave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%22&pg=PAPA355">A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud – A History of the Persian Province of Judah v. 1</a>. T & T Clark. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219070639/https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&pg=PAPA355&dq=%22gave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%22">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah+v.+1&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MnE5T_0RbMC%26dq%3D%2522gave%252Bthe%252BJews%252Bpermission%252Bto%252Breturn%252Bto%252BYehud%252Bprovince%252Band%252Bto%252Brebuild%252Bthe%2522%26pg%3DPAPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelyerMcDonald2013" class="citation book cs1">Helyer, Larry R.; McDonald, Lee Martin (2013). "The Hasmoneans and the Hasmonean Era". In Green, Joel B.; McDonald, Lee Martin (eds.). The World of the New Testament: Cultural, Social, and Historical Contexts. Baker Academic. pp. 45–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9861-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-9861-1"><bdi>978-0-8010-9861-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/961153992">961153992</a>. <q>The ensuing power struggle left Hyrcanus with a free hand in Judea, and he quickly reasserted Jewish sovereignty... Hyrcanus then engaged in a series of military campaigns aimed at territorial expansion. He first conquered areas in the Transjordan. He then turned his attention to Samaria, which had long separated Judea from the northern Jewish settlements in Lower Galilee. In the south, Adora and Marisa were conquered; (Aristobulus') primary accomplishment was annexing and Judaizing the region of Iturea, located between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon mountains</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Hasmoneans+and+the+Hasmonean+Era&rft.btitle=The+World+of+the+New+Testament%3A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Historical+Contexts&rft.pages=45-47&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F961153992&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-9861-1&rft.aulast=Helyer&rft.aufirst=Larry+R.&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Lee+Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1976" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA226">A History of the Jewish People</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>. <q>The expansion of Hasmonean Judea took place gradually. Under Jonathan, Judea annexed southern Samaria and began to expand in the direction of the coast plain... The main ethnic changes were the work of John Hyrcanus... it was in his days and those of his son Aristobulus that the annexation of Idumea, Samaria and Galilee and the consolidation of Jewish settlement in Trans-Jordan was completed. Alexander Jannai, continuing the work of his predecessors, expanded Judean rule to the entire coastal plain, from the Carmel to the Egyptian border... and to additional areas in Trans-Jordan, including some of the Greek cities there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=H.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2kSovzudhFUC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Eliyahu2019" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Eliyahu, Eyal (30 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSyDDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Identity and Territory: Jewish Perceptions of Space in Antiquity</a>. Univ of California Press. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-29360-1"><bdi>978-0-520-29360-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1103519319">1103519319</a>. <q>From the beginning of the Second Temple period until the Muslim conquest—the land was part of imperial space. This was true from the early Persian period, as well as the time of Ptolemy and the Seleucids. The only exception was the Hasmonean Kingdom, with its sovereign Jewish rule—first over Judah and later, in Alexander Jannaeus's prime, extending to the coast, the north, and the eastern banks of the Jordan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity+and+Territory%3A+Jewish+Perceptions+of+Space+in+Antiquity&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Univ+of+California+Press&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1103519319&rft.isbn=978-0-520-29360-1&rft.aulast=Ben-Eliyahu&rft.aufirst=Eyal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZSyDDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:8_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz2014" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Seth (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6pkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">The ancient Jews from Alexander to Muhammad</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 85–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-04127-1"><bdi>978-1-107-04127-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863044259">863044259</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403134300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6pkAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA85">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024. <q>The year 70 ce marked transformations in demography, politics, Jewish civic status, Palestinian and more general Jewish economic and social structures, Jewish religious life beyond the sacrificial cult, and even Roman politics and the topography of the city of Rome itself. [...] The Revolt's failure had, to begin with, a demographic impact on the Jews of Palestine; many died in battle and as a result of siege conditions, not only in Jerusalem. [...] As indicated above, the figures for captives are conceivably more reliable. If 97,000 is roughly correct as a total for the war, it would mean that a huge percentage of the population was removed from the country, or at the very least displaced from their homes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+ancient+Jews+from+Alexander+to+Muhammad&rft.pages=85-86&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863044259&rft.isbn=978-1-107-04127-1&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6pkAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Werner Eck, "Sklaven und Freigelassene von Römern in Iudaea und den angrenzenden Provinzen", Novum Testamentum 55 (2013): 1–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavivBen_David2021" class="citation journal cs1">Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"</a>. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">10.1017/S1047759421000271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245512193">245512193</a>. <q>Scholars have long doubted the historical accuracy of Cassius Dio's account of the consequences of the Bar Kokhba War (Roman History 69.14). According to this text, considered the most reliable literary source for the Second Jewish Revolt, the war encompassed all of Judea: the Romans destroyed 985 villages and 50 fortresses, and killed 580,000 rebels. This article reassesses Cassius Dio's figures by drawing on new evidence from excavations and surveys in Judea, Transjordan, and the Galilee. Three research methods are combined: an ethno-archaeological comparison with the settlement picture in the Ottoman Period, comparison with similar settlement studies in the Galilee, and an evaluation of settled sites from the Middle Roman Period (70–136 CE). The study demonstrates the potential contribution of the archaeological record to this issue and supports the view of Cassius Dio's demographic data as a reliable account, which he based on contemporaneous documentation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio%27s+figures+for+the+demographic+consequences+of+the+Bar+Kokhba+War%3A+Exaggeration+or+reliable+account%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-607&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A245512193%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759421000271&rft.aulast=Raviv&rft.aufirst=Dvir&rft.au=Ben+David%2C+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1047759421000271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2016" class="citation book cs1">Mor, Menahem (18 April 2016). The Second Jewish Revolt. BRILL. pp. 483–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004314634">10.1163/9789004314634</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4"><bdi>978-90-04-31463-4</bdi></a>. <q>Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jewish+Revolt&rft.pages=483-484&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-04-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004314634&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31463-4&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-100"><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_100-0">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2kSovzudhFUC&pg=PA334">A History of the Jewish People</a>, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6">978-0-674-39731-6</a>, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_101-0">^</a> Ariel Lewin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zlToSqE0k_cC&pg=PA33">The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine</a>. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name – one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus – Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89236-800-6">978-0-89236-800-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Eusebius, Ecclesiastical History. 4:6.3-4 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8"><bdi>978-0-415-08800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jewish+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08800-8&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2007" class="citation web cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130407005423/http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">"Palestine"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunburst.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fpalestin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Judaism in late antiquity, Jacob Neusner, Bertold Spuler, Hady R Idris, Brill, 2001, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-106"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFהר2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים [Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 210–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4"><bdi>978-965-217-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94%3A+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.place=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pages=210-212&rft.pub=%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-965-217-444-4&rft.aulast=%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich2022" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Michael (2022). The Islamization of the Holy Land, 634–1800. Arc Humanities Press. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-64189-222-3"><bdi>978-1-64189-222-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1302180905">1302180905</a>. <q>The Jewish community strove to recover from the catastrophic results of the Bar Kokhva revolt (132–135 CE). Although some of these attempts were relatively successful, the Jews never fully recovered. During the Late Roman and Byzantine periods, many Jews emigrated to thriving centres in the diaspora, especially Iraq, whereas some converted to Christianity and others continued to live in the Holy Land, especially in Galilee and the coastal plain. During the Byzantine period, the three provinces of Palestine included more than thirty cities, namely, settlements with a bishop see. After the Muslim conquest in the 630s, most of these cities declined and eventually disappeared. As a result, in many cases the local ecclesiastical administration weakened, while in others it simply ceased to exist. Consequently, many local Christians converted to Islam. Thus, almost twelve centuries later, when the army led by Napoleon Bonaparte arrived in the Holy Land, most of the local population was Muslim.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Islamization+of+the+Holy+Land%2C+634%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Arc+Humanities+Press&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1302180905&rft.isbn=978-1-64189-222-3&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CHJ2-108"><a href="#cite_ref-CHJ2_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Goodblatt2006" class="citation book cs1">David Goodblatt (2006). "The Political and Social History of the Jewish Community in the Land of Israel, c. 235–638". In Steven Katz (ed.). The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. IV. Cambridge University Press. pp. 404–430. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>. <q>Few would disagree that, in the century and a half before our period begins, the Jewish population of Judah () suffered a serious blow from which it never recovered. The destruction of the Jewish metropolis of Jerusalem and its environs and the eventual refounding of the city... had lasting repercussions. [...] However, in other parts of Palestine the Jewish population remained strong [...] What does seem clear is a different kind of change. Immigration of Christians and the conversion of pagans, Samaritans and Jews eventually produced a Christian majority</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Social+History+of+the+Jewish+Community+in+the+Land+of+Israel%2C+c.+235%E2%80%93638&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pages=404-430&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.au=David+Goodblatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Doron (2003). "The Christianisation of Rural Palestine during Late Antiquity". The Journal of Ecclesiastical History. 54 (3): 401–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309">10.1017/s0022046903007309</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0469">0022-0469</a>. <q>The dominant view of the history of Palestine during the Byzantine period links the early phases of the consecration of the land during the fourth century and the substantial external financial investment that accompanied the building of churches on holy sites on the one hand with the Christianisation of the population on the other. Churches were erected primarily at the holy sites, 12 while at the same time Palestine's position and unique status as the Christian 'Holy Land' became more firmly rooted. All this, coupled with immigration and conversion, allegedly meant that the Christianisation of Palestine took place much more rapidly than that of other areas of the Roman empire, brought in its wake the annihilation of the pagan cults and meant that by the middle of the fifth century there was a clear Christian majority.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Ecclesiastical+History&rft.atitle=The+Christianisation+of+Rural+Palestine+during+Late+Antiquity&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=401-421&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0022046903007309&rft.issn=0022-0469&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Doron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohen2007" class="citation book cs1">Kohen, Elli (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r-9qJRP20MIC&pg=PA26">History of the Byzantine Jews: A Microcosmos in the Thousand Year Empire</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. pp. 26–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3623-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-3623-0"><bdi>978-0-7618-3623-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219070638/https://books.google.com/books?id=r-9qJRP20MIC&pg=PA26#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Byzantine+Jews%3A+A+Microcosmos+in+the+Thousand+Year+Empire&rft.pages=26-31&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7618-3623-0&rft.aulast=Kohen&rft.aufirst=Elli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr-9qJRP20MIC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine">"Roman Palestine"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231030111546/https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Roman-Palestine">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Roman+Palestine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPalestine%2FRoman-Palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:102-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:102_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:102_112-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFלוי-רוביןLevy-Rubin2006" class="citation journal cs1">לוי-רובין, מילכה; Levy-Rubin, Milka (2006). "The Influence of the Muslim Conquest on the Settlement Pattern of Palestine during the Early Muslim Period / הכיבוש כמעצב מפת היישוב של ארץ-ישראל בתקופה המוסלמית הקדומה". Cathedra: For the History of Eretz Israel and Its Yishuv / קתדרה: לתולדות ארץ ישראל ויישובה (121): 53–78. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0334-4657">0334-4657</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23407269">23407269</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cathedra%3A+For+the+History+of+Eretz+Israel+and+Its+Yishuv+%2F+%D7%A7%D7%AA%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94%3A+%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5+%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+the+Muslim+Conquest+on+the+Settlement+Pattern+of+Palestine+during+the+Early+Muslim+Period+%2F+%D7%94%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A9+%D7%9B%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%91+%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94&rft.issue=121&rft.pages=53-78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23407269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0334-4657&rft.aulast=%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%99-%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94&rft.au=Levy-Rubin%2C+Milka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Ellenblum20102-113">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:Ellenblum20102_113-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:Ellenblum20102_113-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllenblum2010" class="citation book cs1">Ellenblum, Ronnie (2010). Frankish Rural Settlement in the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-58534-0"><bdi>978-0-511-58534-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/958547332">958547332</a>. <q>From the data given above it can be concluded that the Muslim population of Central Samaria, during the early Muslim period, was not an autochthonous population which had converted to Christianity. They arrived there either by way of migration or as a result of a process of sedentarization of the nomads who had filled the vacuum created by the departing Samaritans at the end of the Byzantine period [...] To sum up: in the only rural region in Palestine in which, according to all the written and archeological sources, the process of Islamization was completed already in the twelfth century, there occurred events consistent with the model propounded by Levtzion and Vryonis: the region was abandoned by its original sedentary population and the vacuum was apparently filled by nomads who, at a later stage, gradually became sedentarized</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frankish+Rural+Settlement+in+the+Latin+Kingdom+of+Jerusalem.&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F958547332&rft.isbn=978-0-511-58534-0&rft.aulast=Ellenblum&rft.aufirst=Ronnie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MosheGil2-114"><a href="#cite_ref-MosheGil2_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGil1997" class="citation book cs1">Gil, Moshe (1997). A History of Palestine, 634–1099. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59984-9"><bdi>978-0-521-59984-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%2C+634%E2%80%931099&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59984-9&rft.aulast=Gil&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:Broshi1979-115"><a href="#cite_ref-:Broshi1979_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroshi1979" class="citation journal cs1">Broshi, Magen (1979). "The Population of Western Palestine in the Roman-Byzantine Period". Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research. 236 (236): 1–10. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1356664">10.2307/1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-097X">0003-097X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1356664">1356664</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24341643">24341643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=The+Population+of+Western+Palestine+in+the+Roman-Byzantine+Period&rft.volume=236&rft.issue=236&rft.pages=1-10&rft.date=1979&rft.issn=0003-097X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24341643%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1356664%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1356664&rft.aulast=Broshi&rft.aufirst=Magen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-crusades" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=crusades">"crusades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=crusades&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3Dcrusades&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-GudrunKramer-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GudrunKramer_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GudrunKramer_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2008" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Gudrun (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/376">A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofpalesti00krea/page/376">376</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11897-0"><bdi>978-0-691-11897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Palestine%3A+From+the+Ottoman+Conquest+to+the+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pages=376&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11897-0&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Gudrun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofpalesti00krea%2Fpage%2F376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_118-1">b</a> Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), vol. 2, p. 531. "In 1662 Sabbathai Sevi arrived to Jerusalem. It was the time when the Jewish settlements of Galilee were destroyed by the Druze: Tiberias was completely desolate and only a few of former Safed residents had returned...." </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> D. Tamar, "On the Jews of Safed in the Days of the Ottoman Conquest" Cathedra 11 (1979), cited Dan Ben Amos, Dov Noy (eds.),<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aMI4DzpymSIC&pg=PA61">Folktales of the Jews, V. 3 (Tales from Arab Lands),</a> Jewish Publication Society 2011 p.61, n.3: Tamar . .challenges David's conclusion concerning the severity of the riots against the Jews, arguing that the support of the Egyptian Jews saved the community of Safed from destruction'. </li> <li id="cite_note-JudaicaStudies1999-120"><a href="#cite_ref-JudaicaStudies1999_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FZERAQAAIAAJ">The Solomon Goldman lectures</a>. Spertus College of Judaica Press. 1999. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935982-57-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935982-57-2"><bdi>978-0-935982-57-2</bdi></a>. <q>The Turks' conquest of the city in 1517, was marked by a violent pogrom of murder, rape, and plunder of Jewish homes. The surviving Jews fled to the "<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">land of Beirut</a>", not to return until 1533.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Solomon+Goldman+lectures&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Spertus+College+of+Judaica+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-935982-57-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFZERAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Toby Green (2007). Inquisition; The Reign of Fear. Macmillan Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-8873-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4050-8873-2">978-1-4050-8873-2</a> pp. xv–xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-alfassa2-122"><a href="#cite_ref-alfassa2_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfassá2007" class="citation web cs1">Alfassá, Shelomo (17 August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012042245/http://www.alfassa.com/contributions.pdf">"Sephardic Contributions to the Development of the State of Israel"</a> (PDF). Alfassa.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alfassa.com/contributions.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 14 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alfassa.com&rft.atitle=Sephardic+Contributions+to+the+Development+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.date=2007-08-17&rft.aulast=Alfass%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Shelomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfassa.com%2Fcontributions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaneConaghan2008" class="citation book cs1">Cane, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Conaghan" title="Joanne Conaghan">Conaghan, Joanne</a> (2008). Millet system - Oxford Reference. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199290543.001.0001">10.1093/acref/9780199290543.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199290543" title="Special:BookSources/9780199290543"><bdi>9780199290543</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Millet+system+-+Oxford+Reference&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199290543.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199290543&rft.aulast=Cane&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Conaghan%2C+Joanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieser2006" class="citation book cs1">Kieser, Hans-Lukas (27 October 2006). Turkey Beyond Nationalism: Towards Post-Nationalist Identities. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-757-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85771-757-3"><bdi>978-0-85771-757-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+Beyond+Nationalism%3A+Towards+Post-Nationalist+Identities&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft.isbn=978-0-85771-757-3&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-125"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_125-0">^</a> H. Inalcik; The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age 1300–1600, Phoenix Press, (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu/i-jewish-population/5-ottoman-empire/">"EARLY MODERN JEWISH HISTORY: Overview » 5. Ottoman Empire"</a>. jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928204445/http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu/i-jewish-population/5-ottoman-empire/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu&rft.atitle=EARLY+MODERN+JEWISH+HISTORY%3A+Overview+%C2%BB+5.+Ottoman+Empire&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu%2Fi-jewish-population%2F5-ottoman-empire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkbar2003" class="citation cs2">Akbar, M. J. (2003), The shade of swords: jihad and the conflict between Islam and Christianity, p. 89</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+shade+of+swords%3A+jihad+and+the+conflict+between+Islam+and+Christianity&rft.pages=89&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Akbar&rft.aufirst=M.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-128"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_128-0">^</a> L. Stavrianos; The Balkans since 1453, NYU Press (2000) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvineri2017_129-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvineri2017">Avineri 2017</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShimoni1995_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShimoni1995">Shimoni 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisen2004" class="citation book cs1">Eisen, Yosef (2004). Miraculous journey: a complete history of the Jewish people from creation to the present. Targum Press. p. 700. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-323-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56871-323-6"><bdi>978-1-56871-323-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Miraculous+journey%3A+a+complete+history+of+the+Jewish+people+from+creation+to+the+present&rft.pages=700&rft.pub=Targum+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-56871-323-6&rft.aulast=Eisen&rft.aufirst=Yosef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgenstern2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgenstern, Arie (2006). Hastening redemption: Messianism and the resettlement of the land of Israel. Oxford University Press. p. 304. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530578-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530578-4"><bdi>978-0-19-530578-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hastening+redemption%3A+Messianism+and+the+resettlement+of+the+land+of+Israel&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530578-4&rft.aulast=Morgenstern&rft.aufirst=Arie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnai1992" class="citation book cs1">Barnai, Jacob (1992). The Jews in Palestine in the Eighteenth Century: Under the Patronage of the Istanbul committee of Officials for Palestine. University Alabama Press. p. 320. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-0572-7"><bdi>978-0-8173-0572-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+in+Palestine+in+the+Eighteenth+Century%3A+Under+the+Patronage+of+the+Istanbul+committee+of+Officials+for+Palestine&rft.pages=320&rft.pub=University+Alabama+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-0572-7&rft.aulast=Barnai&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine#ref45065">"Palestine – Ottoman rule"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211204202215/https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine#ref45065">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2021. Retrieved 27 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Palestine+%E2%80%93+Ottoman+rule&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPalestine%23ref45065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacalisterMasterman1906" class="citation journal cs1">Macalister, R. A. Stewart; Masterman, E. W. G. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme38pale#page">"The Modern Inhabitants of Palestine"</a>. Quarterly Statement – Palestine Exploration Fund: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme38pale#page/40/mode/1up">40</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Statement+%E2%80%93+Palestine+Exploration+Fund&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Inhabitants+of+Palestine&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Macalister&rft.aufirst=R.+A.+Stewart&rft.au=Masterman%2C+E.+W.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fquarterlystateme38pale%23page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalpern1998" class="citation book cs1">Halpern, Ben (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationn00halp">Zionism and the creation of a new society</a>. Reinharz, Jehuda. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/zionismcreationn00halp/page/n61">53</a>–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-585-18273-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-585-18273-5"><bdi>978-0-585-18273-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44960036">44960036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zionism+and+the+creation+of+a+new+society&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44960036&rft.isbn=978-0-585-18273-5&rft.aulast=Halpern&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fzionismcreationn00halp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandel1974" class="citation journal cs1">Mandel, Neville J. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ismi.emory.edu/documents/Readings/Mandel,%20Neville%20J.%20Ottoman%20Policy.pdf">"Ottoman Policy and Restrictions on Jewish Settlement in Palestine: 1881–1908: Part I"</a> (PDF). Middle Eastern Studies. 10 (3): 312–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263207408700278">10.1080/00263207408700278</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231203103201/https://ismi.emory.edu/documents/Readings/Mandel,%20Neville%20J.%20Ottoman%20Policy.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Policy+and+Restrictions+on+Jewish+Settlement+in+Palestine%3A+1881%E2%80%931908%3A+Part+I&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=312-332&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263207408700278&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft.aulast=Mandel&rft.aufirst=Neville+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fismi.emory.edu%2Fdocuments%2FReadings%2FMandel%2C%2520Neville%2520J.%2520Ottoman%2520Policy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2014" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Aaron (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psource.sitehost.iu.edu/PDF/Archive%20Articles/Spring2014/2014%20-%20Spring%20-%203%20-%20Levine%20Aaron.pdf">Russian Jews and the 1917 Revolution</a> (PDF). p. 14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230308091831/https://psource.sitehost.iu.edu/PDF/Archive%20Articles/Spring2014/2014%20-%20Spring%20-%203%20-%20Levine%20Aaron.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2023. Retrieved 7 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Jews+and+the+1917+Revolution&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpsource.sitehost.iu.edu%2FPDF%2FArchive%2520Articles%2FSpring2014%2F2014%2520-%2520Spring%2520-%25203%2520-%2520Levine%2520Aaron.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzl194611-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzl194611_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzl1946">Herzl 1946</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStein2003">Stein 2003</a>, p. 88. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoris2001" class="citation book cs1">Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679744757" title="Special:BookSources/9780679744757"><bdi>9780679744757</bdi></a>. <q>Many of these newcomers possessed a mixture of socialist and nationalist values, and they eventually succeeded in setting up a separate Jewish economy, based wholly on Jewish labor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+victims%3A+a+history+of+the+Zionist-Arab+conflict%2C+1881+%E2%80%93+2001&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1.+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780679744757&rft.aulast=Moris&rft.aufirst=Beni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERomano200330-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERomano200330_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRomano2003">Romano 2003</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoris2001" class="citation book cs1">Moris, Beni (2001). Righteous victims: a history of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881 – 2001 (1. Vintage Books ed.). New York, NY: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679744757" title="Special:BookSources/9780679744757"><bdi>9780679744757</bdi></a>. <q>Another major cause of antagonism was the labor controversy. The hard core of Second Aliyah socialists, who were to become the Yishuv's leaders in the 1920s and 1930s, believed that the settler economy must not depend on or exploit Arab labor... But, in reality, rather than "meshing," the nationalist ethos had simply overpowered and driven out the socialist ethos... There were other reasons for the "conquest of labor." The socialists of the Second Aliyah used the term to denote three things: overcoming the Jews' traditional remove from agricultural labor and helping them transform into the "new Jews"; struggling against employers for better conditions; and replacing Arabs with Jews in manual jobs.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+victims%3A+a+history+of+the+Zionist-Arab+conflict%2C+1881+%E2%80%93+2001&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=1.+Vintage+Books&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780679744757&rft.aulast=Moris&rft.aufirst=Beni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Gelvin" title="James L. Gelvin">Gelvin, James</a> (2014) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&pg=PA81">The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War</a> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85289-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231009012922/https://books.google.com/books?id=wfIFVze1MqQC&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85289-0&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwfIFVze1MqQC%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macintyre-145"><a href="#cite_ref-macintyre_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2005" class="citation news cs1">Macintyre, Donald (26 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maof.rjews.net/english/37-english/19351-the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history">"The birth of modern Israel: A scrap of paper that changed history"</a>. The Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114031304/http://maof.rjews.net/english/37-english/19351-the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+birth+of+modern+Israel%3A+A+scrap+of+paper+that+changed+history&rft.date=2005-05-26&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaof.rjews.net%2Fenglish%2F37-english%2F19351-the-birth-of-modern-israel-a-scrap-of-paper-that-changed-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYapp1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Yapp" title="Malcolm Yapp">Yapp, M.E.</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp/page/290">The Making of the Modern Near East 1792–1923</a>. Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/makingofmodern00yapp/page/290">290</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-49380-3"><bdi>978-0-582-49380-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Modern+Near+East+1792%E2%80%931923&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-582-49380-3&rft.aulast=Yapp&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmakingofmodern00yapp%2Fpage%2F290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avi_Shlaim-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Avi_Shlaim_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvi_Shlaim2001" class="citation book cs1">Avi Shlaim (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBBbY9rMxSAC&pg=PA">"PROLOGUE: THE ZIONIST FOUNDATIONS"</a>. The Iron Wall. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32112-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32112-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403134300/https://books.google.com/books?id=HBBbY9rMxSAC&pg=PA">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=PROLOGUE%3A+THE+ZIONIST+FOUNDATIONS&rft.btitle=The+Iron+Wall&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32112-8&rft.au=Avi+Shlaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHBBbY9rMxSAC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchechtman2007" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schechtman, Joseph B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCX2587510141">"Jewish Legion"</a>. Encyclopaedia Judaica. Vol. 11. Macmillan Reference. p. 304. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308102952/https://go.galegroup.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CCX2587510141">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 6 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jewish+Legion&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Judaica&rft.pages=304&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Schechtman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgo.galegroup.com%2Fps%2Fanonymous%3Fid%3DGALE%257CCX2587510141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art22">"The Covenant of the League of Nations"</a>. Article 22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726080156/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art22">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Article+22&rft.atitle=The+Covenant+of+the+League+of+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Favalon.law.yale.edu%2F20th_century%2Fleagcov.asp%23art22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> "Mandate for Palestine," Encyclopaedia Judaica, Vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScharfstein1996">Scharfstein 1996</a>, p. 269. "During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements ... In 1920, <a href="/wiki/Hashomer" title="Hashomer">Hashomer</a> was disbanded and <a href="/wiki/Haganah" title="Haganah">Haganah</a> ("The Defense") was established." </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110804221156/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1922mandate.html">"League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922"</a>. Modern History Sourcebook. 24 July 1922. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1922mandate.html">the original</a> on 4 August 2011. 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Institute for Palestine Studies. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-213-3"><bdi>978-0-88728-213-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/311797790">311797790</a>. 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Retrieved 14 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+the+League+of+Nations+on+Palestine+and+Transjordan%2C+1937&rft.pub=British+Government&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F7BDD2C11C15B54C2052565D10057251E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Laqueur2009" class="citation book cs1">Walter Laqueur (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEt5PWCTMJMC&q=irgun%2520and%2520haganah%2520in%2520the%25201936+riots&pg=PAPA374">A History of Zionism: From the French Revolution to the Establishment of the State of Israel</a>. 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English Historical Review. CXXIV (507): 314–354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Fcep002">10.1093/ehr/cep002</a>. 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ISBN 978-0-7146-3439-5, pp. 74–76 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Walid_Khalidi" title="Walid Khalidi">Khalidi, Walid</a> (1987). From Haven to Conquest: Readings in Zionism and the Palestine Problem Until 1948. Institute for Palestine Studies. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88728-155-6">978-0-88728-155-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, Village Statistics, 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFraser200427-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFraser200427_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFraser2004">Fraser 2004</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-Golani2013-161"><a href="#cite_ref-Golani2013_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotti_Golani2013" class="citation book cs1">Motti Golani (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp7BAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA130">Palestine Between Politics and Terror, 1945–1947</a>. UPNE. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-388-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61168-388-2"><bdi>978-1-61168-388-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219073858/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mp7BAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA130#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. 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United Nations. 3 September 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/07175DE9FA2DE563852568D3006E10F3">the original</a> on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Special+Committee+on+Palestine&rft.atitle=A%2F364&rft.date=1947-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F07175DE9FA2DE563852568D3006E10F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110103014616/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6">"Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)"</a>. United Nations. 20 April 1949. 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Retrieved 31 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Paper+No.+47+%28ST%2FDPI%2FSER.A%2F47%29&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1949-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2F2248AF9A92B498718525694B007239C6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoffman-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Hoffman_170-0">^</a> Hoffman, Bruce: Anonymous Soldiers (2015) </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecf.org.il/media_items/943">"British Colonial Office Statement upon Termination of the Mandate for Palestine - English (1948)"</a>. ecf.org.il. p. 10. Retrieved 20 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ecf.org.il&rft.atitle=British+Colonial+Office+Statement+upon+Termination+of+the+Mandate+for+Palestine+-+English+%281948%29&rft.pages=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fecf.org.il%2Fmedia_items%2F943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181(II)-172"><a href="#cite_ref-181(II)_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010090147/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253">"Resolution 181 (II). Future government of Palestine"</a>. United Nations. 29 November 1947. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 21 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resolution+181+%28II%29.+Future+government+of+Palestine&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=1947-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FDPA%2FDPR%2Funispal.nsf%2F0%2F7F0AF2BD897689B785256C330061D253&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <div><ul><li>Avneri, Aryeh L. (1984). The Claim of Dispossession: Jewish Land-Settlement and the Arabs, 1878–1948. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-0-87855-964-0. Retrieved 2 May 2009, p. 224.</li><li>Stein, Kenneth W. (1987) [Original in 1984]. The Land Question in Palestine, 1917–1939. University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-4178-5. pp. 3–4, 247</li><li><a href="#CITEREFImseis2021">Imseis 2021</a>, pp. 13–14: "As to territorial boundaries, under the plan the Jewish State was allotted approximately 57 percent of the total area of Palestine even though the Jewish population comprised only 33 percent of the country. In addition, according to British records relied upon by the ad hoc committee, the Jewish population possessed registered ownership of only 5.6 percent of Palestine, and was eclipsed by the Arabs in land ownership in every one of Palestine's 16 sub-districts. Moreover, the quality of the land granted to the proposed Jewish state was highly skewed in its favour. UNSCOP reported that under its majority plan "[t]he Jews will have the more economically developed part of the country embracing practically the whole of the citrus-producing area"—Palestine's staple export crop—even though approximately half of the citrus-bearing land was owned by the Arabs. In addition, according to updated British records submitted to the ad hoc committee's two sub-committees, "of the irrigated, cultivable areas" of the country, 84 per cent would be in the Jewish State and 16 per cent would be in the Arab State"."</li><li><a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 75: "The night of 29–30 November passed in the Yishuv's settlements in noisy public rejoicing. Most had sat glued to their radio sets broadcasting live from Flushing Meadow. A collective cry of joy went up when the two-thirds mark was achieved: a state had been sanctioned by the international community."</li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2008396-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morris2008396_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morris2008396_174-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 396: "The immediate trigger of the 1948 War was the November 1947 UN partition resolution. The Zionist movement, except for its fringes, accepted the proposal." </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Matthews, John: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://booksand-ebooks.com/political-commentary/israel-palestine-land-division">Israel-Palestine land division</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231005145922/http://booksand-ebooks.com/political-commentary/israel-palestine-land-division">Archived</a> 5 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFImseis2021">Imseis 2021</a>, pp. 14–15: 'Although the Zionists had coveted the whole of Palestine, the Jewish Agency leadership pragmatically, if grudgingly, accepted Resolution 181(II). Although they were of the view that the Jewish national home promised in the Mandate was equivalent to a Jewish state, they well understood that such a claim could not be maintained under prevailing international law..Based on its own terms, it is impossible to escape the conclusion that the partition plan privileged European interests over those of Palestine's indigenous people and, as such, was an embodiment of the Eurocentricity of the international system that was allegedly a thing of the past. For this reason, the Arabs took a more principled position in line with prevailing international law, rejecting partition outright . .This rejection has disingenuously been presented in some of the literature as indicative of political intransigence,69 and even hostility towards the Jews as Jews' </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 66: at 1946 "The League demanded independence for Palestine as a "unitary" state, with an Arab majority and minority rights for the Jews.", p. 67: at 1947 "The League's Political Committee met in Sofar, Lebanon, on 16–19 September, and urged the Palestine Arabs to fight partition, which it called "aggression," "without mercy." The League promised them, in line with Bludan, assistance "in manpower, money and equipment" should the United Nations endorse partition.", p. 72: at December 1947 "The League vowed, in very general language, "to try to stymie the partition plan and prevent the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine."" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman200240–41-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman200240–41_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman 2002</a>, pp. 40–41. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelber2006" class="citation book cs1">Gelber, Yoav (2006). Palestine 1948. Sussex Academic Press. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-67-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902210-67-4"><bdi>978-1-902210-67-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+1948&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-902210-67-4&rft.aulast=Gelber&rft.aufirst=Yoav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris200877–78-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris200877–78_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal2003" class="citation book cs1">Tal, David (2003). War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy. Routledge. p. 471. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5275-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5275-7"><bdi>978-0-7146-5275-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Palestine%2C+1948%3A+Israeli+and+Arab+Strategy+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=471&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5275-7&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> Clifford, Clark, "Counsel to the President: A Memoir", 1991, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson19851058-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBen-Sasson19851058_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBen-Sasson1985">Ben-Sasson 1985</a>, p. 1058. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris2008205-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris2008205_184-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinovichReinharz,_Jehuda2007" class="citation book cs1">Rabinovich, Itamar; Reinharz, Jehuda (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780874519624/page/74">Israel in the Middle East: Documents and Readings on Society, Politics, and Foreign Relations, Pre-1948 to the Present</a>. Brandeis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780874519624/page/74">74</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-962-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-962-4"><bdi>978-0-87451-962-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel+in+the+Middle+East%3A+Documents+and+Readings+on+Society%2C+Politics%2C+and+Foreign+Relations%2C+Pre-1948+to+the+Present&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Brandeis&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-962-4&rft.aulast=Rabinovich&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft.au=Reinharz%2C+Jehuda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780874519624%2Fpage%2F74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Tal2004" class="citation book cs1">David Tal (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR4">War in Palestine, 1948: Israeli and Arab Strategy and Diplomacy</a>. Routledge. p. 469. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77513-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-77513-1"><bdi>978-1-135-77513-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219070640/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vs2PAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPR4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018. <q>some of the Arab armies invaded Palestine in order to prevent the establishment of a Jewish state, Transjordan...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+in+Palestine%2C+1948%3A+Israeli+and+Arab+Strategy+and+Diplomacy&rft.pages=469&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-135-77513-1&rft.au=David+Tal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVs2PAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2008">Morris 2008</a>, p. 187: "A week before the armies marched, Azzam told Kirkbride: "It does not matter how many [Jews] there are. We will sweep them into the sea." ... Ahmed Shukeiry, one of Haj <a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">Amin al-Husseini</a>'s aides (and, later, the founding chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization), simply described the aim as "the elimination of the Jewish state." ... al-Quwwatli told his people: "Our army has entered ... we shall win and we shall eradicate Zionism"" </li> <li id="cite_note-cablegram-188"><a href="#cite_ref-cablegram_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112030519/https://undocs.org/S/745">"PDF copy of Cablegram from the Secretary-General of the League of Arab States to the Secretary-General of the United Nations: S/745: 15 May 1948"</a>. un.org. 9 September 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/S/745">the original</a> on 12 November 2020. Retrieved 15 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PDF+copy+of+Cablegram+from+the+Secretary-General+of+the+League+of+Arab+States+to+the+Secretary-General+of+the+United+Nations%3A+S%2F745%3A+15+May+1948&rft.pub=un.org&rft.date=2002-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FS%2F745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarsh2002" class="citation book cs1">Karsh, Efraim (2002). The Arab–Israeli conflict: The Palestine War 1948. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-372-9"><bdi>978-1-84176-372-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+conflict%3A+The+Palestine+War+1948&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-372-9&rft.aulast=Karsh&rft.aufirst=Efraim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 602. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00967-6"><bdi>978-0-521-00967-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Palestinian+Refugee+Problem+Revisited&rft.pages=602&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00967-6&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-191"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_191-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336">"עיצוב יחסי יהודים - ערבים בעשור הראשון"</a>. lib.cet.ac.il. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221008065301/https://lib.cet.ac.il/pages/item.asp?item=13336">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2022. Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib.cet.ac.il&rft.atitle=%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%91+%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+-+%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flib.cet.ac.il%2Fpages%2Fitem.asp%3Fitem%3D13336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070912101430/http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b">"Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting"</a>. The United Nations. 11 May 1949. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b">the original</a> on 12 September 2007. Retrieved 13 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Two+Hundred+and+Seventh+Plenary+Meeting&rft.pub=The+United+Nations&rft.date=1949-05-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6%2F0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELustick198837–39-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELustick198837–39_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLustick1988">Lustick 1988</a>, pp. 37–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html">"Israel (Labor Zionism)"</a>. Country Studies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120710212220/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2012. Retrieved 12 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Country+Studies&rft.atitle=Israel+%28Labor+Zionism%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Ffrd%2Fcs%2Filtoc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnita_Shapira1992" class="citation book cs1">Anita Shapira (1992). Land and Power. Stanford University Press. pp. 416, 419.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Land+and+Power&rft.pages=416%2C+419&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Anita+Shapira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Segev, Tom. 1949: The First Israelis. "The First Million". Trans. Arlen N. Weinstein. New York: The Free Press, 1986. Print. pp. 105–107 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulewitz2001" class="citation book cs1">Shulewitz, Malka Hillel (2001). The Forgotten Millions: The Modern Jewish Exodus from Arab Lands. Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4764-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-4764-7"><bdi>978-0-8264-4764-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forgotten+Millions%3A+The+Modern+Jewish+Exodus+from+Arab+Lands&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-4764-7&rft.aulast=Shulewitz&rft.aufirst=Malka+Hillel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> Laskier, Michael "Egyptian Jewry under the Nasser Regime, 1956–70" pp. 573–619 from Middle Eastern Studies, Volume 31, Issue #3, July 1995 p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_02&CYear=2016">"Population, by Religion"</a>. Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160918223343/http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_02&CYear=2016">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+by+Religion&rft.pub=Israel+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Freader%2Fshnaton%2Ftempl_shnaton_e.html%3Fnum_tab%3Dst02_02%26CYear%3D2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBard2003" class="citation book cs1">Bard, Mitchell (2003). The Founding of the State of Israel. Greenhaven Press. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+of+the+State+of+Israel&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Greenhaven+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Bard&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Hakohen, Devorah (2003). Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions in the 1950s and After. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-2969-6"><bdi>978-0-8156-2969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigrants+in+Turmoil%3A+Mass+Immigration+to+Israel+and+Its+Repercussions+in+the+1950s+and+After&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-2969-6&rft.aulast=Hakohen&rft.aufirst=Devorah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988">; for ma'abarot population, see p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> Clive Jones, Emma Murphy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A144y7qwRJMC&pg=PA37">Israel: Challenges to Identity, Democracy, and the State,</a> <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a> 2002 p. 37: "Housing units earmarked for the Oriental Jews were often reallocated to European Jewish immigrants; Consigning Oriental Jews to the privations of ma'aborot (transit camps) for longer periods." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007155–157-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2007155–157_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2007">Segev 2007</a>, pp. 155–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShindler200249–50-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShindler200249–50_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShindler2002">Shindler 2002</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKameel_B._Nasr1996" class="citation book cs1">Kameel B. Nasr (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QRXURzwdXS4C&pg=PAPA40">Arab and Israeli Terrorism: The Causes and Effects of Political Violence, 1936–1993</a>. McFarland. pp. 40–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3105-2"><bdi>978-0-7864-3105-2</bdi></a>. <q>Fedayeen to attack...almost always against civilians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+and+Israeli+Terrorism%3A+The+Causes+and+Effects+of+Political+Violence%2C+1936%E2%80%931993&rft.pages=40-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3105-2&rft.au=Kameel+B.+Nasr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQRXURzwdXS4C%26pg%3DPAPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilbert200558-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilbert200558_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2005">Gilbert 2005</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac_Alteras1993" class="citation book cs1">Isaac Alteras (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ydRHCPWngioC&pg=PAPA192">Eisenhower and Israel: U.S.-Israeli Relations, 1953–1960</a>. University Press of Florida. pp. 192–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1205-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8130-1205-6"><bdi>978-0-8130-1205-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071150/https://books.google.com/books?id=ydRHCPWngioC&pg=PAPA192">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018. <q>the removal of the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran at the entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba. The blockade closed Israel's sea lane to East Africa and the Far East, hindering the development of Israel's southern port of Eilat and its hinterland, the Nege. Another important objective of the Israeli war plan was the elimination of the terrorist bases in the Gaza Strip, from which daily fedayeen incursions into Israel made life unbearable for its southern population. And last but not least, the concentration of the Egyptian forces in the Sinai Peninsula, armed with the newly acquired weapons from the Soviet bloc, prepared for an attack on Israel. Here, Ben-Gurion believed, was a time bomb that had to be defused before it was too late. Reaching the Suez Canal did not figure at all in Israel's war objectives.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower+and+Israel%3A+U.S.-Israeli+Relations%2C+1953%E2%80%931960&rft.pages=192-&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-8130-1205-6&rft.au=Isaac+Alteras&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DydRHCPWngioC%26pg%3DPAPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominic_Joseph_Caraccilo2011" class="citation book cs1">Dominic Joseph Caraccilo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FDA8dQyaQ9MC&pg=PAPA113">Beyond Guns and Steel: A War Termination Strategy</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 113–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39149-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-39149-1"><bdi>978-0-313-39149-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071150/https://books.google.com/books?id=FDA8dQyaQ9MC&pg=PAPA113">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018. <q>The escalation continued with the Egyptian blockade of the Straits of Tiran, and Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal in July 1956. On October 14, Nasser made clear his intent:"I am not solely fighting against Israel itself. My task is to deliver the Arab world from destruction through Israel's intrigue, which has its roots abroad. Our hatred is very strong. There is no sense in talking about peace with Israel. There is not even the smallest place for negotiations." Less than two weeks later, on October 25, Egypt signed a tripartite agreement with Syria and Jordan placing Nasser in command of all three armies. The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Gulf of Aqaba to Israeli shipping, combined with the increased fedayeen attacks and the bellicosity of recent Arab statements, prompted Israel, with the backing of Britain and France, to attack Egypt on October 29, 1956.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Guns+and+Steel%3A+A+War+Termination+Strategy&rft.pages=113-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-39149-1&rft.au=Dominic+Joseph+Caraccilo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFDA8dQyaQ9MC%26pg%3DPAPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_Dowty2005" class="citation book cs1">Alan Dowty (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9iFxq6NPPgEC&pg=PAPA102">Israel/Palestine</a>. Polity. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3202-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3202-5"><bdi>978-0-7456-3202-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071150/https://books.google.com/books?id=9iFxq6NPPgEC&pg=PAPA102#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 1 December 2018. <q>Gamal Abdel Nasser, who declared in one speech that "Egypt has decided to dispatch her heroes, the disciples of Pharaoh and the sons of Islam and they will cleanse the land of Palestine....There will be no peace on Israel's border because we demand vengeance, and vengeance is Israel's death."...The level of violence against Israelis, soldiers and civilians alike, seemed to be rising inexorably.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%2FPalestine&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3202-5&rft.au=Alan+Dowty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9iFxq6NPPgEC%26pg%3DPAPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5195582.stm">"Suez Crisis: Key players"</a>. 21 July 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211026234223/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5195582.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2021. Retrieved 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Suez+Crisis%3A+Key+players&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F5195582.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoenherr2005" class="citation web cs1">Schoenherr, Steven (15 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunnycv.com/steve/20th/suez.html">"The Suez Crisis"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140430091614/http://sunnycv.com/steve/20th/suez.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 31 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Suez+Crisis&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft.aulast=Schoenherr&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunnycv.com%2Fsteve%2F20th%2Fsuez.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorstJohnman,_Lewis1997" class="citation book cs1">Gorst, Anthony; Johnman, Lewis (1997). The Suez Crisis. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11449-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11449-3"><bdi>978-0-415-11449-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Suez+Crisis&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11449-3&rft.aulast=Gorst&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Johnman%2C+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenny_Morris2011" class="citation book cs1">Benny Morris (25 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jGtVsBne7PgC">Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881–1998</a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. pp. 300, 301. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-78805-4"><bdi>978-0-307-78805-4</bdi></a>. <q>[p. 300] In exchange (for Israeli withdrawal) the United states had indirectly promised to guarantee Israel's right of passage through the straits (to the Red sea) and its right to self defense if the Egyptian closed them....(p 301) The 1956 war resulted in a significant reduction of...Israeli border tension. Egypt refrained from reactivating the Fedaeen, and...Egypt and Jordan made great effort to curb infiltration</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Righteous+Victims%3A+A+History+of+the+Zionist-Arab+Conflict%2C+1881%E2%80%931998&rft.pages=300%2C+301&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-05-25&rft.isbn=978-0-307-78805-4&rft.au=Benny+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjGtVsBne7PgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009219–229-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBascomb2009219–229_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBascomb2009">Bascomb 2009</a>, p. 219–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlomo_Shpiro2006" class="citation journal cs1">Shlomo Shpiro (2006). "No place to hide: Intelligence and civil liberties in Israel". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 19 (44): 629–648. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09557570601003361">10.1080/09557570601003361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144734253">144734253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Review+of+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=No+place+to+hide%3A+Intelligence+and+civil+liberties+in+Israel&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=629-648&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09557570601003361&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144734253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Shlomo+Shpiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz2019-216"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz2019_216-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2019" class="citation news cs1">Cohen, Avner (3 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israel-s-nuclear-program-1.7193419">"How a Standoff with the U.S. Almost Blew up Israel's Nuclear Program"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202173023/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israel-s-nuclear-program-1.7193419">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2021. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=How+a+Standoff+with+the+U.S.+Almost+Blew+up+Israel%27s+Nuclear+Program&rft.date=2019-05-03&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Avner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium.MAGAZINE-how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israel-s-nuclear-program-1.7193419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2019-05-02/battle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona">"The Battle of the Letters, 1963: John F. Kennedy, David Ben-Gurion, Levi Eshkol, and the U.S. Inspections of Dimona | National Security Archive"</a>. 29 April 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191111141328/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/nuclear-vault/2019-05-02/battle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2019. Retrieved 11 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+the+Letters%2C+1963%3A+John+F.+Kennedy%2C+David+Ben-Gurion%2C+Levi+Eshkol%2C+and+the+U.S.+Inspections+of+Dimona+%26%23124%3B+National+Security+Archive&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fnuclear-vault%2F2019-05-02%2Fbattle-letters-1963-john-f-kennedy-david-ben-gurion-levi-eshkol-us-inspections-dimona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> "The Politics of Miscalculation in the Middle East", by Richard B. Parker (1993 Indiana University Press) p. 38 </li> <li id="cite_note-RoutledgeAtlas-219"><a href="#cite_ref-RoutledgeAtlas_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilbert2005">Gilbert 2005</a>, p. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaoz1995" class="citation book cs1">Maoz, Moshe (1995). Syria and Israel: From War to Peacemaking. Oxford University Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828018-7"><bdi>978-0-19-828018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syria+and+Israel%3A+From+War+to+Peacemaking&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828018-7&rft.aulast=Maoz&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/5/newsid_2654000/2654251.stm">"On This Day 5 Jun"</a>. BBC. 5 June 1967. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714044705/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/june/5/newsid_2654000/2654251.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2007. Retrieved 26 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=On+This+Day+5+Jun&rft.date=1967-06-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Fjune%2F5%2Fnewsid_2654000%2F2654251.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007178-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2007178_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2007">Segev 2007</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGat2003" class="citation book cs1">Gat, Moshe (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ntLdA8QIgXIC&q=On+the+night+of+May+22-23,+Nasser+declared+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba+closed+to+Israeli+shipping&pg=PA202">Britain and the Conflict in the Middle East, 1964–1967: The Coming of the Six-Day War</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97514-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97514-2"><bdi>978-0-275-97514-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071151/https://books.google.com/books?id=ntLdA8QIgXIC&q=On+the+night+of+May+22-23,+Nasser+declared+the+Gulf+of+Aqaba+closed+to+Israeli+shipping&pg=PA202">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Britain+and+the+Conflict+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1964%E2%80%931967%3A+The+Coming+of+the+Six-Day+War&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97514-2&rft.aulast=Gat&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DntLdA8QIgXIC%26q%3DOn%2Bthe%2Bnight%2Bof%2BMay%2B22-23%2C%2BNasser%2Bdeclared%2Bthe%2BGulf%2Bof%2BAqaba%2Bclosed%2Bto%2BIsraeli%2Bshipping%26pg%3DPA202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quigley_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Quigley (academic)">John Quigley</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zEi3qGWLFIC&pg=PA32">The Six-Day War and Israeli Self-Defense: Questioning the Legal Basis for Preventive War</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2013, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamir_A._Mutawi2002" class="citation book cs1">Samir A. Mutawi (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC">Jordan in the 1967 War</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52858-0"><bdi>978-0-521-52858-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231031043157/https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2021. <q>Although Eshkol denounced the Egyptians, his response to this development was a model of moderation. His speech on 21 May demanded that Nasser withdraw his forces from Sinai but made no mention of the removal of UNEF from the Straits nor of what Israel would do if they were closed to Israeli shipping. The next day Nasser announced to an astonished world that henceforth the Straits were, indeed, closed to all Israeli ships</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jordan+in+the+1967+War&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52858-0&rft.au=Samir+A.+Mutawi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg9bBJusRJIMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegev2007289-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegev2007289_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegev2007">Segev 2007</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmith2006">Smith 2006</a>, p. 126. "Nasser, the Egyptian president, decided to mass troops in the Sinai ... casus belli by Israel." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShlayRosen2010362–363-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShlayRosen2010362–363_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShlayRosen2010">Shlay & Rosen 2010</a>, pp. 362–363. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennet2005" class="citation news cs1">Bennet, James (13 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/13/magazine/13PALESTINIANS.html">"The Interregnum"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416021652/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/13/magazine/13PALESTINIANS.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 11 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Interregnum&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft.aulast=Bennet&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F03%2F13%2Fmagazine%2F13PALESTINIANS.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilke2004" class="citation book cs1">Silke, Andrew (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rSpfNJQ4CbAC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA149">Research on Terrorism: Trends, Achievements and Failures</a>. Routledge. p. 149 (256 pp.). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-8273-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-8273-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071201/https://books.google.com/books?id=rSpfNJQ4CbAC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA149#v=snippet&q=palestinian%20terror%201970s&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+on+Terrorism%3A+Trends%2C+Achievements+and+Failures&rft.pages=149+%28256+pp.%29&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-8273-0&rft.aulast=Silke&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrSpfNJQ4CbAC%26q%3Dpalestinian%2Bterror%2B1970s%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2002" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UNvJ1FOwiAwC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA82">The Routledge Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict: The Complete History of the Struggle and the Efforts to Resolve It</a>. Routledge. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-28116-4"><bdi>978-0-415-28116-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219071251/https://books.google.com/books?id=UNvJ1FOwiAwC&q=palestinian+terror+1970s&pg=PA82#v=onepage&q=palestinian%20terror%201970s&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 8 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+of+the+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+Conflict%3A+The+Complete+History+of+the+Struggle+and+the+Efforts+to+Resolve+It&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-28116-4&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUNvJ1FOwiAwC%26q%3Dpalestinian%2Bterror%2B1970s%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewsKifner2008" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Andrews_(reporter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Andrews (reporter)">Andrews, Edmund</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Kifner" title="John Kifner">Kifner, John</a> (27 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html">"George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313121747/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=George+Habash%2C+Palestinian+Terrorism+Tactician%2C+Dies+at+82&rft.date=2008-01-27&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft.au=Kifner%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F01%2F27%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2F27habash.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2514000/2514317.stm">"1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces"</a>. On This Day. BBC News. 6 October 1973. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714014851/http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2514000/2514317.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=On+This+Day&rft.atitle=1973%3A+Arab+states+attack+Israeli+forces&rft.date=1973-10-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Foctober%2F6%2Fnewsid_2514000%2F2514317.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/agranat_eng.htm">"Agranat Commission"</a>. Knesset. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101229175926/http://knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/agranat_eng.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agranat+Commission&rft.pub=Knesset&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Flexicon%2Feng%2Fagranat_eng.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman 2002</a>, pp. 169–170: "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002171–174-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002171–174_236-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman 2002</a>, pp. 171–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187-237">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187_237-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187_237-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002186–187_237-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman 2002</a>, pp. 186–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleveland1999" class="citation book cs1">Cleveland, William L. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/356">A history of the modern Middle East</a>. Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/356">356</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=356&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00clev%2Fpage%2F356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustick1997" class="citation journal cs1">Lustick, Ian (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091120090306/http://www.mepc.org/journal_vol5/9701_lustick.asp">"Has Israel Annexed East Jerusalem?"</a>. Middle East Policy. V (1): 34–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x">10.1111/j.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1061-1924">1061-1924</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4651987544">4651987544</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sas.upenn.edu/polisci/sites/www.sas.upenn.edu.polisci/files/Lustick_Has%20Israel%20Annexed%20Jerusalem_1997.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 November 2009. Retrieved 1 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Policy&rft.atitle=Has+Israel+Annexed+East+Jerusalem%3F&rft.volume=V&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=34-45&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4651987544&rft.issn=1061-1924&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.1997.tb00247.x&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu%2Fpolisci%2Fsites%2Fwww.sas.upenn.edu.polisci%2Ffiles%2FLustick_Has%2520Israel%2520Annexed%2520Jerusalem_1997.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc_golan_profile-240"><a href="#cite_ref-bbc_golan_profile_240-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14724842">"Golan Heights profile"</a>. 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The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 116 (4): 1373–1408. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.385.2596">10.1.1.385.2596</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F003355301753265606">10.1162/003355301753265606</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F102605">10419/102605</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923025501/http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Economics/Papers/1996/pdfs/96-28.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2012. 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Westview Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmodernm00clev/page/494">494</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3489-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-3489-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+the+modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=494&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3489-9&rft.aulast=Cleveland&rft.aufirst=William+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmodernm00clev%2Fpage%2F494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4431728.stm">"Israel marks Rabin assassination"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+marks+Rabin+assassination&rft.date=2005-11-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F4431728.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBregman2002257-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBregman2002257_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBregman2002">Bregman 2002</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151002002611/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/view/14/14">Hanne Eggen Røislien, "Living with Contradiction: Examining the Worldview of the Jewish Settlers in Hebron"</a>, 2 October 2015 <a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Conflict_and_Violence" title="International Journal of Conflict and Violence">International Journal of Conflict and Violence</a>, Vol.1 (2) 2007, pp.169–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/nea/981023_interim_agmt.html">"The Wye River Memorandum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>. 23 October 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104074037/http://1997-2001.state.gov/www/regions/nea/981023_interim_agmt.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 January 2011. 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International Studies Perspectives. 24 (1). King’s College London, UK and Charles University, Czech Republic: 67–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fisp%2Fekac013">10.1093/isp/ekac013</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017014412/https://academic.oup.com/isp/article/24/1/67/6762979">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Studies+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Security%2C+Terrorism%2C+and+Territorial+Withdrawal%3A+Critically+Reassessing+the+Lessons+of+Israel%27s+%22Unilateral+Disengagement%22+from+the+Gaza+Strip&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=67-87&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fisp%2Fekac013&rft.aulast=Pinfold&rft.aufirst=Rob+Geist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fisp%2Farticle%2F24%2F1%2F67%2F6762979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Sela-Shayovitz, R. (2007). Suicide bombers in Israel: Their motivations, characteristics, and prior activity in terrorist organizations. International Journal of Conflict and Violence (IJCV), 1(2), 163. "The period of the second Intifada significantly differs from other historical periods in Israeli history, because it has been characterized by intensive and numerous suicide attacks that have made civilian life into a battlefront." </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2014" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Gross" title="Tom Gross">Gross, Tom</a> (16 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193513/http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/114827/the-big-myth-he-caused-second-intifada">"The big myth: that he caused the Second Intifada"</a>. The Jewish Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thejc.com/news/world-news/114827/the-big-myth-he-caused-second-intifada">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Chronicle&rft.atitle=The+big+myth%3A+that+he+caused+the+Second+Intifada&rft.date=2014-01-16&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-news%2F114827%2Fthe-big-myth-he-caused-second-intifada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHong2015" class="citation news cs1">Hong, Nicole (23 February 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/jury-finds-palestinian-authority-plo-liable-for-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-a-decade-ago-1424715529">"Jury Finds Palestinian Authority, PLO Liable for Terrorist Attacks in Israel a Decade Ago"</a>. The Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204555/http://www.wsj.com/articles/jury-finds-palestinian-authority-plo-liable-for-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-a-decade-ago-1424715529">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2016. Retrieved 22 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Jury+Finds+Palestinian+Authority%2C+PLO+Liable+for+Terrorist+Attacks+in+Israel+a+Decade+Ago&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft.aulast=Hong&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fjury-finds-palestinian-authority-plo-liable-for-terrorist-attacks-in-israel-a-decade-ago-1424715529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishweek-269"><a href="#cite_ref-jewishweek_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAin2000" class="citation news cs1">Ain, Stewart (20 December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013083338/http://jewishweek.org/news/newscontent.php3?artid=3846">"PA: Intifada Was Planned"</a>. The Jewish Week. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishweek.org/news/newscontent.php3?artid=3846">the original</a> on 13 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Week&rft.atitle=PA%3A+Intifada+Was+Planned&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.aulast=Ain&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishweek.org%2Fnews%2Fnewscontent.php3%3Fartid%3D3846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-270"><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_270-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuels2005" class="citation news cs1">Samuels, David (1 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2005/09/in-a-ruined-country/304167/">"In a Ruined Country"</a>. The Atlantic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830024459/http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/prem/200509/samuels">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=In+a+Ruined+Country&rft.date=2005-09-01&rft.aulast=Samuels&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2005%2F09%2Fin-a-ruined-country%2F304167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020225835/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-07-29-west-bank_x.htm">"West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2"</a>. USA Today. 29 July 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-07-29-west-bank_x.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=West+Bank+barrier+route+disputed%2C+Israeli+missile+kills+2&rft.date=2004-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2004-07-29-west-bank_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> See for example: * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarelIssacharoff2010" class="citation news cs1">Harel, Amos; Issacharoff, Avi (1 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/years-of-rage-1.316603">"Years of rage"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140702094014/http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/years-of-rage-1.316603">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Years+of+rage&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.aulast=Harel&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft.au=Issacharoff%2C+Avi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fweekend%2Fweek-s-end%2Fyears-of-rage-1.316603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2004" class="citation news cs1">King, Laura (28 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-sep-28-fg-intifada28-story.html">"Losing Faith in the Intifada"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120921132644/http://articles.latimes.com/2004/sep/28/world/fg-intifada28">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Losing+Faith+in+the+Intifada&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2004-sep-28-fg-intifada28-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl2004" class="citation news cs1">Diehl, Jackson (27 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52801-2004Sep26.html">"From Jenin To Fallujah?"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203212546/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A52801-2004Sep26.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=From+Jenin+To+Fallujah%3F&rft.date=2004-09-27&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Jackson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA52801-2004Sep26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmidror" class="citation web cs1">Amidror, Yaakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jcpa.org/text/Amidror-perspectives-2.pdf">"Winning Counterinsurgency War: The Israeli Experience"</a> (PDF). Strategic Perspectives. Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120811130134/http://www.jcpa.org/text/Amidror-perspectives-2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Winning+Counterinsurgency+War%3A+The+Israeli+Experience&rft.aulast=Amidror&rft.aufirst=Yaakov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcpa.org%2Ftext%2FAmidror-perspectives-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisch2009" class="citation web cs1">Frisch, Hillel (12 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120614054502/http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/perspectives57.html">"The Need for a Decisive Israeli Victory Over Hamas"</a>. Perspectives Papers on Current Affairs. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/perspectives57.html">the original</a> on 14 June 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+Papers+on+Current+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Need+for+a+Decisive+Israeli+Victory+Over+Hamas&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Frisch&rft.aufirst=Hillel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biu.ac.il%2FSOC%2Fbesa%2Fperspectives57.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchris2006" class="citation web cs1">Buchris, Ofek (9 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA449421">"The "Defensive Shield" Operation as a Turning Point in Israel's National Security Strategy"</a>. Strategy Research Project. United States Army War College. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121007044643/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf&AD=ADA449421">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strategy+Research+Project&rft.atitle=The+%22Defensive+Shield%22+Operation+as+a+Turning+Point+in+Israel%27s+National+Security+Strategy&rft.date=2006-03-09&rft.aulast=Buchris&rft.aufirst=Ofek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dtic.mil%2Fcgi-bin%2FGetTRDoc%3FLocation%3DU2%26doc%3DGetTRDoc.pdf%26AD%3DADA449421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauthammer2004" class="citation news cs1">Krauthammer, Charles (18 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50910-2004Jun17.html">"Israel's Intifada Victory"</a>. The Washington Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170919235122/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A50910-2004Jun17.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Intifada+Victory&rft.date=2004-06-18&rft.aulast=Krauthammer&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA50910-2004Jun17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlocker2008" class="citation news cs1">Plocker, Sever (22 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3558676,00.html">"2nd Intifada forgotten"</a>. 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Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+an+Israel+music+festival+turned+into+a+nightmare+after+Hamas+attack&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=Gillett&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-67047034&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabachnick2023" class="citation news cs1">Tabachnick, Cara (8 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israelis-search-loved-ones-posts-pleas-social-media-hamas-attack/">"Israelis search for loved ones with posts and pleas on social media"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CBS_News" title="CBS News">CBS News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231008061931/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/israelis-search-loved-ones-posts-pleas-social-media-hamas-attack/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israelis+search+for+loved+ones+with+posts+and+pleas+on+social+media&rft.date=2023-10-08&rft.aulast=Tabachnick&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fisraelis-search-loved-ones-posts-pleas-social-media-hamas-attack%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-natureparty-285"><a href="#cite_ref-natureparty_285-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmanda_Borschel-Dan2023" class="citation news cs1">Amanda Borschel-Dan (7 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing/">"Thousands flee rocket and gunfire at all-night desert 'Nature Party'; dozens missing"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231007231525/https://www.timesofisrael.com/thousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2023. Retrieved 8 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Thousands+flee+rocket+and+gunfire+at+all-night+desert+%27Nature+Party%27%3B+dozens+missing&rft.date=2023-10-07&rft.au=Amanda+Borschel-Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fthousands-flee-rocket-and-gunfire-at-all-night-desert-nature-party-dozens-missing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankel2023" class="citation web cs1">Frankel, Julia (21 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/world/israels-military-campaign-in-gaza-is-among-the-most-destructive-in-history-experts-say">"Israel's military campaign in Gaza is among the most destructive in history, experts say"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PBS+NewsHour&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+military+campaign+in+Gaza+is+among+the+most+destructive+in+history%2C+experts+say&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft.aulast=Frankel&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fworld%2Fisraels-military-campaign-in-gaza-is-among-the-most-destructive-in-history-experts-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/31/israeli-bombardment-destroyed-over-70-of-gaza-homes-media-office">"Israeli bombardment destroyed over 70% of Gaza homes: Report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera</a>. 31 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240423191214/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/31/israeli-bombardment-destroyed-over-70-of-gaza-homes-media-office">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2024. Retrieved 22 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Israeli+bombardment+destroyed+over+70%25+of+Gaza+homes%3A+Report&rft.date=2023-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F12%2F31%2Fisraeli-bombardment-destroyed-over-70-of-gaza-homes-media-office&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5">"Can Israel achieve its war goals in Gaza?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240407032619/https://www.ft.com/content/282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2024. Retrieved 6 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Can+Israel+achieve+its+war+goals+in+Gaza%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F282ffdcd-70c0-4da5-9a7e-5a31d7677fe5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/">"Netanyahu says IDF will control Gaza after war, rejects notion of international force"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231112163219/https://www.timesofisrael.com/netanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Netanyahu+says+IDF+will+control+Gaza+after+war%2C+rejects+notion+of+international+force&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fnetanyahu-says-idf-will-control-gaza-after-war-rejects-notion-of-international-force%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss2024" class="citation web cs1">Krauss, Joseph (14 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-nakba-history-b5cea9556e516655c25598d5dbe54192">"Palestinians mark 76 years of dispossession as a potentially even larger catastrophe unfolds in Gaza"</a>. AP News. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240613150349/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-hamas-war-nakba-history-b5cea9556e516655c25598d5dbe54192">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2024. <q>The war in Gaza, which was triggered by Hamas' Oct. 7 attack into Israel, has killed over 35,000 Palestinians, according to local health officials, making it by far the deadliest round of fighting in the history of the conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Palestinians+mark+76+years+of+dispossession+as+a+potentially+even+larger+catastrophe+unfolds+in+Gaza&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fisrael-palestinians-hamas-war-nakba-history-b5cea9556e516655c25598d5dbe54192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-El_Deeb-2023-291"><a href="#cite_ref-El_Deeb-2023_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl_Deeb2023" class="citation news cs1">El Deeb, Sarah (9 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a">"What is Hamas? The group that rules the Gaza Strip has fought several rounds of war with Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/AP_News" class="mw-redirect" title="AP News">AP News</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140259/https://apnews.com/article/hamas-gaza-palestinian-authority-israel-war-ed7018dbaae09b81513daf3bda38109a">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023. 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The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110072816/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/israel">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2021. 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Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200522081921/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-navy-to-devote-majority-of-missile-boats-to-secure-offshore-drilling-rafts-1.406203">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 9 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Israel+Navy+to+devote+majority+of+missile+boats+to+secure+offshore+drilling+rafts&rft.date=2012-01-09&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Gili&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fisrael-navy-to-devote-majority-of-missile-boats-to-secure-offshore-drilling-rafts-1.406203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st01_01&CYear=2012">"Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Tourist%20Information/Discover%20Israel/Geographic%20Regions/pages/The%20coastal%20plain.aspx">the original</a> on 7 January 2017. Retrieved 6 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Coastal+Plain&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoisrael.com%2FTourism_Eng%2FTourist%2520Information%2FDiscover%2520Israel%2FGeographic%2520Regions%2Fpages%2FThe%2520coastal%2520plain.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingwatersmyth0000krei">The Living Dead Sea</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0406-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-0406-0"><bdi>978-0-8264-0406-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-0406-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingwatersmyth0000krei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1486/">Makhteshim Country</a>. UNESCO. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-642-135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-642-135-7"><bdi>978-954-642-135-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200510053055/http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1486/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makhteshim+Country&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-954-642-135-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Ftentativelists%2F1486%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rinat-299"><a href="#cite_ref-rinat_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRinat2008" class="citation news cs1">Rinat, Zafrir (29 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/more-endangered-than-rain-forests-1.246839">"More endangered than rain forests?"</a>. Haaretz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010225743/https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/more-endangered-than-rain-forests-1.246839">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=More+endangered+than+rain+forests%3F&rft.date=2008-05-29&rft.aulast=Rinat&rft.aufirst=Zafrir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Ffeatures%2Fmore-endangered-than-rain-forests-1.246839&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-300"><a href="#cite_ref-DinersteinOlson2017_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dinerstein, Eric; Olson, David; Joshi, Anup; Vynne, Carly; Burgess, Neil D.; Wikramanayake, Eric; Hahn, Nathan; Palminteri, Suzanne; Hedao, Prashant; Noss, Reed; Hansen, Matt; Locke, Harvey; Ellis, Erle C; Jones, Benjamin; Barber, Charles Victor; Hayes, Randy; Kormos, Cyril; Martin, Vance; Crist, Eileen; Sechrest, Wes; Price, Lori; Baillie, Jonathan E. M.; Weeden, Don; Suckling, Kierán; Davis, Crystal; Sizer, Nigel; Moore, Rebecca; Thau, David; Birch, Tanya; Potapov, Peter; Turubanova, Svetlana; Tyukavina, Alexandra; de Souza, Nadia; Pintea, Lilian; Brito, José C.; Llewellyn, Othman A.; Miller, Anthony G.; Patzelt, Annette; Ghazanfar, Shahina A.; Timberlake, Jonathan; Klöser, Heinz; Shennan-Farpón, Yara; Kindt, Roeland; Lillesø, Jens-Peter Barnekow; van Breugel, Paulo; Graudal, Lars; Voge, Maianna; Al-Shammari, Khalaf F.; Saleem, Muhammad (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">"An Ecoregion-Based Approach to Protecting Half the Terrestrial Realm"</a>. BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTal2013" class="citation book cs1">Tal, Alon (2013). All the Trees of the Forest. Yale University Press. pp. 5, 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300189506" title="Special:BookSources/9780300189506"><bdi>9780300189506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Trees+of+the+Forest&rft.pages=5%2C+66&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780300189506&rft.aulast=Tal&rft.aufirst=Alon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jnf.org/our-work/forestry-green-innovations">"Forestry and Green Innovations"</a>. Jewish National Fund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016185242/https://www.jnf.org/our-work/forestry-green-innovations">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 13 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forestry+and+Green+Innovations&rft.pub=Jewish+National+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jnf.org%2Four-work%2Fforestry-green-innovations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferry-303"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferry_303-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerry_M.Meghraoui_M.Karaki_A.A.Al-Taj_M.2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ferry M.; Meghraoui M.; Karaki A.A.; Al-Taj M.; Amoush H.; Al-Dhaisat S.; Barjous M. (2008). "A 48-kyr-long slip rate history for the Jordan Valley segment of the Dead Sea Fault". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 260 (3–4): 394–406. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007E&PSL.260..394F">2007E&PSL.260..394F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.05.049">10.1016/j.epsl.2007.05.049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+and+Planetary+Science+Letters&rft.atitle=A+48-kyr-long+slip+rate+history+for+the+Jordan+Valley+segment+of+the+Dead+Sea+Fault&rft.volume=260&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=394-406&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.epsl.2007.05.049&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007E%26PSL.260..394F&rft.au=Ferry+M.&rft.au=Meghraoui+M.&rft.au=Karaki+A.A.&rft.au=Al-Taj+M.&rft.au=Amoush+H.&rft.au=Al-Dhaisat+S.&rft.au=Barjous+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MarcoAFTAU-304"><a href="#cite_ref-MarcoAFTAU_304-0">^</a> American Friends of the Tel Aviv University, Earthquake Experts at Tel Aviv University Turn to History for Guidance (4 October 2007). Quote: The major ones were recorded along the Jordan Valley in the years 31 B.C.E., 363 C.E., 749 C.E., and 1033 C.E. "So roughly, we are talking about an interval of every 400 years. If we follow the patterns of nature, a major quake should be expected any time because almost a whole millennium has passed since the last strong earthquake of 1033." (Tel Aviv University Associate Professor Dr. Shmuel (Shmulik) Marco). <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.aftau.org/news-page-environment--ecology?storyid4703=2015&ncs4703=3">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200811164733/https://www.aftau.org/news-page-environment--ecology?storyid4703=2015&ncs4703=3">Archived</a> 11 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IllPreped-305">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IllPreped_305-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IllPreped_305-1">b</a> Zafrir Renat, Israel Is Due, and Ill Prepared, for Major Earthquake, Haaretz, 15 January 2010. "On average, a destructive earthquake takes place in Israel once every 80 years, causing serious casualties and damage." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.haaretz.com/israel-is-due-and-ill-prepared-for-a-major-earthquake-1.261497">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315233829/http://www.haaretz.com/israel-is-due-and-ill-prepared-for-a-major-earthquake-1.261497">Archived</a> 15 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-watzman-306"><a href="#cite_ref-watzman_306-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatzman1997" class="citation news cs1">Watzman, Haim (8 February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320684.400-left-for-dead.html">"Left for dead"</a>. New Scientist. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114031306/http://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320684.400-left-for-dead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 November 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Left+for+dead&rft.date=1997-02-08&rft.aulast=Watzman&rft.aufirst=Haim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg15320684.400-left-for-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmo.asu.edu/content/wmo-region-vi-europe-highest-temperature">"WMO Region 6: Highest Temperature"</a>. 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Retrieved 14 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Meteorological+Organization%27s+World+Weather+%26+Climate+Extremes+Archive&rft.atitle=WMO+Region+6%3A+Highest+Temperature&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fwmo-region-vi-europe-highest-temperature&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldreich200385-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldreich200385_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldreich2003">Goldreich 2003</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120111750/http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0026">"Average Weather for Tel Aviv-Yafo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0026">the original</a> on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 11 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Average+Weather+for+Tel+Aviv-Yafo&rft.pub=The+Weather+Channel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.weather.com%2Foutlook%2Ftravel%2Fbusinesstraveler%2Fwxclimatology%2Fmonthly%2Fgraph%2FISXX0026&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120111740/http://www.weather.com/outlook/events/weddings/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010">"Average Weather for Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Weather_Channel" title="The Weather Channel">The Weather Channel</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goisrael.com/Tourism_Eng/Articles/Attractions/Pages/National%20Parks%20and%20Nature%20Reserves.aspx">the original</a> on 19 October 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Parks+and+Nature+Reserves%2C+Israel&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Tourism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goisrael.com%2FTourism_Eng%2FArticles%2FAttractions%2FPages%2FNational%2520Parks%2520and%2520Nature%2520Reserves.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegani2023" class="citation news cs1">Degani, Corin (14 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/life/nature-environment/2023-08-14/ty-article-magazine/.premium/as-the-world-struggles-to-prepare-for-water-shortages-israel-is-sitting-pretty/00000189-f3f1-d975-a9cf-fbf3eb930000">"How Israel achieved one of the most secure water economies, drip by drip"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 17 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=How+Israel+achieved+one+of+the+most+secure+water+economies%2C+drip+by+drip&rft.date=2023-08-14&rft.aulast=Degani&rft.aufirst=Corin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Flife%2Fnature-environment%2F2023-08-14%2Fty-article-magazine%2F.premium%2Fas-the-world-struggles-to-prepare-for-water-shortages-israel-is-sitting-pretty%2F00000189-f3f1-d975-a9cf-fbf3eb930000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardenguides.com/79735-history-drip-irrigation.html">"The History of Drip Irrigation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Drip+Irrigation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardenguides.com%2F79735-history-drip-irrigation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Solar_energy-315">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solar_energy_315-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solar_energy_315-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanAyalonBaronKauffman" class="citation web cs1">Grossman, Gershon; Ayalon, Ofira; Baron, Yifaat; Kauffman, Debby. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116083312/http://www.neaman.org.il/Neaman2011/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=581&LNGID=1&FID=646&IID=7974">"Solar energy for the production of heat Summary and recommendations of the 4th assembly of the energy forum at SNI"</a>. Samuel Neaman Institute for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neaman.org.il/Neaman2011/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&TMID=581&LNGID=1&FID=646&IID=7974">the original</a> on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 12 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solar+energy+for+the+production+of+heat+Summary+and+recommendations+of+the+4th+assembly+of+the+energy+forum+at+SNI&rft.pub=Samuel+Neaman+Institute+for+Advanced+Studies+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Gershon&rft.au=Ayalon%2C+Ofira&rft.au=Baron%2C+Yifaat&rft.au=Kauffman%2C+Debby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neaman.org.il%2FNeaman2011%2FTemplates%2FShowPage.asp%3FDBID%3D1%26TMID%3D581%26LNGID%3D1%26FID%3D646%26IID%3D7974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MEP_2020-316"><a href="#cite_ref-MEP_2020_316-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/en/departments/guides/climate_trends_and_impact_in_israel">"Climate Change Trends and Impact in Israel"</a>. Gov.il. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Environmental_Protection_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Environmental Protection (Israel)">Ministry of Environmental Protection</a>. 2 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806015845/https://www.gov.il/en/departments/guides/climate_trends_and_impact_in_israel">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2021. Retrieved 29 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gov.il&rft.atitle=Climate+Change+Trends+and+Impact+in+Israel&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.il%2Fen%2Fdepartments%2Fguides%2Fclimate_trends_and_impact_in_israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia2-317">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia2_317-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia2_317-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613004001/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2077.html">"Field Listing — Executive Branch"</a>. The World Factbook. 19 June 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2077.html">the original</a> on 13 June 2007. Retrieved 20 July 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Field+Listing+%E2%80%94+Executive+Branch&rft.date=2007-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffields%2F2077.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> In 1996, direct elections for the prime minister were inaugurated, but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one reinstated. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2683259.stm">"Israel's election process explained"</a>. BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 31 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+election+process+explained&rft.date=2003-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F2683259.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_beh.htm">"The Electoral System in Israel"</a>. The Knesset. Retrieved 8 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electoral+System+in+Israel&rft.pub=The+Knesset&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.knesset.gov.il%2Fdescription%2Feng%2Feng_mimshal_beh.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFסגל2021" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">סגל, עמית (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AuvVzgEACAAJ">סיפורה של הפוליטיקה הישראלית: מבן גוריון ועד בנט</a> (in Hebrew). Hotsaʼat ʻAmit Segal. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-599-597-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-599-597-8"><bdi>978-965-599-597-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94+%D7%A9%D7%9C+%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA%3A+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%9F+%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%93+%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%98&rft.pub=Hotsa%CA%BCat+%CA%BBAmit+Segal&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-965-599-597-8&rft.aulast=%D7%A1%D7%92%D7%9C&rft.aufirst=%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAuvVzgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/world/jewish-settlers-can-vote-in-israeli-elections-though-west-bank-is-officially-not-israel">Jewish settlers can vote in Israeli elections, though West Bank is officially not Israel</a>, Fox News, February 2015: "When Israelis go to the polls next month, tens of thousands of Jewish settlers in the West Bank will also be casting votes, even though they do not live on what is sovereign Israeli territory. This exception in a country that doesn't allow absentee voting for citizens living abroad is a telling reflection of Israel's somewhat ambiguous and highly contentious claim to the territory, which has been under military occupation for almost a half century." </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.idi.org.il/articles/5199">The Social Composition of the 20th Knesset</a>, Israeli Democracy Institute, 30 March 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfingerMcCann2020" class="citation news cs1">Halbfinger, David M.; McCann, Allison (28 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/middleeast/israel-arabs-election-vote.html">"As Israel Votes Again (and Again), Arabs See an Opportunity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20220106024835/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/28/world/middleeast/israel-arabs-election-vote.html%23commentsContainer">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=As+Israel+Votes+Again+%28and+Again%29%2C+Arabs+See+an+Opportunity&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft.aulast=Halbfinger&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rft.au=McCann%2C+Allison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F02%2F28%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-arabs-election-vote.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Much2022" class="citation web cs1">Abu Much, Afif (7 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-monitor.com/originals/2022/11/arab-israeli-parties-trade-blame-election-fiasco">"Arab Israeli parties trade blame for election fiasco"</a>. Al-Monitor. Retrieved 12 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al-Monitor&rft.atitle=Arab+Israeli+parties+trade+blame+for+election+fiasco&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft.aulast=Abu+Much&rft.aufirst=Afif&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Foriginals%2F2022%2F11%2Farab-israeli-parties-trade-blame-election-fiasco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedomhouse2008-325"><a href="#cite_ref-freedomhouse2008_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freedomhouse.org/country/israel/freedom-world/2020">"Israel"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a>. Freedom House. 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freedom+in+the+World&rft.atitle=Israel&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreedomhouse.org%2Fcountry%2Fisrael%2Ffreedom-world%2F2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMazie200634-326"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMazie200634_326-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMazie2006">Mazie 2006</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharbit2014" class="citation book cs1">Charbit, Denis (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gThvBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA167">"Israel's Self-Restrained Secularism from the 1947 Status Quo Letter to the Present"</a>. In Berlinerblau, Jacques; Fainberg, Sarah; Nou, Aurora (eds.). Secularism on the Edge: Rethinking Church-State Relations in the United States, France, and Israel. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 167–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38115-6"><bdi>978-1-137-38115-6</bdi></a>. <q>The compromise, therefore, was to choose constructive ambiguity: as surprising as it may seem, there is no law that declares Judaism the official religion of Israel. However, there is no other law that declares Israel's neutrality toward all confessions. Judaism is not recognized as the official religion of the state, and even though the Jewish, Muslim and Christian clergy receive their salaries from the state, this fact does not make Israel a neutral state. This apparent pluralism cannot dissimulate the fact that Israel displays a clear and undoubtedly hierarchical pluralism in religious matters. ... It is important to note that from a multicultural point of view, this self-restrained secularism allows Muslim law to be practiced in Israel for personal matters of the Muslim community. As surprising as it seems, if not paradoxical for a state in war, Israel is the only Western democratic country in which Sharia enjoys such an official status.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Self-Restrained+Secularism+from+the+1947+Status+Quo+Letter+to+the+Present&rft.btitle=Secularism+on+the+Edge%3A+Rethinking+Church-State+Relations+in+the+United+States%2C+France%2C+and+Israel&rft.pages=167-169&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38115-6&rft.aulast=Charbit&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgThvBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA167&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharot2007" class="citation book cs1">Sharot, Stephen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vA8edg7bv0kC&pg=PAPA671">"Judaism in Israel: Public Religion, Neo-Traditionalism, Messianism, and Ethno-Religious Conflict"</a>. In Beckford, James A.; Demerath, Jay (eds.). The Sage Handbook of the Sociology of Religion. Sage Publications. pp. 671–672. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1195-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1195-5"><bdi>978-1-4129-1195-5</bdi></a>. <q>It is true that Jewish Israelis, and secular Israelis in particular, conceive of religion as shaped by a state-sponsored religious establishment. There is no formal state religion in Israel, but the state gives its official recognition and financial support to particular religious communities, Jewish, Islamic and Christian, whose religious authorities and courts are empowered to deal with matters of personal status and family law, such as marriage, divorce, and alimony, that are binding on all members of the communities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaism+in+Israel%3A+Public+Religion%2C+Neo-Traditionalism%2C+Messianism%2C+and+Ethno-Religious+Conflict&rft.btitle=The+Sage+Handbook+of+the+Sociology+of+Religion&rft.pages=671-672&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1195-5&rft.aulast=Sharot&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvA8edg7bv0kC%26pg%3DPAPA671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacoby2005" class="citation book cs1">Jacoby, Tami Amanda (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pr1LJNrlmuIC&pg=PAPA53">Women in Zones of Conflict: Power and Resistance in Israel</a>. McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 53–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2993-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-2993-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-2993-9</bdi></a>. <q>Although there is no official religion in Israel, there is also no clear separation between religion and state. In Israeli public life, tensions frequently arise among different streams of Judaism: Ultra-Orthodox, National-Religious, Mesorati (Conservative), Reconstructionist Progressive (Reform), and varying combinations of traditionalism and non-observance. Despite this variety in religious observances in society, Orthodox Judaism prevails institutionally over the other streams. This boundary is an historical consequence of the unique evolution of the relationship between Israel nationalism and state building. ... Since the founding period, in order to defuse religious tensions, the State of Israel has adopted what is known as the 'status quo,' an unwritten agreement stipulating that no further changes would be made in the status of religion, and that conflict between the observant and non-observant sectors would be handled circumstantially. The 'status quo' has since pertained to the legal status of both religious and secular Jews in Israel. This situation was designed to appease the religious sector, and has been upheld indefinitely through the disproportionate power of religious political parties in all subsequent coalition governments. ... On one hand, the Declaration of Independence adopted in 1948 explicitly guarantees freedom of religion. On the other, it simultaneously prevents the separation of religion and state in Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Zones+of+Conflict%3A+Power+and+Resistance+in+Israel&rft.pages=53-54&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-2993-9&rft.aulast=Jacoby&rft.aufirst=Tami+Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dpr1LJNrlmuIC%26pg%3DPAPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adalah.org/en/content/view/9569">"Israel's Jewish Nation-State Law – Adalah"</a>. www.adalah.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.adalah.org&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Jewish+Nation-State+Law+%E2%80%93+Adalah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adalah.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F9569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44881554">"Jewish nation state: Israel approves controversial bill"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+the+Tables%3A+Geophysical+Characteristics&rft.pub=Central+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton53%2Fdownload%2Fst_eng01.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-districts_pop-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-districts_pop_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-districts_pop_333-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-districts_pop_333-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/publications/doclib/2022/2.shnatonpopulation/st02_17.pdf">"Localities and Population, by Population Group, District, Sub-District and Natural Region"</a> (PDF). Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. 15 September 2022. 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Jerusalem Institute for Policy Research. p. 25. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Jerusalem+Facts+and+Trends+2022&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Jerusalem+Institute+for+Policy+Research&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Yaniv&rft.aufirst=Omer&rft.au=Haddad%2C+Netta&rft.au=Assaf-Shapira%2C+Yair&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjerusaleminstitute.org.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2022%2F05%2F2022-%D7%A2%D7%9C-%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A-%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%93%D7%99%D7%92%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarpazHerzog2018" class="citation report cs1">Harpaz, Yossi; Herzog, Ben (June 2018). 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Retrieved 2 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+hugely+controversial+%22nation-state%22+law%2C+explained&rft.date=2018-07-31&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Miriam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fworld%2F2018%2F7%2F31%2F17623978%2Fisrael-jewish-nation-state-law-bill-explained-apartheid-netanyahu-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612120152/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/73D6B4C70D1A92B7852560DF0064F101">"Resolution 497 (1981)"</a>. United Nations. 1981. 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Retrieved 10 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Jerusalem%3A+UNSC+Res.+478&rft.pub=UN&rft.date=1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdomino.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2Fdde590c6ff232007852560df0065fddb%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sher-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sher_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sher_341-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sher_341-2">c</a> Gilead Sher, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inss.org.il/publication/the-application-of-israeli-law-to-the-west-bank-de-facto-annexation/">The Application of Israeli Law to the West Bank: De Facto Annexation?</a>, INSS Insight No. 638, 4 December 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOECD2011-342">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOECD2011_342-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOECD2011_342-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFOECD2011">OECD 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf">Quarterly Economic and Social Monitor</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009161737/http://mas.ps/files/server/20141911093442-1.pdf">Archived</a> 9 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Volume 26, October 2011, p. 57: "When Israel bid in March 2010 for membership in the 'Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development'... some members questioned the accuracy of Israeli statistics, as the Israeli figures (relating to gross domestic product, spending and number of the population) cover geographical areas that the Organization does not recognize as part of the Israeli territory. These areas include East Jerusalem, Israeli settlements in the West Bank and the Golan Heights." </li> <li id="cite_note-occhist-344"><a href="#cite_ref-occhist_344-0">^</a> See for example: * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajjar2005" class="citation book cs1">Hajjar, Lisa (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mcjoHq2wqdUC&pg=PAPA96">Courting Conflict: The Israeli Military Court System in the West Bank and Gaza</a>. University of California Press. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24194-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24194-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24194-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Israeli occupation of the West Bank and Gaza is the longest military occupation in modern times.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Courting+Conflict%3A+The+Israeli+Military+Court+System+in+the+West+Bank+and+Gaza&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24194-7&rft.aulast=Hajjar&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmcjoHq2wqdUC%26pg%3DPAPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2001" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Anderson" title="Perry Anderson">Anderson, Perry</a> (July–August 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181001124430/https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330">"Editorial: Scurrying Towards Bethlehem"</a>. New Left Review. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newleftreview.org/article/download_pdf?id=2330">the original</a> on 1 October 2018. Retrieved 9 January 2015. <q>longest official military occupation of modern history—currently entering its thirty-fifth year</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Left+Review&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Scurrying+Towards+Bethlehem&rft.volume=10&rft.date=2001-07%2F2001-08&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Perry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewleftreview.org%2Farticle%2Fdownload_pdf%3Fid%3D2330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakdisi2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Saree_Makdisi" title="Saree Makdisi">Makdisi, Saree</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2dBM3Ago2BAC&pg=PAPA299">Palestine Inside Out: An Everyday Occupation</a>. W.W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33844-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-33844-7"><bdi>978-0-393-33844-7</bdi></a>. <q>longest-lasting military occupation of the modern age</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine+Inside+Out%3A+An+Everyday+Occupation&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-393-33844-7&rft.aulast=Makdisi&rft.aufirst=Saree&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2dBM3Ago2BAC%26pg%3DPAPA299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretzmer2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kretzmer" title="David Kretzmer">Kretzmer, David</a> (Spring 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/review/2012/irrc-885-kretzmer.pdf">"The law of belligerent occupation in the Supreme Court of Israel"</a> (PDF). International Review of the Red Cross. 94 (885): 207–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1816383112000446">10.1017/S1816383112000446</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32105258">32105258</a>. <q>This is probably the longest occupation in modern international relations, and it holds a central place in all literature on the law of belligerent occupation since the early 1970s</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.atitle=The+law+of+belligerent+occupation+in+the+Supreme+Court+of+Israel&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=885&rft.pages=207-236&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1816383112000446&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32105258%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kretzmer&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fassets%2Ffiles%2Freview%2F2012%2Firrc-885-kretzmer.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexandrowicz2012" class="citation news cs1">Alexandrowicz, Ra'anan (24 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/25/opinion/the-justice-of-occupation.html">"The Justice of Occupation"</a>. The New York Times (opinion). <q>Israel is the only modern state that has held territories under military occupation for over four decades</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Justice+of+Occupation&rft.date=2012-01-24&rft.aulast=Alexandrowicz&rft.aufirst=Ra%27anan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F01%2F25%2Fopinion%2Fthe-justice-of-occupation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeill2014" class="citation book cs1">Weill, Sharon (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bDnnAgAAQBAJ&pg=PAPA22">The Role of National Courts in Applying International Humanitarian Law</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-968542-4"><bdi>978-0-19-968542-4</bdi></a>. <q>Although the basic philosophy behind the law of military occupation is that it is a temporary situation modem occupations have well demonstrated that rien ne dure comme le provisoire A significant number of post-1945 occupations have lasted more than two decades such as the occupations of Namibia by South Africa and of East Timor by Indonesia as well as the ongoing occupations of Northern Cyprus by Turkey and of Western Sahara by Morocco. The Israeli occupation of the Palestinian territories, which is the longest in all occupation's history has already entered its fifth decade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+National+Courts+in+Applying+International+Humanitarian+Law&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-968542-4&rft.aulast=Weill&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbDnnAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPAPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> * Azarova, Valentina. 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecfr.eu/publications/summary/israels_unlawfully_prolonged_occupation_7294">Israel's Unlawfully Prolonged Occupation: Consequences under an Integrated Legal Framework</a>, European Council on Foreign Affairs Policy Brief: "June 2017 marks 50 years of Israel's belligerent occupation of Palestinian territory, making it the longest occupation in modern history." </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unrwa.org/userfiles/uif-june09.pdf">"UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of 30 June 2009"</a> (PDF). United Nations. June 2009. Retrieved 27 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNRWA+in+Figures%3A+Figures+as+of+30+June+2009&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unrwa.org%2Fuserfiles%2Fuif-june09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiftachel,_O.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Yiftachel, O. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/download/31054252/ethnocracy-yiftachel.pdf">"'Ethnocracy': The Politics of Judaizing Israel/Palestine"</a> (PDF). Constellations. 6 (3): 364–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8675.00151">10.1111/1467-8675.00151</a>. <q>Israel's political structure and settlement activity have [...] in effect undermined the existence of universal suffrage (as Jewish settlers in the Occupied Territories can vote to the parliament that governs them, but their Palestinian neighbours cannot).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Constellations&rft.atitle=%27Ethnocracy%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Judaizing+Israel%2FPalestine&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=364-390&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8675.00151&rft.au=Yiftachel%2C+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2Fdownload%2F31054252%2Fethnocracy-yiftachel.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhanem,_A._A.Rouhana,_N.Yiftachel,_O.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Ghanem, A. A.; Rouhana, N.; Yiftachel, O. (1998). "Questioning" ethnic democracy": A response to Sammy Smooha". Israel Studies. 3 (2): 253–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2979%2FISR.1998.3.2.253">10.2979/ISR.1998.3.2.253</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245721">30245721</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3524173">3524173</a>. <q>settlers remain fully enfranchised Israeli citizens while their Palestinian neighbors have no voting rights and no impact on Israeli policies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Studies&rft.atitle=Questioning%22+ethnic+democracy%22%3A+A+response+to+Sammy+Smooha&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=253-267&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3524173%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30245721%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2979%2FISR.1998.3.2.253&rft.au=Ghanem%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Rouhana%2C+N.&rft.au=Yiftachel%2C+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612121839/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F0B7D1A3A8E7CF1985257552004F640E">"Situation Report on the Humanitarian Situation in the Gaza Strip"</a>. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 23 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/F0B7D1A3A8E7CF1985257552004F640E">the original</a> on 12 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Situation+Report+on+the+Humanitarian+Situation+in+the+Gaza+Strip&rft.pub=Office+for+the+Coordination+of+Humanitarian+Affairs&rft.date=2009-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2FUNISPAL.NSF%2F0%2FF0B7D1A3A8E7CF1985257552004F640E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/report/palestine-report-131207.htm">"The occupied Palestinian territories: Dignity Denied"</a>. International Committee of the Red Cross. 13 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+occupied+Palestinian+territories%3A+Dignity+Denied&rft.pub=International+Committee+of+the+Red+Cross&rft.date=2007-12-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icrc.org%2Feng%2Fresources%2Fdocuments%2Freport%2Fpalestine-report-131207.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"World Report 2013: Israel/Palestine". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2013/country-chapters/israel-palestine">Israel/Palestine</a>. Human Rights Watch. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=World+Report+2013%3A+Israel%2FPalestine&rft.btitle=Israel%2FPalestine&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fworld-report%2F2013%2Fcountry-chapters%2Fisrael-palestine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unispal.un.org/pdfs/AHRC1248.pdf">"Human Rights in Palestine and Other Occupied Arab Territories: Report of the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict"</a> (PDF). United Nations Human Rights Council. 15 September 2009. p. 85.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+in+Palestine+and+Other+Occupied+Arab+Territories%3A+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Fact+Finding+Mission+on+the+Gaza+Conflict&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=United+Nations+Human+Rights+Council&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funispal.un.org%2Fpdfs%2FAHRC1248.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/mde15/093/2006/en/">"Israel/Occupied Territories: Road to nowhere"</a>. Amnesty International. 1 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel%2FOccupied+Territories%3A+Road+to+nowhere&rft.pub=Amnesty+International&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnesty.org%2Fen%2Fdocuments%2Fmde15%2F093%2F2006%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaza-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gaza_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gaza_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.btselem.org/gaza_strip/gaza_status">"The scope of Israeli control in the Gaza Strip"</a>. B'Tselem. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+scope+of+Israeli+control+in+the+Gaza+Strip&rft.pub=B%27Tselem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.btselem.org%2Fgaza_strip%2Fgaza_status&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/agreed%20documents%20on%20movement%20and%20access%20from%20and%20to%20gaza%2015-nov-2005.aspx">"Agreed documents on movement and access from and to Gaza"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 15 November 2005. Retrieved 13 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreed+documents+on+movement+and+access+from+and+to+Gaza&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2005-11-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.il%2Fmfa%2Fforeignpolicy%2Fpeace%2Fmfadocuments%2Fpages%2Fagreed%2520documents%2520on%2520movement%2520and%2520access%2520from%2520and%2520to%2520gaza%252015-nov-2005.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slater2020-355"><a href="#cite_ref-Slater2020_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlater2020" class="citation book cs1">Jerome Slater (1 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yVAAEAAAQBAJ">Mythologies Without End: The US, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1917–2020</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045909-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-045909-3"><bdi>978-0-19-045909-3</bdi></a>. <q>It is now clear that Israel is a true democracy in its broadest sense only for its Jewish citizens. The Arab-Israeli (or, as some prefer, the Palestinian-Israeli) peoples, roughly 20 percent of the total population of Israel its pre-1967 boundaries, are citizens and have voting rights, but they face political, economic, and social discrimination. And, of course, Israeli democracy is inapplicable to the nearly 4 million Palestinian Arabs in the West Bank and Gaza, conquered by Israel in June 1967, who are occupied, repressed, and in many ways, directly and indirectly, effectively ruled by Israel.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mythologies+Without+End%3A+The+US%2C+Israel%2C+and+the+Arab-Israeli+Conflict%2C+1917%E2%80%932020&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-045909-3&rft.au=Jerome+Slater&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyVAAEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-White2012-356"><a href="#cite_ref-White2012_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen_White2012" class="citation book cs1">Ben White (15 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bp1PXwAACAAJ">Palestinians in Israel: Segregation, Discrimination and Democracy</a>. Pluto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3228-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-3228-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-3228-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestinians+in+Israel%3A+Segregation%2C+Discrimination+and+Democracy&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2012-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-3228-4&rft.au=Ben+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBp1PXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna5400559">"Arabs will ask U.N. to seek razing of Israeli wall"</a>. NBC News. 9 July 2004. 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It has been proved time and again in recent years, after the earthquake in Haiti, the typhoon in the Philippines and the quake/tsunami/nuclear disaster in Japan. For a country of Israel's size and resources, without conveniently located aircraft carriers and overseas bases, it is quite an impressive achievement.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=The+Downsides+of+Israel%27s+Missions+of+Mercy+Abroad&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.aulast=Pfeffer&rft.aufirst=Anshel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2F.premium-1.653988&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geldenhuys-443">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Geldenhuys_443-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Geldenhuys_443-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeon_Geldenhuys1990" class="citation book cs1">Deon Geldenhuys (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isolatedstatesco0000geld">Isolated States: A Comparative Analysis</a>. 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Retrieved 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Forward&rft.atitle=How+Yiddish+became+a+%27foreign+language%27+in+Israel+despite+being+spoken+there+since+the+1400s&rft.date=2023-09-11&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Zach&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforward.com%2Fforverts-in-english%2F560390%2Fhow-yiddish-became-foreign-language-israel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-arabic_lang-603">^ <a href="#cite_ref-arabic_lang_603-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-arabic_lang_603-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/search/detailmini.jsp?ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED250227&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=no&accno=ED250227">Israeli Schools: Religious and Secular Problems</a>. Education Resources Information Center. 10 October 1984. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israeli+Schools%3A+Religious+and+Secular+Problems&rft.pub=Education+Resources+Information+Center&rft.date=1984-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eric.ed.gov%2FERICWebPortal%2Fsearch%2Fdetailmini.jsp%3FERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0%3DED250227%26ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0%3Dno%26accno%3DED250227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel-604"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Ethiopian_Population_In_Israel_604-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/reader/newhodaot/hodaa_template.html?hodaa=201211307">The Ethiopian Community in Israel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-605"><a href="#cite_ref-605">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-israel-ethiopia-jews-sb-idUSTRE56F4ZY20090716">"Israel may admit 3,000 Ethiopia migrants if Jews"</a>. Reuters. 16 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Israel+may+admit+3%2C000+Ethiopia+migrants+if+Jews&rft.date=2009-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-israel-ethiopia-jews-sb-idUSTRE56F4ZY20090716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-606"><a href="#cite_ref-606">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2008" class="citation news cs1">Meyer, Bill (17 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cleveland.com/world/index.ssf/2008/08/israels_welcome_for_ethiopian.html">"Israel's welcome for Ethiopian Jews wears thin"</a>. The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 1 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+welcome+for+Ethiopian+Jews+wears+thin&rft.date=2008-08-17&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleveland.com%2Fworld%2Findex.ssf%2F2008%2F08%2Fisraels_welcome_for_ethiopian.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-607"><a href="#cite_ref-607">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/study-soviet-immigrants-outperform-israeli-students-1.238970">"Study: Soviet immigrants outperform Israeli students"</a>. Haaretz. 10 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Soviet+immigrants+outperform+Israeli+students&rft.date=2008-02-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Fstudy-soviet-immigrants-outperform-israeli-students-1.238970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-608"><a href="#cite_ref-608">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4156781,00.html">"French radio station RFI makes aliyah"</a>. Ynetnews. 5 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ynetnews&rft.atitle=French+radio+station+RFI+makes+aliyah&rft.date=2011-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-4156781%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-609"><a href="#cite_ref-609">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpolsky1999" class="citation book cs1">Spolsky, Bernard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ljumbfV_7y0C&pg=PAPA169">Round Table on Language and Linguistics</a>. Georgetown University Press. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-132-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87840-132-1"><bdi>978-0-87840-132-1</bdi></a>. <q>In 1948, the newly independent state of Israel took over the old British regulations that had set English, Arabic, and Hebrew as official languages for Mandatory Palestine but, as mentioned, dropped English from the list. In spite of this, official language use has maintained a de facto role for English, after Hebrew but before Arabic.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Round+Table+on+Language+and+Linguistics&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87840-132-1&rft.aulast=Spolsky&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DljumbfV_7y0C%26pg%3DPAPA169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-610"><a href="#cite_ref-610">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBat-Zeev_Shyldkrot2004" class="citation book cs1">Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xMzx6xFB0IgC&pg=PAPA90">"Part I: Language and Discourse"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dorit_Ravid" title="Dorit Ravid">Diskin Ravid, Dorit</a>; Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot, Hava (eds.). Perspectives on Language and Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7911-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-7911-5"><bdi>978-1-4020-7911-5</bdi></a>. <q>English is not considered official but it plays a dominant role in the educational and public life of Israeli society. ... It is the language most widely used in commerce, business, formal papers, academia, and public interactions, public signs, road directions, names of buildings, etc.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I%3A+Language+and+Discourse&rft.btitle=Perspectives+on+Language+and+Development%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Ruth+A.+Berman&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-7911-5&rft.aulast=Bat-Zeev+Shyldkrot&rft.aufirst=Hava&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxMzx6xFB0IgC%26pg%3DPAPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-611"><a href="#cite_ref-611">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShohamy2006" class="citation book cs1">Shohamy, Elana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5mG09P64jzYC&pg=PAPA72">Language Policy: Hidden Agendas and New Approaches</a>. Routledge. pp. 72–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32864-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32864-7"><bdi>978-0-415-32864-7</bdi></a>. <q>While English is not declared anywhere as an official language, the reality is that it has a very high and unique status in Israel. It is the main language of the academy, commerce, business, and the public space.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+Policy%3A+Hidden+Agendas+and+New+Approaches&rft.pages=72-73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32864-7&rft.aulast=Shohamy&rft.aufirst=Elana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5mG09P64jzYC%26pg%3DPAPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-612"><a href="#cite_ref-612">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.il/MFA/IsraelExperience/AboutIsrael/Education/Pages/English_programs_Israeli_universities_colleges.aspx">"English programs at Israeli universities and colleges"</a>. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+programs+at+Israeli+universities+and+colleges&rft.pub=Israel+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.il%2FMFA%2FIsraelExperience%2FAboutIsrael%2FEducation%2FPages%2FEnglish_programs_Israeli_universities_colleges.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarrMasci2016" class="citation web cs1">Starr, Kelsey Jo; Masci, David (8 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/03/08/in-israel-jews-are-united-by-homeland-but-divided-into-very-different-groups/">"In Israel, Jews are united by homeland but divided into very different groups"</a>. Pew Research Center. 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Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=At+the+edge+of+the+abyss&rft.date=2009-11-24&rft.au=Shahar+Ilan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fopinion%2Fat-the-edge-of-the-abyss-1.3538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-615"><a href="#cite_ref-615">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassok2006" class="citation news cs1">Bassok, Moti (25 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-s-christian-population-numbers-148-000-as-of-christmas-eve-1.208151">"Israel's Christian population numbers 148,000 as of Christmas Eve"</a>. Haaretz. 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The Associated Press. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Associated+Press&rft.atitle=Israeli+officials+seize+AP+equipment+and+take+down+live+shot+of+northern+Gaza%2C+citing+new+media+law&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.au=The+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ap.org%2Fmedia-center%2Fap-in-the-news%2F2024%2Fisraeli-officials-seize-ap-equipment-and-take-down-live-shot-of-northern-gaza-citing-new-media-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-690"><a href="#cite_ref-690">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRasgon2024" class="citation web cs1">Rasgon, Adam (21 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2024/05/21/world/middleeast/israel-ap-al-jazeera-cameras.html">"Israel Says It Will Return Camera It Seized From AP"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved 5 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Israel+Says+It+Will+Return+Camera+It+Seized+From+AP&rft.date=2024-05-21&rft.aulast=Rasgon&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2024%2F05%2F21%2Fworld%2Fmiddleeast%2Fisrael-ap-al-jazeera-cameras.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-imj-691">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imj_691-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-imj_691-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302154234/http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/page_1465?c0=14896&bsp=14393">"About the Museum"</a>. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english.imjnet.org.il/page_1465?c0=14896&bsp=14393">the original</a> on 2 March 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+the+Museum&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english.imjnet.org.il%2Fpage_1465%3Fc0%3D14896%26bsp%3D14393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-692"><a href="#cite_ref-692">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070709044752/https://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html">"Shrine of the Book"</a>. The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html">the original</a> on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shrine+of+the+Book&rft.pub=The+Israel+Museum%2C+Jerusalem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imj.org.il%2Feng%2Fshrine%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-693"><a href="#cite_ref-693">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314132026/http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/index.asp">"About Yad Vashem"</a>. Yad Vashem. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.yadvashem.org/yv/en/about/index.asp">the original</a> on 14 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Yad+Vashem&rft.pub=Yad+Vashem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.yadvashem.org%2Fyv%2Fen%2Fabout%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-694"><a href="#cite_ref-694">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bh.org.il/about-us.aspx">"Museum Information"</a>. Beth Hatefutsoth. Retrieved 13 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+Information&rft.pub=Beth+Hatefutsoth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bh.org.il%2Fabout-us.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-695"><a href="#cite_ref-695">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhituv2017" class="citation web cs1">Ahituv, Netta (12 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/best-israel-museums/index.html">"10 of Israel's best museums"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 1 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=10+of+Israel%27s+best+museums&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.aulast=Ahituv&rft.aufirst=Netta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2Ftravel%2Farticle%2Fbest-israel-museums%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-696"><a href="#cite_ref-696">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRast1992" class="citation book cs1">Rast, Walter E. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4Z0YrPfeHa8C">Through the Ages in Palestinian Archaeology: An Introductory Handbook</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-055-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56338-055-6"><bdi>978-1-56338-055-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Through+the+Ages+in+Palestinian+Archaeology%3A+An+Introductory+Handbook&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-56338-055-6&rft.aulast=Rast&rft.aufirst=Walter+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Z0YrPfeHa8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> "Galilee man" (lowercase "m") in this source is a typo – ref. <a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a> and so forth. </li> <li id="cite_note-raviv-697">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raviv_697-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv_697-1">b</a> Yael Raviv, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KjuYCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT119">Falafel Nation,</a> University of Nebraska Press, 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-698"><a href="#cite_ref-698">^</a> Uzi Rebhun, Lilakh Lev Ari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CG-WQZDJdo8C&pg=PA113">American Israelis: Migration, Transnationalism, and Diasporic Identity,</a> Brill, 2010 pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein_227,_233–234-699"><a href="#cite_ref-bernstein_227,_233–234_699-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein2010">Bernstein 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA227">227</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA233">233–234</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-bernstein-231-700"><a href="#cite_ref-bernstein-231_700-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein2010">Bernstein 2010</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA232">231–233</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-701"><a href="#cite_ref-701">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_Yoskowitz2012" class="citation news cs1">Jeffrey Yoskowitz (8 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2012/08/israel_s_pork_problem_and_what_it_means_for_the_country_s_christian_arabs_.single.html">"Israel's Pork Problem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a>. Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Israel%27s+Pork+Problem&rft.date=2012-08-08&rft.au=Jeffrey+Yoskowitz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Flife%2Ffaithbased%2F2012%2F08%2Fisrael_s_pork_problem_and_what_it_means_for_the_country_s_christian_arabs_.single.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETorstrick2004141-702"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETorstrick2004141_702-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTorstrick2004">Torstrick 2004</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-703"><a href="#cite_ref-703">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.basket.co.il/Data.asp?id=1&lang=en">"Basketball Super League Profile"</a>. Winner Basketball Super League. 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Retrieved 11 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Barred+from+Asian+Games&rft.pub=Jewish+Telegraphic+Agency&rft.date=1976-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F1976%2F07%2F26%2Farchive%2Fisrael-barred-from-asian-games&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-705"><a href="#cite_ref-705">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140625083458/http://www.euroleague.net/final-four/milan-2014/maccabi-electra-tel-aviv">"Maccabi Electra Tel Aviv – Welcome to EUROLEAGUE BASKETBALL"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euroleague.net/final-four/milan-2014/maccabi-electra-tel-aviv">the original</a> on 25 June 2014. Retrieved 30 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maccabi+Electra+Tel+Aviv+%E2%80%93+Welcome+to+EUROLEAGUE+BASKETBALL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euroleague.net%2Ffinal-four%2Fmilan-2014%2Fmaccabi-electra-tel-aviv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-706"><a href="#cite_ref-706">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/israel">"Israel"</a>. International Olympic Committee. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel&rft.pub=International+Olympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fisrael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-707"><a href="#cite_ref-707">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320024849/http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games/tel-aviv-1968">"Tel Aviv 1968"</a>. International Paralympic Committee. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paralympic.org/paralympic-games/tel-aviv-1968">the original</a> on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 20 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tel+Aviv+1968&rft.pub=International+Paralympic+Committee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paralympic.org%2Fparalympic-games%2Ftel-aviv-1968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-708"><a href="#cite_ref-708">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Ellis, Judy (4 May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,988284,00.html">"Choke! Gouge! Smash!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Retrieved 1 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Choke%21+Gouge%21+Smash%21&rft.date=1998-05-04&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C988284%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-709"><a href="#cite_ref-709">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/pawn-stars-shine-in-new-national-sport-1.317002">"Pawn stars shine in new 'national sport'"</a>. Haaretz. 4 October 2010. Retrieved 21 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Pawn+stars+shine+in+new+%27national+sport%27&rft.date=2010-10-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fprint-edition%2Fnews%2Fpawn-stars-shine-in-new-national-sport-1.317002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieckhoff2003" class="citation book cs1">Dieckhoff, Alain (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1m_w5J0X7lUC&pg=PA">The Invention of a Nation</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12766-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12766-0"><bdi>978-0-231-12766-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12766-0&rft.aulast=Dieckhoff&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1m_w5J0X7lUC%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvineri2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shlomo_Avineri" title="Shlomo Avineri">Avineri, Shlomo</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N1UovgAACAAJ&pg=PA">The Making of Modern Zionism</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09479-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-09479-0"><bdi>978-0-465-09479-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Zionism&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-465-09479-0&rft.aulast=Avineri&rft.aufirst=Shlomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN1UovgAACAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimoni1995" class="citation book cs1">Shimoni, Gideon (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nthtAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA">The Zionist ideology</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>/<a href="/wiki/Brandeis_University_Press" title="Brandeis University Press">Brandeis University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87451-703-3"><bdi>978-0-87451-703-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zionist+ideology&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England%2FBrandeis+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-87451-703-3&rft.aulast=Shimoni&rft.aufirst=Gideon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnthtAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbadi2004" class="citation book cs1">Abadi, Jacob (2004). Israel's Quest for Recognition and Acceptance in Asia: Garrison State Diplomacy. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5576-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5576-5"><bdi>978-0-7146-5576-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Quest+for+Recognition+and+Acceptance+in+Asia%3A+Garrison+State+Diplomacy&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5576-5&rft.aulast=Abadi&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartonBowden2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Barton_(theologian)" title="John Barton (theologian)">Barton, John</a>; Bowden, Julie (2004). The Original Story: God, Israel and the World. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2900-9"><bdi>978-0-8028-2900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Original+Story%3A+God%2C+Israel+and+the+World&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-2900-9&rft.aulast=Barton&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Bowden%2C+Julie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBascomb2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Bascomb" title="Neal Bascomb">Bascomb, Neal</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Hunting_Eichmann" title="Hunting Eichmann">Hunting Eichmann: How a Band of Survivors and a Young Spy Agency Chased Down the World's Most Notorious Nazi</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-85867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-85867-5"><bdi>978-0-618-85867-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hunting+Eichmann%3A+How+a+Band+of+Survivors+and+a+Young+Spy+Agency+Chased+Down+the+World%27s+Most+Notorious+Nazi&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-618-85867-5&rft.aulast=Bascomb&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Sasson1985" class="citation book cs1">Ben-Sasson, Hayim (1985). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-39731-6"><bdi>978-0-674-39731-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jewish+People&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-39731-6&rft.aulast=Ben-Sasson&rft.aufirst=Hayim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2010" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Julia (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FYXlAgAAQBAJ">Food for Thought: Transnational Contested Identities and Food Practices of Russian-Speaking Jewish Migrants in Israel and Germany</a>. Campus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39252-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-39252-3"><bdi>978-3-593-39252-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food+for+Thought%3A+Transnational+Contested+Identities+and+Food+Practices+of+Russian-Speaking+Jewish+Migrants+in+Israel+and+Germany&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-593-39252-3&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFYXlAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBregman2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahron_Bregman" title="Ahron Bregman">Bregman, Ahron</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofisrael0000breg">A History of Israel</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-67631-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-67631-8"><bdi>978-0-333-67631-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Israel&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-67631-8&rft.aulast=Bregman&rft.aufirst=Ahron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofisrael0000breg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroughtonEllinghamTrillo1999" class="citation book cs1">Broughton, Simon; Ellingham, Mark; Trillo, Richard (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roughguidetoworl00simo">World Music: The Rough Guide</a>. Rough Guides. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85828-635-8"><bdi>978-1-85828-635-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Music%3A+The+Rough+Guide&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85828-635-8&rft.aulast=Broughton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Ellingham%2C+Mark&rft.au=Trillo%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froughguidetoworl00simo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCole2003" class="citation book cs1">Cole, Tim (2003). Holocaust City: The Making of a Jewish Ghetto. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92968-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92968-4"><bdi>978-0-415-92968-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+City%3A+The+Making+of+a+Jewish+Ghetto&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92968-4&rft.aulast=Cole&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischbach2008" class="citation book cs1">Fischbach, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=38xyBIqKgkwC&pg=PA27">Jewish Property Claims Against Arab Countries</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51781-2"><bdi>978-0-231-51781-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Property+Claims+Against+Arab+Countries&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51781-2&rft.aulast=Fischbach&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D38xyBIqKgkwC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaust2015" class="citation book cs1">Faust, Avraham (28 March 2015). "The Exodus Group". In Levy, Thomas E.; Schneider, Thomas; Propp, William H. C. (eds.). Israel's Exodus in Transdisciplinary Perspective: Text, Archaeology, Culture, and Geoscience. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-04768-3"><bdi>978-3-319-04768-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Exodus+Group&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Exodus+in+Transdisciplinary+Perspective%3A+Text%2C+Archaeology%2C+Culture%2C+and+Geoscience&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-03-28&rft.isbn=978-3-319-04768-3&rft.aulast=Faust&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein, Israel; Silberman, Neil Asher (6 March 2002). The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2338-6"><bdi>978-0-7432-2338-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible+Unearthed%3A+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Origin+of+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2338-6&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft.au=Silberman%2C+Neil+Asher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFraser2004" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, T.G. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IBJrQgAACAAJ">The Arab-Israeli Conflict</a>. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1338-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-1338-8"><bdi>978-1-4039-1338-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab-Israeli+Conflict&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+Limited&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-1338-8&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=T.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIBJrQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGelvin2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_L._Gelvin" title="James L. Gelvin">Gelvin, James L.</a> (2005). The Israel-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85289-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85289-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Israel-Palestine+Conflict%3A+One+Hundred+Years+of+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85289-0&rft.aulast=Gelvin&rft.aufirst=James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2005" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (2005). The Routledge Atlas Of The Arab–Israeli conflict (8th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35900-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35900-9"><bdi>978-0-415-35900-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Atlas+Of+The+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+conflict&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-35900-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldreich2003" class="citation book cs1">Goldreich, Yair (2003). The Climate of Israel: Observation, Research and Application. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47445-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-47445-3"><bdi>978-0-306-47445-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+Israel%3A+Observation%2C+Research+and+Application&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-306-47445-3&rft.aulast=Goldreich&rft.aufirst=Yair&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarkavyNeuman2001" class="citation book cs1">Harkavy, Robert E.; Neuman, Stephanie G. (2001). Warfare and the Third World. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24012-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-24012-7"><bdi>978-0-312-24012-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+the+Third+World&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-312-24012-7&rft.aulast=Harkavy&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Neuman%2C+Stephanie+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, Robert D'A. (2003). Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook (2003 ed.). Brassey's Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-550-7"><bdi>978-1-57488-550-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brassey%27s+International+Intelligence+Yearbook&rft.edition=2003&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+Inc.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57488-550-7&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=Robert+D%27A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzl1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Herzl" title="Theodor Herzl">Herzl, Theodor</a> (1946). The Jewish State. American Zionist Emergency Council. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25849-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25849-2"><bdi>978-0-486-25849-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+State&rft.pub=American+Zionist+Emergency+Council&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25849-2&rft.aulast=Herzl&rft.aufirst=Theodor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImseis2021" class="citation journal cs1">Imseis, Ardi (Winter 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.queensu.ca/sites/lawwww/files/files/Professors/UN%20Plan%20of%20Partition%20Revisited.pdf">"The United Nations Plan of Partition for Palestine Revisited: On the Origins of Palestine's International Legal Subalternality"</a> (PDF). Stanford Journal of International Law. 57 (1): 1–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+Plan+of+Partition+for+Palestine+Revisited%3A+On+the+Origins+of+Palestine%27s+International+Legal+Subalternality&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-54&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Imseis&rft.aufirst=Ardi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.queensu.ca%2Fsites%2Flawwww%2Ffiles%2Ffiles%2FProfessors%2FUN%2520Plan%2520of%2520Partition%2520Revisited.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellerman1993" class="citation book cs1">Kellerman, Aharon (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/societysettlemen0000kell">Society and Settlement: Jewish Land of Israel in the Twentieth Century</a>. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1295-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1295-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-1295-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Society+and+Settlement%3A+Jewish+Land+of+Israel+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1295-4&rft.aulast=Kellerman&rft.aufirst=Aharon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsocietysettlemen0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKillebrew2005" class="citation book cs1">Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC">Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, Philistines, and Early Israel, 1300-1100 B.C.E.</a> Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-097-4"><bdi>978-1-58983-097-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Peoples+and+Ethnicity%3A+An+Archaeological+Study+of+Egyptians%2C+Canaanites%2C+Philistines%2C+and+Early+Israel%2C+1300-1100+B.C.E.&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-097-4&rft.aulast=Killebrew&rft.aufirst=Ann+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtAmmwapfVAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKornberg1993" class="citation book cs1">Kornberg, Jacques (1993). Theodor Herzl: From Assimilation to Zionism. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33203-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-33203-5"><bdi>978-0-253-33203-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodor+Herzl%3A+From+Assimilation+to+Zionism&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-253-33203-5&rft.aulast=Kornberg&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLustick1988" class="citation book cs1">Lustick, Ian (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forlandlordjewis0000lust">For the Land and the Lord: Jewish Fundamentalism in Israel</a>. Council on Foreign Relations Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-036-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Land+and+the+Lord%3A+Jewish+Fundamentalism+in+Israel&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-036-7&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforlandlordjewis0000lust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazie2006" class="citation book cs1">Mazie, Steven (2006). Israel's Higher Law: Religion and Liberal Democracy in the Jewish State. Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1485-8"><bdi>978-0-7391-1485-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Israel%27s+Higher+Law%3A+Religion+and+Liberal+Democracy+in+the+Jewish+State&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1485-8&rft.aulast=Mazie&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benny_Morris" title="Benny Morris">Morris, Benny</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J5jtAAAAMAAJ">1948: A History of the First Arab–Israeli War</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14524-3"><bdi>978-0-300-14524-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1948%3A+A+History+of+the+First+Arab%E2%80%93Israeli+War&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14524-3&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Benny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ5jtAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMowlanaGerbnerSchiller1992" class="citation book cs1">Mowlana, Hamid; Gerbner, George; Schiller, Herbert I. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/triumphofimageme0000unse">Triumph of the File: The Media's War in the Persian Gulf — A Global Perspective</a>. Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1610-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-1610-9"><bdi>978-0-8133-1610-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Triumph+of+the+File%3A+The+Media%27s+War+in+the+Persian+Gulf+%E2%80%94+A+Global+Perspective&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-1610-9&rft.aulast=Mowlana&rft.aufirst=Hamid&rft.au=Gerbner%2C+George&rft.au=Schiller%2C+Herbert+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftriumphofimageme0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2011" class="citation report cs1"><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/els/48442642.pdf">Study on the Geographic Coverage of Israeli Data</a> (PDF) (Report). OECD.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Study+on+the+Geographic+Coverage+of+Israeli+Data&rft.pub=OECD&rft.date=2011&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fels%2F48442642.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedmount2001" class="citation book cs1">Redmount, Carol A. (7 June 2001). "The Literary and Historical Character of the Exodus Narrative". In Coogan, Michael D. (ed.). The Oxford History of the Biblical World. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988148-2"><bdi>978-0-19-988148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Literary+and+Historical+Character+of+the+Exodus+Narrative&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-06-07&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988148-2&rft.aulast=Redmount&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1990" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a> (1990). "Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967". The American Journal of International Law. 84 (1): 44–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2203016">10.2307/2203016</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2203016">2203016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145514740">145514740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Prolonged+Military+Occupation%3A+The+Israeli-Occupied+Territories+Since+1967&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=44-103&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145514740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2203016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2203016&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomano2003" class="citation book cs1">Romano, Amy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalatlaso0000roma_r5h5">A Historical Atlas of Israel</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3978-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3978-7"><bdi>978-0-8239-3978-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Historical+Atlas+of+Israel&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3978-7&rft.aulast=Romano&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricalatlaso0000roma_r5h5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenzweig1997" class="citation book cs1">Rosenzweig, Rafael (1997). The Economic Consequences of Zionism. Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09147-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09147-4"><bdi>978-90-04-09147-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Consequences+of+Zionism&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09147-4&rft.aulast=Rosenzweig&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScharfstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Scharfstein, Sol (1996). Understanding Jewish History. KTAV Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88125-545-4"><bdi>978-0-88125-545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Jewish+History&rft.pub=KTAV+Publishing+House&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-88125-545-4&rft.aulast=Scharfstein&rft.aufirst=Sol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegev2007" class="citation book cs1">Segev, Tom (2007). 1967: Israel, the War, and the Year that Transformed the Middle East. Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7057-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7057-6"><bdi>978-0-8050-7057-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1967%3A+Israel%2C+the+War%2C+and+the+Year+that+Transformed+the+Middle+East&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7057-6&rft.aulast=Segev&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahin2005" class="citation book cs1">Shahin, Mariam (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/palestine00mari">Palestine: A Guide</a>. Interlink Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56656-557-8"><bdi>978-1-56656-557-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Palestine%3A+A+Guide&rft.pub=Interlink+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-56656-557-8&rft.aulast=Shahin&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpalestine00mari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShindler2002" class="citation book cs1">Shindler, Colin (2002). The Land Beyond Promise: Israel, Likud and the Zionist Dream. I.B.Tauris Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-774-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86064-774-1"><bdi>978-1-86064-774-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Land+Beyond+Promise%3A+Israel%2C+Likud+and+the+Zionist+Dream&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-86064-774-1&rft.aulast=Shindler&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShlayRosen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Shlay, Anne B.; Rosen, Gillad (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x">"Making Place: The Shifting Green Line and the Development of "Greater" Metropolitan Jerusalem"</a>. City & Community. 9 (4): 358–389. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6040.2010.01344.x">10.1111/j.1540-6040.2010.01344.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1535-6841">1535-6841</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=City+%26+Community&rft.atitle=Making+Place%3A+The+Shifting+Green+Line+and+the+Development+of+%22Greater%22+Metropolitan+Jerusalem&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=358-389&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6040.2010.01344.x&rft.issn=1535-6841&rft.aulast=Shlay&rft.aufirst=Anne+B.&rft.au=Rosen%2C+Gillad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6040.2010.01344.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2006" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Derek (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deterringamerica0000smit">Deterring America: Rogue States and the Proliferation of Weapons of Mass Destruction</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86465-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-86465-7"><bdi>978-0-521-86465-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deterring+America%3A+Rogue+States+and+the+Proliferation+of+Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-86465-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeterringamerica0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStein2003" class="citation book cs1">Stein, Leslie (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hopefulfilledris00lesl">The Hope Fulfilled: The Rise of Modern Israel</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97141-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-97141-0"><bdi>978-0-275-97141-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hope+Fulfilled%3A+The+Rise+of+Modern+Israel&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-275-97141-0&rft.aulast=Stein&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhopefulfilledris00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStendel1997" class="citation book cs1">Stendel, Ori (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arabsinisrael00sten">The Arabs in Israel</a>. Sussex Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-23-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-898723-23-3"><bdi>978-1-898723-23-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+in+Israel&rft.pub=Sussex+Academic+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-898723-23-3&rft.aulast=Stendel&rft.aufirst=Ori&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farabsinisrael00sten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneZenner1994" class="citation book cs1">Stone, Russell A.; Zenner, Walter P. (1994). Critical Essays on Israeli Social Issues and Scholarship. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1959-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-1959-5"><bdi>978-0-7914-1959-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Essays+on+Israeli+Social+Issues+and+Scholarship&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-1959-5&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Russell+A.&rft.au=Zenner%2C+Walter+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorstrick2004" class="citation book cs1">Torstrick, Rebecca L. (2004). Culture and Customs of Israel. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32091-0"><bdi>978-0-313-32091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Israel&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32091-0&rft.aulast=Torstrick&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIsrael" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Israel at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Israel">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_/_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84" class="extiw" title="c:ישראל / إسرائيل">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Israel" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Israel">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Israel" class="extiw" title="q:Israel">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Israel" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Israel">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Countries_A-Z/Israel" class="extiw" title="b:Wikijunior:Countries A-Z/Israel">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Israel" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Israel">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Israel" class="extiw" title="voy:Israel">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q801" class="extiw" title="d:Q801">Data</a> from Wikidata</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/27px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/41px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/54px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Israel" class="extiw" title="m:Category:Israel">Discussions</a> from Meta-Wiki</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.il/en/departments/prime_ministers_office/govil-landing-page">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Office_(Israel)" title="Prime Minister's Office (Israel)">Israel Prime Minister's Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbs.gov.il/en/Pages/default.aspx">Official website</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Central_Bureau_of_Statistics" title="Israel Central Bureau of Statistics">Israel Central Bureau of Statistics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/discover/israel">The Israel Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" title="National Library of Israel">National Library of Israel</a></li></ul> General information <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/296740">Israel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14628835">Israel</a> at <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/israel/">Israel</a> at the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=Israel">Israel</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li></ul> Maps <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Israel" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Israel">Wikimedia Atlas of Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1473946">Israel</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Israel_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Israel_topics" title="Template:Israel topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Israel_topics" title="Template talk:Israel topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Israel_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Israel topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Israel_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jerusalem_during_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jerusalem during the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">Yishuv</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British mandate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel proxy conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Israeli_history" title="Timeline of Israeli history">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Israel" title="List of years in Israel">by year</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Israel" title="Geography of Israel">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Israel" title="Borders of Israel">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Israel" title="List of cities in Israel">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Israel" title="Districts of Israel">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Israel" title="List of lakes of Israel">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Galilee" title="Sea of Galilee">Sea of Galilee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_and_nature_reserves_of_Israel" title="National parks and nature reserves of Israel">National parks and nature reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Israel" title="List of rivers of Israel">Rivers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_River" title="Jordan River">Jordan River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Israel" title="Wildlife of Israel">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Israel" title="Politics of Israel">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Israel" title="Cabinet of Israel">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Israel" title="Prime Minister of Israel">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Israel" title="Elections in Israel">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Israel" title="List of political parties in Israel">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_law" title="Israeli law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_Laws_of_Israel" title="Basic Laws of Israel">Basic Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Israel" title="Judiciary of Israel">Judiciary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_system_of_government" title="Israeli system of government">System of government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_security_forces" title="Israeli security forces">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Israel" title="Censorship in Israel">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Israel" title="Civil defense in Israel">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_Community" title="Israeli Intelligence Community">Intelligence Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Directorate_(Israel)" title="Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)">Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossad" title="Mossad">Mossad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_Bet" title="Shin Bet">Shin Bet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Israel" title="Conscription in Israel">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Structure of the Israel Defense Forces">Structure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Police" title="Israel Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Israel" title="List of wars involving Israel">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli West Bank barrier">West Bank barrier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Israel" title="Economy of Israel">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Israel" title="Agriculture in Israel">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Israel" title="Banking in Israel">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Israel" title="List of companies of Israel">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_industry_in_Israel" title="Diamond industry in Israel">Diamond industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Israel" title="Energy in Israel">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Israel" title="Science and technology in Israel">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Israel" title="Taxation in Israel">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv_Stock_Exchange" title="Tel Aviv Stock Exchange">Tel Aviv Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Israel" title="Tourism in Israel">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Israel" title="Transport in Israel">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Israel" title="Water supply and sanitation in Israel">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Israel" title="Category:Society of Israel">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Israel" title="Crime in Israel">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Israel" title="Demographics of Israel">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Israel" title="Education in Israel">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Israel" title="Healthcare in Israel">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Israel" title="Human rights in Israel">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Israel">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Israel" title="Languages of Israel">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language_in_Israel" title="Arabic language in Israel">Arabic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Israel" title="Racism in Israel">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_Israel" title="Standard of living in Israel">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Feminism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Israel" title="Archaeology of Israel">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Israel" title="Architecture of Israel">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Israel" title="Cinema of Israel">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Israel" title="Mass media in Israel">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_museums" title="List of Israeli museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel" title="Music of Israel">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Israel" title="List of national symbols of Israel">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Israel" title="Public holidays in Israel">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Israel" title="Sport in Israel">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_in_Israel" title="Visual arts in Israel">Visual arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Israel" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Israel">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Israel" title="Outline of Israel">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Israel-related_articles" title="Index of Israel-related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Israel" title="Category:Israel">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Israel" title="Portal:Israel">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_of_the_Mediterranean_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marginal_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal seas">Marginal seas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Sardinia" title="Sea of Sardinia">Sea of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_with_limited_recognition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Template talk:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_with_limited_recognition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States with limited recognition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_with_limited_recognition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Details concerning <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_recognition" title="Diplomatic recognition">international recognition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy" title="Foreign policy">foreign relations</a> provided by the articles linked in parentheses</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">UN member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Armenia" title="Foreign relations of Armenia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_China" title="Foreign relations of China">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Republic of Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Cyprus">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">State of Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Israel" title="International recognition of Israel">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Israel" title="Foreign relations of Israel">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Republic of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">UN specialized agency members or <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_observers" title="United Nations General Assembly observers">GA observer</a> state</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Partially_unrecognised" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Partially unrecognised</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="International recognition of the State of Palestine">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Foreign relations of the State of Palestine">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Republic of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Kosovo" title="International recognition of Kosovo">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Kosovo_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Kosovo in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Foreign relations of the Cook Islands">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Niue" title="Foreign relations of Niue">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Non-UN member states</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised by at least one UN member</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Republic of Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Abkhazia" title="Foreign relations of Abkhazia">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Foreign relations of Northern Cyprus">relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membership_of_Northern_Cyprus_in_international_organizations" title="Membership of Northern Cyprus in international organizations">membership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="International recognition of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">Republic of South Ossetia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_recognition_of_Abkhazia_and_South_Ossetia" title="International recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia">recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Ossetia" title="Foreign relations of South Ossetia">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10.5em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised only by non-UN members</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Transnistria" title="Foreign relations of Transnistria">relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Republic of Somaliland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Somaliland" title="Foreign relations of Somaliland">relations</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Template talk:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zionism and the Land of Israel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zionism_and_the_Land_of_Israel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Independent Israel</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modern Israel</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> History<hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">History of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">History of ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism">Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism</a></li></ul> </div> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">The Jewish people</a><hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline of Jewish history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_leaders_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel">leaders</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Aliyah_in_modern_times" title="Chronology of Aliyah in modern times">Modern Jewish settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Culture of Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Return" title="Law of Return">Law of Return</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a> to 1948<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Zionism" title="Timeline of Zionism">timeline</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Declaration" title="Balfour Declaration">Balfour Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Palestine" title="Mandate for Palestine">Mandate document</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Mandatory Palestine</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Is-map.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel"><img alt="1949 cease-fire borders of Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/100px-Is-map.PNG" decoding="async" width="100" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/150px-Is-map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Is-map.PNG/200px-Is-map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="713" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="padding-bottom:1.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">History</a><hr /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Partition_Plan_for_Palestine" title="United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine">UN Partition Plan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a> </div> Politics<hr /> <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a> (<a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_peace_process" title="Israeli–Palestinian peace process">Peace process</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel conflict</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_alliance" title="Arab–Israeli alliance">Arab–Israeli alliance</a> Society and economy<hr /><a href="/wiki/Kibbutz" title="Kibbutz">Kibbutzim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshav" title="Moshav">Moshavim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Exodus from the Muslim world</a>, <a href="/wiki/Development_town" title="Development town">Development towns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austerity_in_Israel" title="Austerity in Israel">Austerity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_research_in_Israel" title="Agricultural research in Israel">Agriculture technology</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0;vertical-align:top;"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Contemporary Israel"><img alt="Contemporary Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/100px-Israel_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/150px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Israel_location_map.svg/200px-Israel_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="1141" /></a></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;vertical-align:top;line-height:1.45em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Green_Line_(Israel)" title="Green Line (Israel)">Green Line</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement" title="Israeli settlement">Israeli settlements</a> <a href="/wiki/Israeli_settlement_timeline" title="Israeli settlement timeline">Timeline</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_law_and_Israeli_settlements" class="mw-redirect" title="International law and Israeli settlements">International law</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_and_Samaria_Area" title="Judea and Samaria Area">Judea and Samaria Area</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> <a href="/wiki/Hof_Aza_Regional_Council" title="Hof Aza Regional Council">Hof Aza Regional Council</a> <a href="/wiki/East_Jerusalem" title="East Jerusalem">East Jerusalem</a> <a href="/wiki/Status_of_Jerusalem" title="Status of Jerusalem">Status of Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q801#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q801#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000403720767">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146498911">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/39145857073922921971">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204236/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdgWx83Xb7cjjrMXBJYyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027808-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79003285">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646298">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934249b">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118646298">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934249b">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564274">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV125816">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35237752">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129403&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451232">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90314250">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleweb.ncl.edu.tw/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=003585810&CON_LNG=ENG">Taiwan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000041751&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000051131">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000029617">Argentina</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt798x9f33sdv3p">Sweden</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=492/30218">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552535305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/03691455-bb46-37e3-91d2-cb064a35ffcc">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7681-7410">ORCID</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/018f8024-13f3-4856-b853-f66dca67e2f1">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876930">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/VBLVcPxk">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02638955X">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027262111">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003411">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035704">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fz82gn">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=13853">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/israil">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 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[\"CITEREFAvineri2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBar-Yosef1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarak-Erez2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBard2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarghouti2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarnai1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartonBowden2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBascomb2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBassok2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBat-Zeev_Shyldkrot2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeaumont2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeker2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Eliyahu2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Sasson1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen-Sasson1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_White2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenari2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBennet2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenny_Morris2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerman2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard_ReichDavid_H._Goldberg2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerner2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethell1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBooks\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBounfourEdvinsson,_Leif2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBramwell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBraunstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBregman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Blum2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrinn2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroshi1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroshi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBroughtonEllinghamTrillo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuchris2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCaneConaghan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharbit2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChua2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCleveland1999\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFClevelandBunton2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohenAri2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCole2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConstantinoiu2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDashefskyDella-PergolaSheskin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Goodblatt2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Tal2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDegani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDel_ChiaroTelleen-Lawton\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellaPergola2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDellaPergola2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeon_Geldenhuys1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDieckhoff2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiehl2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinersteinOlsonJoshiVynne2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDinstein2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDominic_Joseph_Caraccilo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorfman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuttaLanvinWunsch-Vincent2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEhrlich2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEisen2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElBaradei2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElgot2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllenblum2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElli_Wohlgelernter1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllis1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Maurice2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwbankPapageorgiou1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaust2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederman,_Josef2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerry_M.Meghraoui_M.Karaki_A.A.Al-Taj_M.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFildisNisanci2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelstein2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinkelsteinSilberman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFischbach2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlores2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFraser2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFriedberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrisch2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGat2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelber2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGelvin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeoffrey_W._Bromiley1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGetzoff2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhanem,_A._A.Rouhana,_N.Yiftachel,_O.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhanim2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGil1992\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGil1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilbert2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillett2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlassman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGnuse1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldenberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldreich2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGordon2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorenberg2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorstJohnman,_Lewis1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGouldMoav2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrabbe2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGradstein2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGross2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanAyalonBaronKauffman\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaberman1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaim_Yacobi2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHajjar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakohen2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalbfingerMcCann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHalpern1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammond\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarel2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarelIssacharoff2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarkavyNeuman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarpazHerzog2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHasel1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaviv_Rettig_Gur2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHelyerMcDonald2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHendel2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerman1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzl1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeyer2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeylin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHillier1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFImseis2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIoniță2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac_Alteras1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsfahan2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacoby2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_Yoskowitz2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenny_Hazan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeßbergerMehta2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoel_Schalit2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKameel_B._Nasr1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarsh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKashtiIlan2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKattan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatz2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKeane2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKellerman1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKershner2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKi-moon2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKieser2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKillebrew2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKing2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKingsley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoren2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKornberg1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoutsoukis2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKramer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauss2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrauthammer2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrawitz2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKretzmer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuhrt1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKurtzerLasensky,_Scott2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushner2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLake2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLappinLazaroff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaub1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLehmann2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLemche1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLettice2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipschits1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLipschits2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLustick1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLustick1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynfield2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacalisterMasterman1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacintyre2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakdisi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMandel1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaoz1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartínezBubola2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMazie2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeindert_Dijkstra2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeir-Glitzenstein2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendelRanta2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerHayes1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohammed_Mostafa_Kamal2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonacellaWare2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgenstern2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoris2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMorris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotti_Golani2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMowlanaGerbnerSchiller1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNebehay2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoah_Rayman2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Sullivan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECD2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOkunKhait-Marelly2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrna_Ben-NaftaliMichael_SfardHedi_Viterbo2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParaszczuk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeffer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPinfold2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlocker2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinovichReinharz,_Jehuda2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRabinovitch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRasgon2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRast1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavid2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRavivBen_David2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaz-Chaimovich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedmount2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRettig_Gur2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Behar2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRinat2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRincon2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Johnson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoger_Blench,_Matthew_Spriggs2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomano2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenfeld2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenzweig1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRudorenSengupta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamir_A._Mutawi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuels2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSandler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarah_Tory2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScharfstein1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchechtman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchiffEhud1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchoenherr2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwartz2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSegev2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahar_Ilan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahin2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShakir2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharot2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShetreetWoolf2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShimoni1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShindler2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlayRosen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShlomo_Shpiro2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShohamy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShteinbuk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShtrasler2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulewitz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiddique2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilke2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilver2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSlater2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpolsky1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarrMasci2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteiglitz1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStein2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStendel1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephanie_Nebehay2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoneZenner1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStub\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTabachnick2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalbot2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTareq_Y._Ismael1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTchernov1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTekiner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTessler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorstrick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTran2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTress2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsion2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTucker2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUzer2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWIPO\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWainerBen-David2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Laqueur2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatzman1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeill2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWheeler2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinfried_Nöth1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrobel2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYa\u0026#039;alon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYaakov2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYanivHaddadAssaf-Shapira2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYapp1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYarden_Skop2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYerman2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYiftachel,_O.1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoram_Ettinger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZorn2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZvi_ShtauberYiftah_Shapir2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFal-Mughrabi2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFe-Teacher2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFהר2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFלוי-רוביןLevy-Rubin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFסגל2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 6,\n [\"Abbr\"] = 4,\n [\"Administration in the Palestine region\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 10,\n [\"Audio\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 4,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 1,\n [\"Britannica\"] = 1,\n [\"Bulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"CURRENTYEAR\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 155,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 45,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 155,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 257,\n [\"Convert\"] = 10,\n [\"Coord\"] = 2,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Mediterranean Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Data Israel\"] = 5,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Formatnum:{{data Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 10,\n [\"Google books\"] = 18,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 22,\n [\"IPA\"] = 4,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 6,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Isbn\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel Geographical Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Israel populations\"] = 5,\n [\"Israel topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Israeli occupations navbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Lang-grc-gre\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 8,\n [\"Largest cities of Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 7,\n [\"M\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 32,\n [\"Main list\"] = 2,\n [\"Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"Native name\"] = 2,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 2,\n [\"Numrec\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"OSM relation\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 2,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Padleft:{{data Israel\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Percent\"] = 1,\n [\"Percentage\"] = 14,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 1,\n [\"Pop density\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 5,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 43,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Singular\"] = 2,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 4,\n [\"Sort\"] = 7,\n [\"States with limited recognition\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 6,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"Underline\"] = 1,\n [\"Update after\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 10,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Zionism and the Land of Israel\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","560","13.9"],["dataWrapper 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Israel","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Israel","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q801","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q801","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-11-14T19:53:20Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T12:44:04Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Flag_of_Israel.svg","headline":"country in the Middle East"}</script> </body> </html>