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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">CRISPR</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">2,996 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>CRISPR</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/CRISPR">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40855755" data-work_id="40855755" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40855755/Yapay_Zeka_ve_Genetik_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_Biyotekillik">Yapay Zeka ve Genetik Mühendisliği: Biyotekillik</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Mevcut makine öğrenme sistemlerinde YZ’nin kullanımı henüz dar olmasına rağmen, bu alandaki ilerlemelerin hızı en iyimser tahminleri bile geride bırakıyor. Bilim insanları ve araştırmacılar, popüler bir tür makine öğrenme algoritmasının... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40855755" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Mevcut makine öğrenme sistemlerinde YZ’nin kullanımı henüz dar olmasına rağmen, bu alandaki ilerlemelerin hızı en iyimser tahminleri bile geride bırakıyor. Bilim insanları ve araştırmacılar, popüler bir tür makine öğrenme algoritmasının -sinir ağlarının- (Neural Network) daha önce hiç görülmemiş bir özelliğe sahip olduğunu keşfetti. Fütüristler ve bilim kurgu yazarları, ütopya mı yoksa distopya mı olacağına bakmaksızın YZ ve genetik mühendisliği ile doğabilecek yeni bir geleceği konu alan bolca konuları var artık. YZ ve Genetik mühendisliği, teknolojik ‘singularity’nin (tekilliğin) ne kadar heyecan verici, ürkütücü ve katma değeri yüksek bir gelişme olacağını gözler önüne sermektedir.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40855755" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b7b7e22713ef5ba969f464dd1715b17e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61141995,"asset_id":40855755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61141995/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40855755 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40855755"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40855755, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40855755", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40855755]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40855755").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40855755").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40855755"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40855755]'), work: {"id":40855755,"title":"Yapay Zeka ve Genetik Mühendisliği: Biyotekillik","created_at":"2019-11-06T01:15:10.510-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40855755/Yapay_Zeka_ve_Genetik_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_Biyotekillik?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_40855755","summary":"Mevcut makine öğrenme sistemlerinde YZ’nin kullanımı henüz dar olmasına rağmen, bu alandaki ilerlemelerin hızı en iyimser tahminleri bile geride bırakıyor. Bilim insanları ve araştırmacılar, popüler bir tür makine öğrenme algoritmasının -sinir ağlarının- (Neural Network) daha önce hiç görülmemiş bir özelliğe sahip olduğunu keşfetti. Fütüristler ve bilim kurgu yazarları, ütopya mı yoksa distopya mı olacağına bakmaksızın YZ ve genetik mühendisliği ile doğabilecek yeni bir geleceği konu alan bolca konuları var artık. YZ ve Genetik mühendisliği, teknolojik ‘singularity’nin (tekilliğin) ne kadar heyecan verici, ürkütücü ve katma değeri yüksek bir gelişme olacağını gözler önüne sermektedir.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61141995,"asset_id":40855755,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50575226" data-work_id="50575226" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50575226/Impact_of_CRISPR_Cas9_Based_Genome_Engineering_in_Farm_Animals">Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Engineering in Farm Animals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50575226" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a7e710ac0de87bc812ead47601a76a2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68504726,"asset_id":50575226,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68504726/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41559434" href="https://embl.academia.edu/SyedAzmalAli">Syed Azmal Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41559434" type="text/json">{"id":41559434,"first_name":"Syed Azmal","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"embl","page_name":"SyedAzmalAli","display_name":"Syed Azmal Ali","profile_url":"https://embl.academia.edu/SyedAzmalAli?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41559434/12036840/18109603/s65_syed_azmal.ali.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50575226 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50575226"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50575226, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50575226", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50575226]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50575226").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50575226").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50575226"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1035" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science">Animal Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1035" type="text/json">{"id":1035,"name":"Animal Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43294" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Science">Veterinary Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="43294" type="text/json">{"id":43294,"name":"Veterinary Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50575226]'), work: {"id":50575226,"title":"Impact of CRISPR-Cas9-Based Genome Engineering in Farm Animals","created_at":"2021-08-02T05:26:26.810-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50575226/Impact_of_CRISPR_Cas9_Based_Genome_Engineering_in_Farm_Animals?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_50575226","summary":"This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68504726,"asset_id":50575226,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41559434,"first_name":"Syed Azmal","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"embl","page_name":"SyedAzmalAli","display_name":"Syed Azmal Ali","profile_url":"https://embl.academia.edu/SyedAzmalAli?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/41559434/12036840/18109603/s65_syed_azmal.ali.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1035,"name":"Animal Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":43294,"name":"Veterinary Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Veterinary_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49071793 coauthored" data-work_id="49071793" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49071793/CRISPR_is_a_useful_biological_tool_for_detecting_nucleic_acid_of_SARS_CoV_2_in_human_clinical_samples">CRISPR is a useful biological tool for detecting nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in human clinical samples</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The recent pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally and infected millions of people. The quick and specific detection of the nucleic acid of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49071793" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The recent pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally and infected millions of people. The quick and specific detection of the nucleic acid of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a challenge within healthcare providers. Currently, quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the widely used method to detect the SARS-CoV-2 from the human clinical samples. RT-qPCR is expensive equipment and needs skilled personnel as well as lengthy detection time. RT-qPCR limitation needed an alternative healthcare technique to overcome with a fast and cheaper detection method. By applying the principles of CRISPR technology, several promising detection methods giving hope to the healthcare community. CRISPR-based detection methods include SHERLOCK-Covid, STOP-Covid, AIOD-CRISPR, and DETECTR platform. These methods have comparative advantages and drawbacks. Among these methods, AIOD-CRISPR and DETECTR are reasonably better diagnostic methods than the others if we compare the time taken for the test, the cost associated with each test, and their capability of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the clinical samples. It may expect that the promising CRISPR-based methods would facilitate point-of-care (POC) applications in the CRISPR-built next-generation novel coronavirus diagnostics.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49071793" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4f11030965153a9b6c7005b256ca5c65" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67463228,"asset_id":49071793,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67463228/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="43589617" href="https://olemiss.academia.edu/AminulIslamApu">Aminul Islam Apu</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="43589617" type="text/json">{"id":43589617,"first_name":"Aminul Islam","last_name":"Apu","domain_name":"olemiss","page_name":"AminulIslamApu","display_name":"Aminul Islam Apu","profile_url":"https://olemiss.academia.edu/AminulIslamApu?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43589617/21566937/61355293/s65_aminul_islam.apu.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-49071793">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-49071793"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/MdRashidurRahmanPharmacy">Md Rashidur Rahman Pharmacy</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-49071793'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-49071793').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49071793 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49071793"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49071793; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49071793]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49071793").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49071793").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49071793"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4233" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology">Computational Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4233" type="text/json">{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49071793]'), work: {"id":49071793,"title":"CRISPR is a useful biological tool for detecting nucleic acid of SARS-CoV-2 in human clinical samples","created_at":"2021-05-30T00:25:33.856-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49071793/CRISPR_is_a_useful_biological_tool_for_detecting_nucleic_acid_of_SARS_CoV_2_in_human_clinical_samples?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_49071793","summary":"The recent pandemic of novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has spread globally and infected millions of people. The quick and specific detection of the nucleic acid of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains a challenge within healthcare providers. Currently, quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) is the widely used method to detect the SARS-CoV-2 from the human clinical samples. RT-qPCR is expensive equipment and needs skilled personnel as well as lengthy detection time. RT-qPCR limitation needed an alternative healthcare technique to overcome with a fast and cheaper detection method. By applying the principles of CRISPR technology, several promising detection methods giving hope to the healthcare community. CRISPR-based detection methods include SHERLOCK-Covid, STOP-Covid, AIOD-CRISPR, and DETECTR platform. These methods have comparative advantages and drawbacks. Among these methods, AIOD-CRISPR and DETECTR are reasonably better diagnostic methods than the others if we compare the time taken for the test, the cost associated with each test, and their capability of detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the clinical samples. It may expect that the promising CRISPR-based methods would facilitate point-of-care (POC) applications in the CRISPR-built next-generation novel coronavirus diagnostics.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67463228,"asset_id":49071793,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":43589617,"first_name":"Aminul Islam","last_name":"Apu","domain_name":"olemiss","page_name":"AminulIslamApu","display_name":"Aminul Islam Apu","profile_url":"https://olemiss.academia.edu/AminulIslamApu?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/43589617/21566937/61355293/s65_aminul_islam.apu.jpg"},{"id":173675048,"first_name":"Md Rashidur","last_name":"Rahman Pharmacy","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MdRashidurRahmanPharmacy","display_name":"Md Rashidur Rahman Pharmacy","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MdRashidurRahmanPharmacy?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/173675048/48188126/36667207/s65_md_rashidur.rahman_pharmacy.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":129880,"name":"Diagnostics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diagnostics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1727314,"name":"Nucleic Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acid?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3589783,"name":"SARS-CoV-2","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SARS-CoV-2?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29537782 coauthored" data-work_id="29537782" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29537782/Emerging_ethical_perspectives_in_the_clustered_regularly_interspaced_short_palindromic_repeats_genome_editing_debate">Emerging ethical perspectives in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genome-editing debate</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in the international clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing debate from March 2015 to September 2016. We present the regulatory framework for... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29537782" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in the international clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing debate from March 2015 to September 2016. We present the regulatory framework for embryo research in the UK, and explain why CRISPR is not a significant break with the past. We discuss the ethical issues arising from CRISPR applications beyond human embryos, namely the use of gene drive-engineered mosquitoes to eradicate diseases, engineering nonhuman animals to harvest organs for human transplant and engineering crops. We discuss the experiments that have demonstrated the technical feasibility of cultivating embryos in vitro for up to 14 days, and possibly beyond this limit, and the ethical issues arising from the proposal to extend the limit beyond 14 days.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29537782" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e97c0edee1ab5be0531127d653354032" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":49981789,"asset_id":29537782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/49981789/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4734374" href="https://lancaster.academia.edu/GiuliaCavaliere">Giulia Cavaliere</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4734374" type="text/json">{"id":4734374,"first_name":"Giulia","last_name":"Cavaliere","domain_name":"lancaster","page_name":"GiuliaCavaliere","display_name":"Giulia Cavaliere","profile_url":"https://lancaster.academia.edu/GiuliaCavaliere?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4734374/2004091/17001097/s65_giulia.cavaliere.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-29537782">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-29537782"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://kcl.academia.edu/DrSilviaCamporesi">Dr Silvia Camporesi</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-29537782'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-29537782').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29537782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29537782"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29537782, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29537782", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29537782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29537782; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29537782"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29537782 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29537782"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29537782; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29537782]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29537782").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29537782").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29537782"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="289699" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryo_Research">Embryo Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="289699" type="text/json">{"id":289699,"name":"Embryo Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryo_Research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1261518" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing">Genome Editing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1261518" type="text/json">{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29537782]'), work: {"id":29537782,"title":"Emerging ethical perspectives in the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats genome-editing debate","created_at":"2016-10-30T07:26:43.012-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29537782/Emerging_ethical_perspectives_in_the_clustered_regularly_interspaced_short_palindromic_repeats_genome_editing_debate?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_29537782","summary":"This paper provides an overview of the ethical issues in the international clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing debate from March 2015 to September 2016. We present the regulatory framework for embryo research in the UK, and explain why CRISPR is not a significant break with the past. We discuss the ethical issues arising from CRISPR applications beyond human embryos, namely the use of gene drive-engineered mosquitoes to eradicate diseases, engineering nonhuman animals to harvest organs for human transplant and engineering crops. We discuss the experiments that have demonstrated the technical feasibility of cultivating embryos in vitro for up to 14 days, and possibly beyond this limit, and the ethical issues arising from the proposal to extend the limit beyond 14 days.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":49981789,"asset_id":29537782,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4734374,"first_name":"Giulia","last_name":"Cavaliere","domain_name":"lancaster","page_name":"GiuliaCavaliere","display_name":"Giulia Cavaliere","profile_url":"https://lancaster.academia.edu/GiuliaCavaliere?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4734374/2004091/17001097/s65_giulia.cavaliere.jpg"},{"id":202004,"first_name":"Dr Silvia","last_name":"Camporesi","domain_name":"kcl","page_name":"DrSilviaCamporesi","display_name":"Dr Silvia Camporesi","profile_url":"https://kcl.academia.edu/DrSilviaCamporesi?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/202004/47490/105420481/s65_dr_silvia.camporesi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":289699,"name":"Embryo Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Embryo_Research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1751379,"name":"Bioethcis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethcis?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38313589" data-work_id="38313589" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38313589/Bacteriophage_therapy_a_potential_solution_for_the_antibiotic_resistance_crisis">Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38313589" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage therapy is an important alternative toantibiotics in the current era of drug-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages have played an important role in the expansion of molecular biology<br />and have been used as antibacterial agents since 1966.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38313589" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cf045e6c2bbc3fad10d26bc004a35773" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58362702,"asset_id":38313589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58362702/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="101978433" href="https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar">Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="101978433" type="text/json">{"id":101978433,"first_name":"Zhabiz","last_name":"Golkar, Ph.D.","domain_name":"claflin","page_name":"ZhabizGolkar","display_name":"Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101978433/22436608/21641005/s65_zhabiz.golkar_ph.d..jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38313589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38313589"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38313589, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38313589", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38313589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38313589; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38313589"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38313589 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38313589"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38313589; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38313589]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38313589").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38313589").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38313589"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i></div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl6x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (false) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38313589]'), work: {"id":38313589,"title":"Bacteriophage therapy: a potential solution for the antibiotic resistance crisis","created_at":"2019-02-08T16:43:17.130-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38313589/Bacteriophage_therapy_a_potential_solution_for_the_antibiotic_resistance_crisis?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_38313589","summary":"The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has prompted interest in alternatives to conventional antimicrobials. One of the possible replacement options for antibiotics is the use of bacteriophages as antimicrobial agents. Phage therapy is an important alternative toantibiotics in the current era of drug-resistant pathogens. Bacteriophages have played an important role in the expansion of molecular biology\nand have been used as antibacterial agents since 1966. ","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58362702,"asset_id":38313589,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":101978433,"first_name":"Zhabiz","last_name":"Golkar, Ph.D.","domain_name":"claflin","page_name":"ZhabizGolkar","display_name":"Zhabiz Golkar, Ph.D.","profile_url":"https://claflin.academia.edu/ZhabizGolkar?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/101978433/22436608/21641005/s65_zhabiz.golkar_ph.d..jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40206300" data-work_id="40206300" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40206300/Germline_genome_editing_versus_preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis_Is_there_a_case_in_favour_of_germline_interventions">Germline genome editing versus preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Is there a case in favour of germline interventions?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR is widely considered to be a disruptive technology. However, when it comes to the most controversial topic, germline genome editing (GGE), there is no consensus on whether this technology has any substantial advantages over... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40206300" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR is widely considered to be a disruptive technology. However, when it comes to the most controversial topic, germline genome editing (GGE), there is no consensus on whether this technology has any substantial advantages over existing procedures such as embryo selection after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Answering this question, however, is crucial for evaluating whether the pursuit of further research and development on GGE is justified. This paper explores the question from both a clinical and a moral viewpoint, namely whether GGE has any advantages over existing technologies of selective reproduction and whether GGE could complement or even replace them. In a first step, I review an argument of extended applicability. The paper confirms that there are some scenarios in which only germline intervention allows couples to have (biologically related) healthy offspring, because selection will not avoid disease. In a second step, I examine possible moral arguments in favour of genetic modification, namely that GGE could save some embryos and that GGE would provide certain benefits for a future person that PGD does not. Both arguments for GGE have limitations. With regard to the extended applicability of GGE, however, a weak case in favour of GGE should still be made.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40206300" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4263213178f4903d2b48de9fd6839701" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60432402,"asset_id":40206300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60432402/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="53373" href="https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch">Robert Ranisch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="53373" type="text/json">{"id":53373,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Ranisch","domain_name":"wipcad-potsdam","page_name":"RobertRanisch","display_name":"Robert Ranisch","profile_url":"https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40206300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40206300"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40206300, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40206300", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_40206300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40206300; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_40206300"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_40206300 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40206300"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40206300; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40206300]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40206300").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40206300").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40206300"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9435" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics">Medical Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9435" type="text/json">{"id":9435,"name":"Medical Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59272" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Identity_Problem">Non-Identity Problem</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="59272" type="text/json">{"id":59272,"name":"Non-Identity Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Identity_Problem?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40206300]'), work: {"id":40206300,"title":"Germline genome editing versus preimplantation genetic diagnosis: Is there a case in favour of germline interventions?","created_at":"2019-08-29T10:09:46.494-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40206300/Germline_genome_editing_versus_preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis_Is_there_a_case_in_favour_of_germline_interventions?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_40206300","summary":"CRISPR is widely considered to be a disruptive technology. However, when it comes to the most controversial topic, germline genome editing (GGE), there is no consensus on whether this technology has any substantial advantages over existing procedures such as embryo selection after in vitro fertilization (IVF) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Answering this question, however, is crucial for evaluating whether the pursuit of further research and development on GGE is justified. This paper explores the question from both a clinical and a moral viewpoint, namely whether GGE has any advantages over existing technologies of selective reproduction and whether GGE could complement or even replace them. In a first step, I review an argument of extended applicability. The paper confirms that there are some scenarios in which only germline intervention allows couples to have (biologically related) healthy offspring, because selection will not avoid disease. In a second step, I examine possible moral arguments in favour of genetic modification, namely that GGE could save some embryos and that GGE would provide certain benefits for a future person that PGD does not. Both arguments for GGE have limitations. With regard to the extended applicability of GGE, however, a weak case in favour of GGE should still be made.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60432402,"asset_id":40206300,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":53373,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Ranisch","domain_name":"wipcad-potsdam","page_name":"RobertRanisch","display_name":"Robert Ranisch","profile_url":"https://wipcad-potsdam.academia.edu/RobertRanisch?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":9435,"name":"Medical Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":59272,"name":"Non-Identity Problem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Non-Identity_Problem?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":277616,"name":"Preimplantation genetic diagnosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3125510,"name":"germline gene therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/germline_gene_therapy?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3207107,"name":"Germline Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germline_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37884923" data-work_id="37884923" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37884923/CRISPR_Cas9_Reflexiones_bio%C3%A9ticas_sobre_las_modificaciones_gen%C3%B3micas_CRISPR_Cas9_BIOETHICAL_REFLECTIONS_ON_GENOME_MODIFICATIONS">CRISPR/Cas9: Reflexiones bioéticas sobre las modificaciones genómicas / CRISPR/Cas9: BIOETHICAL REFLECTIONS ON GENOME MODIFICATIONS</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR/Cas9 can be considered the biotechnogical discovery of the century. However, reflections on the plausibility and feasibility of producing permanent changes in the DNA of gametes and embryos throw new light on CRISPR. As in... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37884923" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR/Cas9 can be considered the biotechnogical discovery of the century. However, reflections on the plausibility and feasibility of producing permanent changes in the DNA of gametes and embryos throw new light on CRISPR. As in modifications in the germinal line can be inherited and hence, observed throughout generations. While this might be desirable for some, besides the technological impact, CRISPR also seems to have an ethical impact on society. These ethical impacts can be observed in the diverse reactions to CRISPR from across the globe. For instance, a request for the complete suspension of clinical application (that is, the prohibition of implanting an embryo with CRISPR modifications in the uterus) till certain basic research requirements were met and approved. Broadly, this technology has been prematurely also characterized as " disruptive " by some. This paper will analyze these ethical, political, social, medical and subjective reactions in light of the social-not technological-phenomenon created by CRISPR. RESUMEN CRISPR/Cas9 puede ser considerado el descubrimiento biotecnológico del siglo. Sin embargo, las reflexiones sobre la aceptabilidad y factibilidad de producir cambios permanentes en el ADN de gametos y embriones, ha arrojado nueva luz sobre CRISPR. Por ejemplo al notar que las alteraciones en la línea germinal, pueden ser heredadas y por lo tanto observarse a lo largo de las generaciones. Aunque inicialmente estas transformaciones puedan ser deseables, más allá del impacto tecnológico, la tecnología CRISPR parece tener varias implicancias éticas para la sociedad. Estas pueden ser analizadas a partir de las distintas reacciones que ha despertado CRISPR en todo el mundo. Por ejemplo, en el pedido de suspensión total de la aplicación clínica (es decir, la prohibición de transferir en el útero un embrión previamente modificado con la tecnología CRISPR) hasta tanto no se hayan alcanzado y aprobado ciertos requisitos indispensables para la investigación clínica. En general, esta tecnología ha sido prematuramente caracterizada como " disruptiva ". Este texto analizará las implicancias éticas, políticas, sociales, médicas y subjetivas a la luz del fenómeno social-no tecnológico-creado por CRISPR.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37884923" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d9bd48f95e5ca5bb81ba53e85e98aa5d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57892286,"asset_id":37884923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57892286/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="51865193" href="https://conicet.academia.edu/NatachaLima">Natacha Lima</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="51865193" type="text/json">{"id":51865193,"first_name":"Natacha","last_name":"Lima","domain_name":"conicet","page_name":"NatachaLima","display_name":"Natacha Lima","profile_url":"https://conicet.academia.edu/NatachaLima?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51865193/15540346/16136596/s65_natacha.lima.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37884923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37884923"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37884923, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37884923", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37884923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37884923; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37884923"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37884923 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37884923"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37884923; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37884923]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37884923").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37884923").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37884923"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37884923]'), work: {"id":37884923,"title":"CRISPR/Cas9: Reflexiones bioéticas sobre las modificaciones genómicas / CRISPR/Cas9: BIOETHICAL REFLECTIONS ON GENOME MODIFICATIONS","created_at":"2018-11-30T08:01:20.383-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37884923/CRISPR_Cas9_Reflexiones_bio%C3%A9ticas_sobre_las_modificaciones_gen%C3%B3micas_CRISPR_Cas9_BIOETHICAL_REFLECTIONS_ON_GENOME_MODIFICATIONS?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_37884923","summary":"CRISPR/Cas9 can be considered the biotechnogical discovery of the century. However, reflections on the plausibility and feasibility of producing permanent changes in the DNA of gametes and embryos throw new light on CRISPR. As in modifications in the germinal line can be inherited and hence, observed throughout generations. While this might be desirable for some, besides the technological impact, CRISPR also seems to have an ethical impact on society. These ethical impacts can be observed in the diverse reactions to CRISPR from across the globe. For instance, a request for the complete suspension of clinical application (that is, the prohibition of implanting an embryo with CRISPR modifications in the uterus) till certain basic research requirements were met and approved. Broadly, this technology has been prematurely also characterized as \" disruptive \" by some. This paper will analyze these ethical, political, social, medical and subjective reactions in light of the social-not technological-phenomenon created by CRISPR. RESUMEN CRISPR/Cas9 puede ser considerado el descubrimiento biotecnológico del siglo. Sin embargo, las reflexiones sobre la aceptabilidad y factibilidad de producir cambios permanentes en el ADN de gametos y embriones, ha arrojado nueva luz sobre CRISPR. Por ejemplo al notar que las alteraciones en la línea germinal, pueden ser heredadas y por lo tanto observarse a lo largo de las generaciones. Aunque inicialmente estas transformaciones puedan ser deseables, más allá del impacto tecnológico, la tecnología CRISPR parece tener varias implicancias éticas para la sociedad. Estas pueden ser analizadas a partir de las distintas reacciones que ha despertado CRISPR en todo el mundo. Por ejemplo, en el pedido de suspensión total de la aplicación clínica (es decir, la prohibición de transferir en el útero un embrión previamente modificado con la tecnología CRISPR) hasta tanto no se hayan alcanzado y aprobado ciertos requisitos indispensables para la investigación clínica. En general, esta tecnología ha sido prematuramente caracterizada como \" disruptiva \". Este texto analizará las implicancias éticas, políticas, sociales, médicas y subjetivas a la luz del fenómeno social-no tecnológico-creado por CRISPR.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57892286,"asset_id":37884923,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":51865193,"first_name":"Natacha","last_name":"Lima","domain_name":"conicet","page_name":"NatachaLima","display_name":"Natacha Lima","profile_url":"https://conicet.academia.edu/NatachaLima?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/51865193/15540346/16136596/s65_natacha.lima.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_10133735" data-work_id="10133735" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/10133735/Genome_scale_transcriptional_activation_by_an_engineered_CRISPR_Cas9_complex">Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable manner. Here we describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_10133735" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable<br />manner. Here we describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional<br />activation at endogenous genomic loci. We used these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, to demonstrate multiplexed activation of ten genes<br />simultaneously, and to upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. We also synthesized a library<br />consisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes that, upon activation, confer<br />resistance to a BRAF inhibitor. The top hits included genes previously shown to be able to confer resistance, and novel<br />candidates were validated using individual sgRNA and complementary DNA overexpression. A gene signature based on the top screening hits correlated with a gene expression signature of BRAF inhibitor resistance in cell lines and patientderived samples. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of Cas9-based activators as a powerful genetic<br />perturbation technology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/10133735" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="20f07ea25f79bb429f14e5fa129d183d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":36246679,"asset_id":10133735,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/36246679/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22931907" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/WangVictor">Victor Wang</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22931907" type="text/json">{"id":22931907,"first_name":"Victor","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"gucas","page_name":"WangVictor","display_name":"Victor Wang","profile_url":"https://gucas.academia.edu/WangVictor?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22931907/6225980/9757953/s65_victor.wang.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_10133735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="10133735"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 10133735, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_10133735", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_10133735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10133735; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_10133735"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_10133735 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="10133735"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 10133735; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=10133735]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_10133735").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_10133735").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="10133735"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13827" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology">Cell Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13827" type="text/json">{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14195" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Biology">Cancer Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14195" type="text/json">{"id":14195,"name":"Cancer Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22255" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Research">Cancer Research</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22255" type="text/json">{"id":22255,"name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=10133735]'), work: {"id":10133735,"title":"Genome-scale transcriptional activation by an engineered CRISPR-Cas9 complex","created_at":"2015-01-12T18:25:56.468-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/10133735/Genome_scale_transcriptional_activation_by_an_engineered_CRISPR_Cas9_complex?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_10133735","summary":"Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable\nmanner. Here we describe structure-guided engineering of a CRISPR-Cas9 complex to mediate efficient transcriptional\nactivation at endogenous genomic loci. We used these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate single-guide RNA (sgRNA) targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, to demonstrate multiplexed activation of ten genes\nsimultaneously, and to upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. We also synthesized a library\nconsisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes that, upon activation, confer\nresistance to a BRAF inhibitor. The top hits included genes previously shown to be able to confer resistance, and novel\ncandidates were validated using individual sgRNA and complementary DNA overexpression. A gene signature based on the top screening hits correlated with a gene expression signature of BRAF inhibitor resistance in cell lines and patientderived samples. These results collectively demonstrate the potential of Cas9-based activators as a powerful genetic\nperturbation technology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":36246679,"asset_id":10133735,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22931907,"first_name":"Victor","last_name":"Wang","domain_name":"gucas","page_name":"WangVictor","display_name":"Victor Wang","profile_url":"https://gucas.academia.edu/WangVictor?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/22931907/6225980/9757953/s65_victor.wang.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":13827,"name":"Cell Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":14195,"name":"Cancer Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":22255,"name":"Cancer Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cancer_Research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34131361" data-work_id="34131361" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34131361/Resisting_the_Temptation_of_Perfection">Resisting the Temptation of Perfection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With the advance of CRISPR technology, parents will be tempted to create superior offspring who are healthier, smarter, and stronger. In addition to the fact that many of these procedures are considered immoral for Catholics, they could... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34131361" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With the advance of CRISPR technology, parents will be tempted to create superior offspring who are healthier, smarter, and stronger. In addition to the fact that many of these procedures are considered immoral for Catholics, they could change human nature in radical and possibly disastrous ways. This article focuses on the question of human perfectionism. First, by considering the relationship between human nature and technology, it analyzes whether such advances can improve human nature in addition to curing diseases. Next, it looks at the moral and spiritual dimensions of perfection by analyzing the cardinal virtues. It argues that seeking perfection in the physical sense alone may not be prudent or wise and may produce greater injustices and weaken the human spirit in the long run. Understanding our true calling to perfection can help us resist the temptation of hubris to enhance the human race through technology. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34131361" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3f71d800f9622fa31a30d389c42b9a85" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":54058484,"asset_id":34131361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/54058484/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="15291107" href="https://uprait.academia.edu/StephenJosephTham">(Stephen) Joseph Tham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="15291107" type="text/json">{"id":15291107,"first_name":"(Stephen) Joseph","last_name":"Tham","domain_name":"uprait","page_name":"StephenJosephTham","display_name":"(Stephen) Joseph Tham","profile_url":"https://uprait.academia.edu/StephenJosephTham?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15291107/4122095/4804407/s65__stephen_joseph.tham.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34131361 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34131361"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34131361, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34131361", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34131361]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34131361").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34131361").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34131361"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">29</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="923" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology">Technology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="923" type="text/json">{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3182" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Ethics">Theological Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3182" type="text/json">{"id":3182,"name":"Theological Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9435" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics">Medical Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9435" type="text/json">{"id":9435,"name":"Medical Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34131361]'), work: {"id":34131361,"title":"Resisting the Temptation of Perfection","created_at":"2017-08-04T08:04:54.380-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34131361/Resisting_the_Temptation_of_Perfection?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_34131361","summary":"With the advance of CRISPR technology, parents will be tempted to create superior offspring who are healthier, smarter, and stronger. In addition to the fact that many of these procedures are considered immoral for Catholics, they could change human nature in radical and possibly disastrous ways. This article focuses on the question of human perfectionism. First, by considering the relationship between human nature and technology, it analyzes whether such advances can improve human nature in addition to curing diseases. Next, it looks at the moral and spiritual dimensions of perfection by analyzing the cardinal virtues. It argues that seeking perfection in the physical sense alone may not be prudent or wise and may produce greater injustices and weaken the human spirit in the long run. Understanding our true calling to perfection can help us resist the temptation of hubris to enhance the human race through technology. National Catholic Bioethics Quarterly","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":54058484,"asset_id":34131361,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":15291107,"first_name":"(Stephen) Joseph","last_name":"Tham","domain_name":"uprait","page_name":"StephenJosephTham","display_name":"(Stephen) Joseph Tham","profile_url":"https://uprait.academia.edu/StephenJosephTham?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/15291107/4122095/4804407/s65__stephen_joseph.tham.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":923,"name":"Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3182,"name":"Theological Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theological_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":9435,"name":"Medical Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11860,"name":"Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":16449,"name":"Perfectionism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Perfectionism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":18375,"name":"Virtues and Vices","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Virtues_and_Vices?f_ri=70125"},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":36997,"name":"Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Technologies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":45330,"name":"Technology Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Technology_Ethics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":52853,"name":"Immortality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immortality?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":75287,"name":"Romano Guardini","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Romano_Guardini?f_ri=70125"},{"id":76336,"name":"Medical Ethics \u0026 Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Ethics_and_Law?f_ri=70125"},{"id":100552,"name":"Medical Law and Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Law_and_Ethics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":104572,"name":"Arnold Gehlen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arnold_Gehlen?f_ri=70125"},{"id":120226,"name":"Prudence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Prudence?f_ri=70125"},{"id":141778,"name":"Ethics of Emerging Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics_of_Emerging_Technologies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":192481,"name":"Cognitive Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Enhancement?f_ri=70125"},{"id":220358,"name":"Designer Babies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Designer_Babies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":370057,"name":"GATTACA","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/GATTACA?f_ri=70125"},{"id":406886,"name":"Emerging Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Emerging_Technology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":482809,"name":"DICTIONARY OF BIOTECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DICTIONARY_OF_BIOTECHNOLOGY_AND_GENETIC_ENGINEERING?f_ri=70125"},{"id":957210,"name":"Posthumanism and Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Posthumanism_and_Transhumanism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1009627,"name":"Christian Theology/Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Christian_Theology_Ethics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1177866,"name":"Playing God","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Playing_God?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30902766" data-work_id="30902766" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30902766/CRISPR_Cas9_System_Opportunities_and_Concerns">CRISPR-Cas9 System: Opportunities and Concerns</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30902766" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="64cc5f8fab6e9ef50649cfb05246ac2a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51328074,"asset_id":30902766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51328074/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1742194" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CharisThompson6">Charis M Thompson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1742194" type="text/json">{"id":1742194,"first_name":"Charis","last_name":"Thompson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CharisThompson6","display_name":"Charis M Thompson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CharisThompson6?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1742194/599266/744308/s65_charis.thompson.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30902766 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30902766"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new 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fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30902766; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30902766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30902766").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30902766").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30902766"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="13514" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STS_Anthropology_">STS (Anthropology)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="13514" type="text/json">{"id":13514,"name":"STS (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STS_Anthropology_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="54424" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_">science and technology studies (STS)</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="54424" type="text/json">{"id":54424,"name":"science and technology studies (STS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30902766]'), work: {"id":30902766,"title":"CRISPR-Cas9 System: Opportunities and Concerns","created_at":"2017-01-12T19:53:30.894-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30902766/CRISPR_Cas9_System_Opportunities_and_Concerns?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_30902766","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51328074,"asset_id":30902766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1742194,"first_name":"Charis","last_name":"Thompson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CharisThompson6","display_name":"Charis M Thompson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CharisThompson6?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1742194/599266/744308/s65_charis.thompson.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":13514,"name":"STS (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STS_Anthropology_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":54424,"name":"science and technology studies (STS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_19234731" data-work_id="19234731" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/19234731/The_therapeutic_application_of_CRISPR_Cas9_technologies_for_HIV">The therapeutic application of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for HIV</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction—The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Nevertheless gene-based therapies represent a promising therapeutic paradigm for HIV-1, as they... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_19234731" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction—The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Nevertheless gene-based therapies represent a promising therapeutic paradigm for HIV-1, as they have the potential for sustained viral inhibition and reduced treatment interventions. One new method amendable to a gene-based therapy is the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing system.<br /><br />Areas covered—CRISPR/Cas9 can be engineered to successfully modulate an array of disease-causing genetic elements. We discuss the diverse roles that CRISPR/Cas9 may play in targeting HIV and eradicating infection. The Cas9 nuclease coupled with one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) can target the provirus to mediate excision of the integrated viral genome. Moreover, a modified nuclease deficient Cas9 fused to transcription activating domains may induce targeted activation of proviral gene expression allowing for the purging of the latent reservoirs. These technologies can also be exploited to target host dependency factors such as the co-receptor CCR5, thus preventing cellular entry of the virus.<br /><br />Expert opinion—The diversity of the CRISPR/Cas9 technologies hold great promise for targeting different stages of the viral life cycle, and have the capacity for mediating an effective and sustained genetic therapy against HIV.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/19234731" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b1f13c99de4048831d914ee6aea9513" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":40506899,"asset_id":19234731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/40506899/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3564951" href="https://wits.academia.edu/StuartAli">Stuart A Ali</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3564951" type="text/json">{"id":3564951,"first_name":"Stuart","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"wits","page_name":"StuartAli","display_name":"Stuart A Ali","profile_url":"https://wits.academia.edu/StuartAli?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3564951/10868466/16190231/s65_stuart.ali.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_19234731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="19234731"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 19234731, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_19234731", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_19234731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19234731; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_19234731"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_19234731 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="19234731"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 19234731; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=19234731]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_19234731").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_19234731").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="19234731"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="39978" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV">HIV</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="39978" type="text/json">{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="779517" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV_latency_and_reactivation">HIV latency and reactivation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="779517" type="text/json">{"id":779517,"name":"HIV latency and reactivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV_latency_and_reactivation?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="983789" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Immunology_of_Infectious_Diseases..._HIV">Molecular Immunology of Infectious Diseases... HIV</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="983789" type="text/json">{"id":983789,"name":"Molecular Immunology of Infectious Diseases... HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Immunology_of_Infectious_Diseases..._HIV?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=19234731]'), work: {"id":19234731,"title":"The therapeutic application of CRISPR/Cas9 technologies for HIV","created_at":"2015-11-30T07:26:56.950-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/19234731/The_therapeutic_application_of_CRISPR_Cas9_technologies_for_HIV?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_19234731","summary":"Introduction—The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to a significant decrease in morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected individuals. Nevertheless gene-based therapies represent a promising therapeutic paradigm for HIV-1, as they have the potential for sustained viral inhibition and reduced treatment interventions. One new method amendable to a gene-based therapy is the clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 gene editing system.\n\nAreas covered—CRISPR/Cas9 can be engineered to successfully modulate an array of disease-causing genetic elements. We discuss the diverse roles that CRISPR/Cas9 may play in targeting HIV and eradicating infection. The Cas9 nuclease coupled with one or more small guide RNAs (sgRNAs) can target the provirus to mediate excision of the integrated viral genome. Moreover, a modified nuclease deficient Cas9 fused to transcription activating domains may induce targeted activation of proviral gene expression allowing for the purging of the latent reservoirs. These technologies can also be exploited to target host dependency factors such as the co-receptor CCR5, thus preventing cellular entry of the virus.\n\nExpert opinion—The diversity of the CRISPR/Cas9 technologies hold great promise for targeting different stages of the viral life cycle, and have the capacity for mediating an effective and sustained genetic therapy against HIV.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":40506899,"asset_id":19234731,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3564951,"first_name":"Stuart","last_name":"Ali","domain_name":"wits","page_name":"StuartAli","display_name":"Stuart A Ali","profile_url":"https://wits.academia.edu/StuartAli?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3564951/10868466/16190231/s65_stuart.ali.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":39978,"name":"HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":779517,"name":"HIV latency and reactivation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HIV_latency_and_reactivation?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":983789,"name":"Molecular Immunology of Infectious Diseases... HIV","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Immunology_of_Infectious_Diseases..._HIV?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44803738 coauthored" data-work_id="44803738" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44803738/CRISPR_Of_Things_Applications_and_Challenges_of_the_Most_Popular_Gene_Editing_Tool_in_the_Fields_of_Health_Agriculture_and_Environment">CRISPR-Of-Things: Applications and Challenges of the Most Popular Gene Editing Tool in the Fields of Health, Agriculture and Environment</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Almost all cells of any living organism contain DNA, a hereditary molecule that passes from generation to generation during reproduction. The term "genome" generally refers to the total DNA sequences in an organism. The genome consists of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44803738" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Almost all cells of any living organism contain DNA, a hereditary molecule that passes from generation to generation during reproduction. The term "genome" generally refers to the total DNA sequences in an organism. The genome consists of DNA sequences called "gene", which plays a role in the basic biological processes involved in many phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, such as performing cellular functions, controlling numbers and species, regulating energy production, metabolism, and combating diseases. Gene editing is the process of pre-designing and modifying a particular DNA sequence in a targeted gene. The most widely used technique is CRISPR-Cas technology. For this purpose, the DNA helix is cut at a certain point, to form a double-strand break (DSB), and naturally existing cellular repair mechanisms repair the DSB. Modes of the repair mechanisms may affect the gene function. When DSB is formed, gene editing techniques can be applied to remove, insert, or replace a newly modified sequence using a synthetic donor template DNA. In developed and developing countries, CRISPR-Cas studies in addition to research and development studies are rapidly increasing. In addition to increasing population, changing weather conditions, declining farmland, increasing biotic and abiotic stresses are other important barriers to agricultural production, food, and feed supply. In this report, CRISPR-Cas applications are introduced in detail from the studies that carried out gene modifications in the fields of health, animals, plants, microorganisms, and food supply. Besides, these technologies and applications have been examined in terms of world biosafety legislation and the scientific risk assessment of the products developed using the CRISPR-Cas technique.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44803738" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="059423ec105aba3a31290e46322e0716" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65301681,"asset_id":44803738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65301681/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-44803738">+4</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-44803738"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://akdeniz.academia.edu/KenanTurgut">Kenan Turgut</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://atauni.academia.edu/KamilHAL%C4%B0LO%C4%9ELU">Kamil HALİLOĞLU</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://adnanmenderes.academia.edu/KemalBenlioglu">Kemal Benlioglu</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://comu.academia.edu/KemalMelihTASKIN">Kemal Melih TASKIN</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-44803738'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-44803738').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44803738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44803738"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44803738, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44803738", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44803738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44803738; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44803738"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44803738 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44803738"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44803738; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44803738]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44803738").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44803738").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44803738"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44803738]'), work: {"id":44803738,"title":"CRISPR-Of-Things: Applications and Challenges of the Most Popular Gene Editing Tool in the Fields of Health, Agriculture and Environment","created_at":"2020-12-30T14:47:08.767-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44803738/CRISPR_Of_Things_Applications_and_Challenges_of_the_Most_Popular_Gene_Editing_Tool_in_the_Fields_of_Health_Agriculture_and_Environment?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_44803738","summary":"Almost all cells of any living organism contain DNA, a hereditary molecule that passes from generation to generation during reproduction. The term \"genome\" generally refers to the total DNA sequences in an organism. The genome consists of DNA sequences called \"gene\", which plays a role in the basic biological processes involved in many phenotypic and genotypic characteristics, such as performing cellular functions, controlling numbers and species, regulating energy production, metabolism, and combating diseases. Gene editing is the process of pre-designing and modifying a particular DNA sequence in a targeted gene. The most widely used technique is CRISPR-Cas technology. For this purpose, the DNA helix is cut at a certain point, to form a double-strand break (DSB), and naturally existing cellular repair mechanisms repair the DSB. Modes of the repair mechanisms may affect the gene function. When DSB is formed, gene editing techniques can be applied to remove, insert, or replace a newly modified sequence using a synthetic donor template DNA. In developed and developing countries, CRISPR-Cas studies in addition to research and development studies are rapidly increasing. In addition to increasing population, changing weather conditions, declining farmland, increasing biotic and abiotic stresses are other important barriers to agricultural production, food, and feed supply. In this report, CRISPR-Cas applications are introduced in detail from the studies that carried out gene modifications in the fields of health, animals, plants, microorganisms, and food supply. Besides, these technologies and applications have been examined in terms of world biosafety legislation and the scientific risk assessment of the products developed using the CRISPR-Cas technique.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65301681,"asset_id":44803738,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"},{"id":46883327,"first_name":"Kenan","last_name":"Turgut","domain_name":"akdeniz","page_name":"KenanTurgut","display_name":"Kenan Turgut","profile_url":"https://akdeniz.academia.edu/KenanTurgut?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46883327/12422650/13826393/s65_kenan.turgut.jpg"},{"id":6021504,"first_name":"Kamil","last_name":"HALİLOĞLU","domain_name":"atauni","page_name":"KamilHALİLOĞLU","display_name":"Kamil HALİLOĞLU","profile_url":"https://atauni.academia.edu/KamilHAL%C4%B0LO%C4%9ELU?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/6021504/5984315/6791219/s65_kamil.hal_lo_lu.jpg"},{"id":46589724,"first_name":"Kemal","last_name":"Benlioglu","domain_name":"adnanmenderes","page_name":"KemalBenlioglu","display_name":"Kemal Benlioglu","profile_url":"https://adnanmenderes.academia.edu/KemalBenlioglu?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46589724/15487157/16097632/s65_k..benlioglu.png"},{"id":47323558,"first_name":"Kemal Melih","last_name":"TASKIN","domain_name":"comu","page_name":"KemalMelihTASKIN","display_name":"Kemal Melih TASKIN","profile_url":"https://comu.academia.edu/KemalMelihTASKIN?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44490598" data-work_id="44490598" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44490598/CRISPR_mediated_engineering_across_the_central_dogma_in_plant_biology_for_basic_research_and_crop_improvement">CRISPR-mediated engineering across the central dogma in plant biology for basic research and crop improvement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The central dogma (CD) of molecular biology constitutes the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle, DNA replication, chromosome packaging, epigenetic... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44490598" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The central dogma (CD) of molecular biology constitutes the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle, DNA replication, chromosome packaging, epigenetic changes, transcription, posttranscriptional alterations, translation, and posttranslational modifications. The CD processes are tightly regulated in plants to maintain their genetic integrity throughout the life cycle as well as to pass the genetic material to the next generation. Engineering of various CD processes involved in gene regulation will accelerate crop improvement to feed the growing world population. CRISPR technology enables programmable editing of CD processes to alter DNA, RNA, or protein, which would have been impossible in the past. Here, an overview of recent advancements in CRISPR tool development and CRISPR-based CD modulations that expedite basic and applied plant research is provided. Furthermore, CRISPR applications in major thriving areas, such as gene discovery (allele mining and cryptic gene activation), introgression (de novo domestication and haploid induction), and application of desired traits beneficial to farmers or consumers (biotic/abiotic stress-resilient crops, plant cell factories, and delayed senescence), are described. Finally, the global regulatory policies, challenges, and prospects for CRISPR-mediated crop improvement are summarized.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44490598" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8e5493e185107e678a6d7f088959fe9b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67290597,"asset_id":44490598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67290597/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="83982" href="https://gnu.academia.edu/RahulShelake">Rahul Mahadev Shelake</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="83982" type="text/json">{"id":83982,"first_name":"Rahul Mahadev","last_name":"Shelake","domain_name":"gnu","page_name":"RahulShelake","display_name":"Rahul Mahadev Shelake","profile_url":"https://gnu.academia.edu/RahulShelake?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/83982/185584/18125060/s65_rahul.shelake.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44490598 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44490598"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44490598, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44490598", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44490598]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44490598").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44490598").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44490598"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10225" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10225" type="text/json">{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="431354" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding_and_Biotechnology">Plant Breeding and Biotechnology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="431354" type="text/json">{"id":431354,"name":"Plant Breeding and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44490598]'), work: {"id":44490598,"title":"CRISPR-mediated engineering across the central dogma in plant biology for basic research and crop improvement","created_at":"2020-11-13T00:28:37.346-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44490598/CRISPR_mediated_engineering_across_the_central_dogma_in_plant_biology_for_basic_research_and_crop_improvement?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_44490598","summary":"The central dogma (CD) of molecular biology constitutes the transfer of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein. Major CD processes governing genetic flow include the cell cycle, DNA replication, chromosome packaging, epigenetic changes, transcription, posttranscriptional alterations, translation, and posttranslational modifications. The CD processes are tightly regulated in plants to maintain their genetic integrity throughout the life cycle as well as to pass the genetic material to the next generation. Engineering of various CD processes involved in gene regulation will accelerate crop improvement to feed the growing world population. CRISPR technology enables programmable editing of CD processes to alter DNA, RNA, or protein, which would have been impossible in the past. Here, an overview of recent advancements in CRISPR tool development and CRISPR-based CD modulations that expedite basic and applied plant research is provided. Furthermore, CRISPR applications in major thriving areas, such as gene discovery (allele mining and cryptic gene activation), introgression (de novo domestication and haploid induction), and application of desired traits beneficial to farmers or consumers (biotic/abiotic stress-resilient crops, plant cell factories, and delayed senescence), are described. Finally, the global regulatory policies, challenges, and prospects for CRISPR-mediated crop improvement are summarized.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67290597,"asset_id":44490598,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":83982,"first_name":"Rahul Mahadev","last_name":"Shelake","domain_name":"gnu","page_name":"RahulShelake","display_name":"Rahul Mahadev Shelake","profile_url":"https://gnu.academia.edu/RahulShelake?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/83982/185584/18125060/s65_rahul.shelake.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":431354,"name":"Plant Breeding and Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Breeding_and_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1223702,"name":"Crop improvements","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_improvements?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3640949,"name":"Central Dogma of Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Dogma_of_Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74261001" data-work_id="74261001" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74261001/A_National_Strategy_for_Synthetic_Biology">A National Strategy for Synthetic Biology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We are experiencing a technical revolution in biotechnology that will change the way we live as much as any technological advance in human history. Advances in gene sequencing, gene editing, and gene synthesis have shifted our... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74261001" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We are experiencing a technical revolution in biotechnology that will change the way we live as much as any technological advance in human history. Advances in gene sequencing, gene editing, and gene synthesis have shifted our relationship with the building blocks of life. This new science, synthetic biology, is in its early stages but has already created distinct threats and opportunities in US national security. It promises advances in materials science, manufacturing, logistics, sensor technology, medicine, health care, and human augmentation while simultaneously increasing the possibility and severity of man-made pandemics through unintended consequences in genetic experiments or improved bioweapons. This article proposes a National Strategy for Synthetic Biology (NSSB) to defend the homeland and promote American strength by building security into synthetic biology and by making synthetic biology an investment priority. The United States can achieve greater security by regulating and controlling synthetic biology to prevent unintended consequences while investing in people and industries to maintain a security advantage in the field.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74261001" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dcd733fc5533109629bf28549d8570b5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82473099,"asset_id":74261001,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82473099/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="88050654" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CunninghamMarcus">Marcus Cunningham</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="88050654" type="text/json">{"id":88050654,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Cunningham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CunninghamMarcus","display_name":"Marcus Cunningham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CunninghamMarcus?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74261001 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74261001"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74261001, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74261001", }); 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Advances in gene sequencing, gene editing, and gene synthesis have shifted our relationship with the building blocks of life. This new science, synthetic biology, is in its early stages but has already created distinct threats and opportunities in US national security. It promises advances in materials science, manufacturing, logistics, sensor technology, medicine, health care, and human augmentation while simultaneously increasing the possibility and severity of man-made pandemics through unintended consequences in genetic experiments or improved bioweapons. This article proposes a National Strategy for Synthetic Biology (NSSB) to defend the homeland and promote American strength by building security into synthetic biology and by making synthetic biology an investment priority. The United States can achieve greater security by regulating and controlling synthetic biology to prevent unintended consequences while investing in people and industries to maintain a security advantage in the field.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82473099,"asset_id":74261001,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":88050654,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Cunningham","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CunninghamMarcus","display_name":"Marcus Cunningham","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CunninghamMarcus?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3629,"name":"Synthetic Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":96080,"name":"Gene Drive","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Drive?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":134229,"name":"Horizon Scanning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horizon_Scanning?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":340028,"name":"Economic Competition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economic_Competition?f_ri=70125"},{"id":449454,"name":"Gene Sequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Sequencing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":563838,"name":"Biosecurity, Bioethics, Bioterrorism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosecurity_Bioethics_Bioterrorism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":656550,"name":"National Security and Strategy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/National_Security_and_Strategy?f_ri=70125"},{"id":683777,"name":"Arms and Export Controls","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arms_and_Export_Controls?f_ri=70125"},{"id":731745,"name":"Biochips","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochips?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1031565,"name":"Biohacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1288033,"name":"Dual Use Technologies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dual_Use_Technologies?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1415883,"name":"Dual-use Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dual-use_Research?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1696460,"name":"CFIUS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CFIUS?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2533167,"name":"Defense Industrial Base","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Defense_Industrial_Base?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3625602,"name":"Cyberbiosecurity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cyberbiosecurity?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } 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data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42978425 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42978425"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42978425, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42978425", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42978425 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="174176" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/siRNA_delivery">siRNA delivery</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="174176" type="text/json">{"id":174176,"name":"siRNA delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/siRNA_delivery?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="800568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisense_drug">Antisense drug</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="800568" type="text/json">{"id":800568,"name":"Antisense drug","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisense_drug?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: 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Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":16613,"name":"Ribozymes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ribozymes?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":174176,"name":"siRNA delivery","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/siRNA_delivery?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":800568,"name":"Antisense drug","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisense_drug?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":858303,"name":"Antisense Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antisense_Technology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 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Genetic self-experimentation and the limits of the person</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41617518" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="cc4299c37126adeb130b724af3342d13" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61773512,"asset_id":41617518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61773512/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="3482526" href="https://victoria.academia.edu/CourtneyAddison">Courtney Addison</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="3482526" type="text/json">{"id":3482526,"first_name":"Courtney","last_name":"Addison","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"CourtneyAddison","display_name":"Courtney Addison","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/CourtneyAddison?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3482526/2343184/12938774/s65_courtney.addison.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41617518 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41617518"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41617518, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41617518", }); 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Genetic self-experimentation and the limits of the person","created_at":"2020-01-13T16:43:02.369-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41617518/CRISPR_cowboys_Genetic_self_experimentation_and_the_limits_of_the_person?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_41617518","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61773512,"asset_id":41617518,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":3482526,"first_name":"Courtney","last_name":"Addison","domain_name":"victoria","page_name":"CourtneyAddison","display_name":"Courtney Addison","profile_url":"https://victoria.academia.edu/CourtneyAddison?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/3482526/2343184/12938774/s65_courtney.addison.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":793,"name":"Medical Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Anthropology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7944,"name":"Personhood","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Personhood?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":13514,"name":"STS (Anthropology)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STS_Anthropology_?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":54424,"name":"science and technology studies (STS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/science_and_technology_studies_STS_?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1031565,"name":"Biohacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1793603,"name":"Self-experimentation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Self-experimentation?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_35358368" data-work_id="35358368" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35358368/The_Dignity_of_Diminished_Animals_Species_Norms_and_Engineering_to_Improve_Welfare">The Dignity of Diminished Animals: Species Norms and Engineering to Improve Welfare</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The meteoric rise of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has ignited discussions of engineering agricultural animals to improve their welfare. While some have proposed enhancing animals, for instance by engineering for disease resistance,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35358368" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The meteoric rise of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has ignited discussions of engineering agricultural animals to improve their welfare. While some have proposed enhancing animals, for instance by engineering for disease resistance, others have suggested we might diminish animals to improve their welfare. By reducing or eliminating species-typical capacities, the expression of which is frustrated under current conditions, animal diminishment could reduce or eliminate the suffering that currently accompanies industrial animal agriculture. Although diminishment could reduce animal suffering, there is a widespread intuition that it would be wrong. One attempt to justify this intuition has been to claim that inhibiting the development of species-typical functions is wrong, even if it improves welfare. This has often been couched in terms of violating an animal’s dignity. I argue that the dignity objection to diminishment fails. In the first place, it fails to apply to some of the most troubling cases of diminishment, the creation of so-called animal microencepahlic lumps. In the second place, dignity views misplace the normative relevance of species norms; I argue that considerations from evolutionary biology should lead us to treat species norms - such as the possession of typical capacities - as merely a heuristic for rendering judgments about welfare. But diminishment cases are precisely the cases where the heuristic breaks down, and becomes a bias. I close my discussion with a sketch of my Historical Injustices Approach to animal ethics, and how it may help us vindicate our intuition that diminishment is wrong without appeal to species norms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35358368" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dc913599c4ab2e1b835d4bcfb49780f4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55218541,"asset_id":35358368,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55218541/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="310462" href="https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin">Marcus Schultz-Bergin</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="310462" type="text/json">{"id":310462,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schultz-Bergin","domain_name":"csuohio","page_name":"MarcusSchultzBergin","display_name":"Marcus Schultz-Bergin","profile_url":"https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/310462/62481/18506856/s65_marcus.schultz-bergin.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35358368 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35358368"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35358368, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35358368", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35358368]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35358368").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35358368").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35358368"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics">Animal Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3234" type="text/json">{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41749" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering">Genetic Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41749" type="text/json">{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35358368]'), work: {"id":35358368,"title":"The Dignity of Diminished Animals: Species Norms and Engineering to Improve Welfare","created_at":"2017-12-06T08:03:53.934-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35358368/The_Dignity_of_Diminished_Animals_Species_Norms_and_Engineering_to_Improve_Welfare?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35358368","summary":"The meteoric rise of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology has ignited discussions of engineering agricultural animals to improve their welfare. While some have proposed enhancing animals, for instance by engineering for disease resistance, others have suggested we might diminish animals to improve their welfare. By reducing or eliminating species-typical capacities, the expression of which is frustrated under current conditions, animal diminishment could reduce or eliminate the suffering that currently accompanies industrial animal agriculture. Although diminishment could reduce animal suffering, there is a widespread intuition that it would be wrong. One attempt to justify this intuition has been to claim that inhibiting the development of species-typical functions is wrong, even if it improves welfare. This has often been couched in terms of violating an animal’s dignity. I argue that the dignity objection to diminishment fails. In the first place, it fails to apply to some of the most troubling cases of diminishment, the creation of so-called animal microencepahlic lumps. In the second place, dignity views misplace the normative relevance of species norms; I argue that considerations from evolutionary biology should lead us to treat species norms - such as the possession of typical capacities - as merely a heuristic for rendering judgments about welfare. But diminishment cases are precisely the cases where the heuristic breaks down, and becomes a bias. I close my discussion with a sketch of my Historical Injustices Approach to animal ethics, and how it may help us vindicate our intuition that diminishment is wrong without appeal to species norms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55218541,"asset_id":35358368,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":310462,"first_name":"Marcus","last_name":"Schultz-Bergin","domain_name":"csuohio","page_name":"MarcusSchultzBergin","display_name":"Marcus Schultz-Bergin","profile_url":"https://csuohio.academia.edu/MarcusSchultzBergin?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/310462/62481/18506856/s65_marcus.schultz-bergin.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_28096595" data-work_id="28096595" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28096595/Children_of_Capital_Eugenics_in_the_World_of_Private_Biotechnology">Children of Capital: Eugenics in the World of Private Biotechnology</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The prospect of human germline intervention—in this case, the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to human embryos—raises, again, the specter of eugenics, a practice that aims to improve the human germline by employing an understanding... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_28096595" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The prospect of human germline intervention—in this case, the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to human embryos—raises, again, the specter of eugenics, a practice that aims to improve the human germline by employing an understanding of heredity in the exertion of control over who gets born or who reproduces. Although eugenics is popularly identified as government control over reproduction, market forces and cultural mores have led individuals to embrace eugenics absent government mandate. In a world in which biomedicine and biotechnology are funded by large, private interests, concern about if eugenics will occur have elided what form eugenics might take.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/28096595" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="174d82d0ae1a1f230474d7e40cc19235" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48411533,"asset_id":28096595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48411533/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1441249" href="https://uml.academia.edu/NicholasEvans">Nicholas Evans</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1441249" type="text/json">{"id":1441249,"first_name":"Nicholas","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"uml","page_name":"NicholasEvans","display_name":"Nicholas Evans","profile_url":"https://uml.academia.edu/NicholasEvans?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1441249/2454370/2852962/s65_nicholas.evans.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_28096595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="28096595"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 28096595, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_28096595", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_28096595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28096595; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_28096595"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_28096595 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="28096595"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 28096595; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=28096595]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_28096595").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_28096595").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="28096595"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="813" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy">Political Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="813" type="text/json">{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2036" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics">History Of Eugenics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2036" type="text/json">{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3723" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science">History of Science</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3723" type="text/json">{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=28096595]'), work: {"id":28096595,"title":"Children of Capital: Eugenics in the World of Private Biotechnology","created_at":"2016-08-29T08:25:30.457-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/28096595/Children_of_Capital_Eugenics_in_the_World_of_Private_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_28096595","summary":"The prospect of human germline intervention—in this case, the application of the CRISPR/Cas9 system to human embryos—raises, again, the specter of eugenics, a practice that aims to improve the human germline by employing an understanding of heredity in the exertion of control over who gets born or who reproduces. Although eugenics is popularly identified as government control over reproduction, market forces and cultural mores have led individuals to embrace eugenics absent government mandate. In a world in which biomedicine and biotechnology are funded by large, private interests, concern about if eugenics will occur have elided what form eugenics might take.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48411533,"asset_id":28096595,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1441249,"first_name":"Nicholas","last_name":"Evans","domain_name":"uml","page_name":"NicholasEvans","display_name":"Nicholas Evans","profile_url":"https://uml.academia.edu/NicholasEvans?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1441249/2454370/2852962/s65_nicholas.evans.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":813,"name":"Political Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Political_Philosophy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3723,"name":"History of Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_of_Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":76278,"name":"Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37094832 coauthored" data-work_id="37094832" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37094832/Functional_Interrogation_of_Primary_Human_T_Cells_via_CRISPR_Genetic_Editing">Functional Interrogation of Primary Human T Cells via CRISPR Genetic Editing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Developing precise and efficient gene editing approaches using CRISPR in primary human T cell subsets would provide an effective tool in decoding their functions. Toward this goal, we used lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 systems to transduce... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_37094832" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Developing precise and efficient gene editing approaches using CRISPR in primary human T cell subsets would provide an effective tool in decoding their functions. Toward this goal, we used lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 systems to transduce primary human T cells to stably express the Cas9 gene and guide RNAs that targeted either coding or noncoding regions of genes of interest. We showed that multiple genes (CD4, CD45, CD95) could be simultaneously and stably deleted in naive, memory, effector, or regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets at very high efficiency. Additionally, nuclease-deficient Cas9, associated with a transcriptional activator or repressor, can downregulate or increase expression of genes in T cells. For example, expression of glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), a gene that is normally and exclusively expressed on activated Tregs, could be induced on non-Treg effector T cells by nuclease-deficient Cas9 fused to transcriptional activators. Further analysis determined that this approach could be used in mapping promoter sequences involved in gene transcription. Through this CRISPR/Cas9–mediated genetic editing we also demonstrated the feasibility of human T cell functional analysis in several examples: 1) CD95 deletion inhibited T cell apoptosis upon reactivation; 2) deletion of ORAI1, a Ca2+ release–activated channel, abolished Ca2+ influx and cytokine secretion, mimicking natural genetic mutations in immune-deficient patients; and 3) transcriptional activation of CD25 or CD127 expression enhanced cytokine signaling by IL-2 or IL-7, respectively. Taken together, application of the CRISPR toolbox to human T cell subsets has important implications for decoding the mechanisms of their functional outputs.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37094832" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="12ff360e1bc59803480172d869e95666" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61328995,"asset_id":37094832,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61328995/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-37094832">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-37094832"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/LindseyPlacek">Lindsey Placek</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-37094832'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-37094832').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37094832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37094832"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37094832, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37094832", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37094832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37094832; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37094832"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37094832 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37094832"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37094832; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37094832]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37094832").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37094832").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37094832"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37094832]'), work: {"id":37094832,"title":"Functional Interrogation of Primary Human T Cells via CRISPR Genetic Editing","created_at":"2018-07-22T00:30:31.147-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37094832/Functional_Interrogation_of_Primary_Human_T_Cells_via_CRISPR_Genetic_Editing?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_37094832","summary":"Developing precise and efficient gene editing approaches using CRISPR in primary human T cell subsets would provide an effective tool in decoding their functions. Toward this goal, we used lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9 systems to transduce primary human T cells to stably express the Cas9 gene and guide RNAs that targeted either coding or noncoding regions of genes of interest. We showed that multiple genes (CD4, CD45, CD95) could be simultaneously and stably deleted in naive, memory, effector, or regulatory T cell (Treg) subsets at very high efficiency. Additionally, nuclease-deficient Cas9, associated with a transcriptional activator or repressor, can downregulate or increase expression of genes in T cells. For example, expression of glycoprotein A repetitions predominant (GARP), a gene that is normally and exclusively expressed on activated Tregs, could be induced on non-Treg effector T cells by nuclease-deficient Cas9 fused to transcriptional activators. Further analysis determined that this approach could be used in mapping promoter sequences involved in gene transcription. Through this CRISPR/Cas9–mediated genetic editing we also demonstrated the feasibility of human T cell functional analysis in several examples: 1) CD95 deletion inhibited T cell apoptosis upon reactivation; 2) deletion of ORAI1, a Ca2+ release–activated channel, abolished Ca2+ influx and cytokine secretion, mimicking natural genetic mutations in immune-deficient patients; and 3) transcriptional activation of CD25 or CD127 expression enhanced cytokine signaling by IL-2 or IL-7, respectively. Taken together, application of the CRISPR toolbox to human T cell subsets has important implications for decoding the mechanisms of their functional outputs.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61328995,"asset_id":37094832,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"},{"id":88041877,"first_name":"Lindsey","last_name":"Placek","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"LindseyPlacek","display_name":"Lindsey Placek","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/LindseyPlacek?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33736666" data-work_id="33736666" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33736666/Genome_editing_a_robust_technology_for_human_stem_cells">Genome editing: a robust technology for human stem cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Human pluripotent stem cells comprise induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells, which have tremendous potential for biological and therapeutic applications. The development of efficient technologies for the targeted genome alteration... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33736666" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Human pluripotent stem cells comprise induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells, which have tremendous potential for biological and therapeutic applications. The development of efficient technologies for the targeted genome alteration of stem cells in disease models is a prerequisite for utilizing stem cells to their full potential. Genome editing of stem cells is possible with the help of synthetic nucleases that facilitate site-specific modification of a gene of interest. Recent advances in genome editing techniques have improved the efficiency and speed of the development of stem cells for human disease models. Zinc finger nucleases, transcription acti-vator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system are powerful tools for editing DNA at specific loci. Here, we discuss recent technological advances in genome editing with site-specific nucleases in human stem cells. Keywords Induced pluripotent stem cells Á Embryonic stem cells Á Zinc finger nucleases Á Transcription activator-like effector nucleases Á Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33736666" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="623da4010de65eb758638856bbe07e3d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53730662,"asset_id":33736666,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53730662/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="2288462" href="https://hanyang.academia.edu/ArunPandian">Arun Pandian</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="2288462" type="text/json">{"id":2288462,"first_name":"Arun","last_name":"Pandian","domain_name":"hanyang","page_name":"ArunPandian","display_name":"Arun Pandian","profile_url":"https://hanyang.academia.edu/ArunPandian?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2288462/726946/17343838/s65_arun.pandian.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33736666 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33736666"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33736666, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33736666", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33736666 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33736666; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33736666"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33736666 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33736666"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33736666; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33736666]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33736666").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33736666").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33736666"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3642" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells">Stem Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3642" type="text/json">{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3643" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Embryonic_Stem_Cells">Human Embryonic Stem Cells</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3643" type="text/json">{"id":3643,"name":"Human Embryonic Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Embryonic_Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1261518" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing">Genome Editing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1261518" type="text/json">{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33736666]'), work: {"id":33736666,"title":"Genome editing: a robust technology for human stem cells","created_at":"2017-07-02T03:28:49.231-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33736666/Genome_editing_a_robust_technology_for_human_stem_cells?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_33736666","summary":"Human pluripotent stem cells comprise induced pluripotent and embryonic stem cells, which have tremendous potential for biological and therapeutic applications. The development of efficient technologies for the targeted genome alteration of stem cells in disease models is a prerequisite for utilizing stem cells to their full potential. Genome editing of stem cells is possible with the help of synthetic nucleases that facilitate site-specific modification of a gene of interest. Recent advances in genome editing techniques have improved the efficiency and speed of the development of stem cells for human disease models. Zinc finger nucleases, transcription acti-vator-like effector nucleases, and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system are powerful tools for editing DNA at specific loci. Here, we discuss recent technological advances in genome editing with site-specific nucleases in human stem cells. Keywords Induced pluripotent stem cells Á Embryonic stem cells Á Zinc finger nucleases Á Transcription activator-like effector nucleases Á Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated system","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53730662,"asset_id":33736666,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":2288462,"first_name":"Arun","last_name":"Pandian","domain_name":"hanyang","page_name":"ArunPandian","display_name":"Arun Pandian","profile_url":"https://hanyang.academia.edu/ArunPandian?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/2288462/726946/17343838/s65_arun.pandian.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3642,"name":"Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3643,"name":"Human Embryonic Stem Cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Embryonic_Stem_Cells?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_31119761" data-work_id="31119761" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31119761/An_efficient_electroporation_protocol_for_the_genetic_Modification_of_Mammalian_cells">An efficient electroporation protocol for the genetic Modification of Mammalian cells</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Genetic modification of cell lines and primary cells is an expensive and cumbersome approach, often involving the use of viral vectors. Electroporation using square-wave generating devices, like Lonza's Nucleofector, is a widely used... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_31119761" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Genetic modification of cell lines and primary cells is an expensive and cumbersome approach, often involving the use of viral vectors. Electroporation using square-wave generating devices, like Lonza's Nucleofector, is a widely used option, but the costs associated with the acquisition of electroporation kits and the transient transgene expression might hamper the utility of this methodology. In the present work, we show that our in-house developed buffers, termed Chicabuffers, can be efficiently used to electroporate cell lines and primary cells from murine and human origin. Using the Nucleofector II device, we electroporated 14 different cell lines and also primary cells, like mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+, providing optimized protocols for each of them. Moreover, when combined with sleeping beauty-based transposon system, long-term transgene expression could be achieved in all types of cells tested. Transgene expression was stable and did not interfere with CD34+ differentiation to committed progenitors. We also show that these buffers can be used in CRISPR-mediated editing of PDCD1 gene locus in 293T and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The optimized protocols reported in this study provide a suitable and cost-effective platform for the genetic modification of cells, facilitating the widespread adoption of this technology.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/31119761" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="76f9af5f585143e8b3a2bbefd1db74e9" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":51555419,"asset_id":31119761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51555419/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46396458" href="https://inca.academia.edu/MartinBonamino">Martin Bonamino</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46396458" type="text/json">{"id":46396458,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Bonamino","domain_name":"inca","page_name":"MartinBonamino","display_name":"Martin Bonamino","profile_url":"https://inca.academia.edu/MartinBonamino?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_31119761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="31119761"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31119761, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_31119761", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_31119761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31119761; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_31119761"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_31119761 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31119761"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31119761; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31119761]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_31119761").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_31119761").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="31119761"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="92685" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroporation">Electroporation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="92685" type="text/json">{"id":92685,"name":"Electroporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroporation?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1564552" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transposon">Transposon</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1564552" type="text/json">{"id":1564552,"name":"Transposon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transposon?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=31119761]'), work: {"id":31119761,"title":"An efficient electroporation protocol for the genetic Modification of Mammalian cells","created_at":"2017-01-30T07:00:01.587-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/31119761/An_efficient_electroporation_protocol_for_the_genetic_Modification_of_Mammalian_cells?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_31119761","summary":"Genetic modification of cell lines and primary cells is an expensive and cumbersome approach, often involving the use of viral vectors. Electroporation using square-wave generating devices, like Lonza's Nucleofector, is a widely used option, but the costs associated with the acquisition of electroporation kits and the transient transgene expression might hamper the utility of this methodology. In the present work, we show that our in-house developed buffers, termed Chicabuffers, can be efficiently used to electroporate cell lines and primary cells from murine and human origin. Using the Nucleofector II device, we electroporated 14 different cell lines and also primary cells, like mesenchymal stem cells and cord blood CD34+, providing optimized protocols for each of them. Moreover, when combined with sleeping beauty-based transposon system, long-term transgene expression could be achieved in all types of cells tested. Transgene expression was stable and did not interfere with CD34+ differentiation to committed progenitors. We also show that these buffers can be used in CRISPR-mediated editing of PDCD1 gene locus in 293T and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The optimized protocols reported in this study provide a suitable and cost-effective platform for the genetic modification of cells, facilitating the widespread adoption of this technology.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51555419,"asset_id":31119761,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46396458,"first_name":"Martin","last_name":"Bonamino","domain_name":"inca","page_name":"MartinBonamino","display_name":"Martin Bonamino","profile_url":"https://inca.academia.edu/MartinBonamino?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":92685,"name":"Electroporation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Electroporation?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1564552,"name":"Transposon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transposon?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_30263170" data-work_id="30263170" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/30263170/Animal_Rights_and_the_Problem_of_r_Strategists">Animal Rights and the Problem of r-Strategists</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wild animal reproduction poses an important moral problem for animal rights theorists. Many wild animals give birth to large numbers of uncared-for offspring, and thus child mortality rates are far higher in nature than they are among... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_30263170" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wild animal reproduction poses an important moral problem for animal rights theorists. Many wild animals give birth to large numbers of uncared-for offspring, and thus child mortality rates are far higher in nature than they are among human beings. In light of this reproductive strategy – traditionally referred to as the ‘r-strategy’ – does concern for the interests of wild animals require us to intervene in nature? In this paper, I argue that animal rights theorists should embrace fallibility-constrained interventionism: the view that intervention in nature is desirable but should be constrained by our ignorance of the inner workings of ecosystems. Though authors sometimes assume that large-scale intervention requires turning nature into an enormous zoo, I suggest an alternative. With sufficient research, a new form of gene editing called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) promises to one day give us the capacity to intervene without perpetually interfering with wild animals’ liberties.  Full text available at: <a href="http://rdcu.be/ncDl" rel="nofollow">http://rdcu.be/ncDl</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/30263170" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9eb683109f5a67a55386f2a5bd89ff0f" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58589375,"asset_id":30263170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58589375/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4291807" href="https://trentu.academia.edu/KyleJohannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4291807" type="text/json">{"id":4291807,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Johannsen","domain_name":"trentu","page_name":"KyleJohannsen","display_name":"Kyle Johannsen","profile_url":"https://trentu.academia.edu/KyleJohannsen?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4291807/1711361/18615383/s65_kyle.johannsen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_30263170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="30263170"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 30263170, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_30263170", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_30263170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30263170; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_30263170"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_30263170 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="30263170"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 30263170; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=30263170]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_30263170").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_30263170").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="30263170"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="803" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy">Philosophy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="803" type="text/json">{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="906" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics">Applied Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="906" type="text/json">{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3234" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics">Animal Ethics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3234" type="text/json">{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=30263170]'), work: {"id":30263170,"title":"Animal Rights and the Problem of r-Strategists","created_at":"2016-12-05T12:39:50.983-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/30263170/Animal_Rights_and_the_Problem_of_r_Strategists?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_30263170","summary":"Wild animal reproduction poses an important moral problem for animal rights theorists. Many wild animals give birth to large numbers of uncared-for offspring, and thus child mortality rates are far higher in nature than they are among human beings. In light of this reproductive strategy – traditionally referred to as the ‘r-strategy’ – does concern for the interests of wild animals require us to intervene in nature? In this paper, I argue that animal rights theorists should embrace fallibility-constrained interventionism: the view that intervention in nature is desirable but should be constrained by our ignorance of the inner workings of ecosystems. Though authors sometimes assume that large-scale intervention requires turning nature into an enormous zoo, I suggest an alternative. With sufficient research, a new form of gene editing called CRISPR (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats) promises to one day give us the capacity to intervene without perpetually interfering with wild animals’ liberties. Full text available at: http://rdcu.be/ncDl","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58589375,"asset_id":30263170,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4291807,"first_name":"Kyle","last_name":"Johannsen","domain_name":"trentu","page_name":"KyleJohannsen","display_name":"Kyle Johannsen","profile_url":"https://trentu.academia.edu/KyleJohannsen?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4291807/1711361/18615383/s65_kyle.johannsen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":803,"name":"Philosophy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Philosophy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":906,"name":"Applied Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3234,"name":"Animal Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":9817,"name":"Humanitarian Intervention","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Humanitarian_Intervention?f_ri=70125"},{"id":18613,"name":"Animal reproduction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_reproduction?f_ri=70125"},{"id":38462,"name":"Animal Rights","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Rights?f_ri=70125"},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":205837,"name":"Intervention in Nature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intervention_in_Nature?f_ri=70125"},{"id":923147,"name":"Wild Animal Suffering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wild_Animal_Suffering?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_44832351" data-work_id="44832351" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44832351/Leben_3_0_und_die_Zukunft_der_Evolution">Leben 3.0 und die Zukunft der Evolution</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben neue Technologien und moderne Verfahren – insbesondere der Lebenswissenschaften – den Menschen in die Lage versetzt, seine biologische Evolution zu beschleunigen, die physische und kognitive „Ausstattung“... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_44832351" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben neue Technologien und moderne Verfahren – insbesondere der Lebenswissenschaften – den Menschen in die Lage versetzt, seine biologische Evolution zu beschleunigen, die physische und kognitive „Ausstattung“ zu verändern und zu „optimieren“ sowie an die Herausforderungen anzupassen, die das Leben in komplexen, hoch technisierten Gesellschaften mit sich bringt. Der rasante Fortschritt in den Lebenswissenschaften, der unter an- derem auf der Entschlüsselung der menschlichen DNA durch das Human Genome Project beruht, weckt sowohl Hoffnungen als auch Befürchtungen. Dass der Mensch in bisher ungeahntem Ausmaß in seine eigene Evolution eingreift, scheint keineswegs mehr bloße Utopie angesichts der Versuche, organisches Leben zu planen, zu gestalten und im Labor zu züchten. In welche Szenarien diese Entwicklung in der Zukunft münden wird, zum Beispiel in eine Biologie 2.0, lässt sich heute nur schwer erahnen. Jedoch zeigen die aktuellen Auseinandersetzungen mit dieser Thematik, vor welchen Herausforderungen wir bereits heute stehen. Dabei drängt sich die Frage nach den Konsequenzen des menschlichen Eingriffs in die Evolution und den damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesellschaft und unser Menschenbild auf.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/44832351" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="ab2edf816f7d3f4a1f834f2da6d953ac" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":65336623,"asset_id":44832351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/65336623/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5321873" href="https://dieangewandte.academia.edu/IngeborgReichle">Ingeborg Reichle</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5321873" type="text/json">{"id":5321873,"first_name":"Ingeborg","last_name":"Reichle","domain_name":"dieangewandte","page_name":"IngeborgReichle","display_name":"Ingeborg Reichle","profile_url":"https://dieangewandte.academia.edu/IngeborgReichle?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5321873/2338277/2726681/s65_ingeborg.reichle.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_44832351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="44832351"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 44832351, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_44832351", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_44832351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44832351; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_44832351"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_44832351 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="44832351"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 44832351; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=44832351]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_44832351").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_44832351").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="44832351"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3051" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art">Contemporary Art</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3051" type="text/json">{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3629" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology">Synthetic Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3629" type="text/json">{"id":3629,"name":"Synthetic Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10882" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution">Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10882" type="text/json">{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=44832351]'), work: {"id":44832351,"title":"Leben 3.0 und die Zukunft der Evolution","created_at":"2021-01-04T07:51:09.949-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/44832351/Leben_3_0_und_die_Zukunft_der_Evolution?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_44832351","summary":"In den letzten Jahrzehnten haben neue Technologien und moderne Verfahren – insbesondere der Lebenswissenschaften – den Menschen in die Lage versetzt, seine biologische Evolution zu beschleunigen, die physische und kognitive „Ausstattung“ zu verändern und zu „optimieren“ sowie an die Herausforderungen anzupassen, die das Leben in komplexen, hoch technisierten Gesellschaften mit sich bringt. Der rasante Fortschritt in den Lebenswissenschaften, der unter an- derem auf der Entschlüsselung der menschlichen DNA durch das Human Genome Project beruht, weckt sowohl Hoffnungen als auch Befürchtungen. Dass der Mensch in bisher ungeahntem Ausmaß in seine eigene Evolution eingreift, scheint keineswegs mehr bloße Utopie angesichts der Versuche, organisches Leben zu planen, zu gestalten und im Labor zu züchten. In welche Szenarien diese Entwicklung in der Zukunft münden wird, zum Beispiel in eine Biologie 2.0, lässt sich heute nur schwer erahnen. Jedoch zeigen die aktuellen Auseinandersetzungen mit dieser Thematik, vor welchen Herausforderungen wir bereits heute stehen. Dabei drängt sich die Frage nach den Konsequenzen des menschlichen Eingriffs in die Evolution und den damit verbundenen Auswirkungen auf unsere Gesellschaft und unser Menschenbild auf.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":65336623,"asset_id":44832351,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5321873,"first_name":"Ingeborg","last_name":"Reichle","domain_name":"dieangewandte","page_name":"IngeborgReichle","display_name":"Ingeborg Reichle","profile_url":"https://dieangewandte.academia.edu/IngeborgReichle?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5321873/2338277/2726681/s65_ingeborg.reichle.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3051,"name":"Contemporary Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Contemporary_Art?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3629,"name":"Synthetic Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42116305" data-work_id="42116305" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42116305/Un_si%C3%A8cle_de_recherche_sur_les_bact%C3%A9riophages">Un siècle de recherche sur les bactériophages</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Les bactériophages tiennent une place prépondérante dans le monde vivant. Du point de vue épistémologique, ils participent à la compréhension du vivant via trois aspects fondamentaux : (i) les mécanismes moléculaires les plus intimes du... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42116305" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Les bactériophages tiennent une place prépondérante dans le monde vivant. Du point de vue épistémologique, ils participent à la compréhension du vivant via trois aspects fondamentaux : (i) les mécanismes moléculaires les plus intimes du fonctionnement des infections virales et de celui des cellules elles-mêmes (biologie moléculaire) ; (ii) le fonctionnement des écosystèmes (écologie) ; et (iii) la dynamique adaptative des populations virales et bactériennes (évolution). À travers une présentation historique de la découverte des bactériophages et de leurs fascinantes propriétés, cette revue relate la genèse des découvertes fondamentales associées à l’étude des bactériophages et présente une vision synthétique des champs de recherche actuels.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42116305" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="63a61f1c41e6c94ffa400d27bd441862" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63587012,"asset_id":42116305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63587012/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="5984646" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/CharlotteBrives">Charlotte Brives</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="5984646" type="text/json">{"id":5984646,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Brives","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"CharlotteBrives","display_name":"Charlotte Brives","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/CharlotteBrives?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5984646/2535736/38278110/s65_charlotte.brives.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42116305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42116305"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42116305, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42116305", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_42116305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42116305; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_42116305"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_42116305 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="42116305"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 42116305; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=42116305]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_42116305").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_42116305").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="42116305"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">7</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2513" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology">Molecular Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2513" type="text/json">{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6389" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology">Microbial Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6389" type="text/json">{"id":6389,"name":"Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8090" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages">Bacteriophages</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8090" type="text/json">{"id":8090,"name":"Bacteriophages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=42116305]'), work: {"id":42116305,"title":"Un siècle de recherche sur les bactériophages","created_at":"2020-03-02T04:47:34.658-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/42116305/Un_si%C3%A8cle_de_recherche_sur_les_bact%C3%A9riophages?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_42116305","summary":"Les bactériophages tiennent une place prépondérante dans le monde vivant. Du point de vue épistémologique, ils participent à la compréhension du vivant via trois aspects fondamentaux : (i) les mécanismes moléculaires les plus intimes du fonctionnement des infections virales et de celui des cellules elles-mêmes (biologie moléculaire) ; (ii) le fonctionnement des écosystèmes (écologie) ; et (iii) la dynamique adaptative des populations virales et bactériennes (évolution). À travers une présentation historique de la découverte des bactériophages et de leurs fascinantes propriétés, cette revue relate la genèse des découvertes fondamentales associées à l’étude des bactériophages et présente une vision synthétique des champs de recherche actuels.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63587012,"asset_id":42116305,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5984646,"first_name":"Charlotte","last_name":"Brives","domain_name":"cnrs","page_name":"CharlotteBrives","display_name":"Charlotte Brives","profile_url":"https://cnrs.academia.edu/CharlotteBrives?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5984646/2535736/38278110/s65_charlotte.brives.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":6389,"name":"Microbial Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8090,"name":"Bacteriophages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteriophages?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":166418,"name":"Phages","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phages?f_ri=70125"},{"id":871775,"name":"Viral evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Viral_evolution?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41112672" data-work_id="41112672" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41112672/Editing_the_gene_editing_debate_re_assessing_the_normative_discussions_on_emerging_genetic_technologies">'Editing the gene-editing debate: re-assessing the normative discussions on emerging genetic technologies'</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The revolutionary potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique has created a resurgence in enthusiasm and concern in genetic research perhaps not seen since the mapping of the human genome at the turn of the century. Some such... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41112672" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The revolutionary potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique has created a resurgence in enthusiasm and concern in genetic research perhaps not seen since the mapping of the human genome at the turn of the century. Some such concerns and anxieties revolve around crossing lines between somatic and germline interventions as well as treatment and enhancement applications. Underpinning these concerns, there are familiar concepts of safety, unintended consequences and damage to genetic identity and the creation of designer children through pursuing human enhancement and eugenics. In the policy realm, these morally laden distinctions and anxieties are emerging as the basis for making important and applied measures to respond to the fast-evolving scientific developments. This paper argues that the dominant normative framing for such responses is insufficient for this task. This paper illustrates this insufficiency as arising from a continued reliance on misleading genetic essentialist assumptions that generate groundless speculation and over-reactionary normative responses. This phenomenon is explicit with regard to prospective human (germ line) genetic enhancements. While many normative theorists and state-of-the-art reports continue to gesture toward the influence of environmental and social influences on a person and their traits and capacities, this recognition does not extend to the substance of the arguments themselves which tend to revert to the debunked genetic determinist framework. Given the above, this paper argues that there is a pressing need for a more central role for sociological input into particular aspects of this "enhancement myth" in order to give added weight, detail and substance to these environmental influences and influence from social structures.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41112672" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9ba63f2007e9660972dac807c49dad3a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61367144,"asset_id":41112672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61367144/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="1850627" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/OliverFeeney">Oliver Feeney</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="1850627" type="text/json">{"id":1850627,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Feeney","domain_name":"uni-tuebingen","page_name":"OliverFeeney","display_name":"Oliver Feeney","profile_url":"https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/OliverFeeney?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1850627/628858/27261567/s65_oliver.feeney.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41112672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41112672"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41112672, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41112672", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41112672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41112672; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41112672"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41112672 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41112672"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41112672; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41112672]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41112672").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41112672").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41112672"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="184" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology">Sociology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="184" type="text/json">{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41112672]'), work: {"id":41112672,"title":"'Editing the gene-editing debate: re-assessing the normative discussions on emerging genetic technologies'","created_at":"2019-11-28T09:54:41.238-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41112672/Editing_the_gene_editing_debate_re_assessing_the_normative_discussions_on_emerging_genetic_technologies?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_41112672","summary":"The revolutionary potential of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technique has created a resurgence in enthusiasm and concern in genetic research perhaps not seen since the mapping of the human genome at the turn of the century. Some such concerns and anxieties revolve around crossing lines between somatic and germline interventions as well as treatment and enhancement applications. Underpinning these concerns, there are familiar concepts of safety, unintended consequences and damage to genetic identity and the creation of designer children through pursuing human enhancement and eugenics. In the policy realm, these morally laden distinctions and anxieties are emerging as the basis for making important and applied measures to respond to the fast-evolving scientific developments. This paper argues that the dominant normative framing for such responses is insufficient for this task. This paper illustrates this insufficiency as arising from a continued reliance on misleading genetic essentialist assumptions that generate groundless speculation and over-reactionary normative responses. This phenomenon is explicit with regard to prospective human (germ line) genetic enhancements. While many normative theorists and state-of-the-art reports continue to gesture toward the influence of environmental and social influences on a person and their traits and capacities, this recognition does not extend to the substance of the arguments themselves which tend to revert to the debunked genetic determinist framework. Given the above, this paper argues that there is a pressing need for a more central role for sociological input into particular aspects of this \"enhancement myth\" in order to give added weight, detail and substance to these environmental influences and influence from social structures.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61367144,"asset_id":41112672,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":1850627,"first_name":"Oliver","last_name":"Feeney","domain_name":"uni-tuebingen","page_name":"OliverFeeney","display_name":"Oliver Feeney","profile_url":"https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/OliverFeeney?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/1850627/628858/27261567/s65_oliver.feeney.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":184,"name":"Sociology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sociology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_17337293" data-work_id="17337293" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17337293/CrisprGE_a_central_hub_of_CRISPR_Cas_based_genome_editing">CrisprGE: a central hub of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">CRISPR system is a powerful defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea to provide immunity against viruses. Recently, this process found a new application in intended targeting of the genomes. CRISPR-mediated genome editing is performed by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_17337293" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">CRISPR system is a powerful defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea to provide immunity against viruses. Recently, this process found a new application in intended targeting of the genomes. CRISPR-mediated genome editing is performed by two main components namely single guide RNA and Cas9 protein. Despite the enormous data generated in this area, there is a dearth of high throughput resource. Therefore, we have developed CrisprGE, a central hub of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing. Presently, this database holds a total of 4680 entries of 223 unique genes from 32 model and other organisms. It encompasses information about the organism, gene, target gene sequences, genetic modification, modifications length, genome editing efficiency, cell line, assay, etc. This depository is developed using the open source LAMP (Linux Apache MYSQL PHP) server. User-friendly browsing, searching facility is integrated for easy data retrieval. It also includes useful tools like BLAST CrisprGE, BLAST NTdb and CRISPR Mapper. Considering potential utilities of CRISPR in the vast area of biology and therapeutics, we foresee this platform as an assistance to accelerate research in the burgeoning field of genome engineering.<br />Database URL: <a href="http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/crisprge/" rel="nofollow">http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/crisprge/</a>.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/17337293" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b58a2d87fe020236a0cbaa342e0c4c8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39452219,"asset_id":17337293,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39452219/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37038875" href="https://clevelandclinic.academia.edu/AmitGupta">Amit Gupta</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37038875" type="text/json">{"id":37038875,"first_name":"Amit","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"clevelandclinic","page_name":"AmitGupta","display_name":"Amit Gupta","profile_url":"https://clevelandclinic.academia.edu/AmitGupta?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37038875/11312253/12620335/s65_amit.gupta.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_17337293 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="17337293"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 17337293, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_17337293", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=17337293]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_17337293").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_17337293").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="17337293"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="146" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics">Bioinformatics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="146" type="text/json">{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4205" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis">Data Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4205" type="text/json">{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8129" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Development">Software Development</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8129" type="text/json">{"id":8129,"name":"Software Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Development?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="27360" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Databases">Databases</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="27360" type="text/json">{"id":27360,"name":"Databases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Databases?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=17337293]'), work: {"id":17337293,"title":"CrisprGE: a central hub of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing","created_at":"2015-10-27T02:01:02.977-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/17337293/CrisprGE_a_central_hub_of_CRISPR_Cas_based_genome_editing?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_17337293","summary":"CRISPR system is a powerful defense mechanism in bacteria and archaea to provide immunity against viruses. Recently, this process found a new application in intended targeting of the genomes. CRISPR-mediated genome editing is performed by two main components namely single guide RNA and Cas9 protein. Despite the enormous data generated in this area, there is a dearth of high throughput resource. Therefore, we have developed CrisprGE, a central hub of CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing. Presently, this database holds a total of 4680 entries of 223 unique genes from 32 model and other organisms. It encompasses information about the organism, gene, target gene sequences, genetic modification, modifications length, genome editing efficiency, cell line, assay, etc. This depository is developed using the open source LAMP (Linux Apache MYSQL PHP) server. User-friendly browsing, searching facility is integrated for easy data retrieval. It also includes useful tools like BLAST CrisprGE, BLAST NTdb and CRISPR Mapper. Considering potential utilities of CRISPR in the vast area of biology and therapeutics, we foresee this platform as an assistance to accelerate research in the burgeoning field of genome engineering.\nDatabase URL: http://crdd.osdd.net/servers/crisprge/.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39452219,"asset_id":17337293,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37038875,"first_name":"Amit","last_name":"Gupta","domain_name":"clevelandclinic","page_name":"AmitGupta","display_name":"Amit Gupta","profile_url":"https://clevelandclinic.academia.edu/AmitGupta?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/37038875/11312253/12620335/s65_amit.gupta.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":4205,"name":"Data Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Analysis?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8129,"name":"Software Development","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Software_Development?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":27360,"name":"Databases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Databases?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_16608920 coauthored" data-work_id="16608920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/16608920/No_time_to_waste_the_ethical_challenges_created_by_CRISPR">No time to waste – the ethical challenges created by CRISPR</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">CRISPR/Cas, being an efficient, simple and cheap technology to edit the genome of any organism, raises<br />2 many ethical and regulatory issues beyond the use to manipulate human germline cells</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/16608920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="41bc9a6fda1a95b678c366b933cdc0d0" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":39076374,"asset_id":16608920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/39076374/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="18253" href="https://med-nyu.academia.edu/ArthurCaplan">Arthur Caplan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="18253" type="text/json">{"id":18253,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Caplan","domain_name":"med-nyu","page_name":"ArthurCaplan","display_name":"Arthur Caplan","profile_url":"https://med-nyu.academia.edu/ArthurCaplan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18253/80294/88136/s65_arthur.caplan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-16608920">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-16608920"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://nyumc.academia.edu/BrendanParent">Brendan Parent</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-16608920'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-16608920').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_16608920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="16608920"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 16608920, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_16608920", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_16608920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16608920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_16608920"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_16608920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="16608920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 16608920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=16608920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_16608920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_16608920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="16608920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41749" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering">Genetic Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="41749" type="text/json">{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=16608920]'), work: {"id":16608920,"title":"No time to waste – the ethical challenges created by CRISPR","created_at":"2015-10-09T15:06:15.873-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/16608920/No_time_to_waste_the_ethical_challenges_created_by_CRISPR?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_16608920","summary":"CRISPR/Cas, being an efficient, simple and cheap technology to edit the genome of any organism, raises\n2 many ethical and regulatory issues beyond the use to manipulate human germline cells","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":39076374,"asset_id":16608920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":18253,"first_name":"Arthur","last_name":"Caplan","domain_name":"med-nyu","page_name":"ArthurCaplan","display_name":"Arthur Caplan","profile_url":"https://med-nyu.academia.edu/ArthurCaplan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/18253/80294/88136/s65_arthur.caplan.jpg"},{"id":7540269,"first_name":"Brendan","last_name":"Parent","domain_name":"nyumc","page_name":"BrendanParent","display_name":"Brendan Parent","profile_url":"https://nyumc.academia.edu/BrendanParent?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/666e83da8fab98a1d494aa396ac8f1e0?s=65"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":41749,"name":"Genetic Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Engineering?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_67804647" data-work_id="67804647" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67804647/Gen_Terapi_si_nde_CRISPR_CAS9">Gen Terapi̇si̇nde CRISPR-CAS9</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Gene therapy has been a promising technique for the treatment of many serious diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders. The reason for this is that there has been a solution to treat the causes of diseases rather than cure the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_67804647" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Gene therapy has been a promising technique for the treatment of many serious diseases, including cancer and genetic <br />disorders. The reason for this is that there has been a solution to treat the causes of diseases rather than cure the <br />symptoms. Gene therapy was first successful in 1990 and was used to treat a child with ADA. Gene therapy has <br />become a groundbreaking method for treating genetic diseases in the last decade. One of the methods that have <br />increased its popularity today is called CRISPR, that is, clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeats. It is also <br />a genome editing technology that uses Cas9 nucleases. It is used to provide double-strand breaks in DNA at targeted <br />regions. This technology is for removing, replacing or inserting DNA fragments. Besides being an effective gene-editing tool, CRISPR / Cas9 is also cost-effective. This is because the cutting process is directed by an RNA sequence <br />rather than a protein. Significant progress in CRISPR / Cas system mechanisms helps us understand their potential <br />applications in basic science, agriculture and biotechnology. It is expected that the use of CRISPR will increase as the <br />functions of genes are resolved and diseases are genetically based. With CRISPR, the health status of patients can <br />improve. Their quality of life may increase. In addition to the many advantages of CRISPR technology, it has also <br />brought along trust and ethical problems. The use of human embryos in research for therapeutic or scientific purposes <br />has been the first to come to mind of these ethical problems. In this review, while conducting gene therapy studies, <br />many ethical and environmental issues are discussed along with therapeutic and scientific issues.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/67804647" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="201a9c14bcc415ca0f042117d40e222a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":78502026,"asset_id":67804647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/78502026/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="71895925" href="https://afyonkocatepe.academia.edu/ElifTu%C4%9F%C3%A7eSAMSUNLU">Elif Tuğçe SAMSUNLU</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="71895925" type="text/json">{"id":71895925,"first_name":"Elif Tuğçe","last_name":"SAMSUNLU","domain_name":"afyonkocatepe","page_name":"ElifTuğçeSAMSUNLU","display_name":"Elif Tuğçe SAMSUNLU","profile_url":"https://afyonkocatepe.academia.edu/ElifTu%C4%9F%C3%A7eSAMSUNLU?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_67804647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="67804647"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 67804647, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_67804647", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_67804647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67804647; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_67804647"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_67804647 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="67804647"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 67804647; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=67804647]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_67804647").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_67804647").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="67804647"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7864" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy">Gene Therapy</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7864" type="text/json">{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2720799" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9">CRISPR-Cas9</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2720799" type="text/json">{"id":2720799,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=67804647]'), work: {"id":67804647,"title":"Gen Terapi̇si̇nde CRISPR-CAS9","created_at":"2022-01-11T03:15:23.243-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/67804647/Gen_Terapi_si_nde_CRISPR_CAS9?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_67804647","summary":"Gene therapy has been a promising technique for the treatment of many serious diseases, including cancer and genetic \r\ndisorders. The reason for this is that there has been a solution to treat the causes of diseases rather than cure the \r\nsymptoms. Gene therapy was first successful in 1990 and was used to treat a child with ADA. Gene therapy has \r\nbecome a groundbreaking method for treating genetic diseases in the last decade. One of the methods that have\r\nincreased its popularity today is called CRISPR, that is, clustered regularly spaced short palindromic repeats. It is also \r\na genome editing technology that uses Cas9 nucleases. It is used to provide double-strand breaks in DNA at targeted \r\nregions. This technology is for removing, replacing or inserting DNA fragments. Besides being an effective gene-editing tool, CRISPR / Cas9 is also cost-effective. This is because the cutting process is directed by an RNA sequence \r\nrather than a protein. Significant progress in CRISPR / Cas system mechanisms helps us understand their potential \r\napplications in basic science, agriculture and biotechnology. It is expected that the use of CRISPR will increase as the \r\nfunctions of genes are resolved and diseases are genetically based. With CRISPR, the health status of patients can \r\nimprove. Their quality of life may increase. In addition to the many advantages of CRISPR technology, it has also \r\nbrought along trust and ethical problems. The use of human embryos in research for therapeutic or scientific purposes \r\nhas been the first to come to mind of these ethical problems. In this review, while conducting gene therapy studies, \r\nmany ethical and environmental issues are discussed along with therapeutic and scientific issues.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":78502026,"asset_id":67804647,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":71895925,"first_name":"Elif Tuğçe","last_name":"SAMSUNLU","domain_name":"afyonkocatepe","page_name":"ElifTuğçeSAMSUNLU","display_name":"Elif Tuğçe SAMSUNLU","profile_url":"https://afyonkocatepe.academia.edu/ElifTu%C4%9F%C3%A7eSAMSUNLU?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7864,"name":"Gene Therapy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Therapy?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2720799,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41657317 coauthored" data-work_id="41657317" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41657317/CRISPR_Gen_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_ve_Hen%C3%BCz_G%C3%B6remedi%C4%9Fimiz_Karanl%C4%B1k_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BC">CRISPR Gen Mühendisliği ve Henüz Göremediğimiz Karanlık Yüzü</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Üzerinde daha çok durulması gereken bilinmezliklerin başında gelenlerden biri CRISPR. Biyoteknolojinin büyük umut vadeden çıktılarından CRISPR, Mars’a gitmeye benziyor. Doğal kaynaklardan insan ırkının devamlılığına kadar birçok faydası... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_41657317" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Üzerinde daha çok durulması gereken bilinmezliklerin başında gelenlerden biri CRISPR. Biyoteknolojinin büyük umut vadeden çıktılarından CRISPR, Mars’a gitmeye benziyor. Doğal kaynaklardan insan ırkının devamlılığına kadar birçok faydası olabilir. Fakat aynı zamanda henüz gitmediğimiz için bir bilinmez. Bu bilinmezliğin getirdiği birçok risk ve muhtemelen tehlike var. Üstelik konu sağlık olunca, bileşenleri ve etkileşimleri daha iyi anlamak ve takip etmek daha da önemli hale geliyor. Yoksa ağlar bize bir “salgın” ile geri dönebiliyor. CRISPR da böyle altını kazımamız gereken bir alan. Bu konuyu, alanın uzmanı Dr. Cihan Taştan’dan dinlemek en doğrusu.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/41657317" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="083b2c0c8a30ed38dd72a89070fbd745" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61810922,"asset_id":41657317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61810922/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-41657317">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-41657317"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/CemLeonMenase">Cem Leon Menase</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-41657317'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-41657317').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_41657317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="41657317"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 41657317, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_41657317", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_41657317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41657317; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_41657317"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_41657317 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="41657317"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 41657317; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=41657317]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_41657317").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_41657317").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="41657317"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=41657317]'), work: {"id":41657317,"title":"CRISPR Gen Mühendisliği ve Henüz Göremediğimiz Karanlık Yüzü","created_at":"2020-01-17T00:05:39.207-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41657317/CRISPR_Gen_M%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi_ve_Hen%C3%BCz_G%C3%B6remedi%C4%9Fimiz_Karanl%C4%B1k_Y%C3%BCz%C3%BC?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_41657317","summary":"Üzerinde daha çok durulması gereken bilinmezliklerin başında gelenlerden biri CRISPR. Biyoteknolojinin büyük umut vadeden çıktılarından CRISPR, Mars’a gitmeye benziyor. Doğal kaynaklardan insan ırkının devamlılığına kadar birçok faydası olabilir. Fakat aynı zamanda henüz gitmediğimiz için bir bilinmez. Bu bilinmezliğin getirdiği birçok risk ve muhtemelen tehlike var. Üstelik konu sağlık olunca, bileşenleri ve etkileşimleri daha iyi anlamak ve takip etmek daha da önemli hale geliyor. Yoksa ağlar bize bir “salgın” ile geri dönebiliyor. CRISPR da böyle altını kazımamız gereken bir alan. Bu konuyu, alanın uzmanı Dr. Cihan Taştan’dan dinlemek en doğrusu.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61810922,"asset_id":41657317,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"},{"id":143303261,"first_name":"Cem Leon","last_name":"Menase","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CemLeonMenase","display_name":"Cem Leon Menase","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CemLeonMenase?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39879501" data-work_id="39879501" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39879501/Rosemann_A_Balen_A_Nerlich_B_Hauskeller_C_Sleeboom_Faulkner_M_Hartley_S_and_Lee_N_2019_Heritable_Genome_Editing_in_a_Global_Context_National_and_International_Policy_Challenges_Hastings_Center_Report_49_3_30_42">Rosemann, A., Balen, A., Nerlich, B., Hauskeller, C., Sleeboom‐Faulkner, M., Hartley, S., ... & Lee, N. (2019). Heritable Genome Editing in a Global Context: National and International Policy Challenges. Hastings Center Report, 49(3), 30-42.</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39879501" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2d0ae586ffb9919251d46f12c9bf279a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":60063799,"asset_id":39879501,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60063799/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12429" href="https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrigitteNerlich">Brigitte Nerlich</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12429" type="text/json">{"id":12429,"first_name":"Brigitte","last_name":"Nerlich","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"BrigitteNerlich","display_name":"Brigitte Nerlich","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrigitteNerlich?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12429/4152/12249877/s65_brigitte.nerlich.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_39879501 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="39879501"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 39879501, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_39879501", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_39879501 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39879501; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_39879501"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39879501 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39879501"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39879501; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39879501]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39879501").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39879501").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39879501"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1744493" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies">Science and Technology Studies</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1744493" type="text/json">{"id":1744493,"name":"Science and Technology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3207107" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germline_Editing">Germline Editing</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3207107" type="text/json">{"id":3207107,"name":"Germline Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germline_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39879501]'), work: {"id":39879501,"title":"Rosemann, A., Balen, A., Nerlich, B., Hauskeller, C., Sleeboom‐Faulkner, M., Hartley, S., ... \u0026 Lee, N. (2019). Heritable Genome Editing in a Global Context: National and International Policy Challenges. Hastings Center Report, 49(3), 30-42.","created_at":"2019-07-20T03:38:08.856-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39879501/Rosemann_A_Balen_A_Nerlich_B_Hauskeller_C_Sleeboom_Faulkner_M_Hartley_S_and_Lee_N_2019_Heritable_Genome_Editing_in_a_Global_Context_National_and_International_Policy_Challenges_Hastings_Center_Report_49_3_30_42?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_39879501","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60063799,"asset_id":39879501,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12429,"first_name":"Brigitte","last_name":"Nerlich","domain_name":"nottingham","page_name":"BrigitteNerlich","display_name":"Brigitte Nerlich","profile_url":"https://nottingham.academia.edu/BrigitteNerlich?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12429/4152/12249877/s65_brigitte.nerlich.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1744493,"name":"Science and Technology Studies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science_and_Technology_Studies?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3207107,"name":"Germline Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Germline_Editing?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79942759" data-work_id="79942759" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79942759/Falling_giants_and_the_rise_of_gene_editing_ethics_private_interests_and_the_public_good">Falling giants and the rise of gene editing: ethics, private interests and the public good</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79942759" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b6afb34e4560e9322179cb64e025b654" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86489311,"asset_id":79942759,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86489311/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="536366" href="https://eur.academia.edu/HubZwart">Hub Zwart</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="536366" type="text/json">{"id":536366,"first_name":"Hub","last_name":"Zwart","domain_name":"eur","page_name":"HubZwart","display_name":"Hub Zwart","profile_url":"https://eur.academia.edu/HubZwart?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/536366/192746/1723058/s65_hub.zwart.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79942759 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79942759"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79942759, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79942759", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_79942759 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79942759; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_79942759"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_79942759 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="79942759"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 79942759; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79942759]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79942759").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79942759").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79942759"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="859" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication">Communication</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="859" type="text/json">{"id":859,"name":"Communication","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Communication?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1116" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion">Public Opinion</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1116" type="text/json">{"id":1116,"name":"Public Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2568" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics">Medical Genetics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2568" type="text/json">{"id":2568,"name":"Medical Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79942759]'), work: {"id":79942759,"title":"Falling giants and the rise of gene editing: ethics, private interests and the public 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Opinion","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Opinion?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2568,"name":"Medical Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":52281,"name":"Public Good","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Good?f_ri=70125"},{"id":66744,"name":"Biomedical Research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomedical_Research?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":168913,"name":"Human Genome Project","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genome_Project?f_ri=70125"},{"id":781138,"name":"Benefit Sharing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Benefit_Sharing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":952340,"name":"Human Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genomics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1253071,"name":"Crispr-cas System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crispr-cas_System?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76854766" data-work_id="76854766" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76854766/CRISPR_Cas_systems_are_widespread_accessory_elements_across_bacterial_and_archaeal_plasmids">CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread accessory elements across bacterial and archaeal plasmids</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Many prokaryotes encode CRISPR-Cas systems as immune protection against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), yet a number of MGEs also harbor CRISPR-Cas components. With a few exceptions, CRISPR-Cas loci encoded on MGEs are uncharted and a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76854766" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Many prokaryotes encode CRISPR-Cas systems as immune protection against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), yet a number of MGEs also harbor CRISPR-Cas components. With a few exceptions, CRISPR-Cas loci encoded on MGEs are uncharted and a comprehensive analysis of their distribution, prevalence, diversity, and function is lacking. Here, we systematically investigated CRISPR-Cas loci across the largest curated collection of natural bacterial and archaeal plasmids. CRISPR-Cas loci are widely but heterogeneously distributed across plasmids and, in comparison to host chromosomes, their mean prevalence per Mbp is higher and their distribution is distinct. Furthermore, the spacer content of plasmid CRISPRs exhibits a strong targeting bias towards other plasmids, while chromosomal arrays are enriched with virus-targeting spacers. These contrasting targeting preferences highlight the genetic independence of plasmids and suggest a major role for mediating plasmid-plasmid conflicts. Altogether, C...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76854766" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4ebbbeff3d8262caf72ee5b93a34fec2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84410773,"asset_id":76854766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84410773/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="42121897" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/S%C3%B8renS%C3%B8rensen">Søren Sørensen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="42121897" type="text/json">{"id":42121897,"first_name":"Søren","last_name":"Sørensen","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"SørenSørensen","display_name":"Søren Sørensen","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/S%C3%B8renS%C3%B8rensen?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42121897/11402598/12718794/s65_s_ren.s_rensen.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76854766 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76854766"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76854766, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76854766", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76854766]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76854766").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76854766").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76854766"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76854766]'), work: {"id":76854766,"title":"CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread accessory elements across bacterial and archaeal plasmids","created_at":"2022-04-18T11:16:59.962-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76854766/CRISPR_Cas_systems_are_widespread_accessory_elements_across_bacterial_and_archaeal_plasmids?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_76854766","summary":"Many prokaryotes encode CRISPR-Cas systems as immune protection against mobile genetic elements (MGEs), yet a number of MGEs also harbor CRISPR-Cas components. With a few exceptions, CRISPR-Cas loci encoded on MGEs are uncharted and a comprehensive analysis of their distribution, prevalence, diversity, and function is lacking. Here, we systematically investigated CRISPR-Cas loci across the largest curated collection of natural bacterial and archaeal plasmids. CRISPR-Cas loci are widely but heterogeneously distributed across plasmids and, in comparison to host chromosomes, their mean prevalence per Mbp is higher and their distribution is distinct. Furthermore, the spacer content of plasmid CRISPRs exhibits a strong targeting bias towards other plasmids, while chromosomal arrays are enriched with virus-targeting spacers. These contrasting targeting preferences highlight the genetic independence of plasmids and suggest a major role for mediating plasmid-plasmid conflicts. Altogether, C...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84410773,"asset_id":76854766,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":42121897,"first_name":"Søren","last_name":"Sørensen","domain_name":"ku-dk","page_name":"SørenSørensen","display_name":"Søren Sørensen","profile_url":"https://ku-dk.academia.edu/S%C3%B8renS%C3%B8rensen?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/42121897/11402598/12718794/s65_s_ren.s_rensen.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":178906,"name":"Nucleic Acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nucleic_Acids?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_32376346" data-work_id="32376346" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32376346/Vers_une_%C3%A9thique_des_biohackers">Vers une éthique des biohackers</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">/Abstract L'utilisation des biotechnologies en dehors des laboratoires institutionnels est peu étudiée. Cependant, avec l'essor de certains outils d'édition du génome comme CRISPR/cas9, nous pouvons nous poser la question de la diffusion... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_32376346" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">/Abstract L'utilisation des biotechnologies en dehors des laboratoires institutionnels est peu étudiée. Cependant, avec l'essor de certains outils d'édition du génome comme CRISPR/cas9, nous pouvons nous poser la question de la diffusion de ces techniques dans certaines communautés comme celles des biohackers. Nous nous intéresserons à l'émergence du biohacking et interrogerons l'utilisation de ces nouvelles technologies notamment au sein du mouvement transhumaniste. The use of biotechnologies outside institutional laboratories isn't really studied. However, with the development of some genome editing tools like CRISPR/cas9, we can ask ourselves the question of spreading these techniques in some communities such as biohackers. We will describe this movement and especially, an important and controversial current, transhumanism.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/32376346" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6d314b2a03534d67ff4057e9a8d186de" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":52579446,"asset_id":32376346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/52579446/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="23749249" href="https://lab-epsylon.academia.edu/GuillaumeBagnolini">Guillaume Bagnolini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="23749249" type="text/json">{"id":23749249,"first_name":"Guillaume","last_name":"Bagnolini","domain_name":"lab-epsylon","page_name":"GuillaumeBagnolini","display_name":"Guillaume Bagnolini","profile_url":"https://lab-epsylon.academia.edu/GuillaumeBagnolini?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23749249/6435874/9989590/s65_guillaume.bagnolini.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_32376346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="32376346"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 32376346, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_32376346", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_32376346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32376346; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_32376346"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_32376346 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="32376346"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 32376346; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=32376346]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_32376346").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_32376346").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="32376346"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">4</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11861" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11861" type="text/json">{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1031565" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking">Biohacking</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1031565" type="text/json">{"id":1031565,"name":"Biohacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=32376346]'), work: {"id":32376346,"title":"Vers une éthique des biohackers","created_at":"2017-04-11T03:10:25.119-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/32376346/Vers_une_%C3%A9thique_des_biohackers?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_32376346","summary":"/Abstract L'utilisation des biotechnologies en dehors des laboratoires institutionnels est peu étudiée. Cependant, avec l'essor de certains outils d'édition du génome comme CRISPR/cas9, nous pouvons nous poser la question de la diffusion de ces techniques dans certaines communautés comme celles des biohackers. Nous nous intéresserons à l'émergence du biohacking et interrogerons l'utilisation de ces nouvelles technologies notamment au sein du mouvement transhumaniste. The use of biotechnologies outside institutional laboratories isn't really studied. However, with the development of some genome editing tools like CRISPR/cas9, we can ask ourselves the question of spreading these techniques in some communities such as biohackers. We will describe this movement and especially, an important and controversial current, transhumanism.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":52579446,"asset_id":32376346,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23749249,"first_name":"Guillaume","last_name":"Bagnolini","domain_name":"lab-epsylon","page_name":"GuillaumeBagnolini","display_name":"Guillaume Bagnolini","profile_url":"https://lab-epsylon.academia.edu/GuillaumeBagnolini?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/23749249/6435874/9989590/s65_guillaume.bagnolini.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1031565,"name":"Biohacking","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biohacking?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_29668445" data-work_id="29668445" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29668445/A_Candida_albicans_CRISPR_system_permits_genetic_engineering_of_essential_genes_and_gene_families">A Candida albicans CRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that causes mucosal and systematic infections with high mortality. The absence of facile molecular genetics has been a major impediment to analysis of pathogenesis. The lack of meiosis coupled with... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_29668445" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that causes mucosal and systematic infections with high mortality. The absence of facile molecular genetics has been a major impediment to analysis of pathogenesis. The lack of meiosis coupled with the absence of plasmids makes genetic engineering cumbersome, especially for essential functions and gene families. We describe a C. albicans CRISPR system that overcomes many of the obstacles to genetic engineering in this organism. The high frequency with which CRISPR-induced mutations can be directed to target genes enables easy isolation of homozygous gene knockouts, even without selection. Moreover, the system permits the creation of strains with mutations in multiple genes, gene families, and genes that encode essential functions. This CRISPR system is also effective in a fresh clinical isolate of undetermined ploidy. Our method transforms the ability to manipulate the genome of Candida and provides a new window into the biology of this pathogen.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/29668445" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="dab95e393555404bf154dd194b122f4e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":50103377,"asset_id":29668445,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/50103377/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33698529" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ValmikVyas">Valmik K Vyas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33698529" type="text/json">{"id":33698529,"first_name":"Valmik","last_name":"Vyas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ValmikVyas","display_name":"Valmik K Vyas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ValmikVyas?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33698529/14771583/15578449/s65_valmik.vyas.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_29668445 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="29668445"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 29668445, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_29668445", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_29668445 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29668445; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_29668445"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_29668445 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="29668445"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 29668445; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=29668445]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_29668445").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_29668445").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="29668445"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">5</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6779" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science">Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6779" type="text/json">{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="67401" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutagenesis">Mutagenesis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="67401" type="text/json">{"id":67401,"name":"Mutagenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutagenesis?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=29668445]'), work: {"id":29668445,"title":"A Candida albicans CRISPR system permits genetic engineering of essential genes and gene families","created_at":"2016-11-04T08:44:13.621-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/29668445/A_Candida_albicans_CRISPR_system_permits_genetic_engineering_of_essential_genes_and_gene_families?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_29668445","summary":"Candida albicans is a pathogenic yeast that causes mucosal and systematic infections with high mortality. The absence of facile molecular genetics has been a major impediment to analysis of pathogenesis. The lack of meiosis coupled with the absence of plasmids makes genetic engineering cumbersome, especially for essential functions and gene families. We describe a C. albicans CRISPR system that overcomes many of the obstacles to genetic engineering in this organism. The high frequency with which CRISPR-induced mutations can be directed to target genes enables easy isolation of homozygous gene knockouts, even without selection. Moreover, the system permits the creation of strains with mutations in multiple genes, gene families, and genes that encode essential functions. This CRISPR system is also effective in a fresh clinical isolate of undetermined ploidy. Our method transforms the ability to manipulate the genome of Candida and provides a new window into the biology of this pathogen.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":50103377,"asset_id":29668445,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33698529,"first_name":"Valmik","last_name":"Vyas","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ValmikVyas","display_name":"Valmik K Vyas","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ValmikVyas?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33698529/14771583/15578449/s65_valmik.vyas.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":6779,"name":"Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Science?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":67401,"name":"Mutagenesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mutagenesis?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80121618" data-work_id="80121618" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80121618/CRISPR_Cas9_mediated_viral_interference_in_plants">CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral interference in plants</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species. In this study,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80121618" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species. In this study, we investigate whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be used in plants to confer molecular immunity against DNA viruses. We deliver sgRNAs specific for coding and non-coding sequences of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) into Nicotiana benthamiana plants stably overexpressing the Cas9 endonuclease, and subsequently challenge these plants with TYLCV. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeted TYLCV for degradation and introduced mutations at the target sequences. All tested sgRNAs exhibit interference activity, but those targeting the stem-loop sequence within the TYLCV origin of replication in the intergenic region (IR) are the most effective. N. benthamiana plants expressing CRISPR/Cas9 exhibit delayed or reduced accumulation of vi...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80121618" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="89a39112bf9556cf1d2f65e259864624" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86609192,"asset_id":80121618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86609192/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="37916919" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AliIdris14">Ali Idris</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="37916919" type="text/json">{"id":37916919,"first_name":"Ali","last_name":"Idris","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliIdris14","display_name":"Ali Idris","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliIdris14?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80121618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80121618"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80121618, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80121618", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80121618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80121618; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80121618"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80121618 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80121618"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80121618; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80121618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80121618").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80121618").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80121618"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco">Tobacco</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9109" type="text/json">{"id":9109,"name":"Tobacco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80121618]'), work: {"id":80121618,"title":"CRISPR/Cas9-mediated viral interference in plants","created_at":"2022-05-28T08:28:12.497-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80121618/CRISPR_Cas9_mediated_viral_interference_in_plants?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_80121618","summary":"The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides bacteria and archaea with molecular immunity against invading phages and conjugative plasmids. Recently, CRISPR/Cas9 has been used for targeted genome editing in diverse eukaryotic species. In this study, we investigate whether the CRISPR/Cas9 system could be used in plants to confer molecular immunity against DNA viruses. We deliver sgRNAs specific for coding and non-coding sequences of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) into Nicotiana benthamiana plants stably overexpressing the Cas9 endonuclease, and subsequently challenge these plants with TYLCV. Our data demonstrate that the CRISPR/Cas9 system targeted TYLCV for degradation and introduced mutations at the target sequences. All tested sgRNAs exhibit interference activity, but those targeting the stem-loop sequence within the TYLCV origin of replication in the intergenic region (IR) are the most effective. N. benthamiana plants expressing CRISPR/Cas9 exhibit delayed or reduced accumulation of vi...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86609192,"asset_id":80121618,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":37916919,"first_name":"Ali","last_name":"Idris","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AliIdris14","display_name":"Ali Idris","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AliIdris14?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":9109,"name":"Tobacco","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tobacco?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":66973,"name":"Plant diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":105062,"name":"Disease resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_resistance?f_ri=70125"},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=70125"},{"id":768566,"name":"Begomovirus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Begomovirus?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75856058" data-work_id="75856058" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75856058/CRISPR_genome_editing">CRISPR genome editing</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75856058" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e425f658bbdaceb0e407a8b0c54b4e4c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83486927,"asset_id":75856058,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83486927/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="27969563" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisCain3">Chris Cain</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="27969563" type="text/json">{"id":27969563,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Cain","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisCain3","display_name":"Chris Cain","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisCain3?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75856058 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75856058"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75856058, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75856058", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75856058 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75856058; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75856058"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75856058 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75856058"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75856058; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75856058]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75856058").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75856058").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75856058"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="157731" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS">CAS</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="157731" type="text/json">{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="216943" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CD">CD</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="216943" type="text/json">{"id":216943,"name":"CD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CD?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75856058]'), work: {"id":75856058,"title":"CRISPR genome editing","created_at":"2022-04-08T15:40:06.241-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75856058/CRISPR_genome_editing?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_75856058","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83486927,"asset_id":75856058,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":27969563,"first_name":"Chris","last_name":"Cain","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ChrisCain3","display_name":"Chris Cain","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ChrisCain3?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":157731,"name":"CAS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CAS?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":216943,"name":"CD","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CD?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":957078,"name":"CCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CCR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2608360,"name":"ZFN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ZFN?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72650813" data-work_id="72650813" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72650813/Biyoteknoloji_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0nsan_Kalabilmek">Biyoteknoloji Çağında İnsan Kalabilmek</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">ÖNSÖZ Çağımızın adının dijital teknoloji ve biyoteknoloji çağı olduğuna kuşku yok. Sağlığımızdan tutun, çevremize, uzay çalışmalarına yeni materyal üretimine kadar bu bilimin ürünlerini kullanmaya başladık. Ancak canlıların kökeni ve... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72650813" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">ÖNSÖZ<br />Çağımızın adının dijital teknoloji ve biyoteknoloji çağı olduğuna kuşku yok. Sağlığımızdan tutun, çevremize, uzay çalışmalarına yeni materyal üretimine kadar bu bilimin ürünlerini kullanmaya başladık.<br />Ancak canlıların kökeni ve insanın evrimi ile ilgili bilgiler hala topluma mal edilmiş değildir. Bu sorunun çözümü biyoteknoloji ve genetik biliminin buluşları ile pekiştirilecektir. Bu atılım basit bir atılım olmayıp toplumları binlerce yıldır esir alan dogma tutkusundan da kurtarıp aydınlığa yol açacak önemli gelişmeleri bünyesinde bulundurmaktadır.<br />Bu kitap, yeni yeni temel bilimlere ısınmakta olan halkımıza, son yılların gelişmeleri olan genetik, biyoteknoloji, biyokimya biliminin bulgularını kullanarak canlıların oluşumundan, evriminden, insanın oluşumuna kadar süreçteki biyolojik işlemleri basit bir dille anlatmaktadır.<br />Yeni bir dünyaya ayak basıyoruz. Bu dünyanın araçlarını, bilimini ve süreçlerini bilmeyen toplumlar belki de bu yüzyılın sonunu görmekte zorluk çekecektir. Kitap, basit bir dil ile toplumun, sıradan insanların okuyup anlayabileceği, biyolojik devrimin anlatımı ile donatılmıştır. <br />Belki bugüne kadar kendinize ve çevrenize sorup da bir türlü yanıtını alamadığınız soruların açıklamasını bulabileceksiniz. Daha da önemlisi gelecekte olacakları tahmin edebileceksiniz. Birçok şeyi yaşamadan tahmin edip önlemini alabileceksiniz. <br />Kendinizi tanımak ve geleceğin bir dünya vatandaşı olmanız için bu kitabı okuyunuz derim. <br />Prof. Dr. Ali Demirsoy</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72650813" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f319c4eac91528cae068cd3141a5f886" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81495140,"asset_id":72650813,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81495140/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="94777358" href="https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay">Elif Akçay</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="94777358" type="text/json">{"id":94777358,"first_name":"Elif","last_name":"Akçay","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"ElifAkçay","display_name":"Elif Akçay","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/94777358/28073087/52488465/s65_elif.ak_ay.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72650813 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72650813"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72650813, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72650813", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_72650813 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72650813; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_72650813"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_72650813 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="72650813"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 72650813; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72650813]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72650813").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72650813").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72650813"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="134581" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evrim">Evrim</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="134581" type="text/json">{"id":134581,"name":"Evrim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evrim?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="507140" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetik">Genetik</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="507140" type="text/json">{"id":507140,"name":"Genetik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72650813]'), work: {"id":72650813,"title":"Biyoteknoloji Çağında İnsan Kalabilmek","created_at":"2022-02-28T23:34:55.729-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72650813/Biyoteknoloji_%C3%87a%C4%9F%C4%B1nda_%C4%B0nsan_Kalabilmek?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_72650813","summary":"ÖNSÖZ\nÇağımızın adının dijital teknoloji ve biyoteknoloji çağı olduğuna kuşku yok. Sağlığımızdan tutun, çevremize, uzay çalışmalarına yeni materyal üretimine kadar bu bilimin ürünlerini kullanmaya başladık.\nAncak canlıların kökeni ve insanın evrimi ile ilgili bilgiler hala topluma mal edilmiş değildir. Bu sorunun çözümü biyoteknoloji ve genetik biliminin buluşları ile pekiştirilecektir. Bu atılım basit bir atılım olmayıp toplumları binlerce yıldır esir alan dogma tutkusundan da kurtarıp aydınlığa yol açacak önemli gelişmeleri bünyesinde bulundurmaktadır.\nBu kitap, yeni yeni temel bilimlere ısınmakta olan halkımıza, son yılların gelişmeleri olan genetik, biyoteknoloji, biyokimya biliminin bulgularını kullanarak canlıların oluşumundan, evriminden, insanın oluşumuna kadar süreçteki biyolojik işlemleri basit bir dille anlatmaktadır.\nYeni bir dünyaya ayak basıyoruz. Bu dünyanın araçlarını, bilimini ve süreçlerini bilmeyen toplumlar belki de bu yüzyılın sonunu görmekte zorluk çekecektir. Kitap, basit bir dil ile toplumun, sıradan insanların okuyup anlayabileceği, biyolojik devrimin anlatımı ile donatılmıştır. \nBelki bugüne kadar kendinize ve çevrenize sorup da bir türlü yanıtını alamadığınız soruların açıklamasını bulabileceksiniz. Daha da önemlisi gelecekte olacakları tahmin edebileceksiniz. Birçok şeyi yaşamadan tahmin edip önlemini alabileceksiniz. \nKendinizi tanımak ve geleceğin bir dünya vatandaşı olmanız için bu kitabı okuyunuz derim. \nProf. Dr. Ali Demirsoy","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81495140,"asset_id":72650813,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":94777358,"first_name":"Elif","last_name":"Akçay","domain_name":"marmara","page_name":"ElifAkçay","display_name":"Elif Akçay","profile_url":"https://marmara.academia.edu/ElifAk%C3%A7ay?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/94777358/28073087/52488465/s65_elif.ak_ay.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":134581,"name":"Evrim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evrim?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":507140,"name":"Genetik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetik?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":853283,"name":"Transhumanizm","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanizm?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1336676,"name":"BİYOTEKNOLOJİ","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIYOTEKNOLOJI?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1798386,"name":"Biyoetik","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biyoetik?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49046929 coauthored" data-work_id="49046929" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49046929/Can_eugenics_be_defended">Can 'eugenics' be defended</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In recent years, bioethical discourse around the topic of 'genetic enhancement' has become increasingly politicized. We fear there is too much focus on the semantic question of whether we should call particular practices and emerging... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49046929" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In recent years, bioethical discourse around the topic of 'genetic enhancement' has become increasingly politicized. We fear there is too much focus on the semantic question of whether we should call particular practices and emerging biotechnologies such as CRISPR 'eugenics', rather than the more important question of how we should view them from the perspective of ethics and policy. Here, we address the question of whether 'eugenics' can be defended and how proponents and critics of enhancement should engage with each other.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49046929" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="3d5be19c462e9db60d009378916c4679" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67434630,"asset_id":49046929,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67434630/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44262267" href="https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit">Walter Veit</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44262267" type="text/json">{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-49046929">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-49046929"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://duke.academia.edu/JonathanAnomaly">Jonathan Anomaly</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-49046929'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-49046929').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49046929 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49046929"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49046929, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49046929", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_49046929 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49046929; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_49046929"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_49046929 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49046929"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49046929; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49046929]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_49046929").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_49046929").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="49046929"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11860" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancement">Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11860" type="text/json">{"id":11860,"name":"Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="21809" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement">Human Enhancement</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="21809" type="text/json">{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=49046929]'), work: {"id":49046929,"title":"Can 'eugenics' be defended","created_at":"2021-05-26T01:44:34.653-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/49046929/Can_eugenics_be_defended?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_49046929","summary":"In recent years, bioethical discourse around the topic of 'genetic enhancement' has become increasingly politicized. We fear there is too much focus on the semantic question of whether we should call particular practices and emerging biotechnologies such as CRISPR 'eugenics', rather than the more important question of how we should view them from the perspective of ethics and policy. Here, we address the question of whether 'eugenics' can be defended and how proponents and critics of enhancement should engage with each other.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67434630,"asset_id":49046929,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44262267,"first_name":"Walter","last_name":"Veit","domain_name":"reading","page_name":"WalterVeit","display_name":"Walter Veit","profile_url":"https://reading.academia.edu/WalterVeit?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/44262267/11952175/18211419/s65_walter.veit.jpg"},{"id":135970772,"first_name":"Jonathan","last_name":"Anomaly","domain_name":"duke","page_name":"JonathanAnomaly","display_name":"Jonathan Anomaly","profile_url":"https://duke.academia.edu/JonathanAnomaly?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/135970772/44459254/34992467/s65_jonathan.anomaly.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":11860,"name":"Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":21809,"name":"Human Enhancement","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Enhancement?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":76278,"name":"Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eugenics?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1257133,"name":"Gene Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gene_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_45620474" data-work_id="45620474" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45620474/Current_status_advances_challenges_and_perspectives_on_biosensors_for_COVID_19_diagnosis_in_resource_limited_settings">Current status, advances, challenges and perspectives on biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis in resource-limited settings</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">As the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted human life, prompt diagnostic tests are becoming an essential part of the social activities. However, the expensive and time-consuming laboratory-based traditional methods do not suffice... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_45620474" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">As the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted human life, prompt diagnostic tests are becoming an essential part of the social activities. However, the expensive and time-consuming laboratory-based traditional methods do not suffice the enormous needs for massive number of tests, especially in resource-limited settings. Therefore, more affordable, rapid, sensitive and specific field-practical diagnostic devices play an important role in the fight against the disease. In this review, we present the current status and advances in the biosensing technologies for diagnosing COVID-19, ranging from commercial achievements to research developments. Starting from a brief introduction to the disease biomarkers, this review summarizes the working principles of the biosensing technologies , followed by a review of the commercial products and research advances in academia. We recapitulate the lit-eratures with a wide scope of bio/marker detections, embracing nucleic acids, viral proteins, human immune responses, and other potential bio/markers. Further, the challenges and perspectives for their employment in future point-of-care applications are discussed, with an extended appraisal on the practical strategies to enlarge the testing capability without high cost. This critical review provides a comprehensive insight into the diagnostic tools for COVID-19 and will encourage the industry and academia in the field of diagnostic biosensing for future evolvement to large-scale point-of-care screening of COVID-19.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/45620474" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="387246619192c9b3976d91a8530da61b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66109785,"asset_id":45620474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66109785/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="76235895" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YuShen14">Yu Shen</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="76235895" type="text/json">{"id":76235895,"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Shen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YuShen14","display_name":"Yu Shen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YuShen14?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_45620474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="45620474"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 45620474, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_45620474", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_45620474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45620474; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_45620474"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_45620474 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="45620474"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 45620474; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=45620474]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_45620474").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_45620474").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="45620474"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">13</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2721" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics">Microfluidics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2721" type="text/json">{"id":2721,"name":"Microfluidics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4331" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors">Biosensors</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4331" type="text/json">{"id":4331,"name":"Biosensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8511" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_natural_resources_conservation">Environment and natural resources conservation</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="8511" type="text/json">{"id":8511,"name":"Environment and natural resources conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment_and_natural_resources_conservation?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9111" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines">Cytokines</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9111" type="text/json">{"id":9111,"name":"Cytokines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytokines?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=45620474]'), work: {"id":45620474,"title":"Current status, advances, challenges and perspectives on biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis in resource-limited settings","created_at":"2021-03-26T11:01:49.381-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/45620474/Current_status_advances_challenges_and_perspectives_on_biosensors_for_COVID_19_diagnosis_in_resource_limited_settings?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_45620474","summary":"As the COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly impacted human life, prompt diagnostic tests are becoming an essential part of the social activities. However, the expensive and time-consuming laboratory-based traditional methods do not suffice the enormous needs for massive number of tests, especially in resource-limited settings. Therefore, more affordable, rapid, sensitive and specific field-practical diagnostic devices play an important role in the fight against the disease. In this review, we present the current status and advances in the biosensing technologies for diagnosing COVID-19, ranging from commercial achievements to research developments. Starting from a brief introduction to the disease biomarkers, this review summarizes the working principles of the biosensing technologies , followed by a review of the commercial products and research advances in academia. We recapitulate the lit-eratures with a wide scope of bio/marker detections, embracing nucleic acids, viral proteins, human immune responses, and other potential bio/markers. Further, the challenges and perspectives for their employment in future point-of-care applications are discussed, with an extended appraisal on the practical strategies to enlarge the testing capability without high cost. This critical review provides a comprehensive insight into the diagnostic tools for COVID-19 and will encourage the industry and academia in the field of diagnostic biosensing for future evolvement to large-scale point-of-care screening of COVID-19.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66109785,"asset_id":45620474,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":76235895,"first_name":"Yu","last_name":"Shen","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YuShen14","display_name":"Yu Shen","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YuShen14?f_ri=70125","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2721,"name":"Microfluidics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microfluidics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":4331,"name":"Biosensors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biosensors?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":8511,"name":"Environment and natural resources 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})();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_40827185" data-work_id="40827185" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40827185/Il_crogiuolo_bio_tecno_logico">Il crogiuolo bio(tecno)logico</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">La prerogativa di Dio è la creazione del mondo, soprattutto di quello vivente, finalizzato alla comparsa dell'uomo. La prerogativa dell'uomo è la produzione del mondo che lo circonda, secondo progetti finalizzati (l'aggettivo sarebbe... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_40827185" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">La prerogativa di Dio è la creazione del mondo, soprattutto di quello vivente, finalizzato alla comparsa dell'uomo. La prerogativa dell'uomo è la produzione del mondo che lo circonda, secondo progetti finalizzati (l'aggettivo sarebbe inutile, ma la tautologia serve per distinguere il progetto umano da quello dell'istinto costruttivo animale, api, termiti, castori, ecc.). L'uomo dunque, entro certi limiti, sarebbe già in grado di progettare il suo futuro, di finalizzare la sua attività ad un risultato voluto, come quando progetta un palazzo o un aereo. Come quando sarà in grado di progettare l'armonizzazione della biosfera invece di abbandonarsi alla sua distruzione; oppure, se lo riterrà utile e opportuno, di progettare organismi non solo geneticamente modificati ma di specie nuova.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/40827185" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e94252a0470c174afee8c9f86b69bc1e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":61110781,"asset_id":40827185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/61110781/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="12666412" href="https://independent.academia.edu/n1magazine">n+1 Magazine</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="12666412" type="text/json">{"id":12666412,"first_name":"n+1","last_name":"Magazine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"n1magazine","display_name":"n+1 Magazine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/n1magazine?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12666412/4835563/5565695/s65_n_1.review.gif"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_40827185 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="40827185"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40827185, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_40827185", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40827185]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_40827185").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_40827185").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="40827185"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="155" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology">Evolutionary Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="155" type="text/json">{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="772" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution">Human Evolution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="772" type="text/json">{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1414" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics">Bioethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1414" type="text/json">{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2036" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics">History Of Eugenics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2036" type="text/json">{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=40827185]'), work: {"id":40827185,"title":"Il crogiuolo bio(tecno)logico","created_at":"2019-11-03T05:33:34.251-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/40827185/Il_crogiuolo_bio_tecno_logico?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_40827185","summary":"La prerogativa di Dio è la creazione del mondo, soprattutto di quello vivente, finalizzato alla comparsa dell'uomo. La prerogativa dell'uomo è la produzione del mondo che lo circonda, secondo progetti finalizzati (l'aggettivo sarebbe inutile, ma la tautologia serve per distinguere il progetto umano da quello dell'istinto costruttivo animale, api, termiti, castori, ecc.). L'uomo dunque, entro certi limiti, sarebbe già in grado di progettare il suo futuro, di finalizzare la sua attività ad un risultato voluto, come quando progetta un palazzo o un aereo. Come quando sarà in grado di progettare l'armonizzazione della biosfera invece di abbandonarsi alla sua distruzione; oppure, se lo riterrà utile e opportuno, di progettare organismi non solo geneticamente modificati ma di specie nuova.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61110781,"asset_id":40827185,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":12666412,"first_name":"n+1","last_name":"Magazine","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"n1magazine","display_name":"n+1 Magazine","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/n1magazine?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/12666412/4835563/5565695/s65_n_1.review.gif"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1414,"name":"Bioethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":2036,"name":"History Of Eugenics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History_Of_Eugenics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":5398,"name":"Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution?f_ri=70125"},{"id":27854,"name":"Darwin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Darwin?f_ri=70125"},{"id":33760,"name":"Environmental Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":48579,"name":"Microbial Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Biotechnology-1?f_ri=70125"},{"id":61144,"name":"Biotecnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotecnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":76151,"name":"Determinism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Determinism?f_ri=70125"},{"id":84243,"name":"Medical Biotechnology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Biotechnology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":84778,"name":"Bioética","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bio%C3%A9tica?f_ri=70125"},{"id":106418,"name":"Biotecnologia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotecnologia?f_ri=70125"},{"id":243695,"name":"Bioetica","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioetica?f_ri=70125"},{"id":273913,"name":"Biotecnología","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biotecnolog%C3%ADa?f_ri=70125"},{"id":973234,"name":"Jacques Monod","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Jacques_Monod?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_39093227 coauthored" data-work_id="39093227" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39093227/Interdisciplinary_Bioethics_Reflection_on_Genetic_Editing_with_CRISPR_Cas_in_Germinal_Line_in_the_Context_of_Transhumanism">Interdisciplinary Bioethics Reflection on Genetic Editing with CRISPR-Cas in Germinal Line in the Context of Transhumanism</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Reflexión bioética interdisciplinaria en torno a la edición genética con CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal en el contexto del transhumanismo El propósito de este trabajo es explicar al-gunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_39093227" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Reflexión bioética interdisciplinaria en torno a la edición genética con CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal en el contexto del transhumanismo El propósito de este trabajo es explicar al-gunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Des-pués de dar una breve explicación sobre la naturaleza de esta técnica, se ofrece el estado de la cuestión en lo referente a la normativa internacional vigente. Poste-riormente, se observan las consecuencias que tiene el desarrollo de esta técnica en el marco del proyecto transhumanista Abstract The purpose of this article is to explain some of the implications of using the CRISPR-Cas technique in the germinal line for non-therapeutic purposes, in the context of transhumanism. After giving a brief explanation about the nature of this technique, the state of the question is offered in relation to the current international regulations. Afterwards, the consequences of the development of this technique within the framework of the transhumanism project are observed and</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/39093227" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fe6d61dd42ea86720c09717a8ef5dcd1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":59211115,"asset_id":39093227,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/59211115/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="8472556" href="https://up-mx.academia.edu/DianaErikaIbarraSoto">Diana Ibarra</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="8472556" type="text/json">{"id":8472556,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Ibarra","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"DianaErikaIbarraSoto","display_name":"Diana Ibarra","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/DianaErikaIbarraSoto?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8472556/28328600/47895514/s65_diana.ibarra.jpeg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-39093227">+3</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-39093227"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://up-mx.academia.edu/LeonardoRuizG%C3%B3mez">Leonardo Ruiz Gómez</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/Anorve">Victoria Añorve</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://up-mx.academia.edu/LourdesGonz%C3%A1lez">Lourdes González</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-39093227'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-39093227').html(); 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container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_39093227 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="39093227"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 39093227; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=39093227]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_39093227").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_39093227").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="39093227"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11861" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism">Transhumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11861" type="text/json">{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="34273" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism">Transhumanism/Posthumanism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="34273" type="text/json">{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="81390" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_research">Interdisciplinary research</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="81390" type="text/json">{"id":81390,"name":"Interdisciplinary research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=39093227]'), work: {"id":39093227,"title":"Interdisciplinary Bioethics Reflection on Genetic Editing with CRISPR-Cas in Germinal Line in the Context of Transhumanism","created_at":"2019-05-11T03:21:50.601-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/39093227/Interdisciplinary_Bioethics_Reflection_on_Genetic_Editing_with_CRISPR_Cas_in_Germinal_Line_in_the_Context_of_Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_39093227","summary":"Reflexión bioética interdisciplinaria en torno a la edición genética con CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal en el contexto del transhumanismo El propósito de este trabajo es explicar al-gunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la utilización de la técnica CRISPR-Cas en línea germinal con fines no terapéuticos, en el contexto del transhumanismo. Des-pués de dar una breve explicación sobre la naturaleza de esta técnica, se ofrece el estado de la cuestión en lo referente a la normativa internacional vigente. Poste-riormente, se observan las consecuencias que tiene el desarrollo de esta técnica en el marco del proyecto transhumanista Abstract The purpose of this article is to explain some of the implications of using the CRISPR-Cas technique in the germinal line for non-therapeutic purposes, in the context of transhumanism. After giving a brief explanation about the nature of this technique, the state of the question is offered in relation to the current international regulations. Afterwards, the consequences of the development of this technique within the framework of the transhumanism project are observed and","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":59211115,"asset_id":39093227,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":8472556,"first_name":"Diana","last_name":"Ibarra","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"DianaErikaIbarraSoto","display_name":"Diana Ibarra","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/DianaErikaIbarraSoto?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/8472556/28328600/47895514/s65_diana.ibarra.jpeg"},{"id":40929474,"first_name":"Leonardo","last_name":"Ruiz Gómez","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"LeonardoRuizGómez","display_name":"Leonardo Ruiz Gómez","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/LeonardoRuizG%C3%B3mez?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40929474/11126725/12887927/s65_leonardo.ruiz_g_mez.jpg"},{"id":114008578,"first_name":"Victoria","last_name":"Añorve","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"Anorve","display_name":"Victoria Añorve","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/Anorve?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://gravatar.com/avatar/48cd56f80ef324dac25dcacbe03451b5?s=65"},{"id":56166133,"first_name":"Lourdes","last_name":"González","domain_name":"up-mx","page_name":"LourdesGonzález","display_name":"Lourdes González","profile_url":"https://up-mx.academia.edu/LourdesGonz%C3%A1lez?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/56166133/31397166/28838292/s65_lourdes.gonz_lez.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":11861,"name":"Transhumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":34273,"name":"Transhumanism/Posthumanism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanism_Posthumanism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":81390,"name":"Interdisciplinary research","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Interdisciplinary_research?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":84412,"name":"Transhumanismo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Transhumanismo?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_36104319 coauthored" data-work_id="36104319" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/36104319/CfP_and_Artwork_Taboo_Transgression_Transcendence_in_Art_and_Science_2018">CfP & Artwork: Taboo -Transgression -Transcendence in Art & Science 2018</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The third international interdisciplinary conference "Taboo - Transgression - Transcendence in Art & Science" will take place in 11-13 November 2018 in Mexico City, hosted by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_36104319" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The third international interdisciplinary conference "Taboo - Transgression - Transcendence in Art & Science" will take place in 11-13 November 2018 in Mexico City, hosted by the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) and the Centro de Cultura Digital. <br /><br />Including theoretical and artwork presentations TTT2018 continues to focus: a) on questions about the nature of the forbidden and about the aesthetics of liminality - as expressed in art that uses or is inspired by technology and science, b) in the opening of spaces for creative transformation in the merging of science and art. Submissions are welcome from all art and research fields and cutting-edge technology in art research. <br /><br />Suggested, but not exclusive topics, are those associated, with: Biopunk, hybridity and aesthetics of mutation | Cyborg, augmentation and bοdy modification | Post gender, transgressive identities and social models | Psycho-pharmacology, somatechnology and post-humanism | Chemistry of the mind, natural healers and mind enhancement | Biotechnology, DIYbio and biohacking | Ethology, human and nonhuman | Evolution, extinction and randomness.<br /><br />Coordinated in partnership with the program of the FACTT 2018 - Festival Art & Science Trans-disciplinary and Trans-national the conference is co-organized by the Research and Creation Group Arte+Ciencia, UNAM (Mexico), Arte Institute (USA), Cultivamos Cultura (Portugal) besides the Department of Audio and Visual Arts, Ionian University (Greece). <br /><br />More info: <a href="http://avarts.ionio.gr/ttt/" rel="nofollow">http://avarts.ionio.gr/ttt/</a><br />Contact: <a href="mailto:av-conf@ionio.gr" rel="nofollow">av-conf@ionio.gr</a></div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/36104319" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a305a833c652bf42fda650b5968e1fa8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55995373,"asset_id":36104319,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55995373/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="140200" href="https://ionio.academia.edu/DalilaHonorato">Dalila Honorato</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="140200" type="text/json">{"id":140200,"first_name":"Dalila","last_name":"Honorato","domain_name":"ionio","page_name":"DalilaHonorato","display_name":"Dalila Honorato","profile_url":"https://ionio.academia.edu/DalilaHonorato?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/140200/37184/18718678/s65_dalila.honorato.jpg"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-36104319">+2</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-36104319"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://ionio.academia.edu/AndreasGiannakoulopoulos">Andreas Giannakoulopoulos</a></span></div><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/sharrytaylor1">sharry taylor</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-36104319'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-36104319').html(); 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href="https://www.academia.edu/35742031/Contra_Pros_und_Contras_Worum_geht_es_eigentlich">Contra Pros und Contras. Worum geht es eigentlich?</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In Großbritannien kann man mittels einer Methode, die den Namen CRISPR–Cas9 trägt, Forschung an Embryonen betreiben. Die Genehmigungsbehörde hat zugestimmt. Man kann dafür (pro) oder dagegen (contra) sein. In Deutschland müsste man... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35742031" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In Großbritannien kann man mittels einer Methode, die den Namen CRISPR–Cas9 trägt, Forschung an Embryonen betreiben. Die Genehmigungsbehörde hat zugestimmt. Man kann dafür (pro) oder dagegen (contra) sein. In Deutschland müsste man aufgrund des Embryonenschutzgesetzes dagegen sein. Denn die Forschung würde gegen das Embryonenschutzgesetz verstoßen. Aber die Frage Pro? oder Contra? ist schon falsch. Pluralität, kann man nicht mit einseitigen Argumenten abtöten.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35742031" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="92f3f033d8492ccf7ca8fed956fef042" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55616683,"asset_id":35742031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55616683/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="33978670" href="https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/andreasvieth">Andreas Vieth</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="33978670" type="text/json">{"id":33978670,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Vieth","domain_name":"uni-muenster","page_name":"andreasvieth","display_name":"Andreas Vieth","profile_url":"https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/andreasvieth?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33978670/9985128/11135936/s65_andreas.vieth.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35742031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35742031"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35742031, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35742031", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_35742031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35742031; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_35742031"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_35742031 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35742031"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35742031; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35742031]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35742031").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35742031").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35742031"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="814" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics">Ethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="814" type="text/json">{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14806" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaethics">Metaethics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14806" type="text/json">{"id":14806,"name":"Metaethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="32938" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluralism">Pluralism</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="32938" type="text/json">{"id":32938,"name":"Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluralism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="69868" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Judgment">Moral Judgment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="69868" type="text/json">{"id":69868,"name":"Moral Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Judgment?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35742031]'), work: {"id":35742031,"title":"Contra Pros und Contras. Worum geht es eigentlich?","created_at":"2018-01-23T11:58:43.210-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35742031/Contra_Pros_und_Contras_Worum_geht_es_eigentlich?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_35742031","summary":"In Großbritannien kann man mittels einer Methode, die den Namen CRISPR–Cas9 trägt, Forschung an Embryonen betreiben. Die Genehmigungsbehörde hat zugestimmt. Man kann dafür (pro) oder dagegen (contra) sein. In Deutschland müsste man aufgrund des Embryonenschutzgesetzes dagegen sein. Denn die Forschung würde gegen das Embryonenschutzgesetz verstoßen. Aber die Frage Pro? oder Contra? ist schon falsch. Pluralität, kann man nicht mit einseitigen Argumenten abtöten.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55616683,"asset_id":35742031,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":33978670,"first_name":"Andreas","last_name":"Vieth","domain_name":"uni-muenster","page_name":"andreasvieth","display_name":"Andreas Vieth","profile_url":"https://uni-muenster.academia.edu/andreasvieth?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/33978670/9985128/11135936/s65_andreas.vieth.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":814,"name":"Ethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":14806,"name":"Metaethics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metaethics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":32938,"name":"Pluralism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pluralism?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":69868,"name":"Moral Judgment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_Judgment?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":714088,"name":"Foundations of Ethical Thought","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Foundations_of_Ethical_Thought?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2536710,"name":"Moral status of the embryo","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Moral_status_of_the_embryo?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22956016" data-work_id="22956016" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22956016/CRISPR_Devrimi">CRISPR Devrimi</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">İnsan Genomu Okuma OUT; Oynama IN! İnsan genetik materyali on yıllar boyunca bilim insanlarının sayısız sorularının kaynağı oldu. Ancak biyologların aradıkları cevapları bulabilmeleri için moleküler biyoloji teknolojilerinin gelişmesini... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22956016" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">İnsan Genomu Okuma OUT; Oynama IN!<br /><br />İnsan genetik materyali on yıllar boyunca bilim insanlarının sayısız sorularının kaynağı oldu. Ancak biyologların aradıkları cevapları bulabilmeleri için moleküler biyoloji teknolojilerinin gelişmesini beklemekten başka çareleri yoktu. Simdi DNA kitabımızı okuyabiliyoruz; ancak bu yetenek, kalıtımsal hastalıklarımızı anlamak ve tedavi edebilmek için yeterli değil. Geliştirilen birçok genom modifikasyon tekniklerine (örneğin; Zinc-finger ve TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclase) nükleazları) rağmen, hiçbiri 2013'de yaygınlık kazanan CRISPR tekniğinin sağladığı hız, kolaylık ve fiyat ucuzluğu ile boy ölçüşemedi.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22956016" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9b42e6a108b77163beca5d98d3ab3c8d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":47132922,"asset_id":22956016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47132922/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="20976874" href="https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan">Cihan Tastan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="20976874" type="text/json">{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22956016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22956016"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22956016, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22956016", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_22956016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22956016; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_22956016"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_22956016 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="22956016"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 22956016; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22956016]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22956016").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22956016").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22956016"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1253071" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crispr-cas_System">Crispr-cas System</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1253071" type="text/json">{"id":1253071,"name":"Crispr-cas System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crispr-cas_System?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22956016]'), work: {"id":22956016,"title":"CRISPR Devrimi","created_at":"2016-03-07T15:27:00.450-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22956016/CRISPR_Devrimi?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_22956016","summary":"İnsan Genomu Okuma OUT; Oynama IN!\n\nİnsan genetik materyali on yıllar boyunca bilim insanlarının sayısız sorularının kaynağı oldu. Ancak biyologların aradıkları cevapları bulabilmeleri için moleküler biyoloji teknolojilerinin gelişmesini beklemekten başka çareleri yoktu. Simdi DNA kitabımızı okuyabiliyoruz; ancak bu yetenek, kalıtımsal hastalıklarımızı anlamak ve tedavi edebilmek için yeterli değil. Geliştirilen birçok genom modifikasyon tekniklerine (örneğin; Zinc-finger ve TALEN (Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclase) nükleazları) rağmen, hiçbiri 2013'de yaygınlık kazanan CRISPR tekniğinin sağladığı hız, kolaylık ve fiyat ucuzluğu ile boy ölçüşemedi.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47132922,"asset_id":22956016,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":20976874,"first_name":"Cihan","last_name":"Tastan","domain_name":"uskudar","page_name":"CihanTastan","display_name":"Cihan Tastan","profile_url":"https://uskudar.academia.edu/CihanTastan?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/20976874/5801012/38432982/s65_cihan.tastan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1253071,"name":"Crispr-cas System","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crispr-cas_System?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_22826525" data-work_id="22826525" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/22826525/Ecosystems_Food_Crops_and_Bioscience_A_Symbiosis_for_the_Anthropocene">Ecosystems, Food Crops, and Bioscience: A Symbiosis for the Anthropocene</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Changes in Earth's climate at the end of the last ice age brought about seasonal conditions that favoured the cultivation of annual plants like wild cereals, helping to launch the agricultural revolution. Earth's climate is changing... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_22826525" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Changes in Earth's climate at the end of the last ice age brought about seasonal conditions that favoured the cultivation of annual plants like wild cereals, helping to launch the agricultural revolution. Earth's climate is changing again, mainly through the effects of human actions on the biosphere. To feed a projected population of 9.6 billion people by 2050 while reducing agriculture's carbon, nitrogen, and environmental footprints requires a revolution in food crop productivity and a deeper understanding of the interplay between sustainable food production and natural ecosystems. These goals cannot be achieved without making appropriate use of advanced technologies. Genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and genomic selection of orphan crops in developing countries can help enhance yields, nutrition, disease resistance, and crop resilience in the face of climate change. With major cereal crop yields stagnating or in decline, successful C4 photosynthesis engineering of rice and wheat and nitrogen fixation engineering of rice, wheat, and maize would have enormous consequences for crop productivity, environmental remediation, and land, soil, and water conservation. Next-generation DNA sequencing, genome editing, synthetic biology, and molecular modeling provide the tools needed for these ambitious efforts to succeed. Innovative food crop bioscience and healthy ecosystems constitute a symbiosis for the Anthropocene.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/22826525" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e8f9566c8bbf54c44bae0406937b9e37" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":43371191,"asset_id":22826525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/43371191/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40116065" href="https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamHoffman2">William Hoffman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40116065" type="text/json">{"id":40116065,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Hoffman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilliamHoffman2","display_name":"William Hoffman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamHoffman2?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40116065/11834385/13189825/s65_william.hoffman.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_22826525 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="22826525"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 22826525, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_22826525", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=22826525]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_22826525").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_22826525").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="22826525"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1359" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystems_Ecology">Ecosystems Ecology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1359" type="text/json">{"id":1359,"name":"Ecosystems Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystems_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3216" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics">Genomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3216" type="text/json">{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3629" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology">Synthetic Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3629" type="text/json">{"id":3629,"name":"Synthetic Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3659" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptation_to_Climate_Change">Adaptation to Climate Change</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="3659" type="text/json">{"id":3659,"name":"Adaptation to Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptation_to_Climate_Change?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=22826525]'), work: {"id":22826525,"title":"Ecosystems, Food Crops, and Bioscience: A Symbiosis for the Anthropocene","created_at":"2016-03-04T16:07:57.304-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/22826525/Ecosystems_Food_Crops_and_Bioscience_A_Symbiosis_for_the_Anthropocene?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_22826525","summary":"Changes in Earth's climate at the end of the last ice age brought about seasonal conditions that favoured the cultivation of annual plants like wild cereals, helping to launch the agricultural revolution. Earth's climate is changing again, mainly through the effects of human actions on the biosphere. To feed a projected population of 9.6 billion people by 2050 while reducing agriculture's carbon, nitrogen, and environmental footprints requires a revolution in food crop productivity and a deeper understanding of the interplay between sustainable food production and natural ecosystems. These goals cannot be achieved without making appropriate use of advanced technologies. Genome-wide association studies, marker-assisted selection, and genomic selection of orphan crops in developing countries can help enhance yields, nutrition, disease resistance, and crop resilience in the face of climate change. With major cereal crop yields stagnating or in decline, successful C4 photosynthesis engineering of rice and wheat and nitrogen fixation engineering of rice, wheat, and maize would have enormous consequences for crop productivity, environmental remediation, and land, soil, and water conservation. Next-generation DNA sequencing, genome editing, synthetic biology, and molecular modeling provide the tools needed for these ambitious efforts to succeed. Innovative food crop bioscience and healthy ecosystems constitute a symbiosis for the Anthropocene.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":43371191,"asset_id":22826525,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40116065,"first_name":"William","last_name":"Hoffman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"WilliamHoffman2","display_name":"William Hoffman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/WilliamHoffman2?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40116065/11834385/13189825/s65_william.hoffman.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1359,"name":"Ecosystems Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystems_Ecology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3216,"name":"Genomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genomics?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3629,"name":"Synthetic Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synthetic_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":3659,"name":"Adaptation to Climate Change","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adaptation_to_Climate_Change?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":12540,"name":"Marker assisted plant breeding","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marker_assisted_plant_breeding?f_ri=70125"},{"id":23471,"name":"Genome Wide Association Studies (GWAS)","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Wide_Association_Studies_GWAS_?f_ri=70125"},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125"},{"id":290716,"name":"Cereal Crop Production and Food Security","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cereal_Crop_Production_and_Food_Security?f_ri=70125"},{"id":320555,"name":"Whole Genome Sequencing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Whole_Genome_Sequencing?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1261518,"name":"Genome Editing","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genome_Editing?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_79551324" data-work_id="79551324" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/79551324/CRISPR_System_A_High_throughput_Toolbox_for_Research_and_Treatment_of_Parkinson_s_Disease">CRISPR System: A High-throughput Toolbox for Research and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/79551324" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="fe95952a38bf30b428da8d25ac77e995" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":86227898,"asset_id":79551324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/86227898/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="13782264" href="https://sums.academia.edu/AbbasBehzadBehbahani">Abbas Behzad-Behbahani</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="13782264" type="text/json">{"id":13782264,"first_name":"Abbas","last_name":"Behzad-Behbahani","domain_name":"sums","page_name":"AbbasBehzadBehbahani","display_name":"Abbas Behzad-Behbahani","profile_url":"https://sums.academia.edu/AbbasBehzadBehbahani?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13782264/3914480/4577357/s65_abbas.behzad-behbahani.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_79551324 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="79551324"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 79551324, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_79551324", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=79551324]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_79551324").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_79551324").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="79551324"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4233" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology">Computational Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4233" type="text/json">{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=79551324]'), work: {"id":79551324,"title":"CRISPR System: A High-throughput Toolbox for Research and Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease","created_at":"2022-05-20T18:57:02.812-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/79551324/CRISPR_System_A_High_throughput_Toolbox_for_Research_and_Treatment_of_Parkinson_s_Disease?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_79551324","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":86227898,"asset_id":79551324,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":13782264,"first_name":"Abbas","last_name":"Behzad-Behbahani","domain_name":"sums","page_name":"AbbasBehzadBehbahani","display_name":"Abbas Behzad-Behbahani","profile_url":"https://sums.academia.edu/AbbasBehzadBehbahani?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/13782264/3914480/4577357/s65_abbas.behzad-behbahani.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4233,"name":"Computational Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computational_Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":86222,"name":"Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cellular_and_Molecular_Neurobiology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1239755,"name":"Neurosciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurosciences?f_ri=70125"},{"id":1681026,"name":"Biochemistry and cell biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biochemistry_and_cell_biology?f_ri=70125"},{"id":2699636,"name":"Toolbox","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toolbox?f_ri=70125"},{"id":3789884,"name":"Pharmacology and pharmaceutical sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pharmacology_and_pharmaceutical_sciences?f_ri=70125"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_43847435" data-work_id="43847435" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43847435/Using_CRISPR_Cas9_Technology_as_a_New_Method_for_Less_Side_Effects_and_Exact_Results_in_the_Treatment_of_Leukemia">Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology as a New Method for Less Side Effects and Exact Results in the Treatment of Leukemia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">With the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in eukaryotic cells in 2013, it was thought that this revolutionary method could be used as an alternative in oncological treatment research. The reason for the investigation of an... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_43847435" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">With the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in eukaryotic cells in 2013, it was thought that this revolutionary method could be used as an alternative in oncological treatment research. The reason for the investigation of an alternative treatment method in leukemia is that chemotherapy and radiotherapy methods may have a profound effect on both the resistance and psychology of the patient's body. Furthermore, in order to find treatment methods that have less-or almost none-effect and more precise results, especially due to the side effects it gives to children, scientists are trying to develop therapeutic methods for leukemia under limited ethical conditions, especially in the last 4 years. Along with recent developments, it is even discussed that by examining the gene sequence before the birth of the individual, the risky abnormalities that may cause leukemia can be corrected.<br /><br />Within the scope of the CRISPR method, whose mechanism has been understood by the 21st century, different techniques such as gene insertion, gene re-functionalization, and gene silencing are being tried for the treatment of patients with various types of leukemia by engineered nucleases. In this article, we will examine how the researches and applications of these processes are done and what is reached. In fact, these processes, which seem to be different, are basically similar to each other as they are the pioneers of each other, or the steps taken afterward. For example, steps such as deleting from the gene sequence and searching for results can be performed to understand the function of the gene. Besides, despite criticism by some committees, with the well designed and planned clinical applications, it was found that the technique yielded successful results in the laboratory without creating mutations. Nevertheless, we do not have clear information about the success of applying the techniques described in the paper, except for the Layla Case1 in London in 2015 and the laboratories in China that are allowed to work on the embryo. Though, due to its success in theory and laboratory, gene re-functionalization and gene silencing techniques may be considered more successful in the analysis of results. In summary, in the treatment of leukemia with CRISPR, unfortunately, there was no adequate overview and review so far. Here in this article, the application of different techniques using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the treatment of leukemia will be examined. These studies, which are currently under investigation in terms of ethics and clinic, are still very new, but it is clearly predictable that they will succeed in genome regulation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/43847435" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d7e60c77ac848752a9a82b2042c31a0e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":64169434,"asset_id":43847435,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/64169434/download_file?st=MTczMjc5NTg5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="17663377" href="https://ku.academia.edu/AlihanDursun">Alihan Dursun</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="17663377" type="text/json">{"id":17663377,"first_name":"Alihan","last_name":"Dursun","domain_name":"ku","page_name":"AlihanDursun","display_name":"Alihan Dursun","profile_url":"https://ku.academia.edu/AlihanDursun?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17663377/12830957/39013107/s65_alihan.dursun.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_43847435 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="43847435"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 43847435, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_43847435", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=43847435]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_43847435").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_43847435").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="43847435"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="14109" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leukemia">Leukemia</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="14109" type="text/json">{"id":14109,"name":"Leukemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leukemia?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="70125" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR">CRISPR</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="70125" type="text/json">{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1916835" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system">CRISPR-Cas9 system</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1916835" type="text/json">{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=43847435]'), work: {"id":43847435,"title":"Using CRISPR/Cas9 Technology as a New Method for Less Side Effects and Exact Results in the Treatment of Leukemia","created_at":"2020-08-13T01:49:35.457-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/43847435/Using_CRISPR_Cas9_Technology_as_a_New_Method_for_Less_Side_Effects_and_Exact_Results_in_the_Treatment_of_Leukemia?f_ri=70125","dom_id":"work_43847435","summary":"With the successful application of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in eukaryotic cells in 2013, it was thought that this revolutionary method could be used as an alternative in oncological treatment research. The reason for the investigation of an alternative treatment method in leukemia is that chemotherapy and radiotherapy methods may have a profound effect on both the resistance and psychology of the patient's body. Furthermore, in order to find treatment methods that have less-or almost none-effect and more precise results, especially due to the side effects it gives to children, scientists are trying to develop therapeutic methods for leukemia under limited ethical conditions, especially in the last 4 years. Along with recent developments, it is even discussed that by examining the gene sequence before the birth of the individual, the risky abnormalities that may cause leukemia can be corrected.\n\nWithin the scope of the CRISPR method, whose mechanism has been understood by the 21st century, different techniques such as gene insertion, gene re-functionalization, and gene silencing are being tried for the treatment of patients with various types of leukemia by engineered nucleases. In this article, we will examine how the researches and applications of these processes are done and what is reached. In fact, these processes, which seem to be different, are basically similar to each other as they are the pioneers of each other, or the steps taken afterward. For example, steps such as deleting from the gene sequence and searching for results can be performed to understand the function of the gene. Besides, despite criticism by some committees, with the well designed and planned clinical applications, it was found that the technique yielded successful results in the laboratory without creating mutations. Nevertheless, we do not have clear information about the success of applying the techniques described in the paper, except for the Layla Case1 in London in 2015 and the laboratories in China that are allowed to work on the embryo. Though, due to its success in theory and laboratory, gene re-functionalization and gene silencing techniques may be considered more successful in the analysis of results. In summary, in the treatment of leukemia with CRISPR, unfortunately, there was no adequate overview and review so far. Here in this article, the application of different techniques using CRISPR/Cas9 technology in the treatment of leukemia will be examined. These studies, which are currently under investigation in terms of ethics and clinic, are still very new, but it is clearly predictable that they will succeed in genome regulation. \n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":64169434,"asset_id":43847435,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":17663377,"first_name":"Alihan","last_name":"Dursun","domain_name":"ku","page_name":"AlihanDursun","display_name":"Alihan Dursun","profile_url":"https://ku.academia.edu/AlihanDursun?f_ri=70125","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/17663377/12830957/39013107/s65_alihan.dursun.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":14109,"name":"Leukemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leukemia?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":70125,"name":"CRISPR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false},{"id":1916835,"name":"CRISPR-Cas9 system","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CRISPR-Cas9_system?f_ri=70125","nofollow":false}]}, }) } 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