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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Structure and bonding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_and_bonding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Platinum_group_metals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Platinum_group_metals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Platinum group metals</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copper(I),_silver(I),_and_gold(I)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reactions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reactions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ligand_exchange_and_redox_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligand_exchange_and_redox_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ligand exchange and redox reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligand_exchange_and_redox_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid-base_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid-base_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Acid-base reactions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid-base_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidation_of_ammonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidation_of_ammonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oxidation of ammonia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidation_of_ammonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H-atom_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H-atom_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>H-atom transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H-atom_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%82%D8%AF_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="معقد أميني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معقد أميني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amminkomplexy_kov%C5%AF" title="Amminkomplexy kovů – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amminkomplexy kovů" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%BE%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کمپلکس فلز آمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کمپلکس فلز آمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammine" title="Ammine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ammine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81im%C3%ADn" title="Áimín – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Áimín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամոնիակատներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամոնիակատներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аммиакаттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аммиакаттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammiakatlar" title="Ammiakatlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ammiakatlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Аммиакаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аммиакаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Аммиакатҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аммиакатҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Аміакати – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аміакати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="氨配合物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氨配合物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E7%BB%9C%E7%89%A9" title="氨络物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨络物" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of chemical compounds</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetraamminediaquacopper(II)-3D-balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/200px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/300px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png/400px-Tetraamminediaquacopper%28II%29-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ball-and-stick_model" title="Ball-and-stick model">Ball-and-stick model</a> of the tetraamminediaquacopper(II) cation, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style><span class="chemf nowrap">[Cu(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Coordination_chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination chemistry">coordination chemistry</a>, <b>metal ammine complexes</b> are <a href="/wiki/Metal_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal complex">metal complexes</a> containing at least one <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a>. "Ammine" is spelled this way for historical reasons;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast, alkyl or aryl bearing ligands are spelt with a single "m". Almost all metal ions bind ammonia as a ligand, but the most prevalent examples of ammine complexes are for Cr(III), Co(III), Ni(II), Cu(II) as well as several platinum group metals.<sup id="cite_ref-Zel_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PtAmineOldvsNewView.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PtAmineOldvsNewView.png/260px-PtAmineOldvsNewView.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PtAmineOldvsNewView.png/390px-PtAmineOldvsNewView.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/PtAmineOldvsNewView.png/520px-PtAmineOldvsNewView.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Structural representations used by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a> (right) and <a href="/wiki/Sophus_Mads_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Sophus Mads Jørgensen">Sophus Mads Jørgensen</a> for one isomer of the dichloride salt of the complex <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Pt(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(pyridine)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Ammine complexes played a major role in the development of coordination chemistry, specifically determination of the stereochemistry and structure. They are easily prepared, and the metal-nitrogen ratio can be determined by elemental analysis. Through studies mainly on the ammine complexes, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a> developed his <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a>-winning concept of the structure of coordination compounds (see Figure).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zel_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zel-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally salts of [Co(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup> were described as the <i>luteo</i> (Latin: yellow) complex of cobalt. This name has been discarded as modern chemistry considers color less important than molecular structure. Other metal ammine complexes also were labeled according to their color, such as <i>purpureo</i> (Latin: purple) for a <a href="/wiki/Chloropentamminecobalt_chloride" title="Chloropentamminecobalt chloride">cobalt pentammine complex</a>, and <i>praseo</i> (Greek: green) and <i>violeo</i> (Latin: violet) for two <a href="/wiki/Isomeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomeric">isomeric</a> tetrammine complexes.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first ammine complexes to be described was <a href="/wiki/Magnus%27_green_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus' green salt">Magnus' green salt</a>, which consists of the platinum tetrammine complex <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Pt(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_and_bonding">Structure and bonding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure and bonding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ammonia is a pure σ-donor, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Spectrochemical_series" title="Spectrochemical series">spectrochemical series</a>, and shows intermediate <a href="/wiki/HSAB_concept" class="mw-redirect" title="HSAB concept">hard–soft</a> behaviour (see also <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">ECW model</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ). </p><p>Ammonia is classified as an L ligand in the <a href="/wiki/Covalent_bond_classification_method" title="Covalent bond classification method">Covalent bond classification method</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/18-electron_rule" title="18-electron rule">usual electron counting method</a>, it is a two-electron ligand. Ammonia is also compact such that steric effects are negligible. These factors simplify interpretation of structural and spectroscopic results.The Co–N distances in complexes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[M(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup"><i>n</i>+</sup></span> have been examined repeatedly by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>M–N distances for <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[M(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup"><i>n</i>+</sup></span> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>M</th> <th><i>n</i>+</th> <th>M–N distance (Å)</th> <th>d-electron configuration</th> <th>comment </th></tr> <tr> <td>Co</td> <td>3+</td> <td>1.936</td> <td>t<sub>2g</sub><sup>6</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>0</sup></td> <td>low-spin trications are small </td></tr> <tr> <td>Co</td> <td>2+</td> <td>2.114</td> <td>t<sub>2g</sub><sup>5</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>2</sup></td> <td>population of e<sub>g</sub> orbital and lower positive charge </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ru</td> <td>3+</td> <td>2.104</td> <td>t<sub>2g</sub><sup>5</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>0</sup></td> <td>low spin trication, but Ru is intrinsically larger than Co </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ru</td> <td>2+</td> <td>2.144</td> <td>t<sub>2g</sub><sup>6</sup> e<sub>g</sub><sup>0</sup></td> <td>low spin dication </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homoleptic poly(ammine) complexes are known for many of the transition metals. Most often, they have the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[M(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup"><i>n</i>+</sup></span> where <i>n</i> = 2, 3, and even 4 (M = Pt).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Platinum_group_metals">Platinum group metals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Platinum group metals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Platinum group metals">Platinum group metals</a> form diverse ammine complexes. <a href="/wiki/Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II) chloride">Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Creutz%E2%80%93Taube_complex" title="Creutz–Taube complex">Creutz–Taube complex</a> are well-studied examples of historic significance. The complex <i>cis</i>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]</span>, under the name <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a>, is an important anticancer drug. <a href="/wiki/Pentamminerhodium_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamminerhodium chloride">Pentamminerhodium chloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[RhCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span>) is an intermediate in the purification of rhodium from its ores. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerycaption">Metal-Ammine Complexes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carboplatin-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carboplatin, a widely used anticancer drug."><img alt="Carboplatin, a widely used anticancer drug." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carboplatin-skeletal.svg/135px-Carboplatin-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carboplatin-skeletal.svg/203px-Carboplatin-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Carboplatin-skeletal.svg/270px-Carboplatin-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="462" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carboplatin" title="Carboplatin">Carboplatin</a>, a widely used anticancer drug.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:(RhA5Cl)Cl2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentamminerhodium chloride, the dichloride salt of a pentammine halide complex."><img alt="Pentamminerhodium chloride, the dichloride salt of a pentammine halide complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png/156px-%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png/234px-%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png/312px-%28RhA5Cl%29Cl2.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pentamminerhodium_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamminerhodium chloride">Pentamminerhodium chloride</a>, the dichloride salt of a pentammine halide complex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RuA5N2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II), the first metal dinitrogen complex."><img alt="Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II), the first metal dinitrogen complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RuA5N2.png/101px-RuA5N2.png" decoding="async" width="101" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RuA5N2.png/151px-RuA5N2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/RuA5N2.png/201px-RuA5N2.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="389" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)_chloride" title="Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II) chloride">Pentaamine(dinitrogen)ruthenium(II)</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Metal_dinitrogen_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal dinitrogen complex">metal dinitrogen complex</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA6Cl3.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, the trichloride salt of the hexammine complex [Co(NH3)6]3+. It is famously stable in concentrated hydrochloric acid."><img alt="Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride, the trichloride salt of the hexammine complex [Co(NH3)6]3+. It is famously stable in concentrated hydrochloric acid." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/150px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/225px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/CoA6Cl3.svg/299px-CoA6Cl3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="527" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hexamminecobalt(III)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride">Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride</a>, the trichloride salt of the hexammine complex <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></span>. It is famously stable in concentrated <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 130px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reinecke%27s_salt.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Reinecke's salt features a very stable anionic diamine complex of Cr(III), which is used as a counteranion."><img alt="Reinecke's salt features a very stable anionic diamine complex of Cr(III), which is used as a counteranion." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Reinecke%27s_salt.png/170px-Reinecke%27s_salt.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Reinecke%27s_salt.png/255px-Reinecke%27s_salt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Reinecke%27s_salt.png/340px-Reinecke%27s_salt.png 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="670" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Reinecke%27s_salt" title="Reinecke's salt">Reinecke's salt</a> features a very stable anionic diamine complex of Cr(III), which is used as a <a href="/wiki/Counteranion" class="mw-redirect" title="Counteranion">counteranion</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cobalt(III)_and_chromium(III)"><span id="Cobalt.28III.29_and_chromium.28III.29"></span>Cobalt(III) and chromium(III)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cobalt(III) and chromium(III)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ammines of chromium(III) and cobalt(III) are of historic significance. Both families of ammines are relatively inert kinetically, which allows the separation of isomers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, tetraamminedichlorochromium(III) chloride, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Cr(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]Cl</span>, has two forms - the <a href="/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-trans isomerism"><i>cis</i> isomer</a> is violet, while the <a href="/wiki/Cis-trans_isomerism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cis-trans isomerism"><i>trans</i> isomer</a> is green. The trichloride of the hexaammine (<a href="/wiki/Hexamminecobalt(III)_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamminecobalt(III) chloride">hexamminecobalt(III) chloride</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span>) exists as only a single isomer. "<a href="/wiki/Reinecke%27s_salt" title="Reinecke's salt">Reinecke's salt</a>" with the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup>[Cr(NCS)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup>·<a href="/wiki/Water_of_crystallization" title="Water of crystallization">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</a></span> was first reported in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nickel(II),_zinc(II),_copper(II)"><span id="Nickel.28II.29.2C_zinc.28II.29.2C_copper.28II.29"></span>Nickel(II), zinc(II), copper(II)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nickel(II), zinc(II), copper(II)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoA5ClCl2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CoA5ClCl2.jpg/220px-CoA5ClCl2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CoA5ClCl2.jpg/330px-CoA5ClCl2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/CoA5ClCl2.jpg/440px-CoA5ClCl2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>Sample of <a href="/wiki/Chloropentamminecobalt_chloride" title="Chloropentamminecobalt chloride">chloropentamminecobalt chloride</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[CoCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, illustrating the vibrant colors typical of transition metal ammine complexes.</figcaption></figure> <p>Zinc(II) forms a colorless tetraammine with the formula <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Zn(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most zinc complexes, it has a tetrahedral structure. <a href="/wiki/Hexaamminenickel_chloride" title="Hexaamminenickel chloride">Hexaamminenickel</a> is violet, and the copper(II) complex is deep blue. The latter is characteristic of the presence of copper(II) in <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_inorganic_analysis" title="Qualitative inorganic analysis">qualitative inorganic analysis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copper(I),_silver(I),_and_gold(I)"><span id="Copper.28I.29.2C_silver.28I.29.2C_and_gold.28I.29"></span>Copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Copper(I), silver(I), and gold(I)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Copper(I) forms only labile complexes with ammonia, including the trigonal planar [Cu(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver gives the diammine complex [Ag(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> with linear coordination geometry.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is this complex that forms when otherwise rather insoluble <a href="/wiki/Silver_chloride" title="Silver chloride">silver chloride</a> dissolves in aqueous <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. The same complex is the active ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Tollens%27_reagent" title="Tollens' reagent">Tollens' reagent</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gold(I)_chloride" title="Gold(I) chloride">Gold(I) chloride</a> reacts with ammonia to form <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Au(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reactions">Reactions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligand_exchange_and_redox_reactions">Ligand exchange and redox reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ligand exchange and redox reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since ammonia is a stronger ligand in the <a href="/wiki/Spectrochemical_series" title="Spectrochemical series">spectrochemical series</a> than water, metal ammine complexes are stabilized relative to the corresponding <a href="/wiki/Aquo_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquo complex">aquo complexes</a>. For similar reasons, metal ammine complexes are less strongly oxidizing than are the corresponding aquo complexes. The latter property is illustrated by the stability of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></span> in aqueous solution and the nonexistence of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></span> (which would oxidize water). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid-base_reactions">Acid-base reactions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Acid-base reactions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once complexed to a metal ion, ammonia is no longer basic. This property is illustrated by the stability of some metal ammine complexes in strong acid solutions. When the M–<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub></span> bond is weak, the ammine ligand dissociates and protonation ensues. The behavior is illustrated by the respective non-reaction and reaction with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Co(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>3+</sup></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Ni(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span> toward aqueous acids. Related is the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_chloride" title="Mercury(II) chloride">mercury(II) chloride</a> with ammonia (Calomel reaction), where the resulting <a href="/wiki/Mercuric_amidochloride" title="Mercuric amidochloride">mercuric amidochloride</a> is highly insoluble. </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">HgCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 2 NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> → HgCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>) + <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">[NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]Cl</a></span></dd></dl> <p>The ammine ligands are more acidic than is ammonia (p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> ~ 33). For highly cationic complexes such as <a href="/wiki/Hexaammineplatinum(IV)_chloride" title="Hexaammineplatinum(IV) chloride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Pt(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>4+</sup></span></a>, the conjugate base can be obtained. The deprotonation of cobalt(III) ammine-halide complexes, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Chloropentamminecobalt_chloride" title="Chloropentamminecobalt chloride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[CoCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]<sup>2+</sup></span></a> labilises the Co–Cl bond, according to the <a href="/wiki/Sn1CB_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sn1CB mechanism">Sn1CB mechanism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxidation_of_ammonia">Oxidation of ammonia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Oxidation of ammonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Deprotonation can be combined with oxidation, allowing the conversion of ammine complexes into <a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrosyl complex">nitrosyl complexes</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-RMB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O + [Ru(<a href="/wiki/Terpyridine" title="Terpyridine">terpy</a>)(<a href="/wiki/2,2%E2%80%B2-Bipyridine" title="2,2′-Bipyridine">bipy</a>)(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → [Ru(terpy)(bipy)(NO)]<sup>2+</sup> + 5 H<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + 6 e<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H-atom_transfer">H-atom transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: H-atom transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some ammine complexes, the N–H bond is weak. Thus one molybdenum ammine complex evolve hydrogen:<sup id="cite_ref-RMB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RMB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">2 <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">Mo</a>(terpy)(<a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">P</a><a href="/wiki/Methyl_group" title="Methyl group">Me</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub><a href="/wiki/Phenyl_group" title="Phenyl group">Ph</a>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> → 2 [Mo(terpy)(PMe<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>Ph)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>)]<sup class="template-chem2-sup">+</sup> + <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a><sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span></dd></dl> <p>This behavior is relevant to the use of metal-ammine complexes as catalysts for the oxidation of ammonia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metal ammine complexes find many uses. <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a> (<i>cis</i>-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]</span>) is a drug used in treating <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many other amine complexes of the platinum group metals have been evaluated for this application. </p><p>In the separation of the individual platinum metals from their ore, several schemes rely on the precipitation of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[RhCl(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">5</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>. In some separation schemes, palladium is purified by manipulating equilibria involving <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Pd(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]Cl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[PdCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]</span>, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Pt(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>][PtCl<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>]</span> (<a href="/wiki/Magnus%27s_green_salt" title="Magnus's green salt">Magnus's green salt</a>). </p><p>In the processing of <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>, the copper ammine complex known as <a href="/wiki/Schweizer%27s_reagent" title="Schweizer's reagent">Schweizer's reagent</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Cu(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>](OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub></span>) is sometimes used to solubilise the polymer. Schweizer's reagent is prepared by treating an aqueous solutions of copper(II) ions with ammonia. Initially, the light blue hydroxide precipitates only to redissolve upon addition of more ammonia: </p> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Cu(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">6</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + 2 OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup> → Cu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 6 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O</span></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">Cu(OH)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub> + 4 NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub> + 2 H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O → [Cu(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">4</sub>(H<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>O)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> + 2 OH<sup class="template-chem2-sup">−</sup></span></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Silver_diammine_fluoride" title="Silver diammine fluoride">Silver diammine fluoride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><span class="chemf nowrap">[Ag(NH<sub class="template-chem2-sub">3</sub>)<sub class="template-chem2-sub">2</sub>]F</span>) is a topical <a href="/wiki/Medicament" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicament">medicament</a> (drug) used to treat and prevent <a href="/wiki/Dental_caries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental caries">dental caries</a> (cavities) and relieve dentinal hypersensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand_field_theory" title="Ligand field theory">Ligand field theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Metal_ammine_complex&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ammine">"Definition of AMMINE"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+AMMINE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fammine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+ammine+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zel-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zel_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zel_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. von Zelewsky "Stereochemistry of Coordination Compounds" John Wiley: Chichester, 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-95599-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-95599-X">0-471-95599-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a> "Beitrag zur Konstitution anorganischer Verbindungen" Zeitschrift für anorganische Chemie 1893, Volume 3, pages 267–330.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fzaac.18930030136">10.1002/zaac.18930030136</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Werner Centennial" George B. Kauffman, Ed. Adv. Chem. Ser., 1967, Volume 62. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-0063-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8412-0063-0">978-0-8412-0063-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuheey1983" class="citation book cs1">Huheey, James E. (1983). <i>Inorganic Chemistry</i> (3rd ed.). p. 360.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=360&rft.edition=3rd&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Huheey&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+ammine+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtoji,_M.Richardson,_J._W.Rundle,_R._E.1957" class="citation journal cs1">Atoji, M.; Richardson, J. W.; Rundle, R. E. (1957). "On the Crystal Structures of the Magnus Salts, Pt(NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>4</sub>PtCl<sub>4</sub>". <i><a href="/wiki/J._Am._Chem._Soc." class="mw-redirect" title="J. Am. Chem. Soc.">J. Am. Chem. 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"Graphical display of the enthalpies of adduct formation for Lewis acids and bases". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>54</b>: <span class="nowrap">612–</span>613. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed054p612">10.1021/ed054p612</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Graphical+display+of+the+enthalpies+of+adduct+formation+for+Lewis+acids+and+bases&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E612-%3C%2Fspan%3E613&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed054p612&rft.au=Cramer%2C+R.+E.&rft.au=Bopp%2C+T.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+ammine+complex" class="Z3988"></span> The plots shown in this paper used older parameters. Improved E&C parameters are listed in <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">ECW model</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHairBeattie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Hair, Neil J.; Beattie, James K. (1977). "Structure of Hexaaquairon(III) Nitrate Trihydrate. 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Morris (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1706682">"Oxidation of Ammonia with Molecular Complexes"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Chemical Society</i>. <b>142</b> (42): <span class="nowrap">17845–</span>17858. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjacs.0c08269">10.1021/jacs.0c08269</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1706682">1706682</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32977718">32977718</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:221938378">221938378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Oxidation+of+Ammonia+with+Molecular+Complexes&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=42&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17845-%3C%2Fspan%3E17858&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32977718&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A221938378%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1706682%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fjacs.0c08269&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rft.au=Cook%2C+Brian+J.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Samantha+I.&rft.au=Appel%2C+Aaron+M.&rft.au=Bullock%2C+R.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1706682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+ammine+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZottPeters2023" class="citation journal cs1">Zott, Michael D.; Peters, Jonas C. (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11687368">"Improving Molecular Iron Ammonia Oxidation Electrocatalysts via Substituent Effects that Modulate Standard Potential and Stability"</a>. <i>ACS Catalysis</i>. <b>13</b> (21): <span class="nowrap">14052–</span>14057. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facscatal.3c03772">10.1021/acscatal.3c03772</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11687368">11687368</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264338937">264338937</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Catalysis&rft.atitle=Improving+Molecular+Iron+Ammonia+Oxidation+Electrocatalysts+via+Substituent+Effects+that+Modulate+Standard+Potential+and+Stability&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14052-%3C%2Fspan%3E14057&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11687368%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264338937%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facscatal.3c03772&rft.aulast=Zott&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Peters%2C+Jonas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11687368&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMetal+ammine+complex" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">S. J. Lippard, J. M. Berg "Principles of Bioinorganic Chemistry" University Science Books: Mill Valley, CA; 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-935702-73-3">0-935702-73-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenblatt,_A.Stamford,_T._C._M.Niederman,_R.2009" class="citation journal cs1">Rosenblatt, A.; Stamford, T. C. M.; Niederman, R. (2009). "Silver diamine fluoride: a caries "silver-fluoride bullet"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Journal of Dental Research</i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">116–</span>125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022034508329406">10.1177/0022034508329406</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19278981">19278981</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:30730306">30730306</a>.</cite><span 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href="/wiki/Template:Coordination_complexes" title="Template:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coordination_complexes" title="Template talk:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coordination_complexes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coordination complexes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coordination_complexes113" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coordination_complex" title="Coordination complex">Coordination complexes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">H donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydride" title="Transition metal hydride">H<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrogen_complex" title="Dihydrogen complex">H<sub>2</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">B donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_boryl_complex" title="Transition metal boryl complex">BR<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallaborane" title="Metallaborane">B<sub>m</sub>H<sub>n</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">C donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkyl_complexes" title="Transition metal alkyl complexes">R<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_acyl_complexes" title="Transition metal acyl complexes">RC(O)<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_formyl_complex" title="Transition metal formyl complex">HC(O)<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition-metal_allyl_complex" title="Transition-metal allyl complex">CH<sub>2</sub>＝CH-CH<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethylenemethane_complexes" title="Trimethylenemethane complexes">C(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkene_complex" title="Transition metal alkene complex">CH<sub>2</sub>＝CH<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_alkyne_complex" title="Transition metal alkyne complex">RC<sub>2</sub>R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_benzyne_complex" title="Transition metal benzyne complex">C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanometalate" title="Cyanometalate">CN<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbonyl" title="Metal carbonyl">CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_carbon_dioxide_complex" title="Metal carbon dioxide complex">CO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbide" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal carbide">C<sup>4-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_arene_complex" title="Transition metal arene complex">C<sub>6</sub>R<sub>6</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_fullerene_complex" title="Transition metal fullerene complex">C<sub>60</sub> & C<sub>70</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_isocyanide_complexes" title="Transition metal isocyanide complexes">RNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbene_complex" title="Transition metal carbene complex">=CR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbyne_complex" title="Transition metal carbyne complex">≡CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallocene" title="Metallocene">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_indenyl_complex" title="Transition metal indenyl complex">C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>7</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Si donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_silane_complexes" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal silane complexes">H<sub>n</sub>SiR<sub>4−n</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_silyl_complexes" title="Transition metal silyl complexes">R<sub>3</sub>Si<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NH<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_azide_complex" title="Transition metal azide complex">N<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_imidazole_complex" title="Transition metal imidazole complex">imidazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl_complex" title="Metal nitrosyl complex">NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitroso_complexes" title="Transition metal nitroso complexes">RNO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrite_complex#Bonding_modes" title="Transition metal nitrite complex">NO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_pyridine_complexes" title="Transition metal pyridine complexes">py</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_amino_acid_complexes" title="Transition metal amino acid complexes">amino acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrido_complex" title="Metal nitrido complex">N<sup>3-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_imido_complex" title="Transition metal imido complex">RN<sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrile_complexes" title="Transition metal nitrile complexes">RCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_2,2%27-bipyridine" title="Transition metal complexes of 2,2'-bipyridine">bipy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_1,10-phenanthroline" title="Transition metal complexes of 1,10-phenanthroline">phen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_porphyrin_complexes" title="Transition metal porphyrin complexes">porphyrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_bis(trimethylsilyl)amides" title="Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides">(Me<sub>3</sub>Si)<sub>2</sub>N<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dinitrogen_complex" title="Transition metal dinitrogen complex">N<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_thiocyanate" title="Transition metal complexes of thiocyanate"><i>N</i>CS<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">P donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_phosphine_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal phosphine complex">PR<sub>3</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_phosphido_complexes" title="Transition metal phosphido complexes">PR<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_phosphine_oxides#Secondary_phosphine_oxides_as_ligands" title="Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides">PR<sub>2</sub>OH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metal_aquo_complex" title="Metal aquo complex">H<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydroxide_complexes" title="Transition metal hydroxide complexes">OH<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_ether_complex" title="Transition metal ether complex">R<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_alkoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Metal alkoxide">RO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_oxo_complex" title="Transition metal oxo complex">O<sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dioxygen_complex" title="Transition metal dioxygen complex">O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carbonate_and_bicarbonate_complexes" title="Transition metal carbonate and bicarbonate complexes">CO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup>/HCO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_oxalate_complex" title="Transition metal oxalate complex">C<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_carboxylate_complex" title="Transition metal carboxylate complex">RCO<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_acetylacetonates" title="Metal acetylacetonates">acac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_aldehydes_and_ketones" title="Transition metal complexes of aldehydes and ketones">R<sub>2</sub>CO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrite_complex" title="Transition metal nitrite complex">ONO<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_nitrate_complex" title="Transition metal nitrate complex">NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_perchlorate_complexes" title="Transition metal perchlorate complexes">ClO<sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_pyridine-N-oxides" title="Transition metal complexes of pyridine-N-oxides">C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfoxide_complex" title="Transition metal sulfoxide complex">OSR<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfate_complex" title="Transition metal sulfate complex">SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_phosphate_complex" title="Transition metal phosphate complex">PO<sub>4</sub><sup>3-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_phosphine_oxides" title="Transition metal complexes of phosphine oxides">OPR<sub>3</sub></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">S donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_dithiocarbamate_complexes" title="Transition metal dithiocarbamate complexes">R<sub>2</sub>NCS<sub>2</sub><sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thiolate_complex" title="Transition metal thiolate complex">RS<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thioether_complex" title="Transition metal thioether complex">R<sub>2</sub>S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_dithiolene_complex" title="Metal dithiolene complex">R<sub>2</sub>C<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_sulfur_dioxide_complex" title="Metal sulfur dioxide complex">SO<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfito_complex" title="Transition metal sulfito complex">SO<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_thiosulfate_complex" title="Transition metal thiosulfate complex">S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub><sup>2-</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_sulfoxide_complex" title="Transition metal sulfoxide complex">SR<sub>2</sub>O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_complexes_of_thiocyanate" title="Transition metal complexes of thiocyanate">NC<i>S</i><sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halide donors:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoro_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoro complex (page does not exist)">F<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluorine_complex" title="Difluorine complex">F<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_chloride_complex" title="Transition metal chloride complex">Cl<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bromo_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bromo complex (page does not exist)">Br<sup>−</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iodo_complex&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iodo complex (page does not exist)">I<sup>−</sup></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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