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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">CRISPR</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">2,991 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>CRISPR</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/CRISPR">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31312888 coauthored" data-work_id="31312888" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31312888/From_golden_rice_to_drought_tolerant_maize_and_new_techniques_controlling_plant_disease_can_we_expect_a_breakthrough_in_crop_production">From golden rice to drought-tolerant maize and new techniques controlling plant disease - can we expect a breakthrough in crop production?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">– This Minireview paper summarizes the views of the authors on the history and current status of golden rice – the highly promising concept of introducing new genes into existing rice strains to make them capable to accumulate beta... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31312888" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">– This Minireview paper summarizes the views of the authors on the history and current status of golden rice – the highly promising concept of introducing new genes into existing rice strains to make them capable to accumulate beta carotene (the biochemical precursor of vitamin A) in the grain. Based on the questionable success of genetically modified organisms to achieve a significant increase in food and feed production we speculate on the possibility of a breakthrough in this area via the latest discoveries in molecular biological techniques.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31312888" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a3343c910ceeed2d522ea1b63db69868" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51705301,"asset_id":31312888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51705301/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20485721" href="https://mta.academia.edu/TamasKomives">Tamas Komives</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20485721" type="text/json">{"id":20485721,"first_name":"Tamas","last_name":"Komives","domain_name":"mta","page_name":"TamasKomives","display_name":"Tamas Komives","profile_url":"https://mta.academia.edu/TamasKomives?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20485721/6354829/19024507/s65_tamas.komives.gif"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-31312888">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-31312888"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZoltanKiraly1">Zoltàn Kiràly</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-31312888'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-31312888').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31312888 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31312888"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31312888; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31312888]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31312888").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31312888").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31312888"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14933" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding">Plant Breeding</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14933" type="text/json">{"id":14933,"name":"Plant Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="20348" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_breeding_and_genetics">Plant breeding and genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="20348" type="text/json">{"id":20348,"name":"Plant breeding and genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_breeding_and_genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41368" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_Modified_Crops">Genetically Modified Crops</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41368" type="text/json">{"id":41368,"name":"Genetically Modified Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_Modified_Crops?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31312888]'), work: {"id":31312888,"title":"From golden rice to drought-tolerant maize and new techniques controlling plant disease - can we expect a breakthrough in crop production?","created_at":"2017-02-08T14:06:47.478-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31312888/From_golden_rice_to_drought_tolerant_maize_and_new_techniques_controlling_plant_disease_can_we_expect_a_breakthrough_in_crop_production?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_31312888","summary":"– This Minireview paper summarizes the views of the authors on the history and current status of golden rice – the highly promising concept of introducing new genes into existing rice strains to make them capable to accumulate beta carotene (the biochemical precursor of vitamin A) in the grain. Based on the questionable success of genetically modified organisms to achieve a significant increase in food and feed production we speculate on the possibility of a breakthrough in this area via the latest discoveries in molecular biological techniques.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51705301,"asset_id":31312888,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20485721,"first_name":"Tamas","last_name":"Komives","domain_name":"mta","page_name":"TamasKomives","display_name":"Tamas Komives","profile_url":"https://mta.academia.edu/TamasKomives?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20485721/6354829/19024507/s65_tamas.komives.gif"},{"id":59920092,"first_name":"Zoltàn","last_name":"Kiràly","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZoltanKiraly1","display_name":"Zoltàn Kiràly","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZoltanKiraly1?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14933,"name":"Plant Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":20348,"name":"Plant breeding and genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_breeding_and_genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":41368,"name":"Genetically Modified Crops","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_Modified_Crops?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":124526,"name":"Genetically modified organisms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetically_modified_organisms?f_ri=70125"},{"id":271859,"name":"Genetics and Plant Breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics_and_Plant_Breeding?f_ri=70125"},{"id":290215,"name":"Molecular biology and/or Plant breeding and Genetics of Stress Tolerence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_biology_and_or_Plant_breeding_and_Genetics_of_Stress_Tolerence?f_ri=70125"},{"id":431354,"name":"Plant Breeding and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":609422,"name":"Plant production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_production?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72676455" data-work_id="72676455" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72676455/Assessment_of_the_ratio_of_cross_matched_to_transfused_blood_amounts_in_pregnant_patients_in_Alzahra_Hospital_in_Tabriz_before_and_after_the_implementation_of_the_health_reform_program_in_2013_2015">Assessment of the ratio of cross-matched to transfused blood amounts in pregnant patients in Alzahra Hospital in Tabriz before and after the implementation of the health reform program in 2013-2015</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in women with vaginal or cesarean delivery. WHO statistics shows that about 500 thousands women have died of complications related to pregnancy or during childbirth... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72676455" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in women with vaginal or cesarean delivery. WHO statistics shows that about 500 thousands women have died of complications related to pregnancy or during childbirth in 2013. haemorrhage probability is the main reason to order blood requests in delivery and cesarean units. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ratio of cross-matched to transfused blood in pregnant women during one year before and after the implementation of health reform program. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, the requests of blood reserves for pregnant patients with the gravid of 34±7 weeks and the age of 30±16 years old in two periods, before and after the implementation of health reform program were being collected and compared. Blood group antiserums and anti-human globulins with bovine albumins were purchased from LORN company and Baharafshan Company respectively. Results: The total number of requests ...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72676455" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bdc13d3678be92409e97d2682769f641" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81510629,"asset_id":72676455,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81510629/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="61553260" href="https://independent.academia.edu/masoomehsamadishams">masoomeh samadi shams</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="61553260" type="text/json">{"id":61553260,"first_name":"masoomeh","last_name":"samadi shams","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"masoomehsamadishams","display_name":"masoomeh samadi shams","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/masoomehsamadishams?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61553260/28190531/26400109/s65_masoomeh.samadi_shams.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72676455 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72676455"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72676455, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72676455", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72676455]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72676455").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72676455").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72676455"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics">Medical Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2568" type="text/json">{"id":2568,"name":"Medical Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8089" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology">Virology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8089" type="text/json">{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="52409" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Genetics">Cancer Genetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="52409" type="text/json">{"id":52409,"name":"Cancer Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72676455]'), work: {"id":72676455,"title":"Assessment of the ratio of cross-matched to transfused blood amounts in pregnant patients in Alzahra Hospital in Tabriz before and after the implementation of the health reform program in 2013-2015","created_at":"2022-03-01T05:09:07.260-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72676455/Assessment_of_the_ratio_of_cross_matched_to_transfused_blood_amounts_in_pregnant_patients_in_Alzahra_Hospital_in_Tabriz_before_and_after_the_implementation_of_the_health_reform_program_in_2013_2015?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_72676455","summary":"Background: Postpartum hemorrhage is the most common cause of mortality in women with vaginal or cesarean delivery. WHO statistics shows that about 500 thousands women have died of complications related to pregnancy or during childbirth in 2013. haemorrhage probability is the main reason to order blood requests in delivery and cesarean units. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the ratio of cross-matched to transfused blood in pregnant women during one year before and after the implementation of health reform program. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective descriptive study, the requests of blood reserves for pregnant patients with the gravid of 34±7 weeks and the age of 30±16 years old in two periods, before and after the implementation of health reform program were being collected and compared. Blood group antiserums and anti-human globulins with bovine albumins were purchased from LORN company and Baharafshan Company respectively. Results: The total number of requests ...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81510629,"asset_id":72676455,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":61553260,"first_name":"masoomeh","last_name":"samadi shams","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"masoomehsamadishams","display_name":"masoomeh samadi shams","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/masoomehsamadishams?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/61553260/28190531/26400109/s65_masoomeh.samadi_shams.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2568,"name":"Medical Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8089,"name":"Virology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":52409,"name":"Cancer Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":103973,"name":"Medical Laboratory","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Laboratory?f_ri=70125"},{"id":178928,"name":"Male Infertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male_Infertility?f_ri=70125"},{"id":269637,"name":"Medical Laboratory Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Laboratory_Sciences?f_ri=70125"},{"id":609703,"name":"FTO gene","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/FTO_gene?f_ri=70125"},{"id":999436,"name":"Female Infertility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_Infertility?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44701276 coauthored" data-work_id="44701276" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44701276/Gene_editing_and_RNAi_approaches_for_COVID_19_diagnostics_and_therapeutics">Gene editing and RNAi approaches for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is a highly infectious acute respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (Prec Clin Med 2020;3:9-13, Lancet 2020;395:497-506, N. Engl J Med... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44701276" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is a highly infectious acute respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (Prec Clin Med 2020;3:9-13, Lancet 2020;395:497-506, N. Engl J Med 2020a;382:1199-207, Nature 2020;579:270-3). SARS-CoV-2 surveillance is essential to controlling widespread transmission. However, there are several challenges associated with the diagnostic of the COVID-19 during the current outbreak (Liu and Li (2019), Nature 2020;579:265-9, N. Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33). Firstly, the high number of cases overwhelms diagnostic test capacity and proposes the need for a rapid solution for sample processing (Science 2018;360:444-8). Secondly, SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to other important coronavirus species and subspecies, so detection assays can give false-positive results if they are not efficiently specific to SARS-CoV-2. Thirdly, patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection sometimes have a different respiratory viral infection or co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses (MedRxiv 2020a;1-18). Confirmation of the COVID-19 is performed mainly by virus isolation followed by RT-PCR and sequencing (N. Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33, MedRxiv 2020a, Turkish J Biol 2020;44:192-202). The emergence and outbreak of the novel coronavirus highlighted the urgent need for new therapeutic technologies that are fast, precise, stable, easy to manufacture, and target-specific for surveillance and treatment. Molecular biology tools that include gene-editing approaches such as CRISPR-Cas12/13-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, CARVER and PAC-MAN, antisense oligonucleotides, antisense peptide nucleic acids, ribozymes, aptamers, and RNAi silencing approaches produced with cutting-edge scientific advances compared to conventional diagnostic or treatment methods could be vital in COVID-19 and other future outbreaks. Thus, in this review, we will discuss potent the molecular biology approaches that can revolutionize diagnostic of viral infections and therapies to fight COVID-19 in a highly specific, stable, and efficient way. Highlights • SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that could be targeted and diagnosed with novel CRISPR approaches. • ASO therapy targeting transcript encoding a viral protein or genomic RNA itself could be developed as a response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44701276" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ef78c27c108b91c01de0eca1a39f4322" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65178708,"asset_id":44701276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65178708/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44701276">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44701276"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/berberburak">burak berber</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44701276'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44701276').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44701276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44701276"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44701276, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44701276", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44701276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44701276; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44701276"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44701276 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44701276"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44701276; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44701276]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44701276").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44701276").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44701276"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51121" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference">RNA interference</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="51121" type="text/json">{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="107108" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aptamers">Aptamers</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="107108" type="text/json">{"id":107108,"name":"Aptamers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aptamers?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3567366" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_COVID-19">Coronavirus COVID-19</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3567366" type="text/json">{"id":3567366,"name":"Coronavirus COVID-19","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_COVID-19?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44701276]'), work: {"id":44701276,"title":"Gene editing and RNAi approaches for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics","created_at":"2020-12-14T05:12:42.070-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44701276/Gene_editing_and_RNAi_approaches_for_COVID_19_diagnostics_and_therapeutics?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_44701276","summary":"The novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) is a highly infectious acute respiratory disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) (Prec Clin Med 2020;3:9-13, Lancet 2020;395:497-506, N. Engl J Med 2020a;382:1199-207, Nature 2020;579:270-3). SARS-CoV-2 surveillance is essential to controlling widespread transmission. However, there are several challenges associated with the diagnostic of the COVID-19 during the current outbreak (Liu and Li (2019), Nature 2020;579:265-9, N. Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33). Firstly, the high number of cases overwhelms diagnostic test capacity and proposes the need for a rapid solution for sample processing (Science 2018;360:444-8). Secondly, SARS-CoV-2 is closely related to other important coronavirus species and subspecies, so detection assays can give false-positive results if they are not efficiently specific to SARS-CoV-2. Thirdly, patients with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infection sometimes have a different respiratory viral infection or co-infections with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses (MedRxiv 2020a;1-18). Confirmation of the COVID-19 is performed mainly by virus isolation followed by RT-PCR and sequencing (N. Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33, MedRxiv 2020a, Turkish J Biol 2020;44:192-202). The emergence and outbreak of the novel coronavirus highlighted the urgent need for new therapeutic technologies that are fast, precise, stable, easy to manufacture, and target-specific for surveillance and treatment. Molecular biology tools that include gene-editing approaches such as CRISPR-Cas12/13-based SHERLOCK, DETECTR, CARVER and PAC-MAN, antisense oligonucleotides, antisense peptide nucleic acids, ribozymes, aptamers, and RNAi silencing approaches produced with cutting-edge scientific advances compared to conventional diagnostic or treatment methods could be vital in COVID-19 and other future outbreaks. Thus, in this review, we will discuss potent the molecular biology approaches that can revolutionize diagnostic of viral infections and therapies to fight COVID-19 in a highly specific, stable, and efficient way. Highlights • SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus that could be targeted and diagnosed with novel CRISPR approaches. • ASO therapy targeting transcript encoding a viral protein or genomic RNA itself could be developed as a response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65178708,"asset_id":44701276,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"},{"id":16435221,"first_name":"burak","last_name":"berber","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"berberburak","display_name":"burak berber","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/berberburak?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/16435221/4472894/38310208/s65_burak.berber.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":107108,"name":"Aptamers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aptamers?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3567366,"name":"Coronavirus COVID-19","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_COVID-19?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 PANDEMIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38942001" data-work_id="38942001" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38942001/PTK7_gene_expression_a_possible_milestone_in_combating_lung_cancer_A_literature_review">PTK7 gene expression, a possible milestone in combating lung cancer: A literature review</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">According to the WHO, cancer has taken away the lives of an estimate of 9.6 million people in 2018 globally. 1 in 6 deaths worldwide is caused by cancer, making it the second leading cause of death (WHO, 2018). This malignant disease is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38942001" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">According to the WHO, cancer has taken away the lives of an estimate of 9.6 million people in 2018 globally. 1 in 6 deaths worldwide is caused by cancer, making it the second leading cause of death (WHO, 2018). This malignant disease is characterized by an uncontrollable proliferation of the patient's own cells due to the activation of a tumor-initiating gene or the inhibition of a tumor-suppression gene. Such an activation or inhibition is usually triggered by external pressures, including radiation and viral infections, or internal pressures such as innate genetic predispositions. Knowing that cancer may occur in any cell capable of replication, one extremely fatal type of cancer which is sweeping nations worldwide is lung cancer. Throughout the past 40 years, despite the exorbitant amount of research invested, the overall survival rate of the major type of lung cancer has merely increased from 14% to 18%, and this statistic still holds true for today (Ron Chen, 2014). In 2018, out of the 2.09 million cases of lung cancer worldwide, only 330,000 individuals have survived their battle with cancer, which means that 84% of these cases died (WHO, 2018). Also, it is pivotal to keep in mind that lung cancer, in specific, has numerous risk factors. One factor that is exceptionally prevalent in our Lebanese society is smoking (Tobacco products), which not only affects smokers themselves, but also the people around them who are affected by secondhand smoke. Further influences include air pollution (Garbage crisis in Lebanon), exposure to asbestos, arsenic, and radiation. Therefore, lung cancer's inefficient<br />treatments, coupled with its extremely poor prognosis and prolific risk factors, affirm the need for a new approach for treatment.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38942001" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4e8ff9c2d786388966023ed301a9a8e6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59043661,"asset_id":38942001,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59043661/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="110375461" href="https://jhsph.academia.edu/KareemMedlej">Karim Medlej</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="110375461" type="text/json">{"id":110375461,"first_name":"Karim","last_name":"Medlej","domain_name":"jhsph","page_name":"KareemMedlej","display_name":"Karim Medlej","profile_url":"https://jhsph.academia.edu/KareemMedlej?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/110375461/26090414/35500526/s65_karim.medlej.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38942001 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38942001"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38942001, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38942001", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38942001 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38942001; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38942001"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38942001 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38942001"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38942001; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38942001]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38942001").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38942001").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38942001"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="586" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="586" type="text/json">{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6021" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer">Cancer</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="6021" type="text/json">{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38942001]'), work: {"id":38942001,"title":"PTK7 gene expression, a possible milestone in combating lung cancer: A literature review","created_at":"2019-04-26T16:51:21.566-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38942001/PTK7_gene_expression_a_possible_milestone_in_combating_lung_cancer_A_literature_review?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38942001","summary":"According to the WHO, cancer has taken away the lives of an estimate of 9.6 million people in 2018 globally. 1 in 6 deaths worldwide is caused by cancer, making it the second leading cause of death (WHO, 2018). This malignant disease is characterized by an uncontrollable proliferation of the patient's own cells due to the activation of a tumor-initiating gene or the inhibition of a tumor-suppression gene. Such an activation or inhibition is usually triggered by external pressures, including radiation and viral infections, or internal pressures such as innate genetic predispositions. Knowing that cancer may occur in any cell capable of replication, one extremely fatal type of cancer which is sweeping nations worldwide is lung cancer. Throughout the past 40 years, despite the exorbitant amount of research invested, the overall survival rate of the major type of lung cancer has merely increased from 14% to 18%, and this statistic still holds true for today (Ron Chen, 2014). In 2018, out of the 2.09 million cases of lung cancer worldwide, only 330,000 individuals have survived their battle with cancer, which means that 84% of these cases died (WHO, 2018). Also, it is pivotal to keep in mind that lung cancer, in specific, has numerous risk factors. One factor that is exceptionally prevalent in our Lebanese society is smoking (Tobacco products), which not only affects smokers themselves, but also the people around them who are affected by secondhand smoke. Further influences include air pollution (Garbage crisis in Lebanon), exposure to asbestos, arsenic, and radiation. Therefore, lung cancer's inefficient\ntreatments, coupled with its extremely poor prognosis and prolific risk factors, affirm the need for a new approach for treatment.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59043661,"asset_id":38942001,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":110375461,"first_name":"Karim","last_name":"Medlej","domain_name":"jhsph","page_name":"KareemMedlej","display_name":"Karim Medlej","profile_url":"https://jhsph.academia.edu/KareemMedlej?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/110375461/26090414/35500526/s65_karim.medlej.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":11816,"name":"Tumor Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor_Immunology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":19632,"name":"Molecular Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Genetics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":23067,"name":"DNA repair","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_repair?f_ri=70125"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125"},{"id":27784,"name":"Gene expression","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_expression?f_ri=70125"},{"id":51698,"name":"Lung Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lung_Cancer?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":251887,"name":"Tumor","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tumor?f_ri=70125"},{"id":373945,"name":"Cancer Cures","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Cures?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40855670" data-work_id="40855670" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40855670/CRISPR_Cas_Antimikrobiyaller">CRISPR-Cas Antimikrobiyaller</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mevcut antibiyotik stratejileri spesifik olmayıp; dirençli bakteriler, direnç geni olmayan bakterilerin çoğalmasına izin vererek direnç genlerinin bakteri popülasyonunda yayılmalarını sağlamaktadır. Ancak, genetik mühendislik... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40855670" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mevcut antibiyotik stratejileri spesifik olmayıp; dirençli bakteriler, direnç geni olmayan bakterilerin çoğalmasına izin vererek direnç genlerinin bakteri popülasyonunda yayılmalarını sağlamaktadır. Ancak, genetik mühendislik teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte özellikle virülans veya antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterileri hedef alabilecek yeni antimikrobiyal silahlar üretilebilir. Bunların başında, bakterilerin bakteriyofaj virüslerine karşı sahip oldukları adaptif immün sistem olarak tanımlanan CRISPR-Cas mekanizması gelmektedir. Bu nedenle, CRISPR-Cas antimikrobiyalleri, bakterilere karşı en yeni savunma hattı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40855670" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1fcdfd1cced081f09ab153db6daece41" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61141945,"asset_id":40855670,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61141945/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40855670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40855670"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40855670, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40855670", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40855670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40855670; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40855670"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40855670 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40855670"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40855670; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40855670]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40855670").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40855670").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40855670"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40855670]'), work: {"id":40855670,"title":"CRISPR-Cas Antimikrobiyaller","created_at":"2019-11-06T01:10:35.994-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40855670/CRISPR_Cas_Antimikrobiyaller?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_40855670","summary":"Mevcut antibiyotik stratejileri spesifik olmayıp; dirençli bakteriler, direnç geni olmayan bakterilerin çoğalmasına izin vererek direnç genlerinin bakteri popülasyonunda yayılmalarını sağlamaktadır. Ancak, genetik mühendislik teknolojilerinin gelişmesiyle birlikte özellikle virülans veya antibiyotiğe dirençli bakterileri hedef alabilecek yeni antimikrobiyal silahlar üretilebilir. Bunların başında, bakterilerin bakteriyofaj virüslerine karşı sahip oldukları adaptif immün sistem olarak tanımlanan CRISPR-Cas mekanizması gelmektedir. Bu nedenle, CRISPR-Cas antimikrobiyalleri, bakterilere karşı en yeni savunma hattı olabileceği düşünülmektedir.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61141945,"asset_id":40855670,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_82366632" data-work_id="82366632" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82366632/Bacteriophage_therapy_a_potential_solution_for_the_antibiotic_resistance_crisis">Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_82366632" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage therapy is an important alternative to antibiotics in the current era of drug-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages have played an important role in the expansion of molecular biology and have been used as antibacterial agents since 1966. In this review, we describe a brief history of bacteriophages and clinical studies on their use in bacterial disease prophylaxis and therapy. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents in this regard.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/82366632" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a6cebdf0ecb9542be8792210ef348252" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":88099283,"asset_id":82366632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88099283/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="101978433" href="https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar">Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="101978433" type="text/json">{"id":101978433,"first_name":"Zhabiz","last_name":"Golkar, Ph.D.","domain_name":"claflin","page_name":"ZhabizGolkar","display_name":"Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101978433/22436608/21641005/s65_zhabiz.golkar_ph.d..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_82366632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="82366632"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 82366632, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_82366632", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_82366632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82366632; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_82366632"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_82366632 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="82366632"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82366632; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82366632]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_82366632").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_82366632").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="82366632"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8090" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8090" type="text/json">{"id":8090,"name":"Bacteriophages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9815" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries">Developing Countries</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9815" type="text/json">{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=82366632]'), work: {"id":82366632,"title":"Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis","created_at":"2022-06-29T11:21:13.640-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/82366632/Bacteriophage_therapy_a_potential_solution_for_the_antibiotic_resistance_crisis?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_82366632","summary":"The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage therapy is an important alternative to antibiotics in the current era of drug-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages have played an important role in the expansion of molecular biology and have been used as antibacterial agents since 1966. In this review, we describe a brief history of bacteriophages and clinical studies on their use in bacterial disease prophylaxis and therapy. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of bacteriophages as therapeutic agents in this regard.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":88099283,"asset_id":82366632,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":101978433,"first_name":"Zhabiz","last_name":"Golkar, Ph.D.","domain_name":"claflin","page_name":"ZhabizGolkar","display_name":"Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101978433/22436608/21641005/s65_zhabiz.golkar_ph.d..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8090,"name":"Bacteriophages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":9815,"name":"Developing Countries","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Developing_Countries?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":35620,"name":"Antibiotic Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotic_Resistance?f_ri=70125"},{"id":64568,"name":"Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humans?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":98134,"name":"United States","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/United_States?f_ri=70125"},{"id":99234,"name":"Animals","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animals?f_ri=70125"},{"id":183098,"name":"Phage Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phage_Therapy?f_ri=70125"},{"id":251655,"name":"Antibiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antibiotics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":335984,"name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anti-Bacterial_Agents?f_ri=70125"},{"id":587528,"name":"Bacterial infections","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacterial_infections?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1135141,"name":"Bacteriophage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophage?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3186953,"name":"biological therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/biological_therapy?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35358306" data-work_id="35358306" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35358306/Is_CRISPR_an_Ethical_Game_Changer">Is CRISPR an Ethical Game Changer?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR gene-editing technology has been hailed as 'revolutionary' and 'groundbreaking' (Zhang and Zhou 2014; Mariscal and Petropanagos 2016). It is viewed as a 'game-changer' in biology and is being adopted and deployed at a 'breakneck... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35358306" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR gene-editing technology has been hailed as 'revolutionary' and 'groundbreaking' (Zhang and Zhou 2014; Mariscal and Petropanagos 2016). It is viewed as a 'game-changer' in biology and is being adopted and deployed at a 'breakneck pace' (Ledford 2015a, 20–21). CRISPR is significantly cheaper, more versatile, and more effective than previous genetic engineering technologies and this has reignited the optimism among scientists in the possibility of a genuine genetic revolution. However, it has also been noted that the pace of adoption and use of CRISPR has left little time for ethical reflection (Doudna 2015; Baltimore et al. 2015). This paper aims to begin filling that gap by evaluating the ethics of using CRISPR on non-human animals in comparison to previous techniques. My aim is to assess whether CRISPR is as much an ethical game-changer as it is a scientific one. Although there are a variety of ethical issues related to genetic engineering, I will focus my attention on two: first, the popular intrinsic objection to genetic engineering that it is wrong because it involves crossing species boundaries; and second, general concerns relating to animal welfare. Based on consideration of these issues, I suggest that CRISPR can be construed as an ethical game-changer insofar as it substantially alters the landscape of ethical debate. It reduces the force of some ethical concerns while heightening the force of others and encourages us to rethink the overall debate and the regulatory frameworks we develop to monitor and guide genetic engineering.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35358306" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d33f8d8148886a56df3b5efee48dc905" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55761569,"asset_id":35358306,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55761569/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="310462" href="https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin">Marcus Schultz-Bergin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="310462" type="text/json">{"id":310462,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schultz-Bergin","domain_name":"csuohio","page_name":"MarcusSchultzBergin","display_name":"Marcus Schultz-Bergin","profile_url":"https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/310462/62481/18506856/s65_marcus.schultz-bergin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35358306 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35358306"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35358306, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35358306", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35358306 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35358306; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35358306"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35358306 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35358306"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35358306; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35358306]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35358306").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35358306").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35358306"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics">Animal Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3234" type="text/json">{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41749" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering">Genetic Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41749" type="text/json">{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35358306]'), work: {"id":35358306,"title":"Is CRISPR an Ethical Game Changer?","created_at":"2017-12-06T07:58:05.132-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35358306/Is_CRISPR_an_Ethical_Game_Changer?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35358306","summary":"CRISPR gene-editing technology has been hailed as 'revolutionary' and 'groundbreaking' (Zhang and Zhou 2014; Mariscal and Petropanagos 2016). It is viewed as a 'game-changer' in biology and is being adopted and deployed at a 'breakneck pace' (Ledford 2015a, 20–21). CRISPR is significantly cheaper, more versatile, and more effective than previous genetic engineering technologies and this has reignited the optimism among scientists in the possibility of a genuine genetic revolution. However, it has also been noted that the pace of adoption and use of CRISPR has left little time for ethical reflection (Doudna 2015; Baltimore et al. 2015). This paper aims to begin filling that gap by evaluating the ethics of using CRISPR on non-human animals in comparison to previous techniques. My aim is to assess whether CRISPR is as much an ethical game-changer as it is a scientific one. Although there are a variety of ethical issues related to genetic engineering, I will focus my attention on two: first, the popular intrinsic objection to genetic engineering that it is wrong because it involves crossing species boundaries; and second, general concerns relating to animal welfare. Based on consideration of these issues, I suggest that CRISPR can be construed as an ethical game-changer insofar as it substantially alters the landscape of ethical debate. It reduces the force of some ethical concerns while heightening the force of others and encourages us to rethink the overall debate and the regulatory frameworks we develop to monitor and guide genetic engineering.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55761569,"asset_id":35358306,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":310462,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schultz-Bergin","domain_name":"csuohio","page_name":"MarcusSchultzBergin","display_name":"Marcus Schultz-Bergin","profile_url":"https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/310462/62481/18506856/s65_marcus.schultz-bergin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36491518" data-work_id="36491518" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36491518/She_Has_Her_Mothers_Laugh_The_Powers_Perversions_and_Potential_of_Heredity">She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">“One of the most gifted science journalists of his generation, Carl Zimmer tells a gripping human story about heredity from misguided notions that have caused terrible harm to recent ongoing research that promises to unleash more powerful... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36491518" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">“One of the most gifted science journalists of his generation, Carl Zimmer tells a gripping human story about heredity from misguided notions that have caused terrible harm to recent ongoing research that promises to unleash more powerful technologies than the world has ever known.  The breadth of his perspective is extraordinarily compelling, compassionate, and valuable.  Please read this book now.” <br />—Jennifer Doudna, UC Berkeley, coauthor of A Crack in Creation</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36491518" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="32d0d166e4b0179fd064762ebddef48c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56410722,"asset_id":36491518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56410722/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="646518" href="https://yale.academia.edu/CarlZimmer">Carl Zimmer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="646518" type="text/json">{"id":646518,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"Zimmer","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"CarlZimmer","display_name":"Carl Zimmer","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/CarlZimmer?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/646518/222920/260777/s65_carl.zimmer.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36491518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36491518"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36491518, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36491518", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36491518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36491518; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36491518"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36491518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36491518"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36491518; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36491518]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36491518").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36491518").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36491518"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22404" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics">Epigenetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22404" type="text/json">{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="42324" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity">Heredity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="42324" type="text/json">{"id":42324,"name":"Heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="53948" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome">Human Microbiome</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="53948" type="text/json">{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36491518]'), work: {"id":36491518,"title":"She Has Her Mother's Laugh: The Powers, Perversions, and Potential of Heredity","created_at":"2018-04-24T13:19:13.744-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36491518/She_Has_Her_Mothers_Laugh_The_Powers_Perversions_and_Potential_of_Heredity?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_36491518","summary":"“One of the most gifted science journalists of his generation, Carl Zimmer tells a gripping human story about heredity from misguided notions that have caused terrible harm to recent ongoing research that promises to unleash more powerful technologies than the world has ever known. The breadth of his perspective is extraordinarily compelling, compassionate, and valuable. Please read this book now.” \n—Jennifer Doudna, UC Berkeley, coauthor of A Crack in Creation","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56410722,"asset_id":36491518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":646518,"first_name":"Carl","last_name":"Zimmer","domain_name":"yale","page_name":"CarlZimmer","display_name":"Carl Zimmer","profile_url":"https://yale.academia.edu/CarlZimmer?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/646518/222920/260777/s65_carl.zimmer.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":42324,"name":"Heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heredity?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":53948,"name":"Human Microbiome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Microbiome?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":146556,"name":"History of heredity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_heredity?f_ri=70125"},{"id":265454,"name":"Ancestry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ancestry?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64128103" data-work_id="64128103" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64128103/Procreative_Beneficence_and_Genetic_Enhancement">Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scienti c breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64128103" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scienti c breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into public discourse, how the genetic enhancement of humans should be evaluated morally. In 2001, when preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF), enabled parents to select between multiple embryos, Julian Savulescu introduced the principle of procreative bene cence (PPB), stating that parents have the obligations to choose the child that is expected to have the best life. In this paper I argue that accepting the PPB and the consequentialist principle (CP) that two acts with the same consequences are morally on par, commits one to accepting the parental obligation of genetically enhancing one&#39;s children.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64128103" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4aa738d08ba43635a236ea502de6a3cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76304972,"asset_id":64128103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76304972/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44262267" href="https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit">Walter Veit</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44262267" type="text/json">{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64128103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64128103"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64128103, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64128103", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64128103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64128103; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64128103"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64128103 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64128103"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64128103; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64128103]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64128103").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64128103").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64128103"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="221" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology">Psychology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="221" type="text/json">{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12977" type="text/json">{"id":12977,"name":"Consequentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64128103]'), work: {"id":64128103,"title":"Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement","created_at":"2021-12-14T12:24:08.709-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64128103/Procreative_Beneficence_and_Genetic_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_64128103","summary":"Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scienti c breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into public discourse, how the genetic enhancement of humans should be evaluated morally. In 2001, when preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF), enabled parents to select between multiple embryos, Julian Savulescu introduced the principle of procreative bene cence (PPB), stating that parents have the obligations to choose the child that is expected to have the best life. In this paper I argue that accepting the PPB and the consequentialist principle (CP) that two acts with the same consequences are morally on par, commits one to accepting the parental obligation of genetically enhancing one\u0026#39;s children.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76304972,"asset_id":64128103,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":12977,"name":"Consequentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":78435,"name":"Genetic Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":220358,"name":"Designer Babies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Designer_Babies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":963620,"name":"Julian Savulescu","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Julian_Savulescu?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1159040,"name":"Procreative beneficence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Procreative_beneficence?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79583289" data-work_id="79583289" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79583289/Plant_genome_editing_using_engineered_nucleases_and_success_of_CRISPR_Cas9_system">Plant genome editing using engineered nucleases and success of CRISPR/Cas9 system</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Development of new plant breeding techniques have facilitated easy manipulation of plants at genetic level. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9) system is a valuable addition... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_79583289" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Development of new plant breeding techniques have facilitated easy manipulation of plants at genetic level. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9) system is a valuable addition in programmable nucleases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses an RNA component to recognize a target DNA sequences and it has shown promising results with respect to simultaneous editing of multigenic plant traits. In this review, components of CRISPR/Cas9, their construction and its methods of delivery to plant cells are analyzed. Variation in nucleotide sequence of the protospacer adjacent motif, codon optimization and progress in web-based bioinformatic tools, will make CRISPR/Cas9 systems more efficient for plants. Development and optimization of protocols to efficiently targ et all plant species is still under development. Along with this, methods to inspect induced mutation and efficiency of the system have also been reviewed. Auxiliary improvement...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79583289" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37ba5fc46fa13a730cef4cd7c87b0bf4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86248216,"asset_id":79583289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86248216/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="120412502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/adeelrana16">adeel rana</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="120412502" type="text/json">{"id":120412502,"first_name":"adeel","last_name":"rana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"adeelrana16","display_name":"adeel rana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/adeelrana16?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120412502/49871297/37860614/s65_adeel.rana.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79583289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79583289"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79583289, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79583289", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79583289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79583289; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79583289"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79583289 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79583289"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79583289; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79583289]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79583289").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79583289").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79583289"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5398" type="text/json">{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="143342" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Engineering">Genome Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="143342" type="text/json">{"id":143342,"name":"Genome Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79583289]'), work: {"id":79583289,"title":"Plant genome editing using engineered nucleases and success of CRISPR/Cas9 system","created_at":"2022-05-21T06:12:06.452-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79583289/Plant_genome_editing_using_engineered_nucleases_and_success_of_CRISPR_Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_79583289","summary":"Development of new plant breeding techniques have facilitated easy manipulation of plants at genetic level. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR associated protein9 (Cas9) system is a valuable addition in programmable nucleases. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses an RNA component to recognize a target DNA sequences and it has shown promising results with respect to simultaneous editing of multigenic plant traits. In this review, components of CRISPR/Cas9, their construction and its methods of delivery to plant cells are analyzed. Variation in nucleotide sequence of the protospacer adjacent motif, codon optimization and progress in web-based bioinformatic tools, will make CRISPR/Cas9 systems more efficient for plants. Development and optimization of protocols to efficiently targ et all plant species is still under development. Along with this, methods to inspect induced mutation and efficiency of the system have also been reviewed. Auxiliary improvement...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86248216,"asset_id":79583289,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":120412502,"first_name":"adeel","last_name":"rana","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"adeelrana16","display_name":"adeel rana","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/adeelrana16?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/120412502/49871297/37860614/s65_adeel.rana.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":143342,"name":"Genome Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1494128,"name":"guide RNA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/guide_RNA?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49593627" data-work_id="49593627" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49593627/Madison_Gemma_Thesis">Madison Gemma - Thesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna made history on October 7th, 2020 for being the first all-female recipient team of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Charpentier and Dounda’s use of clustered regularly interspaced short... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49593627" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna made history on October 7th, 2020  for being the first all-female recipient team of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Charpentier  and Dounda’s use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the associated (Cas) proteins (the CRISPR-Cas system) is essentially a ‘‘genetic <br />scissor’ that allows researchers to specially design a DNA template to edit the genome. Described as a revolutionary technology contributing to new cancer therapies and making the dream of curing inherited diseases come true, CRISPR is branded as the face of genetic engineering and medical treatment. However, there are potential downsides to the <br />sudden rise of CRISPR. As the technology progresses, so does the discussion of ethical implications for use on humans; CRISPR debates have revealed deep disagreements over definitions of disability and quality of life. Using the history of eugenics as a starting point, I argue that CRISPR replicates and is an extension of the foundation of eugenics <br />under the definition of ‘neo-eugenics'. ‘Neo-eugenics’ is the theoretical and clinical approach to manipulating physical and mental attributes for a desired outcome on a molecular level via gene editing (Comfort, 2018). I use three case studies to examine current ethical debates surrounding CRISPR and bioengineering: Deafness, Dwarfism, and Down Syndrome. Each chapter follows the dialogue about genetic engineering between activists, bioethicists and philosophers, and scientists. Using these three case studies, I find that CRISPR has the potential to be a dangerous shift against disabled communities and bring about the casual acceptance of eugenics in the twenty-first century.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49593627" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="604fd14e60c77517da8dd13ecc46fd47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67912572,"asset_id":49593627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67912572/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="185681317" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MadisonGemma">Madison Gemma</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="185681317" type="text/json">{"id":185681317,"first_name":"Madison","last_name":"Gemma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadisonGemma","display_name":"Madison Gemma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadisonGemma?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49593627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49593627"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49593627, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49593627", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49593627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49593627; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49593627"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49593627 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49593627"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49593627; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49593627]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49593627").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49593627").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49593627"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="68" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering">Bioengineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="68" type="text/json">{"id":68,"name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7336" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_History">Disability History</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7336" type="text/json">{"id":7336,"name":"Disability History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_History?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34802" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability">Disability</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34802" type="text/json">{"id":34802,"name":"Disability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49593627]'), work: {"id":49593627,"title":"Madison Gemma - Thesis","created_at":"2021-07-07T18:10:25.158-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49593627/Madison_Gemma_Thesis?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_49593627","summary":"Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer Doudna made history on October 7th, 2020 for being the first all-female recipient team of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Charpentier and Dounda’s use of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and the associated (Cas) proteins (the CRISPR-Cas system) is essentially a ‘‘genetic \nscissor’ that allows researchers to specially design a DNA template to edit the genome. Described as a revolutionary technology contributing to new cancer therapies and making the dream of curing inherited diseases come true, CRISPR is branded as the face of genetic engineering and medical treatment. However, there are potential downsides to the \nsudden rise of CRISPR. As the technology progresses, so does the discussion of ethical implications for use on humans; CRISPR debates have revealed deep disagreements over definitions of disability and quality of life. Using the history of eugenics as a starting point, I argue that CRISPR replicates and is an extension of the foundation of eugenics \nunder the definition of ‘neo-eugenics'. ‘Neo-eugenics’ is the theoretical and clinical approach to manipulating physical and mental attributes for a desired outcome on a molecular level via gene editing (Comfort, 2018). I use three case studies to examine current ethical debates surrounding CRISPR and bioengineering: Deafness, Dwarfism, and Down Syndrome. Each chapter follows the dialogue about genetic engineering between activists, bioethicists and philosophers, and scientists. Using these three case studies, I find that CRISPR has the potential to be a dangerous shift against disabled communities and bring about the casual acceptance of eugenics in the twenty-first century. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67912572,"asset_id":49593627,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":185681317,"first_name":"Madison","last_name":"Gemma","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MadisonGemma","display_name":"Madison Gemma","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MadisonGemma?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":68,"name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7336,"name":"Disability History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability_History?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":34802,"name":"Disability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disability?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_46861515" data-work_id="46861515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/46861515/Paths_of_least_resilience_advancing_a_methodology_to_assess_the_sustainability_of_food_system_innovations_the_case_of_CRISPR">Paths of least resilience: advancing a methodology to assess the sustainability of food system innovations - the case of CRISPR</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The current public health crisis has shed light on one of food systems’ most pressing challenges: reaching sustainable food security for all in a way that meets environmental and socio- economic sustainability. It has further confirmed... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_46861515" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The current public health crisis has shed light on one of food systems’ most pressing challenges: reaching sustainable food security for all in a way that meets environmental and socio- economic sustainability. It has further confirmed that the logic of industrial agriculture has led our food<br />systems down an unsustain-able path, and that we must urgently change course. Agroecology is increasingly offered as the transformative and comprehensive solution that delivers benefits across all dimensions of sustainability. Yet, proponents of “business-as-usual” approaches continue to insist that producing higher, more resilient yields – particularly through new genomic techniques such as CRISPR/Cas – will serve as the means to ensure long-term food system resilience. Given the urgency for food systems transformation and drawing on agroecology as the paradigm shift we need, this article considers how new technologies can be assessed to evaluate their compatibility<br />with food systems sustainability. Using the example of CRISPR/Cas, this article offers a preliminary framework for assessment based on FAO’s 10 Elements of Agroecology. The purpose here is not to offer a comprehensive and definite assessment of CRISPR/Cas, but to serve as an example to highlight the need for holistic assessment tools when considering the development and uptake of new agricultural technologies.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/46861515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9038c565727c7cac7a92a19b4103d55e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66267052,"asset_id":46861515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66267052/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1181931" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChantalClement">Chantal Clement</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1181931" type="text/json">{"id":1181931,"first_name":"Chantal","last_name":"Clement","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChantalClement","display_name":"Chantal Clement","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChantalClement?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1181931/421230/21978677/s65_chantal.clement.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_46861515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="46861515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 46861515, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_46861515", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_46861515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46861515; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_46861515"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_46861515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="46861515"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 46861515; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=46861515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_46861515").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_46861515").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="46861515"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3528" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology">Agroecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3528" type="text/json">{"id":3528,"name":"Agroecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3539" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems">Food Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3539" type="text/json">{"id":3539,"name":"Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5398" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology">Biotechnology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5398" type="text/json">{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture">Agriculture</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="10225" type="text/json">{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=46861515]'), work: {"id":46861515,"title":"Paths of least resilience: advancing a methodology to assess the sustainability of food system innovations - the case of CRISPR","created_at":"2021-04-14T08:00:58.524-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/46861515/Paths_of_least_resilience_advancing_a_methodology_to_assess_the_sustainability_of_food_system_innovations_the_case_of_CRISPR?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_46861515","summary":"The current public health crisis has shed light on one of food systems’ most pressing challenges: reaching sustainable food security for all in a way that meets environmental and socio- economic sustainability. It has further confirmed that the logic of industrial agriculture has led our food\nsystems down an unsustain-able path, and that we must urgently change course. Agroecology is increasingly offered as the transformative and comprehensive solution that delivers benefits across all dimensions of sustainability. Yet, proponents of “business-as-usual” approaches continue to insist that producing higher, more resilient yields – particularly through new genomic techniques such as CRISPR/Cas – will serve as the means to ensure long-term food system resilience. Given the urgency for food systems transformation and drawing on agroecology as the paradigm shift we need, this article considers how new technologies can be assessed to evaluate their compatibility\nwith food systems sustainability. Using the example of CRISPR/Cas, this article offers a preliminary framework for assessment based on FAO’s 10 Elements of Agroecology. The purpose here is not to offer a comprehensive and definite assessment of CRISPR/Cas, but to serve as an example to highlight the need for holistic assessment tools when considering the development and uptake of new agricultural technologies.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66267052,"asset_id":46861515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1181931,"first_name":"Chantal","last_name":"Clement","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChantalClement","display_name":"Chantal Clement","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChantalClement?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1181931/421230/21978677/s65_chantal.clement.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3528,"name":"Agroecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3539,"name":"Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":81291,"name":"Sustainable Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Food_Systems?f_ri=70125"},{"id":396195,"name":"Genomics and Gene Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics_and_Gene_Technology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":594414,"name":"CRISPR Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR_Systems?f_ri=70125"},{"id":640830,"name":"Global Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Global_Food_Systems?f_ri=70125"},{"id":811539,"name":"Agroecology and Sustainble Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agroecology_and_Sustainble_Agriculture?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1031232,"name":"Sustainable Food \u0026 Farming","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Food_and_Farming?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41975991 coauthored" data-work_id="41975991" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41975991/CRISPRs_Twisted_Tales_Clarifying_Misconceptions_about_Heritable_Genome_Editing">CRISPR's Twisted Tales: Clarifying Misconceptions about Heritable Genome Editing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The raging controversy about whether heritable genome editing should be permitted is shaped and structured by the prevailing and countervailing narratives in circulation. In recent years, considerable shortcomings have come to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41975991" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The raging controversy about whether heritable genome editing should be permitted is shaped and structured by the prevailing and countervailing narratives in circulation. In recent years, considerable shortcomings have come to characterize this discourse; it is now time to identify and correct a number of serious misunderstandings and distortions that have taken hold. This essay begins by briefly evaluating reactions to the November 2018 announcement that gene-edited babies had been born; it asserts that widespread agreement about the researcher’s recklessness and dire ethical violations concealed deep fault lines among participants in the heritable genome editing debate. It goes on to consider several key omissions and misrepresentations that distort public understanding and undermine genuine debate. It suggests that the conversation must be refocused away from technical, medical, and scientific considerations toward matters of societal meanings, values, context, and consequences. It concludes with criteria for a broadly inclusive and meaningful decision-making process about whether heritable genome editing has any place in the shared and just future to which we aspire.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41975991" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a7c1ff51b193efae84c675f93dda7b9e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62100750,"asset_id":41975991,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62100750/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46149373" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MDarnovsky">Marcy Darnovsky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46149373" type="text/json">{"id":46149373,"first_name":"Marcy","last_name":"Darnovsky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MDarnovsky","display_name":"Marcy Darnovsky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MDarnovsky?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41975991">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41975991"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/KatieHasson">Katie Hasson</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41975991'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41975991').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41975991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41975991"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41975991, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41975991", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41975991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41975991; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41975991"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41975991 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41975991"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41975991; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41975991]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41975991").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41975991").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41975991"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47452" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement">Public Engagement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47452" type="text/json">{"id":47452,"name":"Public Engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="355304" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement_with_Science_and_Technology">Public Engagement with Science and Technology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="355304" type="text/json">{"id":355304,"name":"Public Engagement with Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement_with_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41975991]'), work: {"id":41975991,"title":"CRISPR's Twisted Tales: Clarifying Misconceptions about Heritable Genome Editing","created_at":"2020-02-14T10:33:41.626-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41975991/CRISPRs_Twisted_Tales_Clarifying_Misconceptions_about_Heritable_Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_41975991","summary":"The raging controversy about whether heritable genome editing should be permitted is shaped and structured by the prevailing and countervailing narratives in circulation. In recent years, considerable shortcomings have come to characterize this discourse; it is now time to identify and correct a number of serious misunderstandings and distortions that have taken hold. This essay begins by briefly evaluating reactions to the November 2018 announcement that gene-edited babies had been born; it asserts that widespread agreement about the researcher’s recklessness and dire ethical violations concealed deep fault lines among participants in the heritable genome editing debate. It goes on to consider several key omissions and misrepresentations that distort public understanding and undermine genuine debate. It suggests that the conversation must be refocused away from technical, medical, and scientific considerations toward matters of societal meanings, values, context, and consequences. It concludes with criteria for a broadly inclusive and meaningful decision-making process about whether heritable genome editing has any place in the shared and just future to which we aspire.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62100750,"asset_id":41975991,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46149373,"first_name":"Marcy","last_name":"Darnovsky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MDarnovsky","display_name":"Marcy Darnovsky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MDarnovsky?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":257784,"first_name":"Katie","last_name":"Hasson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KatieHasson","display_name":"Katie Hasson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KatieHasson?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":47452,"name":"Public Engagement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":355304,"name":"Public Engagement with Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Engagement_with_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38904824 coauthored" data-work_id="38904824" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38904824/Are_scientists_reactions_to_CRISPR_babies_about_ethics_or_self_governance_STAT_op_ed_">Are scientists' reactions to 'CRISPR babies' about ethics or selfgovernance? (STAT op-ed)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">It’s been two months since Chinese scientist He Jiankui shocked the world with the announcement that his lab had created the first genetically edited babies. Since then, much of the public furor surrounding the news has died down, even as... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38904824" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">It’s been two months since Chinese scientist He Jiankui shocked the world with the announcement that his lab had created the first genetically edited babies. Since then, much of the public furor surrounding the news has died down, even as He has been fired by the Southern University of Science and Technology. There is one important takeaway from the controversy that seems to have gone overlooked in the CRISPR ethics discussion: defining the ethics of editing human life should not be left to scientists alone.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38904824" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fa268f662b529038ce761903487400b1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59003681,"asset_id":38904824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59003681/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37063809" href="https://au.academia.edu/NinaMar%C3%ADaFrahm">Nina María Frahm</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37063809" type="text/json">{"id":37063809,"first_name":"Nina María","last_name":"Frahm","domain_name":"au","page_name":"NinaMaríaFrahm","display_name":"Nina María Frahm","profile_url":"https://au.academia.edu/NinaMar%C3%ADaFrahm?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37063809/16825093/158647854/s65_nina_mar_a.frahm.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38904824">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38904824"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://uab.academia.edu/TessDoezema">Tess Doezema</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38904824'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38904824').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38904824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38904824"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38904824, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38904824", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38904824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38904824; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38904824"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38904824 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38904824"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38904824; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38904824]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38904824").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38904824").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38904824"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="141778" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Emerging_Technologies">Ethics of Emerging Technologies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="141778" type="text/json">{"id":141778,"name":"Ethics of Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Emerging_Technologies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1257133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing">Gene Editing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1257133" type="text/json">{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38904824]'), work: {"id":38904824,"title":"Are scientists' reactions to 'CRISPR babies' about ethics or selfgovernance? (STAT op-ed)","created_at":"2019-04-23T07:53:36.081-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38904824/Are_scientists_reactions_to_CRISPR_babies_about_ethics_or_self_governance_STAT_op_ed_?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38904824","summary":"It’s been two months since Chinese scientist He Jiankui shocked the world with the announcement that his lab had created the first genetically edited babies. Since then, much of the public furor surrounding the news has died down, even as He has been fired by the Southern University of Science and Technology. There is one important takeaway from the controversy that seems to have gone overlooked in the CRISPR ethics discussion: defining the ethics of editing human life should not be left to scientists alone.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59003681,"asset_id":38904824,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37063809,"first_name":"Nina María","last_name":"Frahm","domain_name":"au","page_name":"NinaMaríaFrahm","display_name":"Nina María Frahm","profile_url":"https://au.academia.edu/NinaMar%C3%ADaFrahm?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37063809/16825093/158647854/s65_nina_mar_a.frahm.jpg"},{"id":5512395,"first_name":"Tess","last_name":"Doezema","domain_name":"uab","page_name":"TessDoezema","display_name":"Tess Doezema","profile_url":"https://uab.academia.edu/TessDoezema?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5512395/4376436/5079940/s65_tess.doezema.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":141778,"name":"Ethics of Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Emerging_Technologies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39987074" data-work_id="39987074" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39987074/Frankenstein_and_the_Question_of_Childrens_Rights_After_Human_Germline_Genetic_Modification">Frankenstein and the Question of Children's Rights After Human Germline Genetic Modification</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Prominent critics and skeptics of genetic engineering have treated the ethical issue of human germline genetic modification (HGGM) as if it were still science fiction, like the artificially made Creature imagined in Mary Shelley’s 1818... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39987074" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Prominent critics and skeptics of genetic engineering have treated the ethical issue of human germline genetic modification (HGGM) as if it were still science fiction, like the artificially made Creature imagined in Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein. After surveying the history of making genetically modified (GM) children through three-person IVF since the late 1990s, I sketch a framework for a normative political theory of the rights of the GM children made from heritable biotechnological interventions in the human genome. In light of the history and trajectory of HGGM, the preeminent hard question is no longer “Should science genetically engineer children?” An equally difficult question is “What are the rights of the GM child?” The source of all speculative fiction, Frankenstein presciently addresses the latter question by having the Creature articulate a child’s fundamental and universal rights to both parental love and nondiscrimination, regardless of reproductive circumstances or genetic features.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39987074" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="57d8791d412e44a8107605c388529b2f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60179111,"asset_id":39987074,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60179111/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="190404" href="https://nd.academia.edu/EileenHuntBotting">Eileen M . Hunt</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="190404" type="text/json">{"id":190404,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Hunt","domain_name":"nd","page_name":"EileenHuntBotting","display_name":"Eileen M . Hunt","profile_url":"https://nd.academia.edu/EileenHuntBotting?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/190404/46120/29236827/s65_eileen_hunt.botting.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39987074 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39987074"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39987074, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39987074", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39987074 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39987074; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39987074"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39987074 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39987074"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39987074; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39987074]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39987074").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39987074").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39987074"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2592" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights">Human Rights</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2592" type="text/json">{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11067" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Ethics">Reproductive Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11067" type="text/json">{"id":11067,"name":"Reproductive Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28025" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankenstein">Frankenstein</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28025" type="text/json">{"id":28025,"name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankenstein?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39987074]'), work: {"id":39987074,"title":"Frankenstein and the Question of Children's Rights After Human Germline Genetic Modification","created_at":"2019-08-01T07:25:43.265-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39987074/Frankenstein_and_the_Question_of_Childrens_Rights_After_Human_Germline_Genetic_Modification?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_39987074","summary":"Prominent critics and skeptics of genetic engineering have treated the ethical issue of human germline genetic modification (HGGM) as if it were still science fiction, like the artificially made Creature imagined in Mary Shelley’s 1818 novel Frankenstein. After surveying the history of making genetically modified (GM) children through three-person IVF since the late 1990s, I sketch a framework for a normative political theory of the rights of the GM children made from heritable biotechnological interventions in the human genome. In light of the history and trajectory of HGGM, the preeminent hard question is no longer “Should science genetically engineer children?” An equally difficult question is “What are the rights of the GM child?” The source of all speculative fiction, Frankenstein presciently addresses the latter question by having the Creature articulate a child’s fundamental and universal rights to both parental love and nondiscrimination, regardless of reproductive circumstances or genetic features.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60179111,"asset_id":39987074,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":190404,"first_name":"Eileen","last_name":"Hunt","domain_name":"nd","page_name":"EileenHuntBotting","display_name":"Eileen M . Hunt","profile_url":"https://nd.academia.edu/EileenHuntBotting?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/190404/46120/29236827/s65_eileen_hunt.botting.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2592,"name":"Human Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Rights?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11067,"name":"Reproductive Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":28025,"name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankenstein?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1456979,"name":"Three-Parent Fertilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Three-Parent_Fertilization?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36842135" data-work_id="36842135" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36842135/Une_nouvelle_saison_dans_la_s%C3%A9rie_des_controverses_sur_les_biotechnologies_en_agriculture">Une nouvelle saison dans la série des controverses sur les biotechnologies en agriculture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Comment le dossier des V(r)TH a hérité du conflit des OGM Francis Chateauraynaud (GSPR-EHESS) Version du 26 février 2018 Le vote de la loi française de 2008 sur les OGM, transposition tardive et intensément débattue de la directive... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36842135" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Comment le dossier des V(r)TH a hérité du conflit des OGM <br />Francis Chateauraynaud (GSPR-EHESS) Version du 26 février 2018<br /> Le vote de la loi française de 2008 sur les OGM, transposition tardive et intensément débattue de la directive européenne de 2001, avait réussi à faire bifurquer, sans le clore définitivement, un conflit historique. Le cas des OGM n'a pas de véritable précédent et a durablement marqué les politiques du risque, au croisement des biotechnologies, de l'agriculture et de l'environnement, sur plusieurs échelles d'action et de jugement – de la parcelle aux arènes internationales. En France, fin 2008, la plupart des observateurs tablaient sur une période de calme relatif, fondée sur le compromis instauré par la loi et dont le concept de coexistence, forgé un peu plus tôt à l'échelle européenne, formulait le principe 2. Si, comme dans d'autres domaines, les conflits autour des biotechnologies passent par des périodes de silence, ou de faible intensité, ils ne sont jamais complètement éteints. Sans redéployer l'histoire mouvementée des OGM, marquée par plusieurs phases de mobilisations 3 , il faut d'abord rappeler que ce dossier a surtout pris la forme d'un conflit autour des modèles agricoles, transformant les rapports de forces et de légitimités entre les acteurs, en laissant des traces profondes dans de multiples champs d'expertise. S'il a produit des innovations notables en matière d'évaluation des risques –dont la création du Haut Conseil des Biotechnologies–, le dossier des OGM a mis durablement l'ensemble du système d'expertise « sous pression ». Et tout indique que ce n'est pas fini. Les croisements de plus en plus fréquents entre les alertes sanitaires relatives aux pesticides ou aux herbicides, et les enjeux agronomiques, économiques et juridiques liés aux différents modèles 1 Ce texte a servi de base à la contribution au rapport d'évaluation de l'ANSES, Risques et bénéfices liés à l'utilisation des variétés rendues tolérantes aux herbicides non-transgéniques cultivées en France (rapport final prévu dont la sortie publique est prévue pour octobre 2018). Cette expertise collective a été menée suite à la saisine du 4 mars 2015 par la ministre de l'Ecologie, Ségolène Royal. Cette saisine faisait suite à un amendement introduit dans les discussions de la loi sur la biodiversité. Selon la ministre qui défendait l'amendement : « Le problème existe puisque ces plantes sont quasiment des OGM, sans moratoire cependant. J'ai saisi l'Anses le 4 mars dernier avec le ministre de l'agriculture-je peux vous communiquer la lettre de mission. Votre amendement pourrait accélérer ce dossier, en montrant la volonté du législateur de faire la lumière sur le sujet ».</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36842135" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f66fce61752a6225296a1d0a29b803e0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56794798,"asset_id":36842135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56794798/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="196902" href="https://ehess.academia.edu/FrancisChateauraynaud">Francis Chateauraynaud</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="196902" type="text/json">{"id":196902,"first_name":"Francis","last_name":"Chateauraynaud","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"FrancisChateauraynaud","display_name":"Francis Chateauraynaud","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/FrancisChateauraynaud?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196902/1520699/1848918/s65_francis.chateauraynaud.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36842135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36842135"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36842135, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36842135", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36842135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36842135; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36842135"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36842135 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36842135"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36842135; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36842135]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36842135").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36842135").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36842135"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1851" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expertise">Expertise</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1851" type="text/json">{"id":1851,"name":"Expertise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expertise?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10225" type="text/json">{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="50361" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociologie">Sociologie</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="50361" type="text/json">{"id":50361,"name":"Sociologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociologie?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36842135]'), work: {"id":36842135,"title":"Une nouvelle saison dans la série des controverses sur les biotechnologies en agriculture","created_at":"2018-06-14T03:39:08.038-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36842135/Une_nouvelle_saison_dans_la_s%C3%A9rie_des_controverses_sur_les_biotechnologies_en_agriculture?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_36842135","summary":"Comment le dossier des V(r)TH a hérité du conflit des OGM \nFrancis Chateauraynaud (GSPR-EHESS) Version du 26 février 2018\n Le vote de la loi française de 2008 sur les OGM, transposition tardive et intensément débattue de la directive européenne de 2001, avait réussi à faire bifurquer, sans le clore définitivement, un conflit historique. Le cas des OGM n'a pas de véritable précédent et a durablement marqué les politiques du risque, au croisement des biotechnologies, de l'agriculture et de l'environnement, sur plusieurs échelles d'action et de jugement – de la parcelle aux arènes internationales. En France, fin 2008, la plupart des observateurs tablaient sur une période de calme relatif, fondée sur le compromis instauré par la loi et dont le concept de coexistence, forgé un peu plus tôt à l'échelle européenne, formulait le principe 2. Si, comme dans d'autres domaines, les conflits autour des biotechnologies passent par des périodes de silence, ou de faible intensité, ils ne sont jamais complètement éteints. Sans redéployer l'histoire mouvementée des OGM, marquée par plusieurs phases de mobilisations 3 , il faut d'abord rappeler que ce dossier a surtout pris la forme d'un conflit autour des modèles agricoles, transformant les rapports de forces et de légitimités entre les acteurs, en laissant des traces profondes dans de multiples champs d'expertise. S'il a produit des innovations notables en matière d'évaluation des risques –dont la création du Haut Conseil des Biotechnologies–, le dossier des OGM a mis durablement l'ensemble du système d'expertise « sous pression ». Et tout indique que ce n'est pas fini. Les croisements de plus en plus fréquents entre les alertes sanitaires relatives aux pesticides ou aux herbicides, et les enjeux agronomiques, économiques et juridiques liés aux différents modèles 1 Ce texte a servi de base à la contribution au rapport d'évaluation de l'ANSES, Risques et bénéfices liés à l'utilisation des variétés rendues tolérantes aux herbicides non-transgéniques cultivées en France (rapport final prévu dont la sortie publique est prévue pour octobre 2018). Cette expertise collective a été menée suite à la saisine du 4 mars 2015 par la ministre de l'Ecologie, Ségolène Royal. Cette saisine faisait suite à un amendement introduit dans les discussions de la loi sur la biodiversité. Selon la ministre qui défendait l'amendement : « Le problème existe puisque ces plantes sont quasiment des OGM, sans moratoire cependant. J'ai saisi l'Anses le 4 mars dernier avec le ministre de l'agriculture-je peux vous communiquer la lettre de mission. Votre amendement pourrait accélérer ce dossier, en montrant la volonté du législateur de faire la lumière sur le sujet ». ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56794798,"asset_id":36842135,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":196902,"first_name":"Francis","last_name":"Chateauraynaud","domain_name":"ehess","page_name":"FrancisChateauraynaud","display_name":"Francis Chateauraynaud","profile_url":"https://ehess.academia.edu/FrancisChateauraynaud?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/196902/1520699/1848918/s65_francis.chateauraynaud.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1851,"name":"Expertise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Expertise?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":50361,"name":"Sociologie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociologie?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":134527,"name":"Risks","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risks?f_ri=70125"},{"id":251667,"name":"GMOs","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GMOs?f_ri=70125"},{"id":413505,"name":"OGM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/OGM?f_ri=70125"},{"id":446765,"name":"Biotechnologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnologies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":624878,"name":"Gestion Risques","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gestion_Risques?f_ri=70125"},{"id":662310,"name":"Géologie/ Eau/ Environnement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geologie_Eau_Environnement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2973622,"name":"NPBT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/NPBT?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35641140" data-work_id="35641140" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35641140/Should_CRISPR_Scientists_Play_God">Should CRISPR Scientists Play God?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Will CRISPR usher in a new era of Promethean overreach? CRISPR makes gene editing widely available and cheap. Anti-play-god bioethicists fear that geneticists will play god and precipitate a backlash from nature that could be devastating.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35641140" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Will CRISPR usher in a new era of Promethean overreach? CRISPR makes gene editing widely available and cheap. Anti-play-god bioethicists fear that geneticists will play god and precipitate a backlash from nature that could be devastating. In contrast to the anti-play-god bioethicists, this article recommends that laboratory science invoke the Precautionary Principle: pause at the yellow caution light, but then with constant risk-assessment proceed ahead.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35641140" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8cafa2a96f86ddfbf7e67364219698cc" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55510390,"asset_id":35641140,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55510390/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33677969" href="https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters">Ted Peters</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33677969" type="text/json">{"id":33677969,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"ctns","page_name":"TedPeters","display_name":"Ted Peters","profile_url":"https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33677969/9927886/11069324/s65_ted.peters.jpg_oh_34adacbdedfb3f8a18dbdf3d06fe63b2_oe_5635c154___gda___1446545857_7e837067f13ee935c4488b90e18938eb"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35641140 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35641140"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35641140, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35641140", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35641140]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35641140").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35641140").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35641140"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells">Stem Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3642" type="text/json">{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle">Precautionary Principle</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="22182" type="text/json">{"id":22182,"name":"Precautionary Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35641140]'), work: {"id":35641140,"title":"Should CRISPR Scientists Play God?","created_at":"2018-01-11T05:56:58.049-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35641140/Should_CRISPR_Scientists_Play_God?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35641140","summary":"Will CRISPR usher in a new era of Promethean overreach? CRISPR makes gene editing widely available and cheap. Anti-play-god bioethicists fear that geneticists will play god and precipitate a backlash from nature that could be devastating. In contrast to the anti-play-god bioethicists, this article recommends that laboratory science invoke the Precautionary Principle: pause at the yellow caution light, but then with constant risk-assessment proceed ahead.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55510390,"asset_id":35641140,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33677969,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"ctns","page_name":"TedPeters","display_name":"Ted Peters","profile_url":"https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33677969/9927886/11069324/s65_ted.peters.jpg_oh_34adacbdedfb3f8a18dbdf3d06fe63b2_oe_5635c154___gda___1446545857_7e837067f13ee935c4488b90e18938eb"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":22182,"name":"Precautionary Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":162706,"name":"Prometheus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prometheus?f_ri=70125"},{"id":662285,"name":"Genetic Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":919963,"name":"Germ Line Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germ_Line_Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1177866,"name":"Playing God","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Playing_God?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2720799,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34127155" data-work_id="34127155" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34127155/CRISPR_Eugenik_Kritische_Anmerkungen_zur_historischen_Bezugnahme_in_der_gegenw%C3%A4rtigen_Verhandlung_der_Genom_Editierung">CRISPR-Eugenik? Kritische Anmerkungen zur historischen Bezugnahme in der gegenwärtigen Verhandlung der Genom-Editierung</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In den letzten fünf Jahren ist ein wachsendes Interesse an den neuen Möglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung zu erkennen. So zeigen sich nicht nur eine rasant steigende Zahl an Studien und wissenschaftlichen Publikation zu CRISPR und Co., die... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34127155" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In den letzten fünf Jahren ist ein wachsendes Interesse an den neuen Möglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung zu erkennen. So zeigen sich nicht nur eine rasant steigende Zahl an Studien und wissenschaftlichen Publikation zu CRISPR und Co., die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung werden auch breit in den öffentlichen Medien verhandelt. Zahlreiche Magazine, darunter Der Spiegel, The Economist, National Geographic oder auch TIME haben dem Thema mittlerweile eine eigene Titelseite gewidmet. Die Rezeption in Wissenschaft und den Medien ist dabei von moralische Ambiguität gekennzeichnet. Während regelmäßig darauf hingewiesen wird, dass die neuen und zukünftigen Möglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung eine ,schnelle, präzise, einfache und kostengünstige' Möglichkeit zur Veränderung von Lebewesen darstellen, wird zugleich eine Warnung hinterhergeschoben: zwar biete die Genom-Editierung in der klinischen Anwendung große Potenziale bezüglich somatischer Gentherapien. Die neuen Werkzeuge dürften allerdings nicht zur Veränderung der Keimbahn dienen, zumindest nicht, um mit entsprechend veränderten Embryonen oder Keimbahnzellen eine Schwangerschaft herbeizuführen. Exemplarisch sind in diesem Zusammenhang die zwei weit rezipierten Kommentare in Nature und Science zu nennen, die kurz vor der Veröffentlichung der ersten Versuche an menschlichen Embryonen durch ein chinesisches Forscherteam veröffentlich wurden. 1 Die Sorgen um die möglichen Gefahren der Genom-Editierung kulminieren dabei in der Behauptung, dass entsprechende Techniken zur Veränderung der Keimbahn zu einer Form der Eugenik führten. So findet sich in der Reihe an Magazinen, die den Durchbrüchen der Genom-Editierung eine Titelgeschichte widmeten, auch The Spectator wieder. Der dort eingeschlagene Ton ist düster: " Eugenics is back " lesen wir, bebildert von Föten und einem Säugling in einer Petrischale. 2 Diese Sorge einer Rückkehr oder auch Erneuerung ,der Eugenik' zieht sich nicht nur durch die journalistische Presse. Die Wissenschaftshistoriker und Eugenik-Forscher Daniel J. Kevles und Nathaniel C. Comfort haben sich im Zuge der Auseinandersetzung mit CRISPR um eine Parallelisierung mit der vergangenen Eugenik bemüht 3 und auch in Science wurde ein entsprechender Vergleich aufgegriffen. Kurz bevor das Magazin CRISPR zur technischen Entwicklung des Jahres 2015 prämierte, druckte es einen besorgten</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34127155" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e286fe1f62389984b3af9f1d90cc47e4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54055115,"asset_id":34127155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54055115/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53373" href="https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch">Robert Ranisch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53373" type="text/json">{"id":53373,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Ranisch","domain_name":"wipcad-potsdam","page_name":"RobertRanisch","display_name":"Robert Ranisch","profile_url":"https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34127155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34127155"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34127155, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34127155", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34127155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34127155; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34127155"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34127155 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34127155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34127155; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34127155]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34127155").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34127155").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34127155"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2036" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics">History Of Eugenics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2036" type="text/json">{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="31721" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics_History_">Eugenics (History)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="31721" type="text/json">{"id":31721,"name":"Eugenics (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics_History_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41749" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering">Genetic Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41749" type="text/json">{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34127155]'), work: {"id":34127155,"title":"CRISPR-Eugenik? Kritische Anmerkungen zur historischen Bezugnahme in der gegenwärtigen Verhandlung der Genom-Editierung","created_at":"2017-08-03T23:25:27.807-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34127155/CRISPR_Eugenik_Kritische_Anmerkungen_zur_historischen_Bezugnahme_in_der_gegenw%C3%A4rtigen_Verhandlung_der_Genom_Editierung?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_34127155","summary":"In den letzten fünf Jahren ist ein wachsendes Interesse an den neuen Möglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung zu erkennen. So zeigen sich nicht nur eine rasant steigende Zahl an Studien und wissenschaftlichen Publikation zu CRISPR und Co., die Anwendungsmöglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung werden auch breit in den öffentlichen Medien verhandelt. Zahlreiche Magazine, darunter Der Spiegel, The Economist, National Geographic oder auch TIME haben dem Thema mittlerweile eine eigene Titelseite gewidmet. Die Rezeption in Wissenschaft und den Medien ist dabei von moralische Ambiguität gekennzeichnet. Während regelmäßig darauf hingewiesen wird, dass die neuen und zukünftigen Möglichkeiten der Genom-Editierung eine ,schnelle, präzise, einfache und kostengünstige' Möglichkeit zur Veränderung von Lebewesen darstellen, wird zugleich eine Warnung hinterhergeschoben: zwar biete die Genom-Editierung in der klinischen Anwendung große Potenziale bezüglich somatischer Gentherapien. Die neuen Werkzeuge dürften allerdings nicht zur Veränderung der Keimbahn dienen, zumindest nicht, um mit entsprechend veränderten Embryonen oder Keimbahnzellen eine Schwangerschaft herbeizuführen. Exemplarisch sind in diesem Zusammenhang die zwei weit rezipierten Kommentare in Nature und Science zu nennen, die kurz vor der Veröffentlichung der ersten Versuche an menschlichen Embryonen durch ein chinesisches Forscherteam veröffentlich wurden. 1 Die Sorgen um die möglichen Gefahren der Genom-Editierung kulminieren dabei in der Behauptung, dass entsprechende Techniken zur Veränderung der Keimbahn zu einer Form der Eugenik führten. So findet sich in der Reihe an Magazinen, die den Durchbrüchen der Genom-Editierung eine Titelgeschichte widmeten, auch The Spectator wieder. Der dort eingeschlagene Ton ist düster: \" Eugenics is back \" lesen wir, bebildert von Föten und einem Säugling in einer Petrischale. 2 Diese Sorge einer Rückkehr oder auch Erneuerung ,der Eugenik' zieht sich nicht nur durch die journalistische Presse. Die Wissenschaftshistoriker und Eugenik-Forscher Daniel J. Kevles und Nathaniel C. Comfort haben sich im Zuge der Auseinandersetzung mit CRISPR um eine Parallelisierung mit der vergangenen Eugenik bemüht 3 und auch in Science wurde ein entsprechender Vergleich aufgegriffen. Kurz bevor das Magazin CRISPR zur technischen Entwicklung des Jahres 2015 prämierte, druckte es einen besorgten","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54055115,"asset_id":34127155,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53373,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Ranisch","domain_name":"wipcad-potsdam","page_name":"RobertRanisch","display_name":"Robert Ranisch","profile_url":"https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":31721,"name":"Eugenics (History)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics_History_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":76278,"name":"Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":78435,"name":"Genetic Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":108433,"name":"Ethics of Human Genetic Engineeting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Human_Genetic_Engineeting?f_ri=70125"},{"id":167702,"name":"Ethics of genetic enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_genetic_enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":420680,"name":"Eugenics and Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics_and_Bioethics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1253071,"name":"Crispr-cas System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crispr-cas_System?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1899224,"name":"Liberal Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liberal_Eugenics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2720799,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36768851" data-work_id="36768851" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36768851/_Redesigning_Humans_2018_Th_de_Jong_H_Schigt_H_Spanier_D_Kolakowska">"Redesigning Humans" (2018). Th. de Jong, H. Schigt, H. Spanier, D. Kolakowska</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Metaphysical analysis of important aspects in Gregory Stock's groundbreaking book "Redesigning Humans" (2002).</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36768851" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ed42b1d393d24cbcab52c7578dcb9be4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56718920,"asset_id":36768851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56718920/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="81719087" href="https://radboud.academia.edu/ThecladeJong">Thecla de Jong</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="81719087" type="text/json">{"id":81719087,"first_name":"Thecla","last_name":"de Jong","domain_name":"radboud","page_name":"ThecladeJong","display_name":"Thecla de Jong","profile_url":"https://radboud.academia.edu/ThecladeJong?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81719087/19850866/126297574/s65_thecla.de_jong.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36768851 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36768851"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36768851, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36768851", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36768851]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_36768851").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_36768851").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="36768851"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12770" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Science">Metaphysics of Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12770" type="text/json">{"id":12770,"name":"Metaphysics of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3390952" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gregory_Stock">Gregory Stock</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3390952" type="text/json">{"id":3390952,"name":"Gregory Stock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gregory_Stock?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3390953" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redesigning_Humans">Redesigning Humans</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3390953" type="text/json">{"id":3390953,"name":"Redesigning Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redesigning_Humans?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=36768851]'), work: {"id":36768851,"title":"\"Redesigning Humans\" (2018). \r\n Th. de Jong, H. 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Kolakowska","created_at":"2018-06-03T05:44:40.652-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/36768851/_Redesigning_Humans_2018_Th_de_Jong_H_Schigt_H_Spanier_D_Kolakowska?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_36768851","summary":"Metaphysical analysis of important aspects in Gregory Stock's groundbreaking book \"Redesigning Humans\" (2002).","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56718920,"asset_id":36768851,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":81719087,"first_name":"Thecla","last_name":"de Jong","domain_name":"radboud","page_name":"ThecladeJong","display_name":"Thecla de Jong","profile_url":"https://radboud.academia.edu/ThecladeJong?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/81719087/19850866/126297574/s65_thecla.de_jong.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12770,"name":"Metaphysics of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaphysics_of_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3390952,"name":"Gregory Stock","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gregory_Stock?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3390953,"name":"Redesigning Humans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Redesigning_Humans?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3390954,"name":"CrisprCas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CrisprCas?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3390955,"name":"Ethical aspects of Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethical_aspects_of_Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39335170" data-work_id="39335170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39335170/Science_Technology_and_Ethics_Hacking_Darwin_with_Jamie_Metzl_PhD">Science, Technology and Ethics: Hacking Darwin with Jamie Metzl, PhD</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The genetics revolution that will transform our healthcare, the way we make babies, the nature of the babies we make, and ultimately our evolution as a species has already begun. It will arrive far sooner than most of us think and will... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39335170" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The genetics revolution that will transform our healthcare, the way we make babies, the nature of the babies we make, and ultimately our evolution as a species has already begun. It will arrive far sooner than most of us think and will transform our lives and the world around us in ways we can hardly imagine - and we aren't ready. If you have a sense that the genetics revolution is important but recognize you need to know more about what’s happening, what’s at stake, what this means for you, and what you should be doing now to prepare. <br /><br />Could this be the most important book of our generation?</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39335170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dbc2fb5e4f123066cfc0feadb98accfa" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59475832,"asset_id":39335170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59475832/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="157547" href="https://centerforglobalinitiatives.academia.edu/ChrisStout">Chris Stout</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="157547" type="text/json">{"id":157547,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Stout","domain_name":"centerforglobalinitiatives","page_name":"ChrisStout","display_name":"Chris Stout","profile_url":"https://centerforglobalinitiatives.academia.edu/ChrisStout?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/157547/86968/94913/s65_chris.stout.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39335170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39335170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39335170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39335170", }); 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It will arrive far sooner than most of us think and will transform our lives and the world around us in ways we can hardly imagine - and we aren't ready. If you have a sense that the genetics revolution is important but recognize you need to know more about what’s happening, what’s at stake, what this means for you, and what you should be doing now to prepare. \n\nCould this be the most important book of our generation?\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59475832,"asset_id":39335170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":157547,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Stout","domain_name":"centerforglobalinitiatives","page_name":"ChrisStout","display_name":"Chris Stout","profile_url":"https://centerforglobalinitiatives.academia.edu/ChrisStout?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/157547/86968/94913/s65_chris.stout.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10117,"name":"Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Single_Nucleotide_Polymorphisms_SNPs_?f_ri=70125"},{"id":22404,"name":"Epigenetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epigenetics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":23471,"name":"Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Wide_Association_Studies_GWAS_?f_ri=70125"},{"id":27854,"name":"Darwin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwin?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":49374,"name":"Hacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hacking?f_ri=70125"},{"id":61214,"name":"Longevity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longevity?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":74399,"name":"IVF","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IVF?f_ri=70125"},{"id":86617,"name":"GMO Biosafety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GMO_Biosafety?f_ri=70125"},{"id":126300,"name":"Big Data","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Big_Data?f_ri=70125"},{"id":521881,"name":"World Health Organization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/World_Health_Organization?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1031565,"name":"Biohacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1173343,"name":"Precision Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precision_Medicine?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1844720,"name":"Computer Science Data Mining Artificial Intelligence Artificial Neural Network Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science_Data_Mining_Artificial_Intelligence_Artificial_Neural_Network_Algorithms?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39987607" data-work_id="39987607" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39987607/The_Future_of_Medicine_with_Genetic_Engineering_Techniques_Gene_Therapies">The Future of Medicine with Genetic Engineering Techniques: Gene Therapies</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a part of a person's genome, suffering from hereditary/familial/rare diseases, to repair a defective gene to maintain its functional phenotype. At the beginning of the 2000s, upon the introduction... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39987607" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a part of a person's genome, suffering from hereditary/familial/rare diseases, to repair a defective gene to maintain its functional phenotype. At the beginning of the 2000s, upon the introduction of the human genome project, genetic disorders that have caused many diseases have come to light and the development of gene therapy methods has been accelerated to repair these damaged DNA sequences.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39987607" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ac0bf3e3363ef9a71d7c7b6cd379b42b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60179518,"asset_id":39987607,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60179518/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39987607 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39987607"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39987607, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39987607", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39987607]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39987607").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39987607").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39987607"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39987607]'), work: {"id":39987607,"title":"The Future of Medicine with Genetic Engineering Techniques: Gene Therapies","created_at":"2019-08-01T08:06:11.145-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39987607/The_Future_of_Medicine_with_Genetic_Engineering_Techniques_Gene_Therapies?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_39987607","summary":"Gene therapy is a technique that modifies a part of a person's genome, suffering from hereditary/familial/rare diseases, to repair a defective gene to maintain its functional phenotype. 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Today's Frankenfear arises from worry that laboratory scientists will trespass against the sacredness of nature, and that nature will retaliate with fiendish violence. Apprehension that scientists might be playing god surfaces with public fear over environmental degradation, climate change, genetic engineering, cloning, and global nuclear war. Is such Frankenfear realistic? Or, is it paranoia? Theologically, there is no ground for fearing that scientists are playing god. Instead of stopping research based on paranoia, courageous future-oriented scientists should proceed with caution.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36315263" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="928997ea65604e5e054a52ad3755ab1e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56222226,"asset_id":36315263,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56222226/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33677969" href="https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters">Ted Peters</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33677969" type="text/json">{"id":33677969,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"ctns","page_name":"TedPeters","display_name":"Ted Peters","profile_url":"https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33677969/9927886/11069324/s65_ted.peters.jpg_oh_34adacbdedfb3f8a18dbdf3d06fe63b2_oe_5635c154___gda___1446545857_7e837067f13ee935c4488b90e18938eb"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_36315263 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="36315263"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36315263, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_36315263", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_36315263 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36315263; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_36315263"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_36315263 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36315263"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36315263; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); 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Today's Frankenfear arises from worry that laboratory scientists will trespass against the sacredness of nature, and that nature will retaliate with fiendish violence. Apprehension that scientists might be playing god surfaces with public fear over environmental degradation, climate change, genetic engineering, cloning, and global nuclear war. Is such Frankenfear realistic? Or, is it paranoia? Theologically, there is no ground for fearing that scientists are playing god. Instead of stopping research based on paranoia, courageous future-oriented scientists should proceed with caution. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56222226,"asset_id":36315263,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33677969,"first_name":"Ted","last_name":"Peters","domain_name":"ctns","page_name":"TedPeters","display_name":"Ted Peters","profile_url":"https://ctns.academia.edu/TedPeters?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33677969/9927886/11069324/s65_ted.peters.jpg_oh_34adacbdedfb3f8a18dbdf3d06fe63b2_oe_5635c154___gda___1446545857_7e837067f13ee935c4488b90e18938eb"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3115,"name":"Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7368,"name":"Science and Religion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Religion?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11860,"name":"Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":21047,"name":"Theology and Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theology_and_Science?f_ri=70125"},{"id":22182,"name":"Precautionary Principle","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Precautionary_Principle?f_ri=70125"},{"id":28025,"name":"Frankenstein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankenstein?f_ri=70125"},{"id":33319,"name":"Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nature?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":74511,"name":"Mary Shelley","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mary_Shelley?f_ri=70125"},{"id":162706,"name":"Prometheus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prometheus?f_ri=70125"},{"id":210534,"name":"Cloning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cloning?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1177866,"name":"Playing God","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Playing_God?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1409275,"name":"Hubris","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hubris?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2925389,"name":"Frankenfear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Frankenfear?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_23736409" data-work_id="23736409" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23736409/CRISPR_Cas9_Teknolojisi">CRISPR/Cas9 Teknolojisi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR bakterilerin viral enfeksiyonlar ile nasıl savaştığının araştırılmasıyla ortaya çıkmış olup, CRISPR/Cas9 teknolojisi hücrelerdeki DNA yapısını değiştirerek genetik hastalıkları tedavi etme imkânı sunacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_23736409" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR bakterilerin viral enfeksiyonlar ile nasıl savaştığının araştırılmasıyla ortaya çıkmış olup, CRISPR/Cas9 teknolojisi hücrelerdeki DNA yapısını değiştirerek genetik hastalıkları tedavi etme imkânı sunacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Cas9 proteinin aktivitesi üzerine  çalışmalar  proteinin işlevlerini, genetik mühendisliği teknolojisine ve bilim adamlarına geçmişte mümkün olmayan fırsatları veren, spesifik DNA parçalarının oldukça hassas bir şekilde hücre içinden çıkartılması ya da eklenmesini sağlayan bir yol olarak kullanılabilirliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/23736409" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="5c33294e7ab93356ba1db676dc7bbf45" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":44172301,"asset_id":23736409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/44172301/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9374114" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/%C4%B0smailSar%C4%B1g%C3%BCl">İsmail Sarıgül</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9374114" type="text/json">{"id":9374114,"first_name":"İsmail","last_name":"Sarıgül","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"İsmailSarıgül","display_name":"İsmail Sarıgül","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/%C4%B0smailSar%C4%B1g%C3%BCl?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9374114/4089668/111786359/s65_i_smail.sar_g_l.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_23736409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="23736409"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 23736409, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_23736409", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_23736409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23736409; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_23736409"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_23736409 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="23736409"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 23736409; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=23736409]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_23736409").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_23736409").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="23736409"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=23736409]'), work: {"id":23736409,"title":"CRISPR/Cas9 Teknolojisi","created_at":"2016-03-28T10:51:04.375-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/23736409/CRISPR_Cas9_Teknolojisi?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_23736409","summary":"CRISPR bakterilerin viral enfeksiyonlar ile nasıl savaştığının araştırılmasıyla ortaya çıkmış olup, CRISPR/Cas9 teknolojisi hücrelerdeki DNA yapısını değiştirerek genetik hastalıkları tedavi etme imkânı sunacak şekilde tasarlanmıştır. Cas9 proteinin aktivitesi üzerine çalışmalar proteinin işlevlerini, genetik mühendisliği teknolojisine ve bilim adamlarına geçmişte mümkün olmayan fırsatları veren, spesifik DNA parçalarının oldukça hassas bir şekilde hücre içinden çıkartılması ya da eklenmesini sağlayan bir yol olarak kullanılabilirliğini ortaya çıkarmıştır.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":44172301,"asset_id":23736409,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":9374114,"first_name":"İsmail","last_name":"Sarıgül","domain_name":"ut-ee","page_name":"İsmailSarıgül","display_name":"İsmail Sarıgül","profile_url":"https://ut-ee.academia.edu/%C4%B0smailSar%C4%B1g%C3%BCl?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/9374114/4089668/111786359/s65_i_smail.sar_g_l.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35721234" data-work_id="35721234" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35721234/CRISPR_Genom_Modifikasyonlar%C4%B1_T101">CRISPR Genom Modifikasyonları T101</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR alanında çalışmalarımız ve popüler bilim yazılarımız arttıkça, sık sık bilim insanlarından Türkçe kaynak sıkıntısı çektiklerine dair mailler almaya başladım. Bu sebeple, biliminsanlarımıza hem bilimsel bir temel... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35721234" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR alanında çalışmalarımız ve popüler bilim yazılarımız arttıkça, sık sık bilim insanlarından Türkçe kaynak sıkıntısı çektiklerine dair mailler almaya başladım. Bu sebeple, biliminsanlarımıza hem bilimsel bir temel kazandırmak; hem de CRISPR tekniğini gerçekleştirmek üzere gerekli araçlara (plazmid DNA vs.) kolayca ulaşabilmelerini sağlamak için, Uluslararası Plazmid Sağlayacısı Addgene’nin misafir yazarlarla derlemiş olduğu CRISPR 101 kitabının tercüme edilmesine karar verdim. Bu noktada ülkemizdeki yirmiye yakın farklı üniversiteden bilime aç ve aşık öğrenci arkadaşlarımın büyük özveri ve çalışmasıyla, 3 aylık kısa bir vakitte, tercüme kitabımızı tamamlamayı başardık.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35721234" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3dd7992370ed975784de69ca12581cd7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55594949,"asset_id":35721234,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55594949/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35721234 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35721234"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35721234, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35721234", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35721234 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35721234; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35721234"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35721234 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35721234"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35721234; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35721234]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35721234").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35721234").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35721234"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="594414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR_Systems">CRISPR Systems</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="594414" type="text/json">{"id":594414,"name":"CRISPR Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35721234]'), work: {"id":35721234,"title":"CRISPR Genom Modifikasyonları T101","created_at":"2018-01-21T06:01:09.435-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35721234/CRISPR_Genom_Modifikasyonlar%C4%B1_T101?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35721234","summary":"CRISPR alanında çalışmalarımız ve popüler bilim yazılarımız arttıkça, sık sık bilim insanlarından Türkçe kaynak sıkıntısı çektiklerine dair mailler almaya başladım. Bu sebeple, biliminsanlarımıza hem bilimsel bir temel kazandırmak; hem de CRISPR tekniğini gerçekleştirmek üzere gerekli araçlara (plazmid DNA vs.) kolayca ulaşabilmelerini sağlamak için, Uluslararası Plazmid Sağlayacısı Addgene’nin misafir yazarlarla derlemiş olduğu CRISPR 101 kitabının tercüme edilmesine karar verdim. Bu noktada ülkemizdeki yirmiye yakın farklı üniversiteden bilime aç ve aşık öğrenci arkadaşlarımın büyük özveri ve çalışmasıyla, 3 aylık kısa bir vakitte, tercüme kitabımızı tamamlamayı başardık.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55594949,"asset_id":35721234,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":594414,"name":"CRISPR Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71616758" data-work_id="71616758" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71616758/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82">Επεξεργασία του ανθρωπίνου γονιδιώματος: Πρόοδος ή αλαζονεία; Θεώρηση Ορθόδοξης Βιοηθικής</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Η εντυπωσιακή πρόοδος της γενετικής τα τελευταία έτη και ειδικότερα η ανακάλυψη της μεθόδου crispr/cas9, με την οποία επιτυγχάνεται σχετικά γρήγορα και εύκολα η επεξεργασία του γονιδιώματος προκαλεί αισιοδοξία για βελτίωση της ζωής,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71616758" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Η εντυπωσιακή πρόοδος της γενετικής τα τελευταία έτη και ειδικότερα η ανακάλυψη της μεθόδου crispr/cas9, με την οποία επιτυγχάνεται σχετικά γρήγορα και εύκολα η επεξεργασία του γονιδιώματος προκαλεί αισιοδοξία για βελτίωση της ζωής, ανησυχία για τυχόν απρόβλεπτους κινδύνους και προβληματισμό για τον τρόπο που η κοινωνία θα διαχειριστεί τις νέες δυνατότητες και εφαρμογές. Φαίνεται ο άνθρωπος να αποκτά τη δυνατότητα να σχεδιάζει εν μέρει την υπό δημιουργία ζωή και να προδιαγράφει σε κάποιο βαθμό το μέλλον της, καθώς παρεμβαίνει στη γενετική ιδιοσυστασία του απογόνου. Το γεγονός αυτό είναι εξόχως σημαντικό που ευλόγως τίθεται το ερώτημα, αν ο άνθρωπος υπερβαίνει τα όριά του και υπεισέρχεται σε αρμοδιότητες του Θεού (playing God). Κατά την ορθόδοξη διδασκαλία ο άνθρωπος δημιουργείται κατ’ εικόνα Θεού με την προοπτική να ομοιάσει σε Αυτόν και να θεωθεί. Η επιθυμία του ανθρώπου να γίνει θεός είναι επομένως φυσική και θεάρεστη, αλλά μπορεί να γίνει παρά φύσιν και αυτοκαταστροφική, αναλόγως με τον τρόπο, με τον οποίον ο άνθρωπος επιδιώκει την πραγματοποίησή της. Αυτός μπορεί να είναι η υπακοή και η μίμηση του Θεού, μπορεί όμως να είναι η ανυπακοή, η έπαρση και η αλαζονεία.<br /><br />Ποια από τις δύο αυτές επιλογές εκφράζεται με τη επιθυμία επεξερ- γασίας του γονιδιώματος; Επιχειρώντας να δώσουμε μια απάντηση αναφερόμαστε σε τρία γνωρίσματα του ανθρώπου, τα οποία συνδέονται στην ορθόδοξη παράδοση με το κατ’ εικόνα, δηλ. τη δημιουργική ικανότητα, την κυριότητα επί της κτίσης και την ελευθερία, τα οποία συσχετίζουμε αντιστοίχως με την ηθικό προβληματισμό για την ασφάλεια της γενετικής παρέμβασης, με τη διαχείρισή της για θεραπευτικούς ή άλλους σκοπούς και με την αυτονομία του απογόνου. Για την ασφάλεια επισημαίνεται ότι σήμερα δεν υφίστανται ακόμα επαρκείς γνώσεις, ώστε οι μέθοδοι μετατροπής του γενετικού υλικού να είναι ασφαλείς. Η εφαρμογή των νέων μεθόδων για θεραπευτικούς σκοπούς κρίνεται αποδεκτή και επαινετή, εφόσον καταστεί ασφαλής. Όταν όμως επιδιώκεται η βελτίωση των ανθρωπίνων χαρακτηριστικών, η ηθική αξιολόγηση είναι σαφώς διαφορετική, αφού οδηγούμαστε αναπόφευκτα σε μια μορφή θετικής ευγονικής, σε διαχωρισμό των ανθρώπων σε γενετικά βελτιωμένους και μη, και σε διεύρυνση του χάσματος ανάμεσα στους πλουσίους, που θα έχουν πρόσβαση στη γενετική βελτίωση (enhancement), και στους φτωχούς, που θα τη στερούνται. Τέλος, η επιθυμία ετεροπροσδιορισμού του απογόνου μέσω του γενετικού σχεδιασμού αποτελεί προσβολή της αξιοπρέπειάς του, καθώς φαίνεται ότι δεν γίνεται αποδεκτός αυτός καθ’ εαυτός, αλλά ως μέσο για την επίτευξη κάποιου σκοπού.<br /><br />Κατά την άποψη μας η πραγματική βελτίωση του ανθρώπου δεν εξαρτάται τόσο από την ενίσχυση των διαφόρων βιολογικών του χαρακτηριστικών όσο από την καρποφορία της πνευματικής ζωής, η οποία αντανακλάται στην προσωπική του σχέση με το Θεό, τον συνάνθρωπο και ευρύτερα με την κτίση.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71616758" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf99c7cad46f65ad0173a63b3045caee" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80892378,"asset_id":71616758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80892378/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38908271" href="https://auth.academia.edu/MiltiadisVantsos">Miltiadis Vantsos</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="38908271" type="text/json">{"id":38908271,"first_name":"Miltiadis","last_name":"Vantsos","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"MiltiadisVantsos","display_name":"Miltiadis Vantsos","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/MiltiadisVantsos?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38908271/10771183/69903335/s65_miltiadis.vantsos.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71616758 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71616758"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71616758, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71616758", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71616758]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71616758").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71616758").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71616758"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6044" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology">Orthodox Theology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6044" type="text/json">{"id":6044,"name":"Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8719" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology">Theological Anthropology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8719" type="text/json">{"id":8719,"name":"Theological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71616758]'), work: {"id":71616758,"title":"Επεξεργασία του ανθρωπίνου γονιδιώματος: Πρόοδος ή αλαζονεία; Θεώρηση Ορθόδοξης Βιοηθικής","created_at":"2022-02-15T07:39:13.519-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71616758/%CE%95%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%AE_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%9F%CF%81%CE%B8%CF%8C%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_71616758","summary":"Η εντυπωσιακή πρόοδος της γενετικής τα τελευταία έτη και ειδικότερα η ανακάλυψη της μεθόδου crispr/cas9, με την οποία επιτυγχάνεται σχετικά γρήγορα και εύκολα η επεξεργασία του γονιδιώματος προκαλεί αισιοδοξία για βελτίωση της ζωής, ανησυχία για τυχόν απρόβλεπτους κινδύνους και προβληματισμό για τον τρόπο που η κοινωνία θα διαχειριστεί τις νέες δυνατότητες και εφαρμογές. Φαίνεται ο άνθρωπος να αποκτά τη δυνατότητα να σχεδιάζει εν μέρει την υπό δημιουργία ζωή και να προδιαγράφει σε κάποιο βαθμό το μέλλον της, καθώς παρεμβαίνει στη γενετική ιδιοσυστασία του απογόνου. Το γεγονός αυτό είναι εξόχως σημαντικό που ευλόγως τίθεται το ερώτημα, αν ο άνθρωπος υπερβαίνει τα όριά του και υπεισέρχεται σε αρμοδιότητες του Θεού (playing God). Κατά την ορθόδοξη διδασκαλία ο άνθρωπος δημιουργείται κατ’ εικόνα Θεού με την προοπτική να ομοιάσει σε Αυτόν και να θεωθεί. Η επιθυμία του ανθρώπου να γίνει θεός είναι επομένως φυσική και θεάρεστη, αλλά μπορεί να γίνει παρά φύσιν και αυτοκαταστροφική, αναλόγως με τον τρόπο, με τον οποίον ο άνθρωπος επιδιώκει την πραγματοποίησή της. Αυτός μπορεί να είναι η υπακοή και η μίμηση του Θεού, μπορεί όμως να είναι η ανυπακοή, η έπαρση και η αλαζονεία.\n\nΠοια από τις δύο αυτές επιλογές εκφράζεται με τη επιθυμία επεξερ- γασίας του γονιδιώματος; Επιχειρώντας να δώσουμε μια απάντηση αναφερόμαστε σε τρία γνωρίσματα του ανθρώπου, τα οποία συνδέονται στην ορθόδοξη παράδοση με το κατ’ εικόνα, δηλ. τη δημιουργική ικανότητα, την κυριότητα επί της κτίσης και την ελευθερία, τα οποία συσχετίζουμε αντιστοίχως με την ηθικό προβληματισμό για την ασφάλεια της γενετικής παρέμβασης, με τη διαχείρισή της για θεραπευτικούς ή άλλους σκοπούς και με την αυτονομία του απογόνου. Για την ασφάλεια επισημαίνεται ότι σήμερα δεν υφίστανται ακόμα επαρκείς γνώσεις, ώστε οι μέθοδοι μετατροπής του γενετικού υλικού να είναι ασφαλείς. Η εφαρμογή των νέων μεθόδων για θεραπευτικούς σκοπούς κρίνεται αποδεκτή και επαινετή, εφόσον καταστεί ασφαλής. Όταν όμως επιδιώκεται η βελτίωση των ανθρωπίνων χαρακτηριστικών, η ηθική αξιολόγηση είναι σαφώς διαφορετική, αφού οδηγούμαστε αναπόφευκτα σε μια μορφή θετικής ευγονικής, σε διαχωρισμό των ανθρώπων σε γενετικά βελτιωμένους και μη, και σε διεύρυνση του χάσματος ανάμεσα στους πλουσίους, που θα έχουν πρόσβαση στη γενετική βελτίωση (enhancement), και στους φτωχούς, που θα τη στερούνται. Τέλος, η επιθυμία ετεροπροσδιορισμού του απογόνου μέσω του γενετικού σχεδιασμού αποτελεί προσβολή της αξιοπρέπειάς του, καθώς φαίνεται ότι δεν γίνεται αποδεκτός αυτός καθ’ εαυτός, αλλά ως μέσο για την επίτευξη κάποιου σκοπού.\n\nΚατά την άποψη μας η πραγματική βελτίωση του ανθρώπου δεν εξαρτάται τόσο από την ενίσχυση των διαφόρων βιολογικών του χαρακτηριστικών όσο από την καρποφορία της πνευματικής ζωής, η οποία αντανακλάται στην προσωπική του σχέση με το Θεό, τον συνάνθρωπο και ευρύτερα με την κτίση. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80892378,"asset_id":71616758,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38908271,"first_name":"Miltiadis","last_name":"Vantsos","domain_name":"auth","page_name":"MiltiadisVantsos","display_name":"Miltiadis Vantsos","profile_url":"https://auth.academia.edu/MiltiadisVantsos?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/38908271/10771183/69903335/s65_miltiadis.vantsos.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":6044,"name":"Orthodox Theology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Orthodox_Theology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8719,"name":"Theological Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Anthropology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42155090" data-work_id="42155090" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42155090/Genetically_Targeted_Bioweapons">Genetically Targeted Bioweapons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper analyzes recent advances in the fields of microbiology, genetics, and computer engineering that may enable the development of genetically targeted bioweapons. The analysis is conducted by first examining the evolution of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42155090" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper analyzes recent advances in the fields of microbiology, genetics, and computer engineering that may enable the development of genetically targeted bioweapons. The analysis is conducted by first examining the evolution of ethical and feasibility concerns in regards to genetic weapons development wherein there is a gradual acceptance of the viability of a genetic weapon among bioethicists and other genetic specialists. The paper then seeks to determine whether it is possible to construct a viable genetic weapon by evaluating three requirements delineated by the British Medical Association. The three requirements are that there would have to exist genetically distinct populations, genome disruption mechanisms, and effective vectors. Recent studies show that human populations may be genetically diverse enough to enable exploitation via genetic targeting systems and the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas genome editing system may fulfill the second and third requirements. <br />    The final segment of the paper delves into how genetic weapons may revolutionize warfare and impact the current nation-state system. To achieve this analysis, the works of international relations theorists such as Alexander Wendt, Robert Jervis, Robert Gilpin, and John Mearsheimer are examined in the context of genetic weapons. The paper also examines how biological weapons were used in the past to determine how they are likely to be used in the future, with particular consideration to possible use for assassinations and in ethnic conflict. Concluding, the paper looks at statements made by Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin concerning the field of genetics and the future of weapons development.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42155090" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7a8e4b61702304d1e4d5b27168c3fd6" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81482039,"asset_id":42155090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81482039/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43207655" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EthanTroxel">Ethan Troxel</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43207655" type="text/json">{"id":43207655,"first_name":"Ethan","last_name":"Troxel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EthanTroxel","display_name":"Ethan Troxel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EthanTroxel?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43207655/11880201/33359116/s65_ethan.troxel.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42155090 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42155090"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42155090, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42155090", }); 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The analysis is conducted by first examining the evolution of ethical and feasibility concerns in regards to genetic weapons development wherein there is a gradual acceptance of the viability of a genetic weapon among bioethicists and other genetic specialists. The paper then seeks to determine whether it is possible to construct a viable genetic weapon by evaluating three requirements delineated by the British Medical Association. The three requirements are that there would have to exist genetically distinct populations, genome disruption mechanisms, and effective vectors. Recent studies show that human populations may be genetically diverse enough to enable exploitation via genetic targeting systems and the discovery of the CRISPR-Cas genome editing system may fulfill the second and third requirements. \n The final segment of the paper delves into how genetic weapons may revolutionize warfare and impact the current nation-state system. To achieve this analysis, the works of international relations theorists such as Alexander Wendt, Robert Jervis, Robert Gilpin, and John Mearsheimer are examined in the context of genetic weapons. The paper also examines how biological weapons were used in the past to determine how they are likely to be used in the future, with particular consideration to possible use for assassinations and in ethnic conflict. Concluding, the paper looks at statements made by Russian Federation President Vladimir Putin concerning the field of genetics and the future of weapons development. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81482039,"asset_id":42155090,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43207655,"first_name":"Ethan","last_name":"Troxel","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"EthanTroxel","display_name":"Ethan Troxel","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EthanTroxel?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43207655/11880201/33359116/s65_ethan.troxel.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":119358,"name":"Defense and National Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_National_Security?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":294517,"name":"Defense and Strategic Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_and_Strategic_Studies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":722278,"name":"Bioweapon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioweapon?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37169209" data-work_id="37169209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37169209/CRISPR_Genom_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_Teknikleriyle_%C4%B0nsan_Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1k_T_H%C3%BCcrelerinde_Genetik_Modifikasyonlar">CRISPR Genom Mühendisliği Teknikleriyle İnsan Bağışıklık T Hücrelerinde Genetik Modifikasyonlar</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div 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Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34217130" data-work_id="34217130" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" 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type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3216" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics">Genomics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3216" type="text/json">{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34217130]'), work: {"id":34217130,"title":"HUMAN GENE EDITING: A summary overview of the science, 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Vrilya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AryaVrilya?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/57619620/17490847/17566147/s65_arya.vrilya.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":68,"name":"Bioengineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioengineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41012,"name":"Recombinant DNA Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Recombinant_DNA_Technology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_12314034 coauthored" data-work_id="12314034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12314034/CRISPR_Cas9_Based_Genome_Engineering_Opportunities_in_Agri_Food_Nutrition_and_Healthcare">CRISPR-Cas9 Based Genome Engineering: Opportunities in Agri-Food-Nutrition and Healthcare</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Recently developed strategies and techniques that make use of the vast amount of genetic information to perform targeted perturbations in the genome of living organisms are collectively referred to as genome engineering. The wide array of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_12314034" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Recently developed strategies and techniques that make use of the vast amount of genetic information to perform targeted perturbations in the genome of living organisms are collectively referred to as genome engineering. The wide array of applications made possible by the use of this technology range from agriculture to healthcare. This, along with the applications involving basic biological research, has made it a very dynamic and active field of research. This review focuses on the CRISPR system from its discovery and role in bacterial adaptive immunity to the most recent developments, and its possible applications in agriculture and modern medicine.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/12314034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="947db76644d043a5c91f171e08261c53" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":37591855,"asset_id":12314034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/37591855/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5079344" href="https://gbpuat-in.academia.edu/SubinRaj">Subin Raj</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5079344" type="text/json">{"id":5079344,"first_name":"Subin","last_name":"Raj","domain_name":"gbpuat-in","page_name":"SubinRaj","display_name":"Subin Raj","profile_url":"https://gbpuat-in.academia.edu/SubinRaj?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5079344/2218257/10102879/s65_subin.raj.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-12314034">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-12314034"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://gbpuat.academia.edu/DineshPandey">Dinesh Pandey</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-12314034'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-12314034').html(); 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The wide array of applications made possible by the use of this technology range from agriculture to healthcare. This, along with the applications involving basic biological research, has made it a very dynamic and active field of research. This review focuses on the CRISPR system from its discovery and role in bacterial adaptive immunity to the most recent developments, and its possible applications in agriculture and modern medicine.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":37591855,"asset_id":12314034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5079344,"first_name":"Subin","last_name":"Raj","domain_name":"gbpuat-in","page_name":"SubinRaj","display_name":"Subin Raj","profile_url":"https://gbpuat-in.academia.edu/SubinRaj?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5079344/2218257/10102879/s65_subin.raj.jpg"},{"id":32869069,"first_name":"Dinesh","last_name":"Pandey","domain_name":"gbpuat","page_name":"DineshPandey","display_name":"Dinesh Pandey","profile_url":"https://gbpuat.academia.edu/DineshPandey?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":143342,"name":"Genome Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":376270,"name":"Crop Improvement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Improvement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":763898,"name":"Gene Targeting and Genome Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Targeting_and_Genome_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38188760" data-work_id="38188760" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38188760/The_Coming_CRISPR_Wars_Or_why_genome_editing_can_be_more_dangerous_than_nuclear_weapons">The Coming CRISPR Wars: Or why genome editing can be more dangerous than nuclear weapons</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">While CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology has been heralded as a great ad- vancement for science, human health, bioengineering and medicine, there is a potential dark side of CRISPR genome editing that may be a greater danger to humanity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38188760" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">While CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology has been heralded as a great ad- vancement for science, human health, bioengineering and medicine, there is a potential dark side of CRISPR genome editing that may be a greater danger to humanity than nuclear weapons. We present some of the more obvious poten- tial military and bioterrorism applications of CRISPR and related genome editing technology. CRISPR weapons have significant advantages over conventional nu- clear weapons. The balance of power based on mutual assured destruction cannot be maintained once CRISPR weapons enter the international arena. Disturbingly, because of the easy entrance to the technology, it opens the door for small organi- zations and countries to enter the international arms arena. The simplicity and ease of development of such weapons makes it essential that CRISPR genome editing technology be carefully applied and regulated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38188760" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12c8ee0012ae9b4bd38ae3fe57d9ee5f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58225813,"asset_id":38188760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58225813/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="31031181" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/DrEricWerner">Dr. Eric Werner</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="31031181" type="text/json">{"id":31031181,"first_name":"Dr. Eric","last_name":"Werner","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DrEricWerner","display_name":"Dr. Eric Werner","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DrEricWerner?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31031181/9094898/10144334/s65_dr._eric.werner.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38188760 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38188760"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38188760, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38188760", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38188760]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38188760").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38188760").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38188760"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="579" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_">Strategy (Military Science)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="579" type="text/json">{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1131" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering">Biomedical Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1131" type="text/json">{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1198" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies">Peace and Conflict Studies</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1198" type="text/json">{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38188760]'), work: {"id":38188760,"title":"The Coming CRISPR Wars: Or why genome editing can be more dangerous than nuclear weapons","created_at":"2019-01-21T00:33:36.860-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38188760/The_Coming_CRISPR_Wars_Or_why_genome_editing_can_be_more_dangerous_than_nuclear_weapons?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38188760","summary":"While CRISPR-Cas genome editing technology has been heralded as a great ad- vancement for science, human health, bioengineering and medicine, there is a potential dark side of CRISPR genome editing that may be a greater danger to humanity than nuclear weapons. We present some of the more obvious poten- tial military and bioterrorism applications of CRISPR and related genome editing technology. CRISPR weapons have significant advantages over conventional nu- clear weapons. The balance of power based on mutual assured destruction cannot be maintained once CRISPR weapons enter the international arena. Disturbingly, because of the easy entrance to the technology, it opens the door for small organi- zations and countries to enter the international arms arena. The simplicity and ease of development of such weapons makes it essential that CRISPR genome editing technology be carefully applied and regulated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58225813,"asset_id":38188760,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":31031181,"first_name":"Dr. Eric","last_name":"Werner","domain_name":"oxford","page_name":"DrEricWerner","display_name":"Dr. Eric Werner","profile_url":"https://oxford.academia.edu/DrEricWerner?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/31031181/9094898/10144334/s65_dr._eric.werner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":579,"name":"Strategy (Military Science)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strategy_Military_Science_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1131,"name":"Biomedical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1198,"name":"Peace and Conflict Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Peace_and_Conflict_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3872,"name":"War Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/War_Studies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3972,"name":"Genocide Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genocide_Studies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":4506,"name":"Weapons of Mass Destruction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction?f_ri=70125"},{"id":4507,"name":"Nuclear Weapons","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nuclear_Weapons?f_ri=70125"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":6021,"name":"Cancer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":82145,"name":"Virus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virus?f_ri=70125"},{"id":102808,"name":"Bioterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioterrorism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":184185,"name":"Arms Control and Disarmament","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament?f_ri=70125"},{"id":563838,"name":"Biosecurity, Bioethics, Bioterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosecurity_Bioethics_Bioterrorism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_62346131" data-work_id="62346131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/62346131/CALL_FOR_PAPERS_International_Conference_of_Multidisciplinary_and_Interdisciplinary_Bioscience_MIBIO_2022_">CALL FOR PAPERS - International Conference of Multidisciplinary & Interdisciplinary Bioscience (MIBIO 2022)</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">(MIBIO 2022) will provide Biological Sciences Research remains the ubiquitous realm in better human health and well being. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Bioscience Research has been stressed for explicit scientific advancements.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_62346131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">(MIBIO 2022) will provide Biological Sciences Research remains the ubiquitous realm in better human health and well being. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Bioscience Research has been stressed for explicit scientific advancements. Impact publications for a wider outreach are ascertained. MIBIO 2022 represents the launch-pad forum for researchers, biologists, students, Scientists and Physicians in peer-reviewed podium encompassing Biological Sciences. The conference takes pleasure in inviting your peer Research for a fantabulous realm of rapport in the arena of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Life sciences. The area offers discussions with biomedical and environment impact assessors. This allows you to enlighten, enrich and rejuvenate the multitude of oneness in biological sciences The wide realms of research addressing any of the significant developments in the abovementioned broad areas are welcome. The conference invites researchers to submit in the pivotal areas of publication interests.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/62346131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="173157cc1ea1d82e1b9aeab4105a52d7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81379066,"asset_id":62346131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81379066/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="26098021" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IjbesJournal">International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES)</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="26098021" type="text/json">{"id":26098021,"first_name":"International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science","last_name":"(IJBES)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IjbesJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IjbesJournal?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26098021/7169581/19804205/s65_international_journal_of_biomedical_engineering_and_science._ijbes_.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_62346131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="62346131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 62346131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_62346131", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_62346131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62346131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_62346131"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_62346131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="62346131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 62346131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=62346131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_62346131").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_62346131").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="62346131"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="145" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="145" type="text/json">{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=62346131]'), work: {"id":62346131,"title":"CALL FOR PAPERS - International Conference of Multidisciplinary \u0026 Interdisciplinary Bioscience (MIBIO 2022)","created_at":"2021-11-25T03:52:26.028-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/62346131/CALL_FOR_PAPERS_International_Conference_of_Multidisciplinary_and_Interdisciplinary_Bioscience_MIBIO_2022_?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_62346131","summary":"(MIBIO 2022) will provide Biological Sciences Research remains the ubiquitous realm in better human health and well being. Multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Bioscience Research has been stressed for explicit scientific advancements. Impact publications for a wider outreach are ascertained. MIBIO 2022 represents the launch-pad forum for researchers, biologists, students, Scientists and Physicians in peer-reviewed podium encompassing Biological Sciences. The conference takes pleasure in inviting your peer Research for a fantabulous realm of rapport in the arena of multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary Life sciences. The area offers discussions with biomedical and environment impact assessors. This allows you to enlighten, enrich and rejuvenate the multitude of oneness in biological sciences The wide realms of research addressing any of the significant developments in the abovementioned broad areas are welcome. The conference invites researchers to submit in the pivotal areas of publication interests.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81379066,"asset_id":62346131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":26098021,"first_name":"International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science","last_name":"(IJBES)","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IjbesJournal","display_name":"International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Science (IJBES)","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IjbesJournal?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/26098021/7169581/19804205/s65_international_journal_of_biomedical_engineering_and_science._ijbes_.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":145,"name":"Biochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":428,"name":"Algorithms","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Algorithms?f_ri=70125"},{"id":502,"name":"Biophysics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biophysics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3058,"name":"Biostatistics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biostatistics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":13501,"name":"Vegetation Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vegetation_Ecology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":13744,"name":"Molecular Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Microbiology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":17429,"name":"Structural Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Structural_Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":32701,"name":"Data Mining in Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Mining_in_Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":73035,"name":"Microbiology and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":98571,"name":"Bioinformatics and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":115041,"name":"Biosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosciences?f_ri=70125"},{"id":150688,"name":"Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics_Computational_and_Systems_Biology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":602219,"name":"Biochemistry and molecular biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_molecular_biology?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49451926" data-work_id="49451926" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49451926/Biyoteknoloji_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0nsan_ve_Etik_CRISPR_Teknolojisinin_Birey_Aile_ve_Toplum_A%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan_De%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi">Biyoteknoloji Çağında İnsan ve Etik: CRISPR Teknolojisinin Birey, Aile ve Toplum Açısından Değerlendirilmesi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">İnsanın dünyayı anlama ve etrafını keşfetme uğraşı yüzyıllardır devam etmektedir. Bu uğraş insan bedeninin keşfi ile öze yönelirken en büyük yardımcısı da gelişen teknoloji olmaktadır. Bilişim ve teknolojinin hâkim olduğu dünyamızda... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49451926" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">İnsanın dünyayı anlama ve etrafını keşfetme uğraşı yüzyıllardır devam etmektedir. Bu uğraş insan bedeninin keşfi ile öze yönelirken en büyük yardımcısı da gelişen teknoloji olmaktadır. Bilişim ve teknolojinin hâkim olduğu dünyamızda insanların kendi yarattığı biyoteknolojik sorunlarla başa çıkmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Gelişen teknolojinin insan hayatlarından ziyade artık insan bedenine daha fazla etki etmesi ve bu durumun yeterince tartışılmaması söz konusudur. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Bu makalede insanın teknolojiyi nasıl şekillendirdiğinden çok, teknolojinin insana nasıl şekil vermeye başladığı gözler önüne serilmeye çalışılmıştır. Geçmişteki devrimlerden çok daha hızlı içine sürüklendiğimiz bu biyoteknoloji devriminin olası sonuçlarının, sadece yaşayan kuşağı etkilemekle kalmayıp sonraki tüm nesillerin tamamını da etkileyeceği öngörülmektedir. Araştırmada CRISPR teknolojisi ile insana müdahalenin getireceği genetik ayrımcılık, insan çeşitliliğinin kaybolması, insan haklarının dönüşümü gibi belli etik sorunlar; birey, aile ve toplum açısından ele alınmıştır.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49451926" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ce031a4b9f17d2d23aea671be1add117" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67800508,"asset_id":49451926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67800508/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="94777358" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay">Elif Akçay</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="94777358" type="text/json">{"id":94777358,"first_name":"Elif","last_name":"Akçay","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"ElifAkçay","display_name":"Elif Akçay","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/94777358/28073087/52488465/s65_elif.ak_ay.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49451926 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49451926"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49451926, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49451926", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49451926]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49451926").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49451926").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49451926"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81072" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etik">Etik</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="81072" type="text/json">{"id":81072,"name":"Etik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1336676" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIYOTEKNOLOJI">BİYOTEKNOLOJİ</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1336676" type="text/json">{"id":1336676,"name":"BİYOTEKNOLOJİ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIYOTEKNOLOJI?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1798386" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biyoetik">Biyoetik</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1798386" type="text/json">{"id":1798386,"name":"Biyoetik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biyoetik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49451926]'), work: {"id":49451926,"title":"Biyoteknoloji Çağında İnsan ve Etik: CRISPR Teknolojisinin Birey, Aile ve Toplum Açısından Değerlendirilmesi","created_at":"2021-06-29T03:57:30.975-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49451926/Biyoteknoloji_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0nsan_ve_Etik_CRISPR_Teknolojisinin_Birey_Aile_ve_Toplum_A%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan_De%C4%9Ferlendirilmesi?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_49451926","summary":"İnsanın dünyayı anlama ve etrafını keşfetme uğraşı yüzyıllardır devam etmektedir. Bu uğraş insan bedeninin keşfi ile öze yönelirken en büyük yardımcısı da gelişen teknoloji olmaktadır. Bilişim ve teknolojinin hâkim olduğu dünyamızda insanların kendi yarattığı biyoteknolojik sorunlarla başa çıkmaya çalıştığı görülmektedir. Gelişen teknolojinin insan hayatlarından ziyade artık insan bedenine daha fazla etki etmesi ve bu durumun yeterince tartışılmaması söz konusudur. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden literatür taraması kullanılmıştır. Bu makalede insanın teknolojiyi nasıl şekillendirdiğinden çok, teknolojinin insana nasıl şekil vermeye başladığı gözler önüne serilmeye çalışılmıştır. Geçmişteki devrimlerden çok daha hızlı içine sürüklendiğimiz bu biyoteknoloji devriminin olası sonuçlarının, sadece yaşayan kuşağı etkilemekle kalmayıp sonraki tüm nesillerin tamamını da etkileyeceği öngörülmektedir. Araştırmada CRISPR teknolojisi ile insana müdahalenin getireceği genetik ayrımcılık, insan çeşitliliğinin kaybolması, insan haklarının dönüşümü gibi belli etik sorunlar; birey, aile ve toplum açısından ele alınmıştır.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67800508,"asset_id":49451926,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":94777358,"first_name":"Elif","last_name":"Akçay","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"ElifAkçay","display_name":"Elif Akçay","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/94777358/28073087/52488465/s65_elif.ak_ay.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":81072,"name":"Etik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Etik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1336676,"name":"BİYOTEKNOLOJİ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIYOTEKNOLOJI?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1798386,"name":"Biyoetik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biyoetik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2720799,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2952456,"name":"Genetik ayrımcılık","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetik_ayr%C4%B1mc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3117358,"name":"Gen düzenleme","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gen_d%C3%BCzenleme?f_ri=70125"},{"id":4011072,"name":"CRISPR İkizleri ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR_%C4%B0kizleri?f_ri=70125"},{"id":4011073,"name":"dijital etik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/dijital_etik?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41201273" data-work_id="41201273" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41201273/Human_Germline_Engineering_in_USA_UK_EU_PRC_and_Turkey_following_Lulu_and_Nana">Human Germline Engineering in USA, UK, EU, PRC and Turkey following Lulu and Nana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This introductory paper aims to provide a brief background for CRISPR-Cas9 before delving into the legal frameworks in the International Institutions, United States, the United Kingdom, People’s Republic of China and Turkey with respect... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41201273" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This introductory paper aims to provide a brief background for CRISPR-Cas9 before delving into the legal frameworks in the International Institutions, United States, the United Kingdom, People’s Republic of China and Turkey with respect to new developments whilst examining the new calls for moratorium on human germline engineering.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button 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type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="535" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1">Criminal Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="535" type="text/json">{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="548" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law">Civil Law</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="548" type="text/json">{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" 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engineering.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61440677,"asset_id":41201273,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":29862813,"first_name":"Ekin","last_name":"Öner","domain_name":"bilgi","page_name":"ekinoner","display_name":"Ekin Öner","profile_url":"https://bilgi.academia.edu/ekinoner?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/29862813/25846614/24513146/s65_ekin.oner.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":535,"name":"Criminal Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criminal_Law-1?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":548,"name":"Civil Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civil_Law?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2575,"name":"International Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/International_Law?f_ri=70125"},{"id":6728,"name":"Philosophy Of Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy_Of_Law?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":143342,"name":"Genome Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Engineering?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45997221" data-work_id="45997221" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45997221/CRISPR_MBA_thesis">CRISPR MBA thesis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This paper defines CRISPR technology and discusses its possible implications in our everyday lives. Written for MBA research paper.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45997221" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="50c2491f5f776692c145141a79e45288" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66211383,"asset_id":45997221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66211383/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="189967940" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YasminBouaounat">Yasmin Bouaounat</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="189967940" type="text/json">{"id":189967940,"first_name":"Yasmin","last_name":"Bouaounat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YasminBouaounat","display_name":"Yasmin Bouaounat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YasminBouaounat?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189967940/53163639/41286468/s65_yasmin.bouaounat.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45997221 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45997221"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45997221, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45997221", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45997221]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45997221").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45997221").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45997221"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11929" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication">DNA replication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11929" type="text/json">{"id":11929,"name":"DNA replication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34478" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science_and_Technology">Food Science and Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34478" type="text/json">{"id":34478,"name":"Food Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45997221]'), work: {"id":45997221,"title":"CRISPR MBA thesis","created_at":"2021-04-08T06:18:14.771-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45997221/CRISPR_MBA_thesis?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_45997221","summary":"This paper defines CRISPR technology and discusses its possible implications in our everyday lives. Written for MBA research paper. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66211383,"asset_id":45997221,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":189967940,"first_name":"Yasmin","last_name":"Bouaounat","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YasminBouaounat","display_name":"Yasmin Bouaounat","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YasminBouaounat?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/189967940/53163639/41286468/s65_yasmin.bouaounat.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11929,"name":"DNA replication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DNA_replication?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":34478,"name":"Food Science and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science_and_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":72924,"name":"Genome Sequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Sequencing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42105515" data-work_id="42105515" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42105515/Democratizing_CRISPR_Stories_practices_and_politics_of_science_and_governance_on_the_agricultural_gene_editing_frontier">Democratizing CRISPR? Stories, practices, and politics of science and governance on the agricultural gene editing frontier</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many trends in agricultural biotechnology have extended fluidly from the first era of genetic modification using recombinant DNA techniques to the era of gene editing. But the high-profile, explicit, and assertive discourse of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42105515" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many trends in agricultural biotechnology have extended fluidly from the first era of genetic modification using recombinant DNA techniques to the era of gene editing. But the high-profile, explicit, and assertive discourse of democratization with gene editing — especially CRISPR-Cas9 — is something new. In this paper, I draw on semi-structured interviews with gene editors, policy analysts, and communications experts as well as with critical academic and civil society experts. I use Science and Technology Studies and political ecology lenses to unpack democratization in three main parts. First is democratizing discourses: On what grounds is CRISPR said to be democratic? Who is saying so? How do dissident communities respond to these narratives? Second is agricultural applications, with a focus on the Innovative Genomics Institute’s work in developing gene-edited food crops, including a case of saveable clonal hybrid rice. Third is governance, where I contrast US Department of Agriculture regulations and the CRISPRcon conference as “closed” and “invited” spaces, respectively, for democratic participation. Next, I argue that “created spaces,” in which power is held by typically delegitimized actors and ideas, offer an opening for working out democracy on the terrain of biotechnology. I conclude with a set of principles and practices for CRISPR governance based on the idea that democratization of biotechnology requires epistemic justice. By gathering multiple, partial knowledges together, we move beyond narrow risk-benefit framings to better evaluate not just what CRISPR is and does, but what democracy means and whom it serves.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42105515" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c1f8caf2723d5aa045c81f26941b1360" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62237708,"asset_id":42105515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62237708/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="59123900" href="https://ucsc.academia.edu/MaywaMontenegro">Maywa Montenegro</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="59123900" type="text/json">{"id":59123900,"first_name":"Maywa","last_name":"Montenegro","domain_name":"ucsc","page_name":"MaywaMontenegro","display_name":"Maywa Montenegro","profile_url":"https://ucsc.academia.edu/MaywaMontenegro?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/59123900/16627593/16932668/s65_maywa.montenegro.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42105515 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42105515"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42105515, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42105515", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42105515]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42105515").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42105515").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42105515"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="967" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property">Intellectual Property</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="967" type="text/json">{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3126" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology">Political Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3126" type="text/json">{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3539" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems">Food Systems</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3539" type="text/json">{"id":3539,"name":"Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5091" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization">Democratization</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5091" type="text/json">{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42105515]'), work: {"id":42105515,"title":"Democratizing CRISPR? Stories, practices, and politics of science and governance on the agricultural gene editing frontier","created_at":"2020-02-29T19:15:54.455-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42105515/Democratizing_CRISPR_Stories_practices_and_politics_of_science_and_governance_on_the_agricultural_gene_editing_frontier?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_42105515","summary":"Many trends in agricultural biotechnology have extended fluidly from the first era of genetic modification using recombinant DNA techniques to the era of gene editing. But the high-profile, explicit, and assertive discourse of democratization with gene editing — especially CRISPR-Cas9 — is something new. In this paper, I draw on semi-structured interviews with gene editors, policy analysts, and communications experts as well as with critical academic and civil society experts. I use Science and Technology Studies and political ecology lenses to unpack democratization in three main parts. First is democratizing discourses: On what grounds is CRISPR said to be democratic? Who is saying so? How do dissident communities respond to these narratives? Second is agricultural applications, with a focus on the Innovative Genomics Institute’s work in developing gene-edited food crops, including a case of saveable clonal hybrid rice. Third is governance, where I contrast US Department of Agriculture regulations and the CRISPRcon conference as “closed” and “invited” spaces, respectively, for democratic participation. Next, I argue that “created spaces,” in which power is held by typically delegitimized actors and ideas, offer an opening for working out democracy on the terrain of biotechnology. I conclude with a set of principles and practices for CRISPR governance based on the idea that democratization of biotechnology requires epistemic justice. By gathering multiple, partial knowledges together, we move beyond narrow risk-benefit framings to better evaluate not just what CRISPR is and does, but what democracy means and whom it serves.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62237708,"asset_id":42105515,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":59123900,"first_name":"Maywa","last_name":"Montenegro","domain_name":"ucsc","page_name":"MaywaMontenegro","display_name":"Maywa Montenegro","profile_url":"https://ucsc.academia.edu/MaywaMontenegro?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/59123900/16627593/16932668/s65_maywa.montenegro.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":967,"name":"Intellectual Property","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intellectual_Property?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3126,"name":"Political Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3539,"name":"Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Systems?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":5091,"name":"Democratization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Democratization?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125"},{"id":25635,"name":"Food Sovereignty","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sovereignty?f_ri=70125"},{"id":54424,"name":"science and technology studies (STS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":81291,"name":"Sustainable Food Systems","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainable_Food_Systems?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41231767" data-work_id="41231767" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41231767/Yeni_Nesil_CRISPR_D%C3%BCzenleme_Arac%C4%B1_Prime_Editing_">Yeni Nesil CRISPR Düzenleme Aracı “Prime Editing”</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">2012 yılı itibariyle geliştirilmeye başlanan CRISPR-Cas gen düzenleme sisteminin, geçen yedi yılda birçok yeni nesil versiyonları üretildi. Ancak şimdiye kadar bu sistemin hiçbir versiyonu, "Prime Editing" (PM) adı verilen yeni gen... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41231767" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">2012 yılı itibariyle geliştirilmeye başlanan CRISPR-Cas gen düzenleme sisteminin, geçen yedi yılda birçok yeni nesil versiyonları üretildi. Ancak şimdiye kadar bu sistemin hiçbir versiyonu, "Prime Editing" (PM) adı verilen yeni gen düzenleme teknolojisi kadar heyecan vermedi.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41231767" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="806f9e2d1530cac68e97647b28771cff" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61462058,"asset_id":41231767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61462058/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41231767 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41231767"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41231767, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41231767", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41231767]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41231767").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41231767").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41231767"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41231767]'), work: {"id":41231767,"title":"Yeni Nesil CRISPR Düzenleme Aracı “Prime Editing”","created_at":"2019-12-09T01:33:06.984-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41231767/Yeni_Nesil_CRISPR_D%C3%BCzenleme_Arac%C4%B1_Prime_Editing_?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_41231767","summary":"2012 yılı itibariyle geliştirilmeye başlanan CRISPR-Cas gen düzenleme sisteminin, geçen yedi yılda birçok yeni nesil versiyonları üretildi. Ancak şimdiye kadar bu sistemin hiçbir versiyonu, \"Prime Editing\" (PM) adı verilen yeni gen düzenleme teknolojisi kadar heyecan vermedi. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61462058,"asset_id":41231767,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44268757" data-work_id="44268757" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44268757/Cuarta_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial_y_Pandemia">Cuarta Revolución Industrial y Pandemia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Resumen: La pandemia de covid-19 originada en China coincide con el inicio y desarrollo de una serie de transformaciones sociales llamada Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Esta etapa debería estar caracterizada por la aparición y mayor uso de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44268757" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Resumen: La pandemia de covid-19 originada en China coincide con el inicio y desarrollo de una serie de transformaciones sociales llamada Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Esta etapa debería estar caracterizada por la aparición y mayor uso de nanotecnologías, biotecnologías, tecnologías de la información y de las ciencias cognitivas, así como de sus múltiples convergencias y combinaciones. En el siguiente artículo se presenta una revisión del rol desempeñado por la nanotecnología, la técnica CRISPR/Cas, el cultivo celular, la robótica, la inteligencia artificial, las supercomputadoras, la computación cuántica, los drones y la impresión 3D en la creación de estrategias y soluciones para enfrentar la pandemia y la crisis social desatada por ella.<br /><br />Palabras clave: Pandemia, SARS-CoV-2, Cuarta Revolución Industrial, Industria 4.0, NBIC, coronavirus.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44268757" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1830a3dafe185f981c1e0b9b9d1d76ed" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64646461,"asset_id":44268757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64646461/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="80178001" href="https://unmsm.academia.edu/PieroGayozzo">Piero Gayozzo</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="80178001" type="text/json">{"id":80178001,"first_name":"Piero","last_name":"Gayozzo","domain_name":"unmsm","page_name":"PieroGayozzo","display_name":"Piero Gayozzo","profile_url":"https://unmsm.academia.edu/PieroGayozzo?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80178001/20144800/21712442/s65_piero.gayozzo.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44268757 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44268757"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44268757, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44268757", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44268757]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44268757").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44268757").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44268757"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="196" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies">Future Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="196" type="text/json">{"id":196,"name":"Future Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="465" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="465" type="text/json">{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="491" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology">Information Technology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="491" type="text/json">{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44268757]'), work: {"id":44268757,"title":"Cuarta Revolución Industrial y Pandemia","created_at":"2020-10-10T09:37:35.729-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44268757/Cuarta_Revoluci%C3%B3n_Industrial_y_Pandemia?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_44268757","summary":"Resumen: La pandemia de covid-19 originada en China coincide con el inicio y desarrollo de una serie de transformaciones sociales llamada Cuarta Revolución Industrial. Esta etapa debería estar caracterizada por la aparición y mayor uso de nanotecnologías, biotecnologías, tecnologías de la información y de las ciencias cognitivas, así como de sus múltiples convergencias y combinaciones. En el siguiente artículo se presenta una revisión del rol desempeñado por la nanotecnología, la técnica CRISPR/Cas, el cultivo celular, la robótica, la inteligencia artificial, las supercomputadoras, la computación cuántica, los drones y la impresión 3D en la creación de estrategias y soluciones para enfrentar la pandemia y la crisis social desatada por ella.\n\nPalabras clave: Pandemia, SARS-CoV-2, Cuarta Revolución Industrial, Industria 4.0, NBIC, coronavirus.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64646461,"asset_id":44268757,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":80178001,"first_name":"Piero","last_name":"Gayozzo","domain_name":"unmsm","page_name":"PieroGayozzo","display_name":"Piero Gayozzo","profile_url":"https://unmsm.academia.edu/PieroGayozzo?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/80178001/20144800/21712442/s65_piero.gayozzo.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":196,"name":"Future Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Future_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":465,"name":"Artificial Intelligence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artificial_Intelligence?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":491,"name":"Information Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=70125"},{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":207384,"name":"Additive Manufacturing and 3D printing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Additive_Manufacturing_and_3D_printing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3567366,"name":"Coronavirus COVID-19","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_COVID-19?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 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Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38121159]'), work: {"id":38121159,"title":"Genetik Mühendisliği ve Gen Tedavileri üzerine söyleşi","created_at":"2019-01-09T12:41:14.802-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38121159/Genetik_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_ve_Gen_Tedavileri_%C3%BCzerine_s%C3%B6yle%C5%9Fi?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38121159","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58150787,"asset_id":38121159,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38869340 coauthored" data-work_id="38869340" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38869340/Reflexio_n_bioe_tica_interdisciplinaria_en_torno_a_la_edicio_n_gene_tica_con_CRISPR_Cas_en_li_nea_germinal_en_el_contexto_del_transhumanismo">Reflexión bioética interdisciplinaria en torno a la edición genética con CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal en el contexto del transhumanismo</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">El propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Después de dar una breve... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38869340" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">El propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Después de dar una breve explicación sobre la naturaleza de esta técnica, se ofrece el estado de la cuestión en lo referente a la normativa internacional vigente. Posteriormente, se observan las consecuencias que tiene el desarrollo de esta técnica en el marco del proyecto transhumanista y se ofrece una reflexión jurídica, una política y una antropológica sobre las mismas.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38869340" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fbcd3d6916b715086b6f31f8a65bb556" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58965595,"asset_id":38869340,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58965595/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="837591" href="https://up-mx.academia.edu/AlbertoRoss">Alberto Ross</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="837591" type="text/json">{"id":837591,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Ross","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"AlbertoRoss","display_name":"Alberto Ross","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/AlbertoRoss?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/837591/294396/24487879/s65_alberto.ross.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-38869340">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-38869340"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://upmx.academia.edu/VirginiaArmella">Virginia Aspe Armella</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADadelaLuzCasasMart%C3%ADnez">María de la Luz Casas Martínez</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-38869340'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-38869340').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38869340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38869340"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38869340, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38869340", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38869340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38869340; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38869340"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38869340 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38869340"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38869340; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38869340]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38869340").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38869340").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38869340"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11861" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11861" type="text/json">{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34273" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism">Transhumanism/Posthumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34273" type="text/json">{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38869340]'), work: {"id":38869340,"title":"Reflexión bioética interdisciplinaria en torno a la edición genética con CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal en el contexto del transhumanismo","created_at":"2019-04-19T17:42:39.181-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38869340/Reflexio_n_bioe_tica_interdisciplinaria_en_torno_a_la_edicio_n_gene_tica_con_CRISPR_Cas_en_li_nea_germinal_en_el_contexto_del_transhumanismo?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38869340","summary":"El propósito de este trabajo es explicar algunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Después de dar una breve explicación sobre la naturaleza de esta técnica, se ofrece el estado de la cuestión en lo referente a la normativa internacional vigente. Posteriormente, se observan las consecuencias que tiene el desarrollo de esta técnica en el marco del proyecto transhumanista y se ofrece una reflexión jurídica, una política y una antropológica sobre las mismas.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58965595,"asset_id":38869340,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":837591,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Ross","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"AlbertoRoss","display_name":"Alberto Ross","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/AlbertoRoss?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/837591/294396/24487879/s65_alberto.ross.png"},{"id":33318804,"first_name":"Virginia","last_name":"Aspe Armella","domain_name":"upmx","page_name":"VirginiaArmella","display_name":"Virginia Aspe Armella","profile_url":"https://upmx.academia.edu/VirginiaArmella?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33318804/13453098/14655607/s65_virginia.aspe_armella.png"},{"id":23964564,"first_name":"María de la Luz","last_name":"Casas Martínez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MaríadelaLuzCasasMartínez","display_name":"María de la Luz Casas Martínez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Mar%C3%ADadelaLuzCasasMart%C3%ADnez?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23964564/6468936/13241176/s65_mar_a_de_la_luz.casas_mart_nez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":84412,"name":"Transhumanismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanismo?f_ri=70125"},{"id":84778,"name":"Bioética","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bio%C3%A9tica?f_ri=70125"},{"id":243695,"name":"Bioetica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioetica?f_ri=70125"},{"id":957210,"name":"Posthumanism and Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthumanism_and_Transhumanism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32281845" data-work_id="32281845" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32281845/Application_of_CRISPR_Cas9_for_biomedical_discoveries">Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for biomedical discoveries</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9), a viral defense system found in bacteria and archaea, has emerged as a tour de force genome editing tool. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is much easier to customize and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32281845" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9), a viral defense system found in bacteria and archaea, has emerged as a tour de force genome editing tool. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is much easier to customize and optimize because the site selection for DNA cleavage is guided by a short sequence of RNA rather than an engineered protein as in the systems of zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and meganucleases. Although it still suffers from some off-target effects, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been broadly and successfully applied for biomedical discoveries in a number of areas. In this review, we present a brief history and development of the CRISPR system and focus on the application of this genome editing technology for biomedical discoveries. We then present concise concluding remarks and future directions for this fast moving field.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32281845" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="152fd858f7d791a1e2073ec55c5c021a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52498686,"asset_id":32281845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52498686/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="62624223" href="https://cmh.academia.edu/SeanRiordan">Sean Riordan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="62624223" type="text/json">{"id":62624223,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Riordan","domain_name":"cmh","page_name":"SeanRiordan","display_name":"Sean Riordan","profile_url":"https://cmh.academia.edu/SeanRiordan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62624223/18270340/18242364/s65_sean.riordan.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32281845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32281845"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32281845, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32281845", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32281845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32281845; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32281845"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32281845 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32281845"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32281845; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32281845]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32281845").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32281845").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32281845"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32281845]'), work: {"id":32281845,"title":"Application of CRISPR/Cas9 for biomedical discoveries","created_at":"2017-04-05T14:47:09.878-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32281845/Application_of_CRISPR_Cas9_for_biomedical_discoveries?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_32281845","summary":"The Clustered Regions of Interspersed Palindromic Repeats-Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9), a viral defense system found in bacteria and archaea, has emerged as a tour de force genome editing tool. The CRISPR/Cas9 system is much easier to customize and optimize because the site selection for DNA cleavage is guided by a short sequence of RNA rather than an engineered protein as in the systems of zinc finger nucleases (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALEN), and meganucleases. Although it still suffers from some off-target effects, the CRISPR/Cas9 system has been broadly and successfully applied for biomedical discoveries in a number of areas. In this review, we present a brief history and development of the CRISPR system and focus on the application of this genome editing technology for biomedical discoveries. We then present concise concluding remarks and future directions for this fast moving field.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52498686,"asset_id":32281845,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":62624223,"first_name":"Sean","last_name":"Riordan","domain_name":"cmh","page_name":"SeanRiordan","display_name":"Sean Riordan","profile_url":"https://cmh.academia.edu/SeanRiordan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/62624223/18270340/18242364/s65_sean.riordan.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42711866" data-work_id="42711866" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42711866/Gene_Therapy_for_Human_Sensorineural_Hearing_Loss">Gene Therapy for Human Sensorineural Hearing Loss</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Hearing loss is the most common sensory impairment in humans and currently disables 466 million people across the world. Congenital deafness affects at least 1 in 500 newborns, and over 50% are hereditary in nature. To date, existing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42711866" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Hearing loss is the most common sensory impairment in humans and currently disables 466 million people across the world. Congenital deafness affects at least 1 in 500 newborns, and over 50% are hereditary in nature. To date, existing pharmacologic therapies for genetic and acquired etiologies of deafness are severely limited. With the advent of modern sequencing technologies, there is a vast compendium of growing genetic alterations that underlie human hearing loss, which can be targeted by therapeutics such as gene therapy. Recently, there has been tremendous progress in the development of gene therapy vectors to treat sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in animal models in vivo. Nevertheless, significant hurdles remain before such technologies can be translated toward clinical use. These include addressing the blood-labyrinth barrier, engineering more specific and effective delivery vehicles, improving surgical access, and validating novel targets. In this review, we both highlight recent progress and outline challenges associated with in vivo gene therapy for human SNHL.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42711866" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dbc7a11d51a473d112b35daf2a2e3d7a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":62925892,"asset_id":42711866,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/62925892/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37347772" href="https://stanfordmedicine.academia.edu/LukasLandegger">Lukas Landegger</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37347772" type="text/json">{"id":37347772,"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Landegger","domain_name":"stanfordmedicine","page_name":"LukasLandegger","display_name":"Lukas Landegger","profile_url":"https://stanfordmedicine.academia.edu/LukasLandegger?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37347772/10579583/11808208/s65_lukas.landegger.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42711866 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42711866"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42711866, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42711866", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42711866]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42711866").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42711866").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42711866"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35283" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deafness_and_Hearing_Loss">Deafness and Hearing Loss</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="35283" type="text/json">{"id":35283,"name":"Deafness and Hearing Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deafness_and_Hearing_Loss?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42711866]'), work: {"id":42711866,"title":"Gene Therapy for Human Sensorineural Hearing Loss","created_at":"2020-04-12T06:18:04.416-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42711866/Gene_Therapy_for_Human_Sensorineural_Hearing_Loss?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_42711866","summary":"Hearing loss is the most common sensory impairment in humans and currently disables 466 million people across the world. Congenital deafness affects at least 1 in 500 newborns, and over 50% are hereditary in nature. To date, existing pharmacologic therapies for genetic and acquired etiologies of deafness are severely limited. With the advent of modern sequencing technologies, there is a vast compendium of growing genetic alterations that underlie human hearing loss, which can be targeted by therapeutics such as gene therapy. Recently, there has been tremendous progress in the development of gene therapy vectors to treat sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) in animal models in vivo. Nevertheless, significant hurdles remain before such technologies can be translated toward clinical use. These include addressing the blood-labyrinth barrier, engineering more specific and effective delivery vehicles, improving surgical access, and validating novel targets. In this review, we both highlight recent progress and outline challenges associated with in vivo gene therapy for human SNHL.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":62925892,"asset_id":42711866,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37347772,"first_name":"Lukas","last_name":"Landegger","domain_name":"stanfordmedicine","page_name":"LukasLandegger","display_name":"Lukas Landegger","profile_url":"https://stanfordmedicine.academia.edu/LukasLandegger?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37347772/10579583/11808208/s65_lukas.landegger.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":35283,"name":"Deafness and Hearing Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Deafness_and_Hearing_Loss?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":197299,"name":"Inner Ear","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Inner_Ear?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_81243310" data-work_id="81243310" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81243310/Gene_editing_and_RNAi_approaches_for_COVID_19_diagnostics_and_therapeutics">Gene editing and RNAi approaches for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/81243310" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="974eb2d7216866184bb283ea194e9909" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":87356050,"asset_id":81243310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/87356050/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_81243310 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="81243310"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 81243310, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_81243310", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=81243310]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_81243310").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_81243310").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="81243310"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="51121" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference">RNA interference</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="51121" type="text/json">{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=81243310]'), work: {"id":81243310,"title":"Gene editing and RNAi approaches for COVID-19 diagnostics and therapeutics","created_at":"2022-06-11T09:30:29.883-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/81243310/Gene_editing_and_RNAi_approaches_for_COVID_19_diagnostics_and_therapeutics?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_81243310","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":87356050,"asset_id":81243310,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":51121,"name":"RNA interference","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/RNA_interference?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":107108,"name":"Aptamers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aptamers?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3567366,"name":"Coronavirus COVID-19","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Coronavirus_COVID-19?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3594697,"name":"COVID-19 PANDEMIC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/COVID-19_PANDEMIC?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35629209" data-work_id="35629209" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35629209/Procreative_Beneficence_and_Genetic_Enhancement">Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35629209" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into public discourse, how the genetic enhancement of humans should be evaluated morally. In 2001, when preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF), enabled parents to select between multiple embryos, Julian Savulescu introduced the principle of procreative beneficence (PPB), stating that parents have the obligations to choose the child that is expected to have the best life. In this paper I argue that accepting the PPB and the consequentialist principle (CP) that two acts with the same consequences are morally on par, commits one to accepting the parental obligation of genetically enhancing one's children.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35629209" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="63c7adb9f033432126fa7e2f1a215e39" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":56596689,"asset_id":35629209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56596689/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44262267" href="https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit">Walter Veit</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44262267" type="text/json">{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35629209 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35629209"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35629209, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35629209", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35629209]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35629209").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35629209").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35629209"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12977" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12977" type="text/json">{"id":12977,"name":"Consequentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78435" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement">Genetic Enhancement</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78435" type="text/json">{"id":78435,"name":"Genetic Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35629209]'), work: {"id":35629209,"title":"Procreative Beneficence and Genetic Enhancement","created_at":"2018-01-10T01:59:11.852-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35629209/Procreative_Beneficence_and_Genetic_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35629209","summary":"Imagine a world where everyone is healthy, intelligent, long living and happy. Intuitively this seems wonderful albeit unrealistic. However, recent scientific breakthroughs in genetic engineering, namely CRISPR/Cas bring the question into public discourse, how the genetic enhancement of humans should be evaluated morally. In 2001, when preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) and in vitro fertilisation (IVF), enabled parents to select between multiple embryos, Julian Savulescu introduced the principle of procreative beneficence (PPB), stating that parents have the obligations to choose the child that is expected to have the best life. In this paper I argue that accepting the PPB and the consequentialist principle (CP) that two acts with the same consequences are morally on par, commits one to accepting the parental obligation of genetically enhancing one's children.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56596689,"asset_id":35629209,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":12977,"name":"Consequentialism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Consequentialism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human 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class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37199654/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF_%CE%99%CE%99%CE%99_%CE%A4%CE%BF_%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%AF">Βιοηθικοί προβληματισμοί ΙΙΙ: Το παδί</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37199654" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="999b3c891cbe966b900b93d729d9215e" rel="nofollow" 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Protopapadakis","profile_url":"https://uoa.academia.edu/EvangelosProtopapadakis?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/347399/94363/105761/s65_evangelos.protopapadakis.jpg"},{"id":3578646,"first_name":"Bottis","last_name":"Antonios","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BottisAntonios","display_name":"Bottis Antonios","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BottisAntonios?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3578646/1242378/1550989/s65_bottis.antonios.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":715247,"name":"Ανθρώπινα δικαιώματα","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%8E%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B1?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":727504,"name":"ιατρική 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Reproduction</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Desire to have children and genome-editing: Ethical, legal and social aspects of genome- editing in in-vitro fertilisation<br /><br />Research Retreat for PhD students and Early Career Researchers<br />10th – 14th of July 2017</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31855100" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fe2377b165cb3b2bc66998574360398e" rel="nofollow" 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Accounting for the China-America CRISPR Ethical Divide," BioSocieties 10 (2015): 483-488.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/15758125" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c0ce1f1eaa98b641cf22bea4ad54873a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40530362,"asset_id":15758125,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40530362/download_file?st=MTczMjQ2NDAwNSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39722" href="https://johnshopkins.academia.edu/LijingJiang">Lijing Jiang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39722" type="text/json">{"id":39722,"first_name":"Lijing","last_name":"Jiang","domain_name":"johnshopkins","page_name":"LijingJiang","display_name":"Lijing Jiang","profile_url":"https://johnshopkins.academia.edu/LijingJiang?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/39722/82667/17150002/s65_lijing.jiang.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-15758125">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-15758125"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nanyang.academia.edu/HallamStevens">Hallam Stevens</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-15758125'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-15758125').html(); 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itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/13747955/The_Moral_Imperative_to_Continue_Gene_Editing_Research_on_Human_Embryos">The Moral Imperative to Continue Gene Editing Research on Human Embryos</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/13747955" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="49ff9c417892556fa830feda18d7afe2" rel="nofollow" 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href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChristopherGyngell">Christopher Gyngell</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-13747955'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-13747955').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_13747955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="13747955"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 13747955, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_13747955", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_13747955 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x 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type="text/json">{"id":11067,"name":"Reproductive Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproductive_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1257133" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing">Gene Editing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1257133" type="text/json">{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=13747955]'), work: {"id":13747955,"title":"The Moral Imperative to Continue Gene Editing 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