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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Properties </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Properties subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Solid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liquid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liquid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Liquid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liquid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solvent_properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solvent_properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Solvent properties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solvent_properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redox_properties_of_liquid_ammonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redox_properties_of_liquid_ammonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Redox properties of liquid ammonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redox_properties_of_liquid_ammonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amphotericity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amphotericity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Amphotericity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amphotericity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-dissociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-dissociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Self-dissociation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-dissociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combustion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combustion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Combustion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combustion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_organonitrogen_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_organonitrogen_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Precursor to organonitrogen compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_organonitrogen_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursor_to_inorganic_nitrogenous_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursor_to_inorganic_nitrogenous_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursor_to_inorganic_nitrogenous_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection_and_determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection_and_determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Detection and determination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Detection_and_determination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Detection and determination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Detection_and_determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ammonia_in_solution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammonia_in_solution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ammonia in solution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammonia_in_solution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaseous_ammonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaseous_ammonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Gaseous ammonia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaseous_ammonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammoniacal_nitrogen_(NH3–N)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammoniacal_nitrogen_(NH3–N)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammoniacal_nitrogen_(NH3–N)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Applications </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Applications subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertiliser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertiliser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fertiliser </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertiliser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refrigeration–R717" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refrigeration–R717"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Refrigeration–R717 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refrigeration–R717-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antimicrobial_agent_for_food_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antimicrobial_agent_for_food_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Antimicrobial agent for food products </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antimicrobial_agent_for_food_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Fuel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Remediation_of_gaseous_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remediation_of_gaseous_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 Remediation of gaseous emissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remediation_of_gaseous_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stimulant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stimulant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 Stimulant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stimulant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Textile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Textile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Textile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Textile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifting_gas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting_gas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.4 Lifting gas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting_gas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.5 Fuming </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.6 Safety </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Toxicity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Toxicity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coking_wastewater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coking_wastewater"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Coking wastewater </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coking_wastewater-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aquaculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aquaculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Aquaculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aquaculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Storage information </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Laboratory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laboratory_use_of_anhydrous_ammonia_(gas_or_liquid)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laboratory_use_of_anhydrous_ammonia_(gas_or_liquid)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laboratory_use_of_anhydrous_ammonia_(gas_or_liquid)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Production </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Production subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haber–Bosch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haber–Bosch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Haber–Bosch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haber–Bosch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrochemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrochemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Electrochemical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrochemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry_and_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry_and_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Biochemistry and medicine </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry_and_medicine-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Biochemistry and medicine subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry_and_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Biosynthesis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Physiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Excretion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Excretion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Excretion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Excretion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extraterrestrial_occurrence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Extraterrestrial occurrence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Extraterrestrial occurrence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Extraterrestrial_occurrence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstellar_space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Interstellar space </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interstellar_formation_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_formation_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.1 Interstellar formation mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_formation_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interstellar_destruction_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interstellar_destruction_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.2 Interstellar destruction mechanisms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interstellar_destruction_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Single_antenna_detections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Single_antenna_detections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.3 Single antenna detections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Single_antenna_detections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interferometric_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interferometric_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.4 Interferometric studies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interferometric_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrared_detections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrared_detections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.5 Infrared detections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrared_detections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observations_of_nearby_dark_clouds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observations_of_nearby_dark_clouds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.6 Observations of nearby dark clouds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observations_of_nearby_dark_clouds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UC_HII_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UC_HII_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.7 UC HII regions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UC_HII_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extragalactic_detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extragalactic_detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1.8 Extragalactic detection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extragalactic_detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Ammonia</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 113 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-113" aria-hidden="true" > 113 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أمونيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أمونيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E2%80%99%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="এম’নিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="এম’নিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniacu" title="Amoniacu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Amoniacu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonyak" title="Ammonyak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ammonyak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آمونیاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آمونیاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="অ্যামোনিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যামোনিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-m%C3%B3%CD%98-n%C3%AD-%C3%A1" title="A-mó͘-ní-á – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="A-mó͘-ní-á" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Аміяк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аміяк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Аміяк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аміяк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonya" title="Amonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Amonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%BA" title="Амоняк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Амоняк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Amonijak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADac" title="Amoníac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Amoníac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Amoniak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أمونياك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="أمونياك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniaak" title="Ammoniaak – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ammoniaak" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BC%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αμμωνία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αμμωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Amoníaco" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Amoniako" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Almoniacu" title="Almoniacu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Almoniacu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniako" title="Amoniako – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Amoniako" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="آمونیاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آمونیاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniac" title="Ammoniac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ammoniac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B3inia" title="Amóinia – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Amóinia" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B2inia" title="Amòinia – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Amòinia" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Amoníaco" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="氨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82-m%C3%B4-n%C3%AC-%C3%A2" title="Â-mô-nì-â – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Â-mô-nì-â" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%94%EB%AA%A8%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="암모니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="암모니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Ամոնիակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամոնիակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अमोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अमोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Amonijak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amono" title="Amono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umthundohwe" title="Umthundohwe – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umthundohwe" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3n%C3%ADak" title="Ammóníak – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ammóníak" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniaca" title="Ammoniaca – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ammoniaca" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="אמוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אמוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಅಮೊನಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಮೊನಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ამიაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ამიაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonyak" title="Amonyak – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Amonyak" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonjaks" title="Amonjaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Amonjaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniakas" title="Amoniakas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Amoniakas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amm%C3%B3nia" title="Ammónia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ammónia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Амонијак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Амонијак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%B4niaka" title="Amôniaka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Amôniaka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="അമോണിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അമോണിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अमोनिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अमोनिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အမ်မိုးနီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမ်မိုးနီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="अमोनिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अमोनिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="アンモニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンモニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Amoniak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ammoniakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakk" title="Ammoniakk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ammoniakk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Amoniac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammiak" title="Ammiak – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ammiak" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਅਮੋਨੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਮੋਨੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="امونیا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="امونیا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="امونيا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="امونيا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ACa" title="Amonìa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Amonìa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Amoniak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amon%C3%ADaco" title="Amoníaco – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amoníaco" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammiak" title="Ammiak – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ammiak" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniac" title="Amoniac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Amoniac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniaku" title="Amoniaku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Amoniaku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammun%C3%ACaca" title="Ammunìaca – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ammunìaca" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="امونيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="امونيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amoniak" title="Amoniak – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Amoniak" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Amonijak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ئەمۆنیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەمۆنیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Амонијак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Амонијак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonijak" title="Amonijak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Amonijak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniakki" title="Ammoniakki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ammoniakki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniak" title="Ammoniak – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ammoniak" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonya" title="Amonya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Amonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="அமோனியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அமோனியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="అమ్మోనియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అమ్మోనియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แอมโมเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แอมโมเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аммиак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аммиак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonyak" title="Amonyak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amonyak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Аміак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аміак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="امونیا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="امونیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Amonia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="氨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amonya" title="Amonya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Amonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="氨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A7" title="אמאניאק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אמאניאק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ammonia" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E" title="亞摩尼亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="亞摩尼亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%A8" title="氨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="氨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4087#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Ammonia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" 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print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"NH3" and "Ammoniac" redirect here. For <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1123817410">.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}</style>NH+4, see <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a>. For the gum ammoniac, see <a href="/wiki/Ammoniacum" title="Ammoniacum">Ammoniacum</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/NH_3_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="NH 3 (disambiguation)">NH 3 (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ammonia (disambiguation)">Ammonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"R-717" redirects here. For the route in South Africa, see <a href="/wiki/R717_(South_Africa)" title="R717 (South Africa)">R717 (South Africa)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1084375498">.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox{border-collapse:collapse;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td,.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox th{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:40%}.mw-parser-output .ib-chembox td+td{width:60%}</style> <table class="infobox ib-chembox"> <caption>Ammonia </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding:2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia-2D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Stereo structural formula of the ammonia molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ammonia-2D.svg/150px-Ammonia-2D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ammonia-2D.svg/225px-Ammonia-2D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ammonia-2D.svg/300px-Ammonia-2D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="509" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="borderless" style="text-align:center"> <table border="0" style="width:100%;display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border-right:1px solid #aaa; width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/110px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/165px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png/220px-Ammonia-3D-balls-A.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="849" /></a><figcaption>Ball-and-stick model of the ammonia molecule</figcaption></figure> </td> <td style="width:50%;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule"><img alt="Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/110px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/165px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ammonia-3D-vdW.png/220px-Ammonia-3D-vdW.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption>Space-filling model of the ammonia molecule</figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Names </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;">Ammonia<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature#Systematic_name" title="Chemical nomenclature">Systematic IUPAC name</a> <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; max-width:22em;">Azane</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left;">Other names <div style="max-width:22em; word-wrap:break-word; padding-left:1.7em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Hydrogen nitride</li><li>R-717</li><li>R717 (refrigerant)</li><li>Amidogen</li><li>Hydrogen amine</li><li>Nitrogen hydride</li></ul></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Identifiers </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CAS_Registry_Number" title="CAS Registry Number">CAS Number</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=7664-41-7">7664-41-7</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">3D model (<a href="/wiki/JSmol" class="mw-redirect" title="JSmol">JSmol</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemapps.stolaf.edu/jmol/jmol.php?model=N">Interactive image</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3DMet </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.3dmet.dna.affrc.go.jp/cgi/show_data.php?acc=B00004">B00004</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Beilstein_database" title="Beilstein database">Beilstein Reference</a></div> </td> <td>3587154 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEBI" title="ChEBI">ChEBI</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/searchId.do?chebiId=16134">CHEBI:16134</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChEMBL" title="ChEMBL">ChEMBL</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chembl/explore/compound/ChEMBL1160819">ChEMBL1160819</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.217.html">217</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ECHA_InfoCard" class="mw-redirect" title="ECHA InfoCard">ECHA InfoCard</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://echa.europa.eu/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.028.760">100.028.760</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087#P2566" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Community_number" title="European Community number">EC Number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>231-635-3</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Gmelin_database" title="Gmelin database">Gmelin Reference</a></div> </td> <td>79 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/KEGG" title="KEGG">KEGG</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kegg.jp/entry/D02916">D02916</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/cgi/mesh/2014/MB_cgi?mode=&term=Ammonia">Ammonia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a> <abbr title="Compound ID">CID</abbr></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/222">222</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RTECS" class="mw-redirect" title="RTECS">RTECS number</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>BO0875000</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unique_Ingredient_Identifier" title="Unique Ingredient Identifier">UNII</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://precision.fda.gov/uniisearch/srs/unii/5138Q19F1X">5138Q19F1X</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UN_number" title="UN number">UN number</a> </td> <td>1005 </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/CompTox_Chemicals_Dashboard" title="CompTox Chemicals Dashboard">CompTox Dashboard</a> (<abbr title="U.S. Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</abbr>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comptox.epa.gov/dashboard/chemical/details/DTXSID0023872">DTXSID0023872</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4087#P3117" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/International_Chemical_Identifier" title="International Chemical Identifier">InChI</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1S/H3N/h1H3 <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y</div></div></li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.5em; text-align:left;"><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">InChI=1/H3N/h1H3</div><div style="word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">Key: QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYAF</div></div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; text-align:left; font-weight:normal; background:transparent;"><div><a href="/wiki/Simplified_molecular-input_line-entry_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified molecular-input line-entry system">SMILES</a></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; word-break:break-all;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><div style="border-top:1px solid #ccc; padding:0.2em 0 0.2em 1.6em; word-wrap:break-word; text-indent:-1.5em; text-align:left; font-size:97%; line-height:120%;">N</div></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Properties </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Molar_mass" title="Molar mass">Molar mass</a> </td> <td>17.031 g·mol−1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Appearance </td> <td>Colourless gas </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Odor" title="Odor">Odor</a> </td> <td>Strong pungent odour </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>0.86 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at boiling point)</li><li>0.769 kg/m3 (STP)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li>0.73 kg/m3 (1.013 bar at 15 °C)</li><li>0.6819 g/cm3 at −33.3 °C (liquid)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> See also <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)" title="Ammonia (data page)">Ammonia (data page)</a></li><li>0.817 g/cm3 at −80 °C (transparent solid)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">Melting point</a> </td> <td>−77.73 °C (−107.91 °F; 195.42 K) (<a href="/wiki/Triple_point" title="Triple point">Triple point</a> at 6.060 kPa, 195.4 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">Boiling point</a> </td> <td>−33.34 °C (−28.01 °F; 239.81 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Critical_point_(thermodynamics)" title="Critical point (thermodynamics)">Critical point</a> (T, P) </td> <td>132.4 °C (405.5 K), 111.3 atm (11,280 kPa) </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">Solubility in water</a></div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>530g/l(20 °C)</li><li>320g/l(25 °C) <a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">Solubility</a> </td> <td>soluble in <a href="/wiki/Chloroform" title="Chloroform">chloroform</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether" title="Diethyl ether">ether</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressure" title="Vapor pressure">Vapor pressure</a> </td> <td>857.3 kPa </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Acidity</a> (pKa) </td> <td>32.5 (−33 °C),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 9.24 (of ammonium) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Acid_dissociation_constant" title="Acid dissociation constant">Basicity</a> (pKb) </td> <td>4.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">Conjugate acid</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Conjugate_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate base">Conjugate base</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Azanide" title="Azanide">Amide</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_susceptibility" title="Magnetic susceptibility">Magnetic susceptibility</a> (χ)</div> </td> <td>−18.0×10−6 cm3/mol </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> (nD)</div> </td> <td>1.3327 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>10.07 µPa·s (25 °C)<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li><li>0.276 mPa·s (−40 °C)</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Structure </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_symmetry" title="Molecular symmetry">Point group</a></div> </td> <td>C3v </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Molecular_geometry" title="Molecular geometry">Molecular shape</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramid" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal pyramid">Trigonal pyramid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dipole#Molecular_dipoles" title="Dipole">Dipole moment</a></div> </td> <td>1.42 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Thermochemistry </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_molar_entropy" title="Standard molar entropy">Std molar entropy</a> (S⦵298)</div> </td> <td>193 J/(mol·K)<a href="#cite_note-Zumdahl-2009-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of formation">Std enthalpy of formation</a> (ΔfH⦵298)</div> </td> <td>−46 kJ/mol<a href="#cite_note-Zumdahl-2009-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Hazards </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS labelling</a>:<a href="#cite_note-SigmaAldrich-11">[11]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">Pictograms</a></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-skull.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS06: Toxic"><img alt="GHS06: Toxic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/GHS-pictogram-skull.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-skull.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Signal_word" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Signal word</a></div> </td> <td>Danger </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">Hazard statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H331: Toxic if inhaled">H331</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H410: Very toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H410</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">Precautionary statements</a></div> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="P260: Do not breathe dust/fume/gas/mist/vapours/spray.">P260</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P273: Avoid release to the environment.">P273</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P280: Wear protective gloves/protective clothing/eye protection/face protection.">P280</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P303+P361+P353: IF ON SKIN (or hair): Remove/Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water [or shower].">P303+P361+P353</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P304+P340+P311: IF INHALED: Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. Call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P304+P340+P311</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="P305+P351+P338+P310: IF IN EYES: Rinse continuously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing. Immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician.">P305+P351+P338+P310</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704</a> (fire diamond) </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1170367383">.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through}</style><div class="nfpa-704-diamond notheme"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-container"><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-images nounderlines"> <div class="nfpa-704-diamond-map"><figure class="noresize" typeof="mw:File"><img alt="NFPA 704 four-colored diamond" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/80px-NFPA_704.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/120px-NFPA_704.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/NFPA_704.svg/160px-NFPA_704.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" usemap="#ImageMap_3bcb5da30b422312" /><map name="ImageMap_3bcb5da30b422312"><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" shape="poly" coords="23,23,47,47,23,70,0,47" alt="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" title="Health 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g. chlorine gas" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" shape="poly" coords="47,0,70,23,47,47,23,23" alt="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" title="Flammability 1: Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur. Flash point over 93 °C (200 °F). E.g. canola oil" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" shape="poly" coords="70,23,94,47,70,70,47,47" alt="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" title="Instability 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogen" /><area href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" shape="poly" coords="47,47,70,70,47,94,23,70" alt="Special hazard COR: Corrosive; strong acid or base. E.g. sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide" title="Special hazard COR: Corrosive; strong acid or base. E.g. sulfuric acid, potassium hydroxide" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-blue"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Blue" title="NFPA 704">3</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-red"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Red" title="NFPA 704">1</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-code nfpa-704-diamond-yellow"> <a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#Yellow" title="NFPA 704">0</a></div><div class="nfpa-704-diamond-white-text mw-no-invert"><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704#White" title="NFPA 704">COR</a></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">Autoignition temperature</a></div> </td> <td>651 °C (1,204 °F; 924 K) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Explosive_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive limit">Explosive limits</a> </td> <td>15.0–33.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;">Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LD50 (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LD50" title="Lethal dose">median dose</a>)</div> </td> <td>350 mg/kg (rat, oral)<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LC50 (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LC50" title="Lethal dose">median concentration</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>40,300 ppm (rat, 10 min)</li><li>28,595 ppm (rat, 20 min)</li><li>20,300 ppm (rat, 40 min)</li><li>11,590 ppm (rat, 1 hr)</li><li>7338 ppm (rat, 1 hr)</li><li>4837 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)</li><li>9859 ppm (rabbit, 1 hr)</li><li>9859 ppm (cat, 1 hr)</li><li>2000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)</li><li>4230 ppm (mouse, 1 hr)<a href="#cite_note-IDLH-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">LCLo (<a href="/wiki/Lethal_dose#LCLo" title="Lethal dose">lowest published</a>)</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>5000 ppm (mammal, 5 min)</li><li>5000 ppm (human, 5 min)<a href="#cite_note-IDLH-10">[10]</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background-color:#eaeaea;"><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">NIOSH</a> (US health exposure limits):<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH-12">[12]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">PEL</a> (Permissible)</div> </td> <td>50 ppm (25 ppm <a href="/wiki/ACGIH" class="mw-redirect" title="ACGIH">ACGIH</a>-TLV; 35 ppm <a href="/wiki/STEL" class="mw-redirect" title="STEL">STEL</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Recommended_exposure_limit" title="Recommended exposure limit">REL</a> (Recommended)</div> </td> <td>TWA 25 ppm (18 mg/m3) ST 35 ppm (27 mg/m3) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding-left:1em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> (Immediate danger)</div> </td> <td>300 ppm </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a> (SDS) </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0414.htm">ICSC 0414</a> (anhydrous) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Related compounds </th></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related nitrogen hydrides</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">Hydrazoic acid</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related compounds</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">Ammonium hydroxide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">Arsine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">Stibine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">Bismuthine</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="background: #f8eaba; text-align: center;">Supplementary data page </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)" title="Ammonia (data page)">Ammonia (data page)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left; background:#f8eaba; border:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their <a href="/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state">standard state</a> (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).</div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em;"><div style="text-align:center;"><img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/12px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/18px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/24px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ComparePages&rev1=4453674488&page2=Ammonia">verify</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Chemicals/Chembox_validation" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Chemicals/Chembox validation">what is</a> <img alt="check" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/7px-Yes_check.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/11px-Yes_check.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/Yes_check.svg/14px-Yes_check.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" />Y<img alt="☒" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/7px-X_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/11px-X_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/X_mark.svg/14px-X_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="600" />N ?) </div></div> <div style="margin-top: 0.3em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Chemical_infobox#References" title="Wikipedia:Chemical infobox">Infobox references</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Chemical compound</div> Ammonia is an <a href="/wiki/Inorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic">inorganic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">chemical compound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">formula</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">N</a><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">H</a>3. A <a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">stable binary hydride</a> and the simplest <a href="/wiki/Pnictogen_hydride" title="Pnictogen hydride">pnictogen hydride</a>, ammonia is a colourless <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> with a distinctive pungent smell. Biologically, it is a common <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenous_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogenous waste">nitrogenous waste</a>, and it contributes significantly to the <a href="/wiki/Nutrition" title="Nutrition">nutritional</a> needs of terrestrial organisms by serving as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Around 70% of ammonia produced industrially is used to make fertilisers<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> in various forms and composition, such as <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diammonium_phosphate" title="Diammonium phosphate">diammonium phosphate</a>. Ammonia in pure form is also applied directly into the soil. Ammonia, either directly or indirectly, is also a building block for the synthesis of many chemicals. Ammonia occurs in nature and has been detected in the interstellar medium. In many countries, it is classified as an <a href="/wiki/List_of_extremely_hazardous_substances" class="mw-redirect" title="List of extremely hazardous substances">extremely hazardous substance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gov-15">[15]</a> Ammonia is produced biologically in a process called <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, but even more is generated industrially by the <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>. The process helped revolutionize agriculture by providing cheap fertilizers. The global industrial production of ammonia in 2021 was 235 million tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Industrial ammonia is transported by road in <a href="/wiki/Tank_truck" title="Tank truck">tankers</a>, by rail in <a href="/wiki/Tank_car" title="Tank car">tank wagons</a>, by sea in <a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier" title="Gas carrier">gas carriers</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Bottled_gas" title="Bottled gas">cylinders</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Ammonia boils at −33.34 °C (−28.012 °F) at a pressure of one <a href="/wiki/Standard_atmosphere_(unit)" title="Standard atmosphere (unit)">atmosphere</a>, but the liquid can often be handled in the laboratory without external cooling. Household ammonia or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a> is a solution of ammonia in water. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, in Book XXXI of his <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a>, refers to a salt named <a href="/wiki/Salammoniac" title="Salammoniac">hammoniacum</a>, so called because of the proximity of its source to the Temple of <a href="/wiki/Amun" title="Amun">Jupiter Amun</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> Ἄμμων Ammon) in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> However, the description Pliny gives of the salt does not conform to the properties of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s commentary in his English translation of <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a>'s <a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a>, it is likely to have been common sea salt.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> In any case, that salt ultimately gave ammonia and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> compounds their name. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Natural_occurrence_(abiological)">Natural occurrence (abiological)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Natural occurrence (abiological)">edit</a>]</div> Traces of ammonia/ammonium are found in rainwater. <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">Ammonium chloride</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sal_ammoniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Sal ammoniac">sal ammoniac</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> are found in volcanic districts. Crystals of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">ammonium bicarbonate</a> have been found in <a href="/wiki/Patagonia" title="Patagonia">Patagonia</a> <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">guano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a> Ammonia is found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pluto" title="Pluto">Pluto</a>, among other places: on smaller, icy <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">bodies</a> such as Pluto, ammonia can act as a geologically important antifreeze, as a mixture of water and ammonia can have a melting point as low as −100 °C (−148 °F; 173 K) if the ammonia concentration is high enough and thus allow such bodies to retain internal oceans and active geology at a far lower temperature than would be possible with water alone.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Substances containing ammonia, or those that are similar to it, are called ammoniacal.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Properties">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:168px;max-width:168px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_ammonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Liquid ammonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Liquid_ammonia.png/80px-Liquid_ammonia.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Liquid_ammonia.png/120px-Liquid_ammonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Liquid_ammonia.png/160px-Liquid_ammonia.png 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1916" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Liquid NH3</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:82px;max-width:82px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Solid_ammonia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Solid ammonia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solid_ammonia.png/80px-Solid_ammonia.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solid_ammonia.png/120px-Solid_ammonia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Solid_ammonia.png/160px-Solid_ammonia.png 2x" data-file-width="1544" data-file-height="1912" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Solid NH3</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two visible states of NH3</div></div></div></div> Ammonia is a colourless <a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">gas</a> with a characteristically <a href="/wiki/Pungency" title="Pungency">pungent smell</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Lighter_than_air" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighter than air">lighter than air</a>, its density being 0.589 times that of <a href="/wiki/Air" class="mw-redirect" title="Air">air</a>. It is easily liquefied due to the strong <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonding</a> between molecules. Gaseous ammonia turns to a colourless <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boils</a> at −33.1 °C (−27.58 °F), and <a href="/wiki/Melting_point" title="Melting point">freezes</a> to colourless crystals<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a> at −77.7 °C (−107.86 °F). Little data is available at very high temperatures and pressures, but the <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_fluid" title="Supercritical fluid">liquid-vapor critical point</a> occurs at 405 K and 11.35 MPa.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solid">Solid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Solid">edit</a>]</div> The crystal symmetry is cubic, <a href="/wiki/Pearson_symbol" title="Pearson symbol">Pearson symbol</a> cP16, <a href="/wiki/Space_group" title="Space group">space group</a> P213 No.198, lattice constant 0.5125 <a href="/wiki/Nanometre" title="Nanometre">nm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liquid">Liquid</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liquid">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquid</a> ammonia possesses strong <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionising</a> powers reflecting its high <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">ε</a> of 22 at −35 °C (−31 °F).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Liquid ammonia has a very high <a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">standard enthalpy change of vapourization</a> (23.5 <a href="/wiki/KJ/mol" class="mw-redirect" title="KJ/mol">kJ/mol</a>;<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> for comparison, <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">water</a>'s is 40.65 kJ/mol, methane 8.19 kJ/mol and <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> 14.6 kJ/mol) and can be transported in pressurized or refrigerated vessels; however, at <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">standard temperature and pressure</a> liquid anhydrous ammonia will vaporize.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_properties">Solvent properties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Solvent properties">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia readily <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">dissolves</a> in water. In an aqueous solution, it can be expelled by boiling. The <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">aqueous</a> solution of ammonia is <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a>, and may be described as aqueous ammonia or <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium hydroxide">ammonium hydroxide</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The maximum concentration of ammonia in water (a <a href="/wiki/Saturated_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturated solution">saturated solution</a>) has a <a href="/wiki/Specific_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of 0.880 and is often known as '.880 ammonia'.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Thermal and physical properties of saturated liquid ammonia<a href="#cite_note-Stalke,_D.-2016-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Combellas-2001-33">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temperature (°C) </th> <th>Density (kg/m3) </th> <th>Specific heat (kJ/(kg·K)) </th> <th>Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) </th> <th>Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) </th> <th>Thermal diffusivity (m2/s) </th> <th>Prandtl Number </th> <th>Bulk modulus (K−1) </th></tr> <tr> <td>−50 </td> <td>703.69 </td> <td>4.463 </td> <td>4.35×10−7 </td> <td>0.547 </td> <td>1.74×10−7 </td> <td>2.6 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−40 </td> <td>691.68 </td> <td>4.467 </td> <td>4.06×10−7 </td> <td>0.547 </td> <td>1.78×10−7 </td> <td>2.28 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−30 </td> <td>679.34 </td> <td>4.476 </td> <td>3.87×10−7 </td> <td>0.549 </td> <td>1.80×10−7 </td> <td>2.15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−20 </td> <td>666.69 </td> <td>4.509 </td> <td>3.81×10−7 </td> <td>0.547 </td> <td>1.82×10−7 </td> <td>2.09 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>−10 </td> <td>653.55 </td> <td>4.564 </td> <td>3.78×10−7 </td> <td>0.543 </td> <td>1.83×10−7 </td> <td>2.07 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>0 </td> <td>640.1 </td> <td>4.635 </td> <td>3.73×10−7 </td> <td>0.540 </td> <td>1.82×10−7 </td> <td>2.05 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>626.16 </td> <td>4.714 </td> <td>3.68×10−7 </td> <td>0.531 </td> <td>1.80×10−7 </td> <td>2.04 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>611.75 </td> <td>4.798 </td> <td>3.59×10−7 </td> <td>0.521 </td> <td>1.78×10−7 </td> <td>2.02 </td> <td>2.45×10−3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>596.37 </td> <td>4.89 </td> <td>3.49×10−7 </td> <td>0.507 </td> <td>1.74×10−7 </td> <td>2.01 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>580.99 </td> <td>4.999 </td> <td>3.40×10−7 </td> <td>0.493 </td> <td>1.70×10−7 </td> <td>2 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td>564.33 </td> <td>5.116 </td> <td>3.30×10−7 </td> <td>0.476 </td> <td>1.65×10−7 </td> <td>1.99 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <caption>Thermal and physical properties of ammonia (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3) at atmospheric pressure<a href="#cite_note-Stalke,_D.-2016-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Combellas-2001-33">[33]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Temperature (K) </th> <th>Temperature (°C) </th> <th>Density (kg/m3) </th> <th>Specific heat (kJ/(kg·K)) </th> <th>Dynamic viscosity (kg/(m·s)) </th> <th>Kinematic viscosity (m2/s) </th> <th>Thermal conductivity (W/(m·K)) </th> <th>Thermal diffusivity (m2/s) </th> <th>Prandtl Number </th></tr> <tr> <td>273 </td> <td>-0.15 </td> <td>0.7929 </td> <td>2.177 </td> <td>9.35×10−6 </td> <td>1.18×10−5 </td> <td>0.0220 </td> <td>1.31×10−5 </td> <td>0.90 </td></tr> <tr> <td>323 </td> <td>49.85 </td> <td>0.6487 </td> <td>2.177 </td> <td>1.10×10−5 </td> <td>1.70×10−5 </td> <td>0.0270 </td> <td>1.92×10−5 </td> <td>0.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>373 </td> <td>99.85 </td> <td>0.559 </td> <td>2.236 </td> <td>1.29×10−5 </td> <td>1.30×10−5 </td> <td>0.0327 </td> <td>2.62×10−5 </td> <td>0.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>423 </td> <td>149.85 </td> <td>0.4934 </td> <td>2.315 </td> <td>1.47×10−5 </td> <td>2.97×10−5 </td> <td>0.0391 </td> <td>3.43×10−5 </td> <td>0.87 </td></tr> <tr> <td>473 </td> <td>199.85 </td> <td>0.4405 </td> <td>2.395 </td> <td>1.65×10−5 </td> <td>3.74×10−5 </td> <td>0.0467 </td> <td>4.42×10−5 </td> <td>0.84 </td></tr> <tr> <td>480 </td> <td>206.85 </td> <td>0.4273 </td> <td>2.43 </td> <td>1.67×10−5 </td> <td>3.90×10−5 </td> <td>0.0492 </td> <td>4.74×10−5 </td> <td>0.822 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500 </td> <td>226.85 </td> <td>0.4101 </td> <td>2.467 </td> <td>1.73×10−5 </td> <td>4.22×10−5 </td> <td>0.0525 </td> <td>5.19×10−5 </td> <td>0.813 </td></tr> <tr> <td>520 </td> <td>246.85 </td> <td>0.3942 </td> <td>2.504 </td> <td>1.80×10−5 </td> <td>4.57×10−5 </td> <td>0.0545 </td> <td>5.52×10−5 </td> <td>0.827 </td></tr> <tr> <td>540 </td> <td>266.85 </td> <td>0.3795 </td> <td>2.54 </td> <td>1.87×10−5 </td> <td>4.91×10−5 </td> <td>0.0575 </td> <td>5.97×10−5 </td> <td>0.824 </td></tr> <tr> <td>560 </td> <td>286.85 </td> <td>0.3708 </td> <td>2.577 </td> <td>1.93×10−5 </td> <td>5.20×10−5 </td> <td>0.0606 </td> <td>6.34×10−5 </td> <td>0.827 </td></tr> <tr> <td>580 </td> <td>306.85 </td> <td>0.3533 </td> <td>2.613 </td> <td>2.00×10−5 </td> <td>5.65×10−5 </td> <td>0.0638 </td> <td>6.91×10−5 </td> <td>0.817 </td></tr></tbody></table> Liquid ammonia is a widely studied nonaqueous ionising solvent. Its most conspicuous property is its ability to dissolve alkali metals to form highly coloured, electrically conductive solutions containing <a href="/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electrons</a>. Apart from these remarkable solutions, much of the chemistry in liquid ammonia can be classified by analogy with related reactions in <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solutions</a>. Comparison of the physical properties of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 with those of water shows <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 has the lower melting point, boiling point, density, <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">viscosity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">dielectric constant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical conductivity">electrical conductivity</a>. These differences are attributed at least in part to the weaker hydrogen bonding in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3. The ionic self-<a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant" title="Dissociation constant">dissociation constant</a> of liquid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 at −50 °C is about 10−33. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia_Train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ammonia_Train.jpg/220px-Ammonia_Train.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ammonia_Train.jpg/330px-Ammonia_Train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Ammonia_Train.jpg/440px-Ammonia_Train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>A train carrying anhydrous ammonia</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Solubility (g of salt per 100 g liquid <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_acetate" title="Ammonium acetate">Ammonium acetate</a> </td> <td>253.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a> </td> <td>389.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_nitrate" title="Lithium nitrate">Lithium nitrate</a> </td> <td>243.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitrate" title="Sodium nitrate">Sodium nitrate</a> </td> <td>97.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a> </td> <td>10.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_fluoride" title="Sodium fluoride">Sodium fluoride</a> </td> <td>0.35 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a> </td> <td>157.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_bromide" title="Sodium bromide">Sodium bromide</a> </td> <td>138.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a> </td> <td>161.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_thiocyanate" title="Sodium thiocyanate">Sodium thiocyanate</a> </td> <td>205.5 </td></tr></tbody></table> Liquid ammonia is an ionising solvent, although less so than water, and dissolves a range of ionic compounds, including many <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">cyanides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiocyanate" title="Thiocyanate">thiocyanates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclopentadienyl_complex" title="Cyclopentadienyl complex">metal cyclopentadienyl complexes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metal_bis(trimethylsilyl)amides" title="Metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides">metal bis(trimethylsilyl)amides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stalke,_D.-2016-32">[32]</a> Most ammonium salts are soluble and act as acids in liquid ammonia solutions. The solubility of <a href="/wiki/Halide" title="Halide">halide</a> salts increases from <a href="/wiki/Fluoride" title="Fluoride">fluoride</a> to <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a>. A saturated solution of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> (Divers' solution, named after <a href="/wiki/Edward_Divers" title="Edward Divers">Edward Divers</a>) contains 0.83 mol solute per mole of ammonia and has a <a href="/wiki/Vapour_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour pressure">vapour pressure</a> of less than 1 bar even at 25 °C (77 °F). However, few <a href="/wiki/Oxyanion" title="Oxyanion">oxyanion</a> salts with other cations dissolve.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Liquid ammonia will dissolve all of the <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">electropositive</a> metals such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">Sr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">Ba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">Eu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Yb</a> (also <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">Mg</a> using an electrolytic process<a href="#cite_note-Combellas-2001-33">[33]</a>). At low concentrations (<0.06 mol/L), deep blue solutions are formed: these contain metal cations and <a href="/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electrons</a>, free electrons that are surrounded by a cage of ammonia molecules. These solutions are strong reducing agents. At higher concentrations, the solutions are metallic in appearance and in electrical conductivity. At low temperatures, the two types of solution can coexist as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/immiscible" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:immiscible">immiscible</a> phases. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redox_properties_of_liquid_ammonia">Redox properties of liquid ammonia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Redox properties of liquid ammonia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">Redox</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg/170px-Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg/255px-Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg/340px-Liquid_ammonia_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2159" data-file-height="3022" /></a><figcaption>Liquid ammonia bottle</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (V, ammonia) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (V, water) </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Li+ + e− ⇌ Li </td> <td>−2.24 </td> <td>−3.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K+ + e− ⇌ K </td> <td>−1.98 </td> <td>−2.93 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na+ + e− ⇌ Na </td> <td>−1.85 </td> <td>−2.71 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zn2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Zn </td> <td>−0.53 </td> <td>−0.76 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 [NH4]+ + 2 e− ⇌ H2 + 2 NH3 </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cu2+ + 2 e− ⇌ Cu </td> <td>+0.43 </td> <td>+0.34 </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ag+ + e− ⇌ Ag </td> <td>+0.83 </td> <td>+0.80 </td></tr></tbody></table> The range of thermodynamic stability of liquid ammonia solutions is very narrow, as the potential for oxidation to dinitrogen, <a href="/wiki/Standard_electrode_potential" title="Standard electrode potential">E°</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2 + 6 [NH4]+ + 6 e− ⇌ 8 NH3), is only +0.04 V. In practice, both oxidation to dinitrogen and reduction to dihydrogen are slow. This is particularly true of reducing solutions: the solutions of the alkali metals mentioned above are stable for several days, slowly decomposing to the <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">metal amide</a> and dihydrogen. Most studies involving liquid ammonia solutions are done in reducing conditions; although oxidation of liquid ammonia is usually slow, there is still a risk of explosion, particularly if <a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition metal</a> ions are present as possible catalysts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure">Structure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NH3-Dipole-Moment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NH3-Dipole-Moment.png/220px-NH3-Dipole-Moment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NH3-Dipole-Moment.png/330px-NH3-Dipole-Moment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/NH3-Dipole-Moment.png/440px-NH3-Dipole-Moment.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Molecular structure of ammonia and its three-dimensional shape. It has a net dipole moment of 1.484 <a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">D</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg/220px-Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg/330px-Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg/440px-Ammonia-2D-dot-cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dot_and_cross_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot and cross diagram">Dot and cross</a> structure of ammonia</figcaption></figure> The ammonia molecule has a <a href="/wiki/Trigonal_pyramidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Trigonal pyramidal">trigonal pyramidal</a> shape, as predicted by the <a href="/wiki/Valence_shell_electron_pair_repulsion_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Valence shell electron pair repulsion theory">valence shell electron pair repulsion theory</a> (VSEPR theory) with an experimentally determined bond angle of 106.7°.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-2013-36">[36]</a> The central nitrogen atom has five outer electrons with an additional electron from each hydrogen atom. This gives a total of eight electrons, or four electron pairs that are arranged <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedrally</a>. Three of these <a href="/wiki/Electron_pair" title="Electron pair">electron pairs</a> are used as bond pairs, which leaves one <a href="/wiki/Lone_pair" title="Lone pair">lone pair</a> of electrons. The lone pair repels more strongly than bond pairs; therefore, the bond angle is not 109.5°, as expected for a regular tetrahedral arrangement, but 106.8°.<a href="#cite_note-CRC-2013-36">[36]</a> This shape gives the molecule a <a href="/wiki/Dipole" title="Dipole">dipole</a> moment and makes it <a href="/wiki/Polar_molecule" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar molecule">polar</a>. The molecule's polarity, and especially its ability to form <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bond" title="Hydrogen bond">hydrogen bonds</a>, makes ammonia highly miscible with water. The lone pair makes ammonia a <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">base</a>, a proton acceptor. Ammonia is moderately basic; a 1.0 <a href="/wiki/Molar_concentration" title="Molar concentration">M</a> <a href="/wiki/Aqueous_solution" title="Aqueous solution">aqueous solution</a> has a <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of 11.6, and if a strong acid is added to such a solution until the solution is neutral (pH = 7), 99.4% of the ammonia molecules are <a href="/wiki/Protonated" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonated">protonated</a>. Temperature and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a> also affect the proportion of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[NH4]+. The latter has the shape of a regular <a href="/wiki/Tetrahedron" title="Tetrahedron">tetrahedron</a> and is <a href="/wiki/Isoelectronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Isoelectronic">isoelectronic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>. The ammonia molecule readily undergoes <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_inversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitrogen inversion">nitrogen inversion</a> at room temperature; a useful analogy is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrella</a> turning itself inside out in a strong wind. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy barrier">energy barrier</a> to this inversion is 24.7 kJ/mol, and the <a href="/wiki/Resonance_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Resonance frequency">resonance frequency</a> is 23.79 <a href="/wiki/GHz" class="mw-redirect" title="GHz">GHz</a>, corresponding to <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> radiation of a <a href="/wiki/Wavelength" title="Wavelength">wavelength</a> of 1.260 cm. The absorption at this frequency was the first <a href="/wiki/Microwave_spectroscopy" title="Microwave spectroscopy">microwave spectrum</a> to be observed <a href="#cite_note-Cleeton-1934-37">[37]</a> and was used in the first <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">maser</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amphotericity">Amphotericity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Amphotericity">edit</a>]</div> One of the most characteristic properties of ammonia is its <a href="/wiki/Basicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Basicity">basicity</a>. Ammonia is considered to be a weak base. It combines with <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acids</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a>; thus, with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> it forms <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> (sal ammoniac); with <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, etc. Perfectly dry ammonia gas will not combine with perfectly dry <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> gas; moisture is necessary to bring about the reaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911862-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> As a demonstration experiment under air with ambient moisture, opened bottles of concentrated ammonia and <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> solutions produce a cloud of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>, which seems to appear 'out of nothing' as the salt <a href="/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> forms where the two <a href="/wiki/Diffusion" title="Diffusion">diffusing</a> clouds of reagents meet between the two bottles. <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 + HCl → [NH4]Cl</dd></dl> The salts produced by the action of ammonia on acids are known as the <a href="/wiki/Category:Ammonium_compounds" title="Category:Ammonium compounds">ammonium salts</a> and all contain the <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_ion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium ion">ammonium ion</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[NH4]+).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911862-38">[38]</a> Although ammonia is well known as a weak base, it can also act as an extremely weak acid. It is a <a href="/wiki/Protic" class="mw-redirect" title="Protic">protic substance</a> and is capable of formation of <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">amides</a> (which contain the <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH−2 ion). For example, <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> dissolves in <a href="/wiki/Liquid_ammonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid ammonia">liquid ammonia</a> to give a blue solution (<a href="/wiki/Solvated_electron" title="Solvated electron">solvated electron</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_amide" title="Lithium amide">lithium amide</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 Li + 2 NH3 → 2 LiNH2 + H2</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-dissociation">Self-dissociation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Self-dissociation">edit</a>]</div> Like water, liquid ammonia undergoes <a href="/wiki/Molecular_autoionisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular autoionisation">molecular autoionisation</a> to form its <a href="/wiki/Conjugate_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Conjugate acid">acid and base conjugates</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 NH3 ⇌ NH+4 + NH−2</dd></dl> Ammonia often functions as a <a href="/wiki/Weak_base" title="Weak base">weak base</a>, so it has some <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffering</a> ability. Shifts in pH will cause more or fewer <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> cations (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH+4) and <a href="/wiki/Azanide" title="Azanide">amide anions</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH−2) to be present in <a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a>. At standard pressure and temperature, <dl><dd>K = <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[NH+4] × [NH−2] = 10−30.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combustion">Combustion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Combustion">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/86._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA.ogg/220px--86._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="64" data-mwtitle="86._Каталитичка_оксидација_на_амонијак.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:86._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/86._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA.ogg/86._%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BA.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; 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codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>Heated <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">Cr2O3</a> catalyzes the combustion of a flask of ammonia.</figcaption></figure> Ammonia does not burn readily or sustain <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, except under narrow fuel-to-air mixtures of 15–28% ammonia by volume in air.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> When mixed with <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>, it burns with a pale yellowish-green flame. Ignition occurs when <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> is passed into ammonia, forming nitrogen and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>; if chlorine is present in excess, then the highly explosive <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">nitrogen trichloride</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NCl3) is also formed. The <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a> of ammonia to form nitrogen and water is <a href="/wiki/Exothermic" class="mw-redirect" title="Exothermic">exothermic</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 N2 + 6 H2O(g), <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_of_reaction" title="Standard enthalpy of reaction">ΔH°r</a> = −1267.20 kJ (or −316.8 kJ/mol if expressed per mol of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3)</dd></dl> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_enthalpy_change_of_combustion" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard enthalpy change of combustion">standard enthalpy change of combustion</a>, ΔH°c, expressed per <a href="/wiki/Mole_(unit)" title="Mole (unit)">mole</a> of ammonia and with condensation of the water formed, is −382.81 kJ/mol. Dinitrogen is the thermodynamic product of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>: all <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">nitrogen oxides</a> are unstable with respect to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2 and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">O2, which is the principle behind the <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converter</a>. Nitrogen oxides can be formed as <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetic products</a> in the presence of appropriate <a href="/wiki/Catalysts" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalysts">catalysts</a>, a reaction of great industrial importance in the production of <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">4 NH3 + 5 O2 → 4 NO + 6 H2O</dd></dl> A subsequent reaction leads to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NO2: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 NO + O2 → 2 NO2</dd></dl> The combustion of ammonia in air is very difficult in the absence of a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> gauze or warm <a href="/wiki/Chromium(III)_oxide" title="Chromium(III) oxide">chromium(III) oxide</a>), due to the relatively low <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heat of combustion</a>, a lower laminar burning velocity, high <a href="/wiki/Auto-ignition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-ignition temperature">auto-ignition temperature</a>, high <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_vaporization" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat of vaporization">heat of vapourization</a>, and a narrow <a href="/wiki/Flammability_limit" title="Flammability limit">flammability range</a>. However, recent studies have shown that efficient and stable combustion of ammonia can be achieved using swirl combustors, thereby rekindling research interest in ammonia as a fuel for thermal power production.<a href="#cite_note-Kobayashi-2019-41">[41]</a> The flammable range of ammonia in dry air is 15.15–27.35% and in 100% relative humidity air is 15.95–26.55%.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] For studying the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">kinetics</a> of ammonia combustion, knowledge of a detailed reliable reaction mechanism is required, but this has been challenging to obtain.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_organonitrogen_compounds">Precursor to organonitrogen compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Precursor to organonitrogen compounds">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia is a direct or indirect precursor to most <a href="#Precursor_to_nitrogenous_compounds">manufactured nitrogen-containing compounds</a>. It is the precursor to nitric acid, which is the source for most N-substituted aromatic compounds. <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amines</a> can be formed by the reaction of ammonia with <a href="/wiki/Alkyl_halide" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkyl halide">alkyl halides</a> or, more commonly, with <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohols</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CH3OH + NH3 → CH3NH2 + H2O</dd></dl> Its ring-opening reaction with <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> give <a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">ethanolamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethanolamine" title="Diethanolamine">diethanolamine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Triethanolamine" title="Triethanolamine">triethanolamine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">Amides</a> can be prepared by the reaction of ammonia with <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">carboxylic acid</a> and their derivatives. For example, ammonia reacts with <a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">formic acid</a> (HCOOH) to yield <a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">formamide</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCONH2) when heated. <a href="/wiki/Acyl_chloride" title="Acyl chloride">Acyl chlorides</a> are the most reactive, but the ammonia must be present in at least a twofold excess to neutralise the <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> formed. <a href="/wiki/Ester" title="Ester">Esters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anhydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhydride">anhydrides</a> also react with ammonia to form amides. Ammonium salts of carboxylic acids can be <a href="/wiki/Dehydration_reaction" title="Dehydration reaction">dehydrated</a> to amides by heating to 150–200 °C as long as no thermally sensitive groups are present. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">Amino acids</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Strecker_amino-acid_synthesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Strecker amino-acid synthesis">Strecker amino-acid synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Sohio_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Sohio process">Sohio process</a></li></ul> Other organonitrogen compounds include <a href="/wiki/Alprazolam" title="Alprazolam">alprazolam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine" title="Ethanolamine">ethanolamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_carbamate" title="Ethyl carbamate">ethyl carbamate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylenetetramine" title="Hexamethylenetetramine">hexamethylenetetramine</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursor_to_inorganic_nitrogenous_compounds">Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Precursor to inorganic nitrogenous compounds">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">Nitric acid</a> is generated via the <a href="/wiki/Ostwald_process" title="Ostwald process">Ostwald process</a> by <a href="/wiki/Oxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidation">oxidation</a> of ammonia with air over a <a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a> catalyst at 700–850 °C (1,292–1,562 °F), ≈9 atm. <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a> are intermediate in this conversion:<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 + 2 O2 → HNO3 + H2O</dd></dl> Nitric acid is used for the production of <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">explosives</a>, and many organonitrogen compounds. The hydrogen in ammonia is susceptible to replacement by a myriad substituents. Ammonia gas reacts with metallic <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> to give <a href="/wiki/Sodamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodamide">sodamide</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NaNH2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911862-38">[38]</a> With chlorine, <a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">monochloramine</a> is formed. Pentavalent ammonia is known as λ5-amine, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">nitrogen pentahydride</a> decomposes spontaneously into trivalent ammonia (λ3-amine) and hydrogen gas at normal conditions. This substance was once investigated as a possible solid <a href="/wiki/Rocket_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket fuel">rocket fuel</a> in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Ammonia is also used to make the following compounds: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Olin_Raschig_process" title="Olin Raschig process">Olin Raschig process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peroxide_process" title="Peroxide process">peroxide process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/BMA_process" title="BMA process">BMA process</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Andrussow_process" title="Andrussow process">Andrussow process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">Hydroxylamine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_carbonate" title="Ammonium carbonate">ammonium carbonate</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Raschig_hydroxylamine_process" title="Raschig hydroxylamine process">Raschig process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">Urea</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Bosch%E2%80%93Meiser_urea_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosch–Meiser urea process">Bosch–Meiser urea process</a> and in <a href="/wiki/W%C3%B6hler_synthesis" title="Wöhler synthesis">Wöhler synthesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">ammonium perchlorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_bicarbonate" title="Ammonium bicarbonate">ammonium bicarbonate</a></li></ul> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisplatin-stereo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cisplatin-stereo.svg/120px-Cisplatin-stereo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cisplatin-stereo.svg/180px-Cisplatin-stereo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Cisplatin-stereo.svg/240px-Cisplatin-stereo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">Cisplatin</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[Pt(NH3)2Cl2) is a widely used <a href="/wiki/Anticancer_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticancer drug">anticancer drug</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ammonia is a <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Metal_ammine_complex" title="Metal ammine complex">metal ammine complexes</a>. For historical reasons, ammonia is named ammine in the nomenclature of <a href="/wiki/Coordination_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Coordination compound">coordination compounds</a>. One notable ammine complex is <a href="/wiki/Cisplatin" title="Cisplatin">cisplatin</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Pt(NH3)2Cl2, a widely used anticancer drug. Ammine complexes of <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>(III) formed the basis of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Werner" title="Alfred Werner">Alfred Werner</a>'s revolutionary theory on the structure of coordination compounds. Werner noted only two <a href="/wiki/Isomer" title="Isomer">isomers</a> (fac- and mer-) of the complex <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[CrCl3(NH3)3] could be formed, and concluded the ligands must be arranged around the metal ion at the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vertex" class="extiw" title="wikt:vertex">vertices</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Octahedron" title="Octahedron">octahedron</a>. Ammonia forms 1:1 <a href="/wiki/Adduct" title="Adduct">adducts</a> with a variety of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis acid">Lewis acids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">I2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol" title="Phenol">phenol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trimethyl_aluminium" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethyl aluminium"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Al(CH3)3</a>. Ammonia is a <a href="/wiki/Hard_base" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard base">hard base</a> (HSAB theory) and its <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">E & C parameters</a> are EB = 2.31 and CB = 2.04. Its relative donor strength toward a series of acids, versus other Lewis bases, can be illustrated by <a href="/wiki/ECW_model" title="ECW model">C-B plots</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection_and_determination">Detection and determination</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Detection and determination">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about detection in the laboratory. For detection in astronomy, see <a href="#In_astronomy">§ In astronomy</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammonia_in_solution">Ammonia in solution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ammonia in solution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">Ammonia solution</a></div> Ammonia and ammonium salts can be readily detected, in very minute traces, by the addition of <a href="/wiki/Nessler%27s_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nessler's solution">Nessler's solution</a>, which gives a distinct yellow colouration in the presence of the slightest trace of ammonia or ammonium salts. The amount of ammonia in ammonium salts can be estimated quantitatively by distillation of the salts with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium</a> (NaOH) or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> (KOH), the ammonia evolved being absorbed in a known volume of standard <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> and the excess of acid then determined <a href="/wiki/Volumetric_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Volumetric analysis">volumetrically</a>; or the ammonia may be absorbed in <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and the ammonium chloride so formed precipitated as <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_hexachloroplatinate" title="Ammonium hexachloroplatinate">ammonium hexachloroplatinate</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[NH4]2[PtCl6].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911863-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaseous_ammonia">Gaseous ammonia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Gaseous ammonia">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_sticks" title="Sulfur sticks">Sulfur sticks</a> are burnt to detect small leaks in industrial ammonia refrigeration systems. Larger quantities can be detected by warming the salts with a caustic alkali or with <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>, when the characteristic smell of ammonia will be at once apparent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911863-46">[46]</a> Ammonia is an irritant and irritation increases with concentration; the <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> is 25 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppm</a>, and lethal above 500 ppm by volume.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Higher concentrations are hardly detected by conventional detectors, the type of detector is chosen according to the sensitivity required (e.g. semiconductor, catalytic, electrochemical). Holographic sensors have been proposed for detecting concentrations up to 12.5% in volume.<a href="#cite_note-Hurtado-2014-48">[48]</a> In a laboratorial setting, gaseous ammonia can be detected by using concentrated hydrochloric acid or gaseous hydrogen chloride. A dense white fume (which is <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a> vapor) arises from the reaction between ammonia and HCl(g).<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ammoniacal_nitrogen_(NH3–N)">Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3–N)">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Ammoniacal_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammoniacal nitrogen">Ammoniacal nitrogen</a> (NH3–N) is a measure commonly used for testing the quantity of <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a> ions, derived naturally from ammonia, and returned to ammonia via organic processes, in water or waste liquids. It is a measure used mainly for quantifying values in <a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">waste treatment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">water purification</a> systems, as well as a measure of the health of natural and man-made water reserves. It is measured in units of mg/L (<a href="/wiki/Milligram" class="mw-redirect" title="Milligram">milligram</a> per <a href="/wiki/Litre" title="Litre">litre</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/170px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/255px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg/340px-Al-Jaahith_-_African_Arab_Naturalist_-_Basra_-_al_jahiz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="922" /></a><figcaption>Jabir ibn Hayyan wrote about ammonia in the 9th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/170px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/255px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg/340px-Ammoniak_Reaktor_BASF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1999" /></a><figcaption>This high-pressure ammonia reactor was built in 1921 by <a href="/wiki/BASF" title="BASF">BASF</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ludwigshafen" title="Ludwigshafen">Ludwigshafen</a> and was re-erected on the premises of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Karlsruhe">University of Karlsruhe</a> in Germany.</figcaption></figure> The ancient Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> mentioned that there were <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcrops</a> of salt in an area of Libya that was inhabited by a people called the 'Ammonians' (now the <a href="/wiki/Siwa_oasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Siwa oasis">Siwa oasis</a> in northwestern Egypt, where salt lakes still exist).<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Greek geographer <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> also mentioned the salt from this region. However, the ancient authors <a href="/wiki/Dioscorides" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioscorides">Dioscorides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apicius" title="Apicius">Apicius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arrian" title="Arrian">Arrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Synesius" title="Synesius">Synesius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/A%C3%ABtius_of_Amida" title="Aëtius of Amida">Aëtius of Amida</a> described this salt as forming clear crystals that could be used for cooking and that were essentially <a href="/wiki/Rock_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock salt">rock salt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Hammoniacus sal appears in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>,<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> although it is not known whether the term is equivalent to the more modern sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Webmineral-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> The fermentation of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> by bacteria produces a <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">solution of ammonia</a>; hence fermented urine was used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Antiquity">Classical Antiquity</a> to wash cloth and clothing, to remove hair from hides in preparation for tanning, to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> in dying cloth, and to remove rust from iron.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> It was also used by <a href="/wiki/Dentistry_in_ancient_Rome" title="Dentistry in ancient Rome">ancient dentists</a> to wash teeth.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In the form of sal ammoniac (نشادر, nushadir), ammonia was important to the <a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in medieval Islam">Muslim alchemists</a>. It was mentioned in the Book of Stones, likely written in the 9th century and attributed to <a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Hayy%C4%81n" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Hayyān">Jābir ibn Hayyān</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haq-1995-60">[60]</a> It was also important to the European <a href="/wiki/Alchemists" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemists">alchemists</a> of the 13th century, being mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albertus Magnus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a> It was also used by <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyers</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> in the form of fermented <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> to alter the colour of vegetable dyes. In the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Basilius_Valentinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilius Valentinus">Basilius Valentinus</a> showed that ammonia could be obtained by the action of alkalis on sal ammoniac.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> At a later period, when sal ammoniac was obtained by distilling the hooves and horns of oxen and neutralizing the resulting carbonate with <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a>, the name 'spirit of hartshorn' was applied to ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Gaseous ammonia was first isolated by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Black" title="Joseph Black">Joseph Black</a> in 1756 by reacting sal ammoniac (<a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chloride" title="Ammonium chloride">ammonium chloride</a>) with calcined magnesia (<a href="/wiki/Magnesium_oxide" title="Magnesium oxide">magnesium oxide</a>).<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It was isolated again by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Woulfe" title="Peter Woulfe">Peter Woulfe</a> in 1767,<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wilhelm_Scheele" title="Carl Wilhelm Scheele">Carl Wilhelm Scheele</a> in 1770<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a> in 1773 and was termed by him 'alkaline air'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Eleven years later in 1785, <a href="/wiki/Claude_Louis_Berthollet" title="Claude Louis Berthollet">Claude Louis Berthollet</a> ascertained its composition.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a> The production of ammonia from nitrogen in the air (and hydrogen) was invented by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> and Robert LeRossignol. The patent was sent in 1909 (USPTO Nr 1,202,995) and awarded in 1916. Later, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> developed the industrial method for ammonia production (<a href="/wiki/Haber%E2%80%93Bosch_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Haber–Bosch process">Haber–Bosch process</a>). It was first used on an industrial scale in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Max_Appl-2006-70">[70]</a> following the allied blockade that cut off the supply of <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrates</a> from <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. The ammonia was used to produce explosives to sustain war efforts.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-2001-71">[71]</a> The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1918 was awarded to Fritz Haber "for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements". Before the availability of natural gas, hydrogen as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">ammonia production</a> was produced via the <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of water or using the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali_process" title="Chloralkali process">chloralkali process</a>. With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> industry in the 20th century, ammonia became a byproduct of the production of <a href="/wiki/Coking" title="Coking">coking</a> coal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertiliser">Fertiliser</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Fertiliser">edit</a>]</div> In the US as of 2019<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, approximately 88% of ammonia was used as <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertilisers</a> either as its salts, solutions or anhydrously.<a href="#cite_note-USGS-2020-72">[72]</a> When applied to soil, it helps provide increased yields of <a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">crops</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> 30% of agricultural nitrogen applied in the US is in the form of <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> ammonia, and worldwide, 110 million tonnes are applied each year.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Solutions of ammonia ranging from 16% to 25% are used in the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_fermentation" title="Industrial fermentation">fermentation</a> industry as a source of nitrogen for microorganisms and to adjust pH during fermentation.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refrigeration–R717">Refrigeration–R717</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Refrigeration–R717">edit</a>]</div> Because of ammonia's vapourization properties, it is a useful <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Max_Appl-2006-70">[70]</a> It was commonly used before the popularisation of <a href="/wiki/Chlorofluorocarbon" title="Chlorofluorocarbon">chlorofluorocarbons</a> (Freons). Anhydrous ammonia is widely used in industrial refrigeration applications and hockey rinks because of its high <a href="/wiki/Energy_conversion_efficiency" title="Energy conversion efficiency">energy efficiency</a> and low cost. It suffers from the disadvantage of toxicity, and requiring corrosion resistant components, which restricts its domestic and small-scale use. Along with its use in modern <a href="/wiki/Vapour-compression_refrigeration" class="mw-redirect" title="Vapour-compression refrigeration">vapour-compression refrigeration</a> it is used in a mixture along with hydrogen and water in <a href="/wiki/Absorption_refrigerator" title="Absorption refrigerator">absorption refrigerators</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kalina_cycle" title="Kalina cycle">Kalina cycle</a>, which is of growing importance to geothermal power plants, depends on the wide boiling range of the ammonia–water mixture. Ammonia coolant is also used in the radiators aboard the <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> in loops that are used to regulate the internal temperature and enable temperature-dependent experiments.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> The ammonia is under sufficient pressure to remain liquid throughout the process. Single-phase ammonia cooling systems also serve the power electronics in each pair of solar arrays. The potential importance of ammonia as a refrigerant has increased with the discovery that vented CFCs and HFCs are potent and stable greenhouse gases.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antimicrobial_agent_for_food_products">Antimicrobial agent for food products</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Antimicrobial agent for food products">edit</a>]</div> As early as in 1895, it was known that ammonia was 'strongly <a href="/wiki/Antiseptic" title="Antiseptic">antiseptic</a> ... it requires 1.4 grams per litre to preserve <a href="/wiki/Broth" title="Broth">beef tea</a> (broth).'<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In one study, anhydrous ammonia destroyed 99.999% of <a href="/wiki/Zoonotic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoonotic bacteria">zoonotic bacteria</a> in three types of <a href="/wiki/Compound_feed" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound feed">animal feed</a>, but not <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Anhydrous ammonia is currently used commercially to reduce or eliminate <a href="/wiki/Microbial" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial">microbial</a> contamination of <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Lean finely textured beef (popularly known as '<a href="/wiki/Pink_slime" title="Pink slime">pink slime</a>') in the beef industry is made from fatty <a href="/wiki/Beef_trimmings" class="mw-redirect" title="Beef trimmings">beef trimmings</a> (c. 50–70% fat) by removing the fat using heat and <a href="/wiki/Centrifugation" title="Centrifugation">centrifugation</a>, then treating it with ammonia to kill <a href="/wiki/E._coli" class="mw-redirect" title="E. coli">E. coli</a>. The process was deemed effective and safe by the <a href="/wiki/US_Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="US Department of Agriculture">US Department of Agriculture</a> based on a study that found that the treatment reduces E. coli to undetectable levels.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> There have been safety concerns about the process as well as consumer complaints about the taste and smell of ammonia-treated beef.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuel">Fuel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fuel">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/220px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/330px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg/440px-AmmoniacalGasEngineStreetcarARWaud.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="598" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>Ammoniacal Gas Engine <a href="/wiki/Streetcars_in_New_Orleans" title="Streetcars in New Orleans">Streetcar in New Orleans</a> drawn by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Waud" title="Alfred Waud">Alfred Waud</a> in 1871</figcaption></figure> Ammonia has been used as fuel, and is a proposed alternative to fossil fuels and hydrogen. Being liquid at ambient temperature under its own vapour pressure and having high volumetric and gravimetric energy density, ammonia is considered a suitable carrier for hydrogen,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and may be cheaper than direct transport of liquid hydrogen.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Compared to hydrogen, ammonia is easier to store. Compared to <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_as_a_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrogen as a fuel">hydrogen as a fuel</a>, ammonia is much more energy efficient, and could be produced, stored and delivered at a much lower cost than hydrogen, which must be kept compressed or as a cryogenic liquid.<a href="#cite_note-Lan-2014-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The raw <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a> of liquid ammonia is 11.5 MJ/L,<a href="#cite_note-Lan-2014-88">[88]</a> which is about a third that of <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>. Ammonia can be converted back to hydrogen to be used to power hydrogen fuel cells, or it may be used directly within high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Solid_oxide_fuel_cell" title="Solid oxide fuel cell">solid oxide</a> direct ammonia fuel cells to provide efficient power sources that do not emit <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-Afif-2016-91">[91]</a> Ammonia to hydrogen conversion can be achieved through the <a href="/wiki/Sodium_amide" title="Sodium amide">sodium amide</a> process<a href="#cite_note-David-2014-92">[92]</a> or the catalytic decomposition of ammonia using solid catalysts.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:X-15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/220px-X-15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/330px-X-15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/X-15.jpg/440px-X-15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1934" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> used ammonia as one component <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> of its <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engine" title="Rocket engine">rocket engine</a></figcaption></figure> Ammonia engines or ammonia motors, using ammonia as a <a href="/wiki/Working_fluid" title="Working fluid">working fluid</a>, have been proposed and occasionally used.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The principle is similar to that used in a <a href="/wiki/Fireless_locomotive" title="Fireless locomotive">fireless locomotive</a>, but with ammonia as the working fluid, instead of steam or compressed air. Ammonia engines were used experimentally in the 19th century by <a href="/wiki/Goldsworthy_Gurney" title="Goldsworthy Gurney">Goldsworthy Gurney</a> in the UK and the <a href="/wiki/St._Charles_Avenue_Streetcar" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Charles Avenue Streetcar">St. Charles Avenue Streetcar</a> line in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> in the 1870s and 1880s,<a href="#cite_note-Elbridge_Harper_Charlton-1965-95">[95]</a> and during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> ammonia was used to power buses in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-2007-96">[96]</a> Ammonia is sometimes proposed as a practical alternative to <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> for <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olson-2007-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lee-2017-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Brohi-2014-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> However, ammonia cannot be easily used in existing <a href="/wiki/Otto_cycle" title="Otto cycle">Otto cycle</a> engines because of its very narrow <a href="#Combustion">flammability range</a>. Despite this, several tests have been run.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Its high <a href="/wiki/Octane_rating" title="Octane rating">octane rating</a> of 120<a href="#cite_note-bris.ac.uk-103">[103]</a> and low flame temperature<a href="#cite_note-Zacharakis-Jutz-2013-104">[104]</a> allows the use of high compression ratios without a penalty of high <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NOx</a> production. Since ammonia contains no carbon, its combustion cannot produce <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocarbons">hydrocarbons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a>. Ammonia production currently creates 1.8% of global CO2 emissions. 'Green ammonia' is ammonia produced by using <a href="/wiki/Green_hydrogen" title="Green hydrogen">green hydrogen</a> (hydrogen produced by electrolysis with electricity from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable</a> energy), whereas 'blue ammonia' is ammonia produced using <a href="/wiki/Blue_hydrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue hydrogen">blue hydrogen</a> (hydrogen produced by steam methane reforming (= SMR) where the carbon dioxide has been captured and stored (cfr. carbon capture and storage = CCS).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> Rocket engines have also been fueled by ammonia. The <a href="/wiki/Reaction_Motors_XLR99" title="Reaction Motors XLR99">Reaction Motors XLR99</a> rocket engine that powered the <a href="/wiki/X-15" class="mw-redirect" title="X-15">X-15</a> hypersonic research aircraft used liquid ammonia. Although not as powerful as other fuels, it left no <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> in the reusable rocket engine, and its density approximately matches the density of the oxidiser, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a>, which simplified the aircraft's design. In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> shipped 40 <a href="/wiki/Metric_tons" class="mw-redirect" title="Metric tons">metric tons</a> of liquid 'blue ammonia' to Japan for use as a fuel.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> It was produced as a by-product by petrochemical industries, and can be burned without giving off <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gases</a>. Its energy density by volume is nearly double that of liquid hydrogen. If the process of creating it can be scaled up via purely renewable resources, producing green ammonia, it could make a major difference in <a href="/wiki/Avoiding_climate_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Avoiding climate change">avoiding climate change</a>.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> The company <a href="/wiki/ACWA_Power" title="ACWA Power">ACWA Power</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/Neom" title="Neom">Neom</a> have announced the construction of a green hydrogen and ammonia plant in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Green ammonia is considered as a potential fuel for future container ships. In 2020, the companies <a href="/wiki/DSME" class="mw-redirect" title="DSME">DSME</a> and <a href="/wiki/MAN_Energy_Solutions" title="MAN Energy Solutions">MAN Energy Solutions</a> announced the construction of an ammonia-based ship, DSME plans to commercialize it by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The use of ammonia as a potential alternative fuel for <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Jet_engine" title="Jet engine">jet engines</a> is also being explored.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Japan intends to implement a plan to develop ammonia co-firing technology that can increase the use of ammonia in power generation, as part of efforts to assist domestic and other Asian utilities to accelerate their transition to <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In October 2021, the first International Conference on Fuel Ammonia (ICFA2021) was held.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In June 2022, <a href="/wiki/IHI_Corporation" title="IHI Corporation">IHI Corporation</a> succeeded in reducing greenhouse gases by over 99% during combustion of liquid ammonia in a 2,000-kilowatt-class gas turbine achieving truly CO2-free power generation.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In July 2022, <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quad</a> nations of Japan, the U.S., Australia and India agreed to promote technological development for clean-burning hydrogen and ammonia as fuels at the security grouping's first energy meeting.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit">[update]</a>, however, significant amounts of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NOx are produced.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a> may also be a problem as it is a "greenhouse gas that is known to possess up to 300 times the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of carbon dioxide".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">IEA</a> forecasts that ammonia will meet approximately 45% of shipping fuel demands by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> At high temperature and in the presence of a suitable <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> ammonia decomposes into its constituent elements.<a href="#cite_note-White-1905-119">[119]</a> Decomposition of ammonia is a slightly endothermic process requiring 23 kJ/mol (5.5 <a href="/wiki/Kcal/mol" class="mw-redirect" title="Kcal/mol">kcal/mol</a>) of ammonia, and yields <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Remediation_of_gaseous_emissions">Remediation of gaseous emissions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Remediation of gaseous emissions">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia is used to scrub <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SO2 from the burning of fossil fuels, and the resulting product is converted to <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_sulfate" title="Ammonium sulfate">ammonium sulfate</a> for use as fertiliser. Ammonia neutralises the nitrogen oxide (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NOx) pollutants emitted by diesel engines. This technology, called SCR (<a href="/wiki/Selective_catalytic_reduction" title="Selective catalytic reduction">selective catalytic reduction</a>), relies on a <a href="/wiki/Vanadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanadia">vanadia</a>-based catalyst.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Ammonia may be used to mitigate gaseous spills of <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stimulant">Stimulant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Stimulant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/220px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/330px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG/440px-Meth_ammonia_tank_Otley_iowa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Anti-<a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">meth</a> sign on tank of anhydrous ammonia, <a href="/wiki/Otley,_Iowa" title="Otley, Iowa">Otley, Iowa</a>. Anhydrous ammonia is a common farm fertiliser that is also a critical ingredient in making methamphetamine. In 2005, Iowa used grant money to provide thousands of locks to prevent criminals from gaining access to the tanks.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a></figcaption></figure> Ammonia, as the vapour released by <a href="/wiki/Smelling_salts" title="Smelling salts">smelling salts</a>, has found significant use as a respiratory stimulant. Ammonia is commonly used in the illegal manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">methamphetamine</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Birch_reduction" title="Birch reduction">Birch reduction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The Birch method of making methamphetamine is dangerous because the alkali metal and liquid ammonia are both extremely reactive, and the temperature of liquid ammonia makes it susceptible to explosive boiling when reactants are added.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Textile">Textile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Textile">edit</a>]</div> Liquid ammonia is used for treatment of cotton materials, giving properties like <a href="/wiki/Mercerisation" title="Mercerisation">mercerisation</a>, using alkalis. In particular, it is used for prewashing of wool.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lifting_gas">Lifting gas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lifting gas">edit</a>]</div> At standard temperature and pressure, ammonia is less dense than atmosphere and has approximately 45–48% of the lifting power of hydrogen or <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. Ammonia has sometimes been used to fill balloons as a <a href="/wiki/Lifting_gas" title="Lifting gas">lifting gas</a>. Because of its relatively high boiling point (compared to helium and hydrogen), ammonia could potentially be refrigerated and liquefied aboard an <a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">airship</a> to reduce lift and add ballast (and returned to a gas to add lift and reduce ballast).<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fuming">Fuming</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fuming">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_fuming" title="Ammonia fuming">Ammonia fuming</a></div> Ammonia has been used to darken quartersawn white oak in Arts & Crafts and Mission-style furniture. Ammonia fumes react with the natural <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> and cause it to change colour.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Safety">Safety</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Safety">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/170px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/255px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg/340px-Ammiakoprovod_NS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The world's longest ammonia <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipeline</a> (roughly 2400 km long),<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> running from the <a href="/wiki/TogliattiAzot" title="TogliattiAzot">TogliattiAzot</a> plant in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odesa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></figcaption></figure> The US <a href="/wiki/Occupational_Safety_and_Health_Administration" title="Occupational Safety and Health Administration">Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)</a> has set a 15-minute exposure limit for gaseous ammonia of 35 ppm by volume in the environmental air and an 8-hour exposure limit of 25 ppm by volume.<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_FAQ_Sheet_for_Ammonia-2004-129">[129]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Occupational_Safety_and_Health" title="National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> (NIOSH) recently reduced the IDLH (Immediately Dangerous to Health or Life, the level to which a healthy worker can be exposed for 30 minutes without suffering irreversible health effects) from 500 ppm to 300 ppm based on recent more conservative interpretations of original research in 1943. The 1 hour IDLH limit is still 500 ppm. Other organisations have varying exposure levels. US Navy Standards [U.S. Bureau of Ships 1962] maximum allowable concentrations (MACs): for continuous exposure (60 days) is 25 ppm; for exposure of 1 hour is 400 ppm.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Ammonia vapour has a sharp, irritating, pungent odor that acts as a warning of potentially dangerous exposure. The average odor threshold is 5 ppm, well below any danger or damage. Exposure to very high concentrations of gaseous ammonia can result in lung damage and death.<a href="#cite_note-Toxic_FAQ_Sheet_for_Ammonia-2004-129">[129]</a> Ammonia is regulated in the US as a non-flammable gas, but it meets the definition of a material that is toxic by inhalation and requires a hazardous safety permit when transported in quantities greater than 3,500 US gallons (13,000 L; 2,900 imp gal).<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Liquid ammonia is dangerous because it is <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a> and because it can cause <a href="/wiki/Caustic_burn" class="mw-redirect" title="Caustic burn">caustic burns</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Gas_carrier#Health_effects_of_specific_cargoes_carried_on_gas_carriers" title="Gas carrier">Gas carrier § Health effects of specific cargoes carried on gas carriers</a> for more information. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Toxicity">edit</a>]</div> The toxicity of ammonia solutions does not usually cause problems for humans and other mammals, as a specific mechanism exists to prevent its build-up in the bloodstream. Ammonia is converted to <a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate" title="Carbamoyl phosphate">carbamoyl phosphate</a> by the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl_phosphate_synthetase" title="Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase">carbamoyl phosphate synthetase</a>, and then enters the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> to be either incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> or excreted in the urine.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a> lack this mechanism, as they can usually eliminate ammonia from their bodies by direct excretion. Ammonia even at dilute concentrations is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and for this reason it is <a href="/wiki/Directive_67/548/EEC" title="Directive 67/548/EEC">classified</a> as "dangerous for the environment". Atmospheric ammonia plays a key role in the formation of <a href="/wiki/Fine_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Fine particulate matter">fine particulate matter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Ammonia is a constituent of <a href="/wiki/Tobacco_smoke" title="Tobacco smoke">tobacco smoke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Talhout-2011-134">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coking_wastewater">Coking wastewater</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Coking wastewater">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia is present in coking wastewater streams, as a liquid by-product of the production of <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> from <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In some cases, the ammonia is discharged to the <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">marine environment</a> where it acts as a pollutant. The <a href="/wiki/Whyalla_Steelworks" title="Whyalla Steelworks">Whyalla Steelworks</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> is one example of a coke-producing facility that discharges ammonia into marine waters.<a href="#cite_note-Rajaram-2005-136">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia toxicity is believed to be a cause of otherwise unexplained losses in <a href="/wiki/Fish_hatcheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish hatcheries">fish hatcheries</a>. Excess ammonia may accumulate and cause alteration of metabolism or increases in the body pH of the exposed organism. Tolerance varies among fish species.<a href="#cite_note-Oram-137">[137]</a> At lower concentrations, around 0.05 mg/L, un-ionised ammonia is harmful to fish species and can result in poor growth and feed conversion rates, reduced fecundity and fertility and increase stress and susceptibility to bacterial infections and diseases.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Exposed to excess ammonia, fish may suffer loss of equilibrium, hyper-excitability, increased respiratory activity and oxygen uptake and increased heart rate.<a href="#cite_note-Oram-137">[137]</a> At concentrations exceeding 2.0 mg/L, ammonia causes gill and tissue damage, extreme lethargy, convulsions, coma, and death.<a href="#cite_note-Oram-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sergeant-2014-139">[139]</a> Experiments have shown that the lethal concentration for a variety of fish species ranges from 0.2 to 2.0 mg/L.<a href="#cite_note-Sergeant-2014-139">[139]</a> During winter, when reduced feeds are administered to aquaculture stock, ammonia levels can be higher. Lower ambient temperatures reduce the rate of algal photosynthesis so less ammonia is removed by any algae present. Within an aquaculture environment, especially at large scale, there is no fast-acting remedy to elevated ammonia levels. Prevention rather than correction is recommended to reduce harm to farmed fish<a href="#cite_note-Sergeant-2014-139">[139]</a> and in open water systems, the surrounding environment. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_information">Storage information</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Storage information">edit</a>]</div> Similar to <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhydrous" title="Anhydrous">anhydrous</a> ammonia boils below room temperature when at atmospheric pressure. A storage vessel capable of 250 <a href="/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch" title="Pound per square inch">psi</a> (1.7 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">MPa</a>) is suitable to contain the liquid.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Ammonia is used in numerous different industrial applications requiring carbon or stainless steel storage vessels. Ammonia with at least 0.2% by weight water content is not corrosive to carbon steel. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a> construction storage tanks with 0.2% by weight or more of water could last more than 50 years in service.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Experts warn that ammonium compounds not be allowed to come in contact with <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">bases</a> (unless in an intended and contained reaction), as dangerous quantities of ammonia gas could be released. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory">Laboratory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Laboratory">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ammonia_solution_(25-28%25).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg/155px-Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg/233px-Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg/310px-Ammonia_solution_%2825-28%25%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="3968" /></a><figcaption>A standard laboratory solution of 28% ammonia</figcaption></figure> The hazards of ammonia solutions depend on the concentration: 'dilute' ammonia solutions are usually 5–10% by weight (< 5.62 mol/L); 'concentrated' solutions are usually prepared at >25% by weight. A 25% (by weight) solution has a density of 0.907 g/cm3, and a solution that has a lower density will be more concentrated. The <a href="/wiki/Directive_67/548/EEC" title="Directive 67/548/EEC">European Union classification</a> of ammonia solutions is given in the table. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a> by weight (w/w) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Molarity" class="mw-redirect" title="Molarity">Molarity</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">Concentration</a> mass/volume (w/v) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/GHS_pictograms" class="mw-redirect" title="GHS pictograms">GHS pictograms</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/H-phrases" class="mw-redirect" title="H-phrases">H-phrases</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>5–10% </td> <td>2.87–5.62 mol/L </td> <td>48.9–95.7 g/L </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10–25% </td> <td>5.62–13.29 mol/L </td> <td>95.7–226.3 g/L </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H335: May cause respiratory irritation">H335</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H400: Very toxic to aquatic life">H400</abbr> </td></tr> <tr> <td>>25% </td> <td>>13.29 mol/L </td> <td>>226.3 g/L </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-acid.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS05: Corrosive"><img alt="GHS05: Corrosive" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/GHS-pictogram-acid.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-acid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS07: Exclamation mark"><img alt="GHS07: Exclamation mark" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="GHS09: Environmental hazard"><img alt="GHS09: Environmental hazard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/50px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/75px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-pollu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a> </td> <td><abbr class="abbr" title="H314: Causes severe skin burns and eye damage">H314</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H335: May cause respiratory irritation">H335</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H400: Very toxic to aquatic life">H400</abbr>, <abbr class="abbr" title="H411: Toxic to aquatic life with long lasting effects">H411</abbr> </td></tr></tbody></table> The ammonia vapour from concentrated ammonia solutions is severely irritating to the eyes and the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>, and experts warn that these solutions only be handled in a <a href="/wiki/Fume_hood" title="Fume hood">fume hood</a>. Saturated ('0.880'–see <a href="#Properties">§ Properties</a>) solutions can develop a significant pressure inside a closed bottle in warm weather, and experts also warn that the bottle be opened with care. This is not usually a problem for 25% ('0.900') solutions. Experts warn that ammonia solutions not be mixed with <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>, as toxic and/or explosive products are formed. Experts also warn that prolonged contact of ammonia solutions with <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iodide" title="Iodide">iodide</a> salts can also lead to explosive products: such mixtures are often formed in <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_inorganic_analysis" title="Qualitative inorganic analysis">qualitative inorganic analysis</a>, and that it needs to be lightly acidified but not concentrated (<6% w/v) before disposal once the test is completed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_use_of_anhydrous_ammonia_(gas_or_liquid)">Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Laboratory use of anhydrous ammonia (gas or liquid)">edit</a>]</div> Anhydrous ammonia is classified as toxic (T) and dangerous for the environment (N). The gas is flammable (<a href="/wiki/Autoignition_temperature" title="Autoignition temperature">autoignition temperature</a>: 651 °C) and can form explosive mixtures with air (16–25%). The <a href="/wiki/Permissible_exposure_limit" title="Permissible exposure limit">permissible exposure limit</a> (PEL) in the United States is 50 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> (35 mg/m3), while the <a href="/wiki/IDLH" class="mw-redirect" title="IDLH">IDLH</a> concentration is estimated at 300 ppm. Repeated exposure to ammonia lowers the sensitivity to the smell of the gas: normally the odour is detectable at concentrations of less than 50 ppm, but desensitised individuals may not detect it even at concentrations of 100 ppm. Anhydrous ammonia corrodes <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>- and <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-containing <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a>, which makes <a href="/wiki/Brass" title="Brass">brass</a> fittings not appropriate for handling the gas. Liquid ammonia can also attack <a href="/wiki/Rubber" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubber">rubber</a> and certain plastics. Ammonia reacts violently with the <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">halogens</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">Nitrogen triiodide</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Primary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary explosive">primary</a> <a href="/wiki/High_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">high explosive</a>, is formed when ammonia comes in contact with <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a>. Ammonia causes the explosive <a href="/wiki/Polymerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymerisation">polymerisation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a>. It also forms explosive <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">fulminating</a> compounds with compounds of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">stibine</a>. Violent reactions have also been reported with <a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">acetaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hypochlorite" title="Hypochlorite">hypochlorite</a> solutions, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">peroxides</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Production">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This section is about industrial synthesis. For synthesis in certain organisms, see <a href="#Biosynthesis">§ Biosynthesis</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">Ammonia production</a></div> <div class="thumb tright" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global ammonia production 1950–2020 (expressed as fixed nitrogen in U.S. tons)<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a></div></div></div> Ammonia has one of the highest rates of production of any inorganic chemical. Production is sometimes expressed in terms of 'fixed nitrogen'. Global production was estimated as being 160 million tonnes in 2020 (147 tons of fixed nitrogen).<a href="#cite_note-U.S._National_Minerals_Information_Center-143">[143]</a> China accounted for 26.5% of that, followed by Russia at 11.0%, the United States at 9.5%, and India at 8.3%.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._National_Minerals_Information_Center-143">[143]</a> Before the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, most ammonia was obtained by the <a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">dry distillation</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> of nitrogenous vegetable and animal waste products, including <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a> <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">dung</a>, where it was <a href="/wiki/Distilled" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled">distilled</a> by the reduction of <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">nitrous acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a> with hydrogen; in addition, it was produced by the distillation of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, and also by the decomposition of ammonium salts by <a href="/wiki/Alkali_hydroxide" title="Alkali hydroxide">alkaline hydroxides</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Quicklime" class="mw-redirect" title="Quicklime">quicklime</a>:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911861-21">[21]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">2 [NH4]Cl + 2 CaO → <a href="/wiki/CaCl2" class="mw-redirect" title="CaCl2">CaCl2</a> + Ca(OH)2 + 2 NH3(<a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">g</a>)</dd></dl> For small scale laboratory synthesis, one can heat <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydroxide" title="Calcium hydroxide">calcium hydroxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">(NH2)2CO + Ca(OH)2 → CaCO3 + 2 NH3</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haber–Bosch">Haber–Bosch</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Haber–Bosch">edit</a>]</div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>.[<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haber_process&action=edit">edit</a>]</div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fritz_Haber.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/150px-Fritz_Haber.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png/225px-Fritz_Haber.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Fritz_Haber.png 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>, 1918</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> also called the Haber–Bosch process, is the main industrial procedure for the <a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">production of ammonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haber_process_Appl-148">[148]</a> It converts atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> (N2) to ammonia (NH3) by a reaction with <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> (H2) using finely divided <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> metal as a catalyst: <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3}}\qquad {\Delta H_{\mathrm {298~K} }^{\circ }=-92.28~{\ce {kJ/mol}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>N</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>+</mo> <mn>3</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>H</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL"> <mover> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mpadded height="0" depth="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">↽</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> </mpadded> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mspace width="negativethinmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo stretchy="false">⇀</mo> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> </mover> </mrow> <mn>2</mn> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <msubsup> <mtext>NH</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <msubsup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>298</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mi mathvariant="normal">K</mi> </mrow> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>∘</mo> </mrow> </msubsup> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> <mn>92.28</mn> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext>kJ</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mtext>mol</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3}}\qquad {\Delta H_{\mathrm {298~K} }^{\circ }=-92.28~{\ce {kJ/mol}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92921c4bd5fe4025510132ac0b8469fb23a28073" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:51.906ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3}}\qquad {\Delta H_{\mathrm {298~K} }^{\circ }=-92.28~{\ce {kJ/mol}}}}"> This reaction is thermodynamically favorable at room temperature, but the kinetics are prohibitively slow. At high temperatures at which catalysts are active enough that the reaction proceeds to equilibrium, the reaction is reactant-favored rather than product-favored. As a result, high pressures are needed to <a href="/wiki/Le_Chatelier%27s_principle" title="Le Chatelier's principle">drive the reaction forward</a>. The German chemists <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bosch" title="Carl Bosch">Carl Bosch</a> developed the process in the first decade of the 20th century, and its improved efficiency over existing methods such as the <a href="/wiki/Birkeland%E2%80%93Eyde_process" title="Birkeland–Eyde process">Birkeland-Eyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank%E2%80%93Caro_process" title="Frank–Caro process">Frank-Caro</a> processes was a major advancement in the industrial production of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-Haber_process_Smil_2004_Enriching-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Haber_process_hager-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> The Haber process can be combined with <a href="/wiki/Steam_reforming" title="Steam reforming">steam reforming</a> to produce ammonia with just three chemical inputs: water, natural gas, and atmospheric nitrogen. Both Haber and Bosch were eventually awarded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a>: Haber in 1918 for ammonia synthesis specifically, and Bosch in 1931 for related contributions to <a href="/wiki/High-pressure_chemistry" title="High-pressure chemistry">high-pressure chemistry</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrochemical">Electrochemical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Electrochemical">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia can be synthesized electrochemically. The only required inputs are sources of nitrogen (potentially atmospheric) and hydrogen (water), allowing generation at the point of use. The availability of renewable energy creates the possibility of zero emission production.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> '<a href="/wiki/Green_chemistry" title="Green chemistry">Green</a> ammonia' is a name for ammonia produced from hydrogen that is in turn produced from carbon-free sources such as electrolysis of water. Ammonia from this source can be used as a liquid fuel with zero contribution to global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Another <a href="/wiki/Electrochemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrochemical">electrochemical</a> synthesis mode involves the reductive formation of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_nitride" title="Lithium nitride">lithium nitride</a>, which can be <a href="/wiki/Protonated" class="mw-redirect" title="Protonated">protonated</a> to ammonia, given a <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> source, which can be hydrogen. In the early years of the development of this process, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a> has been used as such a source. The first use of this chemistry was reported in 1930, where lithium solutions in ethanol were used to produce ammonia at pressures of up to 1000 bar.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> In 1994, Tsuneto et al. used lithium electrodeposition in <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">tetrahydrofuran</a> to synthesize ammonia at more moderate pressures with reasonable <a href="/wiki/Faradaic_efficiency" class="mw-redirect" title="Faradaic efficiency">Faradaic efficiency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Subsequent studies have further explored the ethanol–tetrahydrofuran system for electrochemical ammonia synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-Lazouski-2019-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Beyond simply mediating proton transfer to the nitrogen reduction reaction, ethanol has been found to play a multifaceted role, influencing electrolyte transformations and contributing to the formation of the solid electrolyte interphase, which enhances overall reaction efficiency<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lazouski-2019-156">[156]</a> In 2020, a solvent-agnostic <a href="/wiki/Gas_diffusion_electrode" title="Gas diffusion electrode">gas diffusion electrode</a> was shown to improve nitrogen transport to the reactive lithium. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 production rates of up to 30 ± 5 nmol/s/cm2 and Faradaic efficiencies of up to 47.5 ± 4% at ambient temperature and 1 bar pressure were achieved.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Ethanol can be replaced with a tetraalkyl <a href="/wiki/Phosphonium_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphonium salt">phosphonium salt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Suryanto-2021-160">[160]</a> The study observed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 production rates of 53 ± 1 nmol/s/cm2 at 69 ± 1% Faradaic efficiency experiments under 0.5-<a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">bar</a> hydrogen and 19.5-bar nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Partial_pressure" title="Partial pressure">partial pressure</a> at ambient temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Suryanto-2021-160">[160]</a> In 2022, ammonia was produced via the lithium mediated process in a continuous-flow electrolyzer also demonstrating the hydrogen gas as proton source. The study synthesized ammonia at 61 ± 1% Faradaic efficiency at a current density of −6 mA/cm2 at 1 bar and room temperature.<a href="#cite_note-Fu-2022-161">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry_and_medicine">Biochemistry and medicine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Biochemistry and medicine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/250px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/375px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg/500px-Symptoms_of_hyperammonemia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1058" /></a><figcaption>Main symptoms of hyperammonemia (ammonia reaching toxic concentrations).<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a></figcaption></figure> Ammonia is essential for life.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> For example, it is required for the formation of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, fundamental building blocks of life. Ammonia is however quite toxic. Nature thus uses carriers for ammonia. Within a cell, <a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a> serves this role. In the bloodstream, <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a> is a source of ammonia.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> Ethanolamine, required for cell membranes, is the substrate for <a href="/wiki/Ethanolamine_ammonia-lyase" title="Ethanolamine ammonia-lyase">ethanolamine ammonia-lyase</a>, which produces ammonia:<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2NCH2CH2OH → NH3 + CH3CHO</dd></dl> Ammonia is both a <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_waste" title="Metabolic waste">metabolic waste</a> and a metabolic input throughout the <a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">biosphere</a>. It is an important source of nitrogen for living systems. Although atmospheric nitrogen abounds (more than 75%), few living creatures are capable of using atmospheric nitrogen in its <a href="/wiki/Diatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diatomic">diatomic</a> form, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2 gas. Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a> is required for the synthesis of amino acids, which are the building blocks of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. Some plants rely on ammonia and other nitrogenous wastes incorporated into the soil by decaying matter. Others, such as nitrogen-fixing <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, benefit from <a href="/wiki/Symbiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbiotic">symbiotic</a> relationships with <a href="/wiki/Rhizobia" title="Rhizobia">rhizobia</a> bacteria that create ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> In humans, inhaling ammonia in high concentrations can be fatal. Exposure to ammonia can cause <a href="/wiki/Headaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Headaches">headaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>, impaired memory, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> as it is <a href="/wiki/Neurotoxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxic">neurotoxic</a> in nature.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis">edit</a>]</div> In certain organisms, ammonia is produced from atmospheric nitrogen by <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> called <a href="/wiki/Nitrogenase" title="Nitrogenase">nitrogenases</a>. The overall process is called <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>. Intense effort has been directed toward understanding the mechanism of biological nitrogen fixation. The scientific interest in this problem is motivated by the unusual structure of the <a href="/wiki/Active_site" title="Active site">active site</a> of the enzyme, which consists of an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Fe7MoS9 ensemble.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> Ammonia is also a metabolic product of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> <a href="/wiki/Deamination" title="Deamination">deamination</a> catalyzed by enzymes such as <a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase_1#Function" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase 1">glutamate dehydrogenase 1</a>. Ammonia excretion is common in aquatic animals. In humans, it is quickly converted to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>), which is much less toxic, particularly less <a href="#Basicity">basic</a>. This urea is a major component of the dry weight of <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>. Most reptiles, birds, insects, and snails excrete <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a> solely as nitrogenous waste. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physiology">Physiology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Physiology">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia plays a role in both normal and abnormal animal <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesised</a> through normal amino acid metabolism and is toxic in high concentrations. The <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a> converts ammonia to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> through a series of reactions known as the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a>. Liver dysfunction, such as that seen in <a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">cirrhosis</a>, may lead to elevated amounts of ammonia in the blood (<a href="/wiki/Hyperammonemia" title="Hyperammonemia">hyperammonemia</a>). Likewise, defects in the enzymes responsible for the urea cycle, such as <a href="/wiki/Ornithine_transcarbamylase" title="Ornithine transcarbamylase">ornithine transcarbamylase</a>, lead to <a href="/wiki/Hyperammonemia" title="Hyperammonemia">hyperammonemia</a>. Hyperammonemia contributes to the confusion and <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> of <a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">hepatic encephalopathy</a>, as well as the neurological disease common in people with urea cycle defects and <a href="/wiki/Organic_aciduria" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic aciduria">organic acidurias</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> Ammonia is important for normal animal acid/base balance. After formation of ammonium from <a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/%CE%91-ketoglutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-ketoglutarate">α-ketoglutarate</a> may be degraded to produce two <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> ions, which are then available as buffers for dietary acids. Ammonium is excreted in the urine, resulting in net acid loss. Ammonia may itself diffuse across the <a href="/wiki/Nephron" title="Nephron">renal tubules</a>, combine with a hydrogen ion, and thus allow for further acid <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">excretion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excretion">Excretion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Excretion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a></div> Ammonium ions are a <a href="/wiki/Toxic" class="mw-redirect" title="Toxic">toxic</a> waste product of <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. In fish and aquatic invertebrates, it is excreted directly into the water. In mammals, sharks, and amphibians, it is converted in the <a href="/wiki/Urea_cycle" title="Urea cycle">urea cycle</a> to <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a>, which is less toxic and can be stored more efficiently. In birds, reptiles, and terrestrial snails, metabolic ammonium is converted into <a href="/wiki/Uric_acid" title="Uric acid">uric acid</a>, which is solid and can therefore be excreted with minimal water loss.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extraterrestrial_occurrence">Extraterrestrial occurrence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Extraterrestrial occurrence">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jupiter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/220px-Jupiter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/330px-Jupiter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Jupiter.jpg/440px-Jupiter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>Ammonia occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_body_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial body atmosphere">atmospheres</a> of the outer giant planets such as <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a> (0.026% ammonia), <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> (0.012% ammonia), and in the atmospheres and <a href="/wiki/Ice_giant" title="Ice giant">ices</a> of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ammonia has been detected in the atmospheres of the <a href="/wiki/Giant_planet" title="Giant planet">giant planets</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, along with other gases such as <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>. The interior of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a> may include frozen ammonia crystals.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> It is found on <a href="/wiki/Deimos_(moon)" title="Deimos (moon)">Deimos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phobos_(moon)" title="Phobos (moon)">Phobos</a>–the two <a href="/wiki/Moons_of_Mars" title="Moons of Mars">moons of Mars</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interstellar_space">Interstellar space</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Interstellar space">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia was first detected in interstellar space in 1968, based on <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> emissions from the direction of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">galactic core</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> This was the first <a href="/wiki/Polyatomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyatomic">polyatomic</a> molecule to be so detected. The sensitivity of the molecule to a broad range of excitations and the ease with which it can be observed in a number of regions has made ammonia one of the most important molecules for studies of <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud" title="Molecular cloud">molecular clouds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ho-1983-174">[174]</a> The relative intensity of the ammonia lines can be used to measure the temperature of the emitting medium. The following isotopic species of ammonia have been detected: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">15NH3, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH2<a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">D</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NHD2, and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ND3. The detection of triply <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterated</a> ammonia was considered a surprise as deuterium is relatively scarce. It is thought that the low-temperature conditions allow this molecule to survive and accumulate.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Since its interstellar discovery, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 has proved to be an invaluable spectroscopic tool in the study of the interstellar medium. With a large number of transitions sensitive to a wide range of excitation conditions, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 has been widely astronomically detected–its detection has been reported in hundreds of journal articles. Listed below is a sample of journal articles that highlights the range of detectors that have been used to identify ammonia. The study of interstellar ammonia has been important to a number of areas of research in the last few decades. Some of these are delineated below and primarily involve using ammonia as an interstellar thermometer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstellar_formation_mechanisms">Interstellar formation mechanisms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Interstellar formation mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> The interstellar abundance for ammonia has been measured for a variety of environments. The [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3]/[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2] ratio has been estimated to range from 10−7 in small dark clouds<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> up to 10−5 in the dense core of the <a href="/wiki/Orion_molecular_cloud_complex" title="Orion molecular cloud complex">Orion molecular cloud complex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> Although a total of 18 total production routes have been proposed,<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> the principal formation mechanism for interstellar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 is the reaction: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[NH4]+ + e− → NH3 + H</dd></dl> The rate constant, k, of this reaction depends on the temperature of the environment, with a value of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 5.2\times 10^{-6}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>5.2</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>6</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 5.2\times 10^{-6}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7589274d6876d4b1b31f51dfa3f166e2153b4713" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.47ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 5.2\times 10^{-6}}"> at 10 K.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> The rate constant was calculated from the formula ⁠<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle k=a(T/300)^{B}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>k</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>a</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>300</mn> <msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>B</mi> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle k=a(T/300)^{B}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0795eb6f35c2293f678ceb85f3541dfd2e5568d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.114ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle k=a(T/300)^{B}}">⁠. For the primary formation reaction, a = 1.05×10−6 and B = −0.47. Assuming an <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH+4 abundance of <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 3\times 10^{-7}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>3</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>7</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 3\times 10^{-7}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/34b3bf5cffa431fe84d99317a7c9b8ee3eefaa5d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.661ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 3\times 10^{-7}}">and an electron abundance of 10−7 typical of molecular clouds, the formation will proceed at a rate of 1.6×10−9 cm−3s−1 in a molecular cloud of total density 105 cm−3.<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> All other proposed formation reactions have rate constants of between two and 13 orders of magnitude smaller, making their contribution to the abundance of ammonia relatively insignificant.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> As an example of the minor contribution other formation reactions play, the reaction: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 + NH2 → NH3 + H</dd></dl> has a rate constant of 2.2×10−15. Assuming <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2 densities of 105 and [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH2]/[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2] ratio of 10−7, this reaction proceeds at a rate of 2.2×10−12, more than three orders of magnitude slower than the primary reaction above. Some of the other possible formation reactions are: <dl><dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H− + [NH4]+ → NH3 + H2</dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[PNH3]+ + e− → P + NH3</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interstellar_destruction_mechanisms">Interstellar destruction mechanisms</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Interstellar destruction mechanisms">edit</a>]</div> There are 113 total proposed reactions leading to the destruction of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3. Of these, 39 were tabulated in extensive tables of the chemistry among C, N and O compounds.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> A review of interstellar ammonia cites the following reactions as the principal dissociation mechanisms:<a href="#cite_note-Ho-1983-174">[174]</a> <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 + [H3]+ → [NH4]+ + H2</td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(1)</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" style="border-collapse:collapse; margin:0 0 0 1.6em; border:none;"><tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 + HCO+ → [NH4]+ + CO</td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; width:99%; border:none; padding:0;"></td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; border:none; padding:0;" class="nowrap">(2)</td></tr></tbody></table> with rate constants of 4.39×10−9<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> and 2.2×10−9,<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> respectively. The above equations (<a href="#math_1">1</a>, <a href="#math_2">2</a>) run at a rate of 8.8×10−9 and 4.4×10−13, respectively. These calculations assumed the given rate constants and abundances of [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3]/[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2] = 10−5, [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[H3]+]/[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2] = 2×10−5, [<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HCO+]/[<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2] = 2×10−9, and total densities of n = 105, typical of cold, dense, molecular clouds.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> Clearly, between these two primary reactions, equation (<a href="#math_1">1</a>) is the dominant destruction reaction, with a rate ≈10,000 times faster than equation (<a href="#math_2">2</a>). This is due to the relatively high abundance of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">[H3]+. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Single_antenna_detections">Single antenna detections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Single antenna detections">edit</a>]</div> Radio observations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 from the <a href="/wiki/Effelsberg_100-m_Radio_Telescope" title="Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope">Effelsberg 100-m Radio Telescope</a> reveal that the ammonia line is separated into two components–a background ridge and an unresolved core. The background corresponds well with the locations previously detected CO.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The 25 m <a href="/wiki/Chilbolton_Observatory" title="Chilbolton Observatory">Chilbolton telescope</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> detected radio signatures of ammonia in <a href="/wiki/H_II_region" title="H II region">H II regions</a>, HNH2O <a href="/wiki/Maser" title="Maser">masers</a>, H–H objects, and other objects associated with star formation. A comparison of emission line widths indicates that turbulent or systematic velocities do not increase in the central cores of molecular clouds.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Microwave radiation from ammonia was observed in several galactic objects including W3(OH), <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westerhout_43" title="Westerhout 43">W43</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerhout_51&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerhout 51 (page does not exist)">W51</a>, and five sources in the galactic centre. The high detection rate indicates that this is a common molecule in the interstellar medium and that high-density regions are common in the galaxy.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interferometric_studies">Interferometric studies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Interferometric studies">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Array" title="Very Large Array">VLA</a> observations of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 in seven regions with high-velocity gaseous outflows revealed condensations of less than 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> in L1551, S140, and <a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus A</a>. Three individual condensations were detected in Cepheus A, one of them with a highly elongated shape. They may play an important role in creating the bipolar outflow in the region.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Extragalactic ammonia was imaged using the VLA in <a href="/wiki/IC_342" title="IC 342">IC 342</a>. The hot gas has temperatures above 70 K, which was inferred from ammonia line ratios and appears to be closely associated with the innermost portions of the nuclear bar seen in CO.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 was also monitored by VLA toward a sample of four galactic ultracompact HII regions: G9.62+0.19, G10.47+0.03, G29.96-0.02, and G31.41+0.31. Based upon temperature and density diagnostics, it is concluded that in general such clumps are probably the sites of massive star formation in an early evolutionary phase prior to the development of an ultracompact HII region.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Infrared_detections">Infrared detections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Infrared detections">edit</a>]</div> Absorption at 2.97 micrometres due to solid ammonia was recorded from interstellar grains in the <a href="/wiki/Becklin%E2%80%93Neugebauer_Object" title="Becklin–Neugebauer Object">Becklin–Neugebauer Object</a> and probably in NGC 2264-IR as well. This detection helped explain the physical shape of previously poorly understood and related ice absorption lines.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> A spectrum of the disk of Jupiter was obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Airborne_Observatory" title="Kuiper Airborne Observatory">Kuiper Airborne Observatory</a>, covering the 100 to 300 cm−1 spectral range. Analysis of the spectrum provides information on global mean properties of ammonia gas and an ammonia ice haze.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> A total of 149 dark cloud positions were surveyed for evidence of 'dense cores' by using the (J,K) = (1,1) rotating inversion line of NH3. In general, the cores are not spherically shaped, with aspect ratios ranging from 1.1 to 4.4. It is also found that cores with stars have broader lines than cores without stars.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> Ammonia has been detected in the <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco Nebula</a> and in one or possibly two molecular clouds, which are associated with the high-latitude galactic <a href="/wiki/Infrared_cirrus" title="Infrared cirrus">infrared cirrus</a>. The finding is significant because they may represent the birthplaces for the Population I metallicity B-type stars in the galactic halo that could have been borne in the galactic disk.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Observations_of_nearby_dark_clouds">Observations of nearby dark clouds</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Observations of nearby dark clouds">edit</a>]</div> By balancing and stimulated emission with spontaneous emission, it is possible to construct a relation between <a href="/wiki/Excitation_temperature" title="Excitation temperature">excitation temperature</a> and density. Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperatures, this calculation is fairly simple. This premise can be applied to dark clouds, regions suspected of having extremely low temperatures and possible sites for future star formation. Detections of ammonia in dark clouds show very narrow lines – indicative not only of low temperatures, but also of a low level of inner-cloud turbulence. Line ratio calculations provide a measurement of cloud temperature that is independent of previous CO observations. The ammonia observations were consistent with CO measurements of rotation temperatures of ≈10 K. With this, densities can be determined, and have been calculated to range between 104 and 105 cm−3 in dark clouds. Mapping of <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3 gives typical clouds sizes of 0.1 <a href="/wiki/Parsec" title="Parsec">pc</a> and masses near 1 solar mass. These cold, dense cores are the sites of future star formation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UC_HII_regions">UC HII regions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: UC HII regions">edit</a>]</div> Ultra-compact HII regions are among the best tracers of high-mass star formation. The dense material surrounding UCHII regions is likely primarily molecular. Since a complete study of massive star formation necessarily involves the cloud from which the star formed, ammonia is an invaluable tool in understanding this surrounding molecular material. Since this molecular material can be spatially resolved, it is possible to constrain the heating/ionising sources, temperatures, masses, and sizes of the regions. Doppler-shifted velocity components allow for the separation of distinct regions of molecular gas that can trace outflows and hot cores originating from forming stars. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Extragalactic_detection">Extragalactic detection</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Extragalactic detection">edit</a>]</div> Ammonia has been detected in external galaxies,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> and by simultaneously measuring several lines, it is possible to directly measure the gas temperature in these galaxies. Line ratios imply that gas temperatures are warm (≈50 K), originating from dense clouds with sizes of tens of parsecs. This picture is consistent with the picture within our <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> galaxy – hot dense molecular cores form around newly forming stars embedded in larger clouds of molecular material on the scale of several hundred parsecs (giant molecular clouds; GMCs). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_(data_page)" title="Ammonia (data page)">Ammonia (data page)</a> – Chemical data page</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_fountain" title="Ammonia fountain">Ammonia fountain</a> – Type of chemical demonstration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_production" title="Ammonia production">Ammonia production</a> – Overview of history and methods to produce NH3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonia_solution" title="Ammonia solution">Ammonia solution</a> – Chemical compound</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost_of_electricity_by_source" title="Cost of electricity by source">Cost of electricity by source</a> – Comparison of costs of different electricity generation sources</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_gas" title="Forming gas">Forming gas</a> – Mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haber_process" title="Haber process">Haber process</a> – Industrial process for ammonia production</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">Hydrazine</a> – Colorless flammable liquid with an ammonia-like odor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a> – Process of removing impurities from water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf">"Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry IUPAC Recommendations 2005"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://iupac.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/Red_Book_2005.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Inorganic+Chemistry+IUPAC+Recommendations+2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiupac.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F07%2FRed_Book_2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/gas-density-d_158.html">"Gases – Densities"</a>. 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PubChem.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PubChem&rft.atitle=Ammonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsource%2Fhsdb%2F162%23section%3DFlammable-Limits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobayashi-2019-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Kobayashi-2019_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobayashiHayakawaSomarathneOkafor2019" class="citation journal cs1">Kobayashi, Hideaki; Hayakawa, Akihiro; Somarathne, K.D. Kunkuma A.; Okafor, Ekenechukwu C. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proci.2018.09.029">"Science and technology of ammonia combustion"</a>. Proceedings of the Combustion Institute. 37 (1): 109–133. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PComI..37..109K">2019PComI..37..109K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.proci.2018.09.029">10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Combustion+Institute&rft.atitle=Science+and+technology+of+ammonia+combustion&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=109-133&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.proci.2018.09.029&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019PComI..37..109K&rft.aulast=Kobayashi&rft.aufirst=Hideaki&rft.au=Hayakawa%2C+Akihiro&rft.au=Somarathne%2C+K.D.+Kunkuma+A.&rft.au=Okafor%2C+Ekenechukwu+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.proci.2018.09.029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhanKelleyChapmanFenton1995" class="citation book cs1">Khan, A.S.; Kelley, R.D.; Chapman, K.S.; Fenton, D.L. (1995). Flammability limits of ammonia–air mixtures. U.S.: U.S. DOE Office of Scientific and Technical Information. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/215703">215703</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flammability+limits+of+ammonia%E2%80%93air+mixtures&rft.place=U.S.&rft.pub=U.S.+DOE+Office+of+Scientific+and+Technical+Information&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F215703%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=A.S.&rft.au=Kelley%2C+R.D.&rft.au=Chapman%2C+K.S.&rft.au=Fenton%2C+D.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShresthaSeidelZeuchMauss2018" class="citation journal cs1">Shrestha, Krishna P.; Seidel, Lars; Zeuch, Thomas; Mauss, Fabian (7 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02629067/file/Shrestha_Ammonia_NOx_2018.pdf">"Detailed kinetic mechanism for the oxidation of ammonia including the formation and reduction of nitrogen oxides"</a> (PDF). Energy & Fuels. 32 (10): 10202–10217. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.energyfuels.8b01056">10.1021/acs.energyfuels.8b01056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0887-0624">0887-0624</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:103854263">103854263</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02629067/file/Shrestha_Ammonia_NOx_2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Energy+%26+Fuels&rft.atitle=Detailed+kinetic+mechanism+for+the+oxidation+of+ammonia+including+the+formation+and+reduction+of+nitrogen+oxides&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=10202-10217&rft.date=2018-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A103854263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0887-0624&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.energyfuels.8b01056&rft.aulast=Shrestha&rft.aufirst=Krishna+P.&rft.au=Seidel%2C+Lars&rft.au=Zeuch%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Mauss%2C+Fabian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhal.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhal-02629067%2Ffile%2FShrestha_Ammonia_NOx_2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolleman,_A._F.Wiberg,_E.2001" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. (2001). Inorganic Chemistry. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rft.au=Holleman%2C+A.+F.&rft.au=Wiberg%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSterrett,_K._F.Caron,_A._P.1966" class="citation news cs1">Sterrett, K. F.; Caron, A. P. (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823130932/http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0373800">"High pressure chemistry of hydrogenous fuels"</a>. Northrop Space Labs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=AD0373800">the original</a> on 23 August 2011. Retrieved 24 December 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High+pressure+chemistry+of+hydrogenous+fuels&rft.date=1966&rft.au=Sterrett%2C+K.+F.&rft.au=Caron%2C+A.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foai.dtic.mil%2Foai%2Foai%3Fverb%3DgetRecord%26metadataPrefix%3Dhtml%26identifier%3DAD0373800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911863-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911863_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911863_46-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>, p. 863. </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> (OSHA) Source: Sax, N. Irving (1984) Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th Ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-442-28304-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-442-28304-0">0-442-28304-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hurtado-2014-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Hurtado-2014_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurtadoLowe2014" class="citation journal cs1">Hurtado, J. L. Martinez; Lowe, C. R. (2014). "Ammonia-Sensitive Photonic Structures Fabricated in Nafion Membranes by Laser Ablation". ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces. 6 (11): 8903–8908. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fam5016588">10.1021/am5016588</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-8244">1944-8244</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24803236">24803236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ACS+Applied+Materials+%26+Interfaces&rft.atitle=Ammonia-Sensitive+Photonic+Structures+Fabricated+in+Nafion+Membranes+by+Laser+Ablation&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=8903-8908&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=1944-8244&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24803236&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fam5016588&rft.aulast=Hurtado&rft.aufirst=J.+L.+Martinez&rft.au=Lowe%2C+C.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollemanWibergWibergEagleson2001" class="citation book cs1">Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Eagleson, Mary; Brewer, William; Aylett, Bernhard J., eds. (2001). Holleman-Wiberg inorganic chemistry. San Diego, Calif. London: Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-352651-9"><bdi>978-0-12-352651-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holleman-Wiberg+inorganic+chemistry&rft.place=San+Diego%2C+Calif.+London&rft.pub=Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-12-352651-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol.2, Book 4, § 181, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004090527;view=1up;seq=330">pp. 304–305.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> The land of the Ammonians is mentioned elsewhere in Herodotus' History and in <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias'</a> Description of Greece: <ul><li>Herodotus with George Rawlinson, trans., The History of Herodotus (New York, New York: Tandy-Thomas Co., 1909), vol. 1, Book 2, § 42, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x000278335;view=1up;seq=277">p. 245</a>, vol. 2, Book 3, § 25, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004090527;view=1up;seq=83">p. 73</a>, and vol. 2, Book 3, § 26, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uva.x004090527;view=1up;seq=84">p. 74.</a></li> <li>Pausanias with W.H.S. Jones, trans., Description of Greece (London, England: William Heinemann Ltd., 1979), vol. 2, Book 3, Ch. 18, § 3, pp. 109 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028936014;view=1up;seq=125">111</a> and vol. 4, Book 9, Ch. 16, § 1, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015028936030;view=1up;seq=251">p. 239.</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederche03unse#page/236/mode/2up">p. 237.</a> [in German] </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a> cites Pliny Nat. Hist. xxxi. 39. See: Pliny the Elder with John Bostock and H. T. Riley, ed.s, The Natural History (London, England: H. G. Bohn, 1857), vol. 5, Book 31, § 39, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020434133;view=1up;seq=528">p. 502.</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Webmineral-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Webmineral_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webmineral.com/data/Sal-ammoniac.shtml">"Sal-ammoniac"</a>. Webmineral. Retrieved 7 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sal-ammoniac&rft.pub=Webmineral&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebmineral.com%2Fdata%2FSal-ammoniac.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Pliny also mentioned that when some samples of what was purported to be <a href="/wiki/Natron" title="Natron">natron</a> (Latin: nitrum, impure sodium carbonate) were treated with lime (calcium carbonate) and water, the natron would emit a pungent smell, which some authors have interpreted as signifying that the natron either was ammonium chloride or was contaminated with it. See: <ul><li>Pliny with W.H.S. Jones, trans., Natural History (London, England: William Heinemann Ltd., 1963), vol. 8, Book 31, § 46, pp. 448–449. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory08plinuoft#page/448/mode/2up">From pp. 448–449:</a> "Adulteratur in Aegypto calce, deprehenditur gusto. Sincerum enim statim resolvitur, adulteratum calce pungit et asperum [or aspersum] reddit odorem vehementer." (In Egypt it [i.e., natron] is adulterated with lime, which is detected by taste; for pure natron melts at once, but adulterated natron stings because of the lime, and emits a strong, bitter odour [or: when sprinkled [(aspersum) with water] emits a vehement odour])</li> <li>Kidd, John, Outlines of Mineralogy (Oxford, England: N. Bliss, 1809), vol. 2, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mCU4AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA6">p. 6.</a></li> <li>Moore, Nathaniel Fish, Ancient Mineralogy: Or, An Inquiry Respecting Mineral Substances Mentioned by the Ancients: ... (New York, New York: G. & C. Carvill & Co., 1834), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ancientmineralo01moorgoog/page/n103">pp. 96–97.</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> See: <ul><li>Forbes, R.J., Studies in Ancient Technology, vol. 5, 2nd ed. (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1966), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA19">19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA48">48</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zqg3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA65">65</a>.</li> <li>Moeller, Walter O., The Wool Trade of Ancient Pompeii (Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g7wUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA20">p. 20.</a></li> <li>Faber, G.A. (pseudonym of: Goldschmidt, Günther) (May 1938) "Dyeing and tanning in classical antiquity," Ciba Review, 9 : 277–312. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elizabethancostume.net/cibas/ciba9.html">Elizabethan Costume</a></li> <li>Smith, William, A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (London, England: John Murray, 1875), article: "Fullo" (i.e., fullers or launderers), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.hneuvp;view=1up;seq=570">pp. 551–553.</a></li> <li>Rousset, Henri (31 March 1917) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WB4uWYU5V20C&pg=PA197">"The laundries of the Ancients,"</a> Scientific American Supplement, 83 (2152) : 197.</li> <li>Bond, Sarah E., Trade and Taboo: Disreputable Professions in the Roman Mediterranean (Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HIxfDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA112">p. 112.</a></li> <li>Binz, Arthur (1936) "Altes und Neues über die technische Verwendung des Harnes" (Ancient and modern [information] about the technological use of urine), Zeitschrift für Angewandte Chemie, 49 (23) : 355–360. [in German]</li> <li>Witty, Michael (December 2016) "Ancient Roman urine chemistry," Acta Archaeologica, 87 (1) : 179–191. Witty speculates that the Romans obtained ammonia in concentrated form by adding wood ash (impure <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a>) to urine that had been fermented for several hours. <a href="/wiki/Struvite" title="Struvite">Struvite</a> (magnesium ammonium phosphate) is thereby precipitated, and the yield of struvite can be increased by then treating the solution with <a href="/wiki/Bittern_(salt)" title="Bittern (salt)">bittern</a>, a magnesium-rich solution that is a byproduct of making salt from sea water. Roasting struvite releases ammonia vapours.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenkeit2018" class="citation book cs1">Lenkeit, Roberta Edwards (23 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sapxDwAAQBAJ&dq=Teeth+whitening+ancient+Rome&pg=PA72">High Heels and Bound Feet: And Other Essays on Everyday Anthropology, Second Edition</a>. Waveland Press. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-3841-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4786-3841-4"><bdi>978-1-4786-3841-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Heels+and+Bound+Feet%3A+And+Other+Essays+on+Everyday+Anthropology%2C+Second+Edition&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2018-10-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4786-3841-4&rft.aulast=Lenkeit&rft.aufirst=Roberta+Edwards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsapxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTeeth%2Bwhitening%2Bancient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerdigão2016" class="citation book cs1">Perdigão, Jorge (3 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lB3KDAAAQBAJ&dq=Teeth+whitening+ancient+Rome&pg=PA170">Tooth Whitening: An Evidence-Based Perspective</a>. Springer. p. 170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-38849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-38849-6"><bdi>978-3-319-38849-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tooth+Whitening%3A+An+Evidence-Based+Perspective&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft.isbn=978-3-319-38849-6&rft.aulast=Perdig%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlB3KDAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTeeth%2Bwhitening%2Bancient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonitzLopezBeckerThomsen2014" class="citation book cs1">Bonitz, Michael; Lopez, Jose; Becker, Kurt; Thomsen, Hauke (9 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EzW8BAAAQBAJ&dq=Teeth+whitening+ancient+Rome&pg=PA465">Complex Plasmas: Scientific Challenges and Technological Opportunities</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 465. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05437-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-05437-7"><bdi>978-3-319-05437-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Complex+Plasmas%3A+Scientific+Challenges+and+Technological+Opportunities&rft.pages=465&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2014-04-09&rft.isbn=978-3-319-05437-7&rft.aulast=Bonitz&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Jose&rft.au=Becker%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Thomsen%2C+Hauke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEzW8BAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DTeeth%2Bwhitening%2Bancient%2BRome%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haq-1995-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Haq-1995_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaq1995" class="citation book cs1">Haq, Syed Nomanul (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P-70YjP0nj8C">Names, Natures and Things: The Alchemist Jabir Ibn Hayyan and His Kitab Al-Ahjar (Book of Stones)</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3254-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-3254-1"><bdi>978-0-7923-3254-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Names%2C+Natures+and+Things%3A+The+Alchemist+Jabir+Ibn+Hayyan+and+His+Kitab+Al-Ahjar+%28Book+of+Stones%29&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-3254-1&rft.aulast=Haq&rft.aufirst=Syed+Nomanul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP-70YjP0nj8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Spiritus salis urinæ (spirit of the salt of urine, i.e., ammonium carbonate) had apparently been produced before Valentinus, although he presented a new, simpler method for preparing it in his book: Valentinus, Basilius, Vier Tractätlein Fr. Basilii Valentini ... [Four essays of Brother Basil Valentine ... ] (Frankfurt am Main, (Germany): Luca Jennis, 1625), "Supplementum oder Zugabe" (Supplement or appendix), pp. 80–81: "Der Weg zum Universal, damit die drei Stein zusammen kommen." (The path to the Universal, so that the three stones come together.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UlhcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA81">From p. 81:</a> "Der Spiritus salis Urinæ nimbt langes wesen zubereiten / dieser proceß aber ist waß leichter unnd näher auß dem Salz von Armenia, ... Nun nimb sauberen schönen Armenischen Salz armoniac ohn alles sublimiren / thue ihn in ein Kolben / giesse ein Oleum Tartari drauff / daß es wie ein Muß oder Brey werde / vermachs baldt / dafür thu auch ein grosen vorlag / so lege sich als baldt der Spiritus Salis Urinæ im Helm an Crystallisch ... " (Spirit of the salt of urine [i.e., ammonium carbonate] requires a long method [i.e., procedure] to prepare; this [i.e., Valentine's] process [starting] from the salt from Armenia [i.e., ammonium chloride], however, is somewhat easier and shorter ... Now take clean nice Armenian salt, without sublimating all [of it]; put it in a [distillation] flask; pour oil of tartar [i.e., potassium carbonate that has dissolved only in the water that it has absorbed from the air] on it, [so] that it [i.e., the mixture] becomes like a mush or paste; assemble it [i.e., the distilling apparatus (<a href="/wiki/Alembic" title="Alembic">alembic</a>)] quickly; for that [purpose] connect a large receiving flask; then soon spirit of the salt of urine deposits as crystals in the "helmet" [i.e., the outlet for the vapours, which is atop the distillation flask] ...) See also: Kopp, Hermann, Geschichte der Chemie [History of Chemistry] (Braunschweig, (Germany): Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1845), Part 3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/geschichtederche03unse#page/243/mode/2up">p. 243.</a> [in German] </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaurice_P._Crosland2004" class="citation book cs1">Maurice P. Crosland (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwQQaltqByAC&pg=PA72">Historical Studies in the Language of Chemistry</a>. Courier Dover Publications. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43802-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43802-3"><bdi>978-0-486-43802-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Language+of+Chemistry&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-486-43802-3&rft.au=Maurice+P.+Crosland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwQQaltqByAC%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1893" class="citation book cs1">Black, Joseph (1893) [1755]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b21730738">Experiments upon magnesia alba, quick-lime, and other alcaline substances</a>. Edinburgh: W.F. Clay.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+upon+magnesia+alba%2C+quick-lime%2C+and+other+alcaline+substances&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=W.F.+Clay&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb21730738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Mark Z. (23 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UeGlmU2F8_8C&pg=PA14">Air Pollution and Global Warming: History, Science, and Solutions</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781107691155" title="Special:BookSources/9781107691155"><bdi>9781107691155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Pollution+and+Global+Warming%3A+History%2C+Science%2C+and+Solutions&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft.isbn=9781107691155&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUeGlmU2F8_8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemistryworld.com/opinion/woulfes-bottle/2500114.article">"Woulfe's bottle"</a>. Chemistry World. Retrieved 1 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+World&rft.atitle=Woulfe%27s+bottle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemistryworld.com%2Fopinion%2Fwoulfes-bottle%2F2500114.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoulfe1767" class="citation journal cs1">Woulfe, Peter (1 January 1767). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1432252">"Experiments on the Distillation of Acids, Volatile Alkalies, &c. Shewing How They May be Condensed without Loss, and How Thereby We May Avoid Disagreeable and Noxious Fumes: In a Letter from Mr. Peter Woulfe, F. R. S. to John Ellis, Esq; F. R. S."</a> Philosophical Transactions. 57: 517–536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1767RSPT...57..517W">1767RSPT...57..517W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0052">10.1098/rstl.1767.0052</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-0523">0261-0523</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions&rft.atitle=Experiments+on+the+Distillation+of+Acids%2C+Volatile+Alkalies%2C+%26c.+Shewing+How+They+May+be+Condensed+without+Loss%2C+and+How+Thereby+We+May+Avoid+Disagreeable+and+Noxious+Fumes%3A+In+a+Letter+from+Mr.+Peter+Woulfe%2C+F.+R.+S.+to+John+Ellis%2C+Esq%3B+F.+R.+S.&rft.volume=57&rft.pages=517-536&rft.date=1767-01-01&rft.issn=0261-0523&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1767.0052&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1767RSPT...57..517W&rft.aulast=Woulfe&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1432252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUrdang1942" class="citation book cs1">Urdang, George (1942). Pictorial life history of the apothecary chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. American Institute of the History of Pharmacy. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1811%2F28946%2FPictorial%2520Life%2520History_Scheele.pdf">1811/28946/Pictorial%20Life%20History_Scheele.pdf</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pictorial+life+history+of+the+apothecary+chemist+Carl+Wilhelm+Scheele&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+the+History+of+Pharmacy&rft.date=1942&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1811%2F28946%2FPictorial%2520Life%2520History_Scheele.pdf&rft.aulast=Urdang&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> See: <ul><li>Priestley, Joseph (1773) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/observationsetm02pari#page/388/mode/2up">"Extrait d'une lettre de M. Priestley, en date du 14 Octobre 1773"</a> (Extract of a letter from Mr. Priestley, dated 14 October 1773), Observations sur la Physique ..., 2 : 389.</li> <li>Priestley, Joseph, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, vol. 1, 2nd ed. (London, England: 1775), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/experimentsobser01prie#page/162/mode/2up">Part 2, § 1: Observations on Alkaline Air, pp. 163–177.</a></li> <li>Schofield, Robert E., The Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804 (University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qL9K2e4KIvsC&pg=PA94">pp. 93–94.</a></li> <li>By 1775, Priestley had observed that electricity could decompose ammonia ("alkaline air"), yielding a flammable gas (hydrogen). See: Priestley, Joseph, Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air, vol. 2 (London, England: J. Johnson, 1775), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b30532401_0001/page/239">pp. 239–240.</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Berthollet (1785) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k35847/f490.item.zoom">"Analyse de l'alkali volatil"</a> (Analysis of volatile alkali), Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, 316–326. </li> <li id="cite_note-Max_Appl-2006-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Max_Appl-2006_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Max_Appl-2006_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMax_Appl2006" class="citation book cs1">Max Appl (2006). "Ammonia". Ammonia, in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2">10.1002/14356007.a02_143.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3527306732" title="Special:BookSources/978-3527306732"><bdi>978-3527306732</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonia&rft.btitle=Ammonia%2C+in+Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14356007.a02_143.pub2&rft.isbn=978-3527306732&rft.au=Max+Appl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2001-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2001_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Roland2001" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Roland (2001). Conquering Chemistry. Sydney: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-470146-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-470146-1"><bdi>978-0-07-470146-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquering+Chemistry&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-07-470146-1&rft.au=Smith%2C+Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USGS-2020-72"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS-2020_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020.pdf">"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2020, p. 117 – Nitrogen"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/USGS" class="mw-redirect" title="USGS">USGS</a>. 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://pubs.usgs.gov/periodicals/mcs2020/mcs2020.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+2020%2C+p.+117+%E2%80%93+Nitrogen&rft.pub=USGS&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2020%2Fmcs2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLassalettaBillenGrizzettiAnglade2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lassaletta, Luis; Billen, Gilles; Grizzetti, Bruna; Anglade, Juliette; Garnier, Josette (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2F9%2F10%2F105011">"50-year trends in nitrogen use efficiency of world cropping systems: the relationship between yield and nitrogen input to cropland"</a>. 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Enriching the Earth: Fritz Haber, Carl Bosch, and the Transformation of World Food Production (1st ed.). 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Vademecum Metabolism. Schattauer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3794523856" title="Special:BookSources/978-3794523856"><bdi>978-3794523856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vademecum+Metabolism&rft.pub=Schattauer+Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-3794523856&rft.au=Zschocke%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Hoffman%2C+Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRose,_BurtonHelmut_Rennke1994" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Burton; Helmut Rennke (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renalpathophysio0000rose">Renal Pathophysiology</a>. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-07354-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-07354-6"><bdi>978-0-683-07354-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renal+Pathophysiology&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-683-07354-6&rft.au=Rose%2C+Burton&rft.au=Helmut+Rennke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenalpathophysio0000rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbellJane_B._Reece2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neil_Campbell_(scientist)" title="Neil Campbell (scientist)">Campbell, Neil A.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jane_Reece" title="Jane Reece">Jane B. 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San Francisco: Pearson Education, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/biologyc00camp/page/937">937–938</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-6624-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8053-6624-2"><bdi>978-0-8053-6624-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=44&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=937-938&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Pearson+Education%2C+Inc&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8053-6624-2&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft.au=Jane+B.+Reece&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbiologyc00camp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Edited by Kirk Munsell. Image page credit Lunar and Planetary Institute. NASA. 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Astrophysical Journal. 260: 141. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982ApJ...260..141K">1982ApJ...260..141K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F160241">10.1086/160241</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal&rft.atitle=Observation+of+interstellar+ammonia+ice&rft.volume=260&rft.pages=141&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F160241&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982ApJ...260..141K&rft.au=Knacke%2C+R.+F.&rft.au=McCorkle%2C+S.&rft.au=Puetter%2C+R.+C.&rft.au=Erickson%2C+E.+F.&rft.au=Kraetschmer%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F160241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrton,_G._S.Aumann,_H._H.Martonchik,_J._V.Appleby,_J._F.1982" class="citation journal cs1">Orton, G. S.; Aumann, H. H.; Martonchik, J. V.; Appleby, J. F. (1982). "Airborne spectroscopy of Jupiter in the 100- to 300-cm−1 region: Global properties of ammonia gas and ice haze". Icarus. 52 (1): 81. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1982Icar...52...81O">1982Icar...52...81O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0019-1035%2882%2990170-1">10.1016/0019-1035(82)90170-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Icarus&rft.atitle=Airborne+spectroscopy+of+Jupiter+in+the+100-+to+300-cm%3Csup%3E%E2%88%921%3C%2Fsup%3E+region%3A+Global+properties+of+ammonia+gas+and+ice+haze&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0019-1035%2882%2990170-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1982Icar...52...81O&rft.au=Orton%2C+G.+S.&rft.au=Aumann%2C+H.+H.&rft.au=Martonchik%2C+J.+V.&rft.au=Appleby%2C+J.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson,_P._J.Myers,_P.1989" class="citation journal cs1">Benson, P. J.; Myers, P. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191365">"A survey for dense cores in dark clouds"</a>. Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series. 71: 89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989ApJS...71...89B">1989ApJS...71...89B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F191365">10.1086/191365</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astrophysical+Journal+Supplement+Series&rft.atitle=A+survey+for+dense+cores+in+dark+clouds&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=89&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F191365&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989ApJS...71...89B&rft.au=Benson%2C+P.+J.&rft.au=Myers%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F191365&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMebold,_U.Heithausen,_A.Reif,_K.1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mebold, U.; Heithausen, A.; Reif, K. (1987). "Ammonia in the galactic halo and the infrared cirrus". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 180: 213. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987A&A...180..213M">1987A&A...180..213M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Ammonia+in+the+galactic+halo+and+the+infrared+cirrus&rft.volume=180&rft.pages=213&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987A%26A...180..213M&rft.au=Mebold%2C+U.&rft.au=Heithausen%2C+A.&rft.au=Reif%2C+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinHo1979" class="citation journal cs1">Martin, R. N.; Ho, P. T. P. (1979). "Detection of extragalactic ammonia". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 74 (1): L7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979A&A....74L...7M">1979A&A....74L...7M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Astronomy+and+Astrophysics&rft.atitle=Detection+of+extragalactic+ammonia&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=L7&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1979A%26A....74L...7M&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=R.+N.&rft.au=Ho%2C+P.+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTakanoNakaiKawaguchi2002" class="citation journal cs1">Takano, S.; Nakai, N.; Kawaguchi, K. (1 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2F54.2.195">"Observations of Ammonia in External Galaxies I. NGC 253 and M 82"</a>. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan. 54 (2): 195–207. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PASJ...54..195T">2002PASJ...54..195T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpasj%2F54.2.195">10.1093/pasj/54.2.195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Astronomical+Society+of+Japan&rft.atitle=Observations+of+Ammonia+in+External+Galaxies+I.+NGC+253+and+M+82&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=195-207&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpasj%2F54.2.195&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PASJ...54..195T&rft.aulast=Takano&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Nakai%2C+N.&rft.au=Kawaguchi%2C+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpasj%252F54.2.195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Works cited">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101119084300/http://airgasspecialtyproducts.com/Libraries/Aqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual/Physical_Properties.sflb.ashx">"Aqua Ammonia"</a>. airgasspecialtyproducts.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airgasspecialtyproducts.com/Libraries/Aqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual/Physical_Properties.sflb.ashx">the original</a> on 19 November 2010. Retrieved 28 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Aqua+Ammonia&rft.pub=airgasspecialtyproducts.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airgasspecialtyproducts.com%2FLibraries%2FAqua_Ammonia_Technical_Data_Manual%2FPhysical_Properties.sflb.ashx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Ammonia" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Ammonia">Ammonia</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 861–863.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ammonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=861-863&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2013" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Jim (April 2013) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemguide.co.uk/physical/equilibria/haber.html">"The Haber Process"</a>. Retrieved 15 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Haber+Process&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchemguide.co.uk%2Fphysical%2Fequilibria%2Fhaber.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBretherick,_L.1986" class="citation book cs1">Bretherick, L., ed. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hazardsinchemica0004unse">Hazards in the Chemical Laboratory</a> (4th ed.). London: Royal Society of Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85186-489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85186-489-1"><bdi>978-0-85186-489-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16985764">16985764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hazards+in+the+Chemical+Laboratory&rft.place=London&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16985764&rft.isbn=978-0-85186-489-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhazardsinchemica0004unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwoodEarnshaw1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_Greenwood" title="Norman Greenwood">Greenwood, Norman N.</a>; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Butterworth-Heinemann" title="Butterworth-Heinemann">Butterworth-Heinemann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N.&rft.au=Earnshaw%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousecroftSharpe2000" class="citation book cs1">Housecroft, C. E.; Sharpe, A. G. (2000). Inorganic Chemistry (1st ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31080-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-31080-3"><bdi>978-0-582-31080-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-582-31080-3&rft.aulast=Housecroft&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft.au=Sharpe%2C+A.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeast,_R._C.1972" class="citation book cs1">Weast, R. C., ed. (1972). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (53rd ed.). Cleveland, OH: Chemical Rubber Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+OH&rft.edition=53rd&rft.pub=Chemical+Rubber+Co.&rft.date=1972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ammonia&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ammonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ammonia">Ammonia</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0414.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0414</a> (anhydrous ammonia), ilo.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inchem.org/documents/icsc/icsc/eics0215.htm">International Chemical Safety Card 0215</a> (aqueous solutions), ilo.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/222">CID 222</a> from <a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101211115518/http://www.inrs.fr/fichetox/ft16.html">"Ammoniac et solutions aqueuses"</a> (in French). Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inrs.fr/fichetox/ft16.html">the original</a> on 11 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ammoniac+et+solutions+aqueuses&rft.pub=Institut+National+de+Recherche+et+de+S%C3%A9curit%C3%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inrs.fr%2Ffichetox%2Fft16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAmmonia" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ammoniaspills.org/">Emergency Response to Ammonia Fertiliser Releases (Spills)</a> for the Minnesota Department of Agriculture.ammoniaspills.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/ammonia">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health–Ammonia Page</a>, cdc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npg/npgd0028.html">NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards–Ammonia</a>, cdc.gov</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030194722/http://www.mozalearn.com/Extra-Videos-Ammonia_NH3-210353">Ammonia, video</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitrogen_species" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Template talk:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen_compounds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrogen compounds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitrogen_species" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> species</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">NH+4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_amides#Alkali_metal_amides" title="Metal amides">NH−2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">N3−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">NH2OH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N2H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">N−3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH5</a> (?)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">NR3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imine" title="Imine">>C=NR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amide" title="Amide">−CONR2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrile" title="Nitrile">−CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">HCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanide" title="Cyanide">CN−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen" title="Cyanogen">(CN)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">H2NCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanate" title="Cyanate">HOCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanate" title="Isocyanate">HNCO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isothiocyanate" title="Isothiocyanate">HNCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">CH2N2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroso" title="Nitroso">−NO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">−NO2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">Oxides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_dioxide" title="Dinitrogen dioxide">(NO)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_trioxide" title="Dinitrogen trioxide">N2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_acid" title="Nitrous acid">HNO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">NO−2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">NO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">NO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">(NO2)2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_pentoxide" title="Dinitrogen pentoxide">N2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">HNO3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">NO−3</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitronium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitronium">NO+2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate_radical" title="Nitrate radical">NO3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">HNO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrous_acid" title="Hyponitrous acid">(HON)2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hyponitrite" title="Hyponitrite">N2O−2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">N2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitramide" title="Nitramide">H2NNO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrous_acid" title="Peroxynitrous acid">HO2NO</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrite" title="Peroxynitrite">ONOO−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxynitric_acid" title="Peroxynitric acid">HO2NO2</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peroxynitrate" title="Peroxynitrate">O2NOO−</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthonitrate" title="Orthonitrate">NO−4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxylic_acid" title="Nitroxylic acid">H4N2O4</a> / <a href="/wiki/Angeli%27s_salt" title="Angeli's salt">N2O2−3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_monofluoride" title="Nitrogen monofluoride">NF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_difluoride" title="Nitrogen difluoride">NF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride">NF3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentafluoride" title="Nitrogen pentafluoride">NF5</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">NCl3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">NBr3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">NI3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">FN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">ClN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">BrN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide">IN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoroamine" title="Fluoroamine">NH2F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride">N2F2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monochloramine" title="Monochloramine">NH2Cl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Difluoramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Difluoramine (page does not exist)">NHF2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichloramine" title="Dichloramine">NHCl2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dibromamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dibromamine (page does not exist)">NHBr2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diiodoamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diiodoamine (page does not exist)">NHI2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">−3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">−2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxylamine" title="Hydroxylamine">−1</a>, 0, <a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">+1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">+2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">+3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">+4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">+5</a> (a strongly <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acidic</a> oxide)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hydrides_by_group" title="Template talk:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides_by_group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hydrides by group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Binary_compounds_of_hydrogen" title="Binary compounds of hydrogen">Binary compounds of hydrogen</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkali metal (Group 1) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithium_hydride" title="Lithium hydride">LiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydride" title="Sodium hydride">NaH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydride" title="Potassium hydride">KH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_hydride" title="Rubidium hydride">RbH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesium_hydride" title="Caesium hydride">CsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydride#Ionic_hydrides" title="Hydride">Alkaline (Group 2) earth hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Monohydrides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monohydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_monohydride" title="Beryllium monohydride">BeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">MgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_monohydride" title="Calcium monohydride">CaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Strontium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strontium monohydride (page does not exist)">SrH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium monohydride (page does not exist)">BaH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dihydrides" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dihydrides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_hydride" title="Beryllium hydride">BeH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_hydride" title="Magnesium hydride">MgH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_hydride" title="Calcium hydride">CaH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strontium_hydride" title="Strontium hydride">SrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_hydride" title="Barium hydride">BaH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_13_hydride" title="Group 13 hydride">Group 13 hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Boranes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boranes" title="Boranes">Boranes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borane" title="Borane">BH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_monohydride" title="Boron monohydride">BH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane" title="Diborane">B2H6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(2)" title="Diborane(2)">B2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diborane(4)" title="Diborane(4)">B2H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraborane" title="Tetraborane">B4H10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(9)" title="Pentaborane(9)">B5H9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaborane(11)" title="Pentaborane(11)">B5H11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(10)" title="Hexaborane(10)">B6H10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexaborane(12)" title="Hexaborane(12)">B6H12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decaborane" title="Decaborane">B10H14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octadecaborane" title="Octadecaborane">B18H22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Alanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_hydride" title="Aluminium hydride">AlH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialane" title="Dialane">Al2H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Gallanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallane" title="Gallane">GaH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digallane" title="Digallane">Ga2H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Indiganes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indiganes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indium_trihydride" title="Indium trihydride">InH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diindigane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diindigane (page does not exist)">In2H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Thallanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thallanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thallane" title="Thallane">TlH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dithallane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dithallane (page does not exist)">Tl2H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Nihonanes_(predicted)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">Nihonanes</a> (predicted)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NhH</li> <li>NhH3</li> <li>Nh2H6</li> <li>NhH5</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_14_hydride" title="Group 14 hydride">Group 14 hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hydrocarbons" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">Hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkene" title="Alkene">alkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkyne" title="Alkyne">alkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">Cycloalkanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkene" title="Cycloalkene">Cycloalkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycloalkyne" title="Cycloalkyne">Cycloalkynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annulenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Annulenes">Annulenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">CH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">CH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">CH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">C2H</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">Silanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">SiH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disilane" title="Disilane">Si2H6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisilane" title="Trisilane">Si3H8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasilane" title="Tetrasilane">Si4H10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentasilane">Si5H12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexasilane" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexasilane">Si6H14</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptasilane (page does not exist)">Si7H16</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octasilane (page does not exist)">Si8H18</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonasilane (page does not exist)">Si9H20</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decasilane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decasilane (page does not exist)">Si10H22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silanes" title="Silanes">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silenes" title="Silenes">Silenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilene" title="Disilene">Si2H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Silynes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silynes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silynes (page does not exist)">Silynes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disilyne" title="Disilyne">Si2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monohydride" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon monohydride">SiH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Germanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germanes (page does not exist)">Germanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germane" title="Germane">GeH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digermane" title="Digermane">Ge2H6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trigermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trigermane (page does not exist)">Ge3H8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetragermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetragermane (page does not exist)">Ge4H10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentagermane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentagermane (page does not exist)">Ge5H12</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stannanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stannanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Stannanes">Stannanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stannane" title="Stannane">SnH4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Distannane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distannane (page does not exist)">Sn2H6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Plumbanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plumbanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbane" title="Plumbane">PbH4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Flerovanes_(predicted)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovanes</a> (predicted)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>FlH</li> <li>FlH2</li> <li>FlH4</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen_hydride" title="Pnictogen hydride">Pnictogen (Group 15) hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">Azanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">NH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine">N2H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazane" title="Triazane">N3H5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetrazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetrazane (page does not exist)">N4H6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentazane (page does not exist)">N5H7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexazane (page does not exist)">N6H8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptazane (page does not exist)">N7H9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octazane (page does not exist)">N8H10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonazane (page does not exist)">N9H11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decazane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decazane (page does not exist)">N10H12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azane" title="Azane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Azenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azo_compound" title="Azo compound">Azenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diazene" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazene">N2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triazene" title="Triazene">N3H3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">N4H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">Phosphanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">PH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphane" title="Diphosphane">P2H4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triphosphane" title="Triphosphane">P3H5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphane (page does not exist)">P4H6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pentaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pentaphosphane (page does not exist)">P5H7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexaphosphane (page does not exist)">P6H8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptaphosphane (page does not exist)">P7H9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Octaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octaphosphane (page does not exist)">P8H10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nonaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nonaphosphane (page does not exist)">P9H11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Decaphosphane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decaphosphane (page does not exist)">P10H12</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphanes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphanes (page does not exist)">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Phosphenes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diphosphenes" title="Diphosphenes">Phosphenes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diphosphene" title="Diphosphene">P2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triphosphene (page does not exist)">P3H3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetraphosphene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetraphosphene (page does not exist)">P4H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Arsanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arsane" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsane">Arsanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arsine" title="Arsine">AsH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarsine" class="mw-redirect" title="Diarsine">As2H4</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Stibanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stibanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stibine" title="Stibine">SbH3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Bismuthanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bismuthanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bismuthine" title="Bismuthine">BiH3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Moscovanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Moscovanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">McH3</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">HN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">NH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazole" title="Pentazole">HN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_pentahydride" title="Nitrogen pentahydride">NH5</a> (hypothetical)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chalcogenide" title="Hydrogen chalcogenide">Hydrogen chalcogenides (Group 16 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polyoxidanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">Polyoxidanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_water" title="Properties of water">H2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">H2O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trioxidane" title="Trioxidane">H2O3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraoxidane" title="Tetraoxidane">H2O4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaoxidane" title="Pentaoxidane">H2O5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_polyoxide" title="Hydrogen polyoxide">more...</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polysulfanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">Polysulfanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">H2S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_disulfide" title="Hydrogen disulfide">H2S2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisulfane" title="Trisulfane">H2S3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_tetrasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen tetrasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_pentasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen pentasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S5</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_hexasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen hexasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_heptasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen heptasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_octasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen octasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S8</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_nonasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen nonasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrogen_decasulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrogen decasulfide (page does not exist)">H2S10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfane" title="Polysulfane">more...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Selanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Selanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Selanes">Selanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_selenide" title="Hydrogen selenide">H2Se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_diselenide" title="Hydrogen diselenide">H2Se2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tellanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tellanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_telluride" title="Hydrogen telluride">H2Te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ditelluride" title="Hydrogen ditelluride">H2Te2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Polanes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Polanes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polonium_hydride" title="Polonium hydride">PoH2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Livermoranes" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Livermoranes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">LvH2</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">HO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">HO2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_ozonide" title="Hydrogen ozonide">HO3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oxywater&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oxywater (page does not exist)">H2O+–O–</a> (hypothetical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">HS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiheavy_water" title="Semiheavy water">HDO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">D2O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritiated_water" title="Tritiated water">T2O</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_halide" title="Hydrogen halide">Hydrogen halides (Group 17 hydrides)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">HF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">HCl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_bromide" title="Hydrogen bromide">HBr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_iodide" title="Hydrogen iodide">HI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_astatide" title="Hydrogen astatide">HAt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">HTs</a> (predicted)</li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal_hydrides" class="mw-redirect" title="Transition metal hydrides">Transition metal hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scandium_hydride" title="Scandium hydride">ScH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_hydride" title="Yttrium hydride">YH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium trihydride (page does not exist)">YH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_hexahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium hexahydride (page does not exist)">YH6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yttrium_nonahydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yttrium nonahydride (page does not exist)">YH9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_hydride" title="Titanium hydride">TiH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(IV)_hydride" title="Titanium(IV) hydride">TiH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium(II)_hydride" title="Zirconium(II) hydride">ZrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_hydride" title="Zirconium hydride">ZrH4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">HfH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hafnium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hafnium hydride (page does not exist)">HfH4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(I)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(I) hydride (page does not exist)">VH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanadium(II)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vanadium(II) hydride (page does not exist)">VH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium monohydride (page does not exist)">NbH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niobium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niobium dihydride (page does not exist)">NbH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_monohydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum monohydride (page does not exist)">TaH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tantalum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tantalum dihydride (page does not exist)">TaH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(I)_hydride" title="Chromium(I) hydride">CrH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium(II)_hydride" title="Chromium(II) hydride">CrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_hydride" title="Chromium hydride">CrHx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(I)_hydride" title="Iron(I) hydride">FeH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_hydride" title="Iron(II) hydride">FeH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_pentahydride" title="Iron pentahydride">FeH5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt(II)_hydride" title="Cobalt(II) hydride">CoH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhodium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhodium hydride (page does not exist)">RhH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iridium_trihydride" title="Iridium trihydride">IrH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydride" title="Nickel hydride">NiH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium_hydride" title="Palladium hydride">PdHx (x < 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platinum_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platinum hydride (page does not exist)">PtHx (x< 1) </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">DsH2</a> (predicted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_hydride" title="Copper hydride">CuH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">RgH</a> (predicted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinc_hydride" title="Zinc hydride">ZnH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_hydride" title="Cadmium hydride">CdH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">HgH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(I)_hydride" title="Mercury(I) hydride">Hg2H2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_hydride" title="Mercury(II) hydride">HgH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">CnH2</a> (predicted)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanide hydrides (page does not exist)">Lanthanide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum dihydride (page does not exist)">LaH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanthanum_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanthanum trihydride (page does not exist)">LaH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_decahydride" title="Lanthanum decahydride">LaH10</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium dihydride (page does not exist)">CeH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cerium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cerium trihydride (page does not exist)">CeH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium dihydride (page does not exist)">PrH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praseodymium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praseodymium hydride (page does not exist)">PrH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(II)_hydride" title="Neodymium(II) hydride">NdH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neodymium(III)_hydride" title="Neodymium(III) hydride">NdH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium dihydride (page does not exist)">SmH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samarium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samarium trihydride (page does not exist)">SmH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europium_hydride" title="Europium hydride">EuH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium dihydride (page does not exist)">GdH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gadolinium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gadolinium trihydride (page does not exist)">GdH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium dihydride (page does not exist)">TbH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terbium trihydride (page does not exist)">TbH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium dihydride (page does not exist)">DyH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysprosium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dysprosium trihydride (page does not exist)">DyH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium dihydride (page does not exist)">HoH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holmium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holmium trihydride (page does not exist)">HoH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium dihydride (page does not exist)">ErH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erbium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erbium trihydride (page does not exist)">ErH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium dihydride (page does not exist)">TmH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thulium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thulium trihydride (page does not exist)">TmH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium(II)_hydride" title="Ytterbium(II) hydride">YbH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium dihydride (page does not exist)">LuH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lutetium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lutetium trihydride (page does not exist)">LuH3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinide_hydrides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinide hydrides (page does not exist)">Actinide hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Actinium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Actinium dihydride (page does not exist)">AcH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium hydride (page does not exist)">ThH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thorium(IV)_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thorium(IV) hydride (page does not exist)">ThH4</a></li> <li>Th4H15</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_trihydride" title="Protactinium trihydride">PaH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(III)_hydride" title="Uranium(III) hydride">UH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium(IV)_hydride" title="Uranium(IV) hydride">UH4</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium dihydride (page does not exist)">NpH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neptunium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neptunium trihydride (page does not exist)">NpH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_hydride" title="Plutonium hydride">PuH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Americium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Americium dihydride (page does not exist)">AmH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americium_trihydride" title="Americium trihydride">AmH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Curium_hydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Curium hydride (page does not exist)">CmH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium dihydride (page does not exist)">BkH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkelium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berkelium trihydride (page does not exist)">BkH3</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_dihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium dihydride (page does not exist)">CfH2</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Californium_trihydride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Californium trihydride (page does not exist)">CfH3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Exotic atoms">Exotic matter hydrides</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium_hydride" title="Positronium hydride">PsH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Template talk:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Molecules detected in outer space"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Molecules_detected_in_outer_space" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Molecules detected in outer space</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_molecule" title="Diatomic molecule">Diatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monochloride" title="Aluminium monochloride">Aluminium monochloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_monofluoride" title="Aluminium monofluoride">Aluminium monofluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(II)_oxide" title="Aluminium(II) oxide">Aluminium(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonium" title="Argonium">Argonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon cation">Carbon cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monophosphide" title="Carbon monophosphide">Carbon monophosphide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monosulfide" title="Carbon monosulfide">Carbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">Carbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyano_radical" title="Cyano radical">Cyano radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomic_carbon" title="Diatomic carbon">Diatomic carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fluoromethylidynium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fluoromethylidynium (page does not exist)">Fluoromethylidynium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helium_hydride_ion" title="Helium hydride ion">Helium hydride ion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">Hydrogen chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">Hydrogen fluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_radical" title="Hydroxyl radical">Hydroxyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron(II)_oxide" title="Iron(II) oxide">Iron(II) oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_monohydride" title="Magnesium monohydride">Magnesium monohydride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidyne_radical" title="Methylidyne radical">Methylidyne radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidogen" title="Imidogen">Imidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">Sulfur mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a> (molecular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_monoxide" title="Phosphorus monoxide">Phosphorus monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">Phosphorus mononitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">Potassium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_carbide" title="Silicon carbide">Silicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monoxide" title="Silicon monoxide">Silicon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_monosulfide" title="Silicon monosulfide">Silicon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">Sodium chloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_iodide" title="Sodium iodide">Sodium iodide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfanyl" title="Sulfanyl">Sulfanyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_monoxide" title="Sulfur monoxide">Sulfur monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium(II)_oxide" title="Titanium(II) oxide">Titanium(II) oxide</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/60px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/90px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png/120px-Nitrous-oxide-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="441" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/60px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="41" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/90px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Ethanol-3D-balls.png/120px-Ethanol-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="754" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/60px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/90px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png/120px-Buckminsterfullerene-perspective-3D-balls.png 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="1100" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Triatomic_molecule" title="Triatomic molecule">Triatomic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium(I)_hydroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminium(I) hydroxide">Aluminium(I) hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Aluminium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_radical" title="Amino radical">Amino radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonyl_sulfide" title="Carbonyl sulfide">Carbonyl sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CCP_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CCP radical (page does not exist)">CCP radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halonium_ion" title="Halonium ion">Chloronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">Diazenylium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicarbon_monoxide" title="Dicarbon monoxide">Dicarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Disilicon_carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Disilicon carbide (page does not exist)">Disilicon carbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethynyl_radical" title="Ethynyl radical">Ethynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Formyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formyl radical (page does not exist)">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a> (HCN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a> (HNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">Hydrogen sulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroperoxyl" title="Hydroperoxyl">Hydroperoxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iron_cyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iron cyanide (page does not exist)">Iron cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoformyl (page does not exist)">Isoformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_cyanide" title="Magnesium cyanide">Magnesium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Magnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_(compound)" title="Methylene (compound)">Methylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2H+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">Nitrous oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozone" title="Ozone">Ozone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylidynephosphane" title="Methylidynephosphane">Methylidynephosphane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_cyanide" title="Potassium cyanide">Potassium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_cyanide" title="Sodium cyanide">Sodium cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_carbonitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon carbonitride (page does not exist)">Silicon carbonitride</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C-Silicon_dicarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C-Silicon dicarbide (page does not exist)">c-Silicon dicarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SiNC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SiNC (page does not exist)">SiNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thioformyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thioformyl (page does not exist)">Thioformyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioxoethenylidene" title="Thioxoethenylidene">Thioxoethenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanium_dioxide" title="Titanium dioxide">Titanium dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon" title="Tricarbon">Tricarbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Four atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">Acetylene</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Cyanoethynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HCCN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HCCN (page does not exist)">HCCN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_peroxide" title="Hydrogen peroxide">Hydrogen peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromagnesium_isocyanide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromagnesium isocyanide (page does not exist)">Hydromagnesium isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isocyanic_acid" title="Isocyanic acid">Isocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Isothiocyanic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketenyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketenyl (page does not exist)">Ketenyl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylene_amidogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylene amidogen (page does not exist)">Methylene amidogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl cation">Methyl cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_radical" title="Methyl radical">Methyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynylidyne" title="Propynylidyne">Propynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_carbon_dioxide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated carbon dioxide (page does not exist)">Protonated carbon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonated_hydrogen_cyanide" title="Protonated hydrogen cyanide">Protonated hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon_tricarbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon tricarbide (page does not exist)">Silicon tricarbide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioformaldehyde" title="Thioformaldehyde">Thioformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monoxide" title="Tricarbon monoxide">Tricarbon monoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricarbon_monosulfide" title="Tricarbon monosulfide">Tricarbon monosulfide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiocyanic_acid" title="Thiocyanic acid">Thiocyanic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Five atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Butadiynyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbodiimide" title="Carbodiimide">Carbodiimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanamide" title="Cyanamide">Cyanamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanoacetylene" title="Cyanoacetylene">Cyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoformaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoformaldehyde (page does not exist)">Cyanoformaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanomethyl" title="Cyanomethyl">Cyanomethyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenylidene" title="Cyclopropenylidene">Cyclopropenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formic_acid" title="Formic acid">Formic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isocyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isocyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Isocyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketene" title="Ketene">Ketene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">Methane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Methoxy">Methoxy radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylenimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylenimine (page does not exist)">Methylenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Propadienylidene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Propadienylidene (page does not exist)">Propadienylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_formaldehyde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated formaldehyde (page does not exist)">Protonated formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silane" title="Silane">Silane</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silicon-carbide_cluster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silicon-carbide cluster (page does not exist)">Silicon-carbide cluster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Six atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">Acetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanobutadiynyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanobutadiynyl radical (page does not exist)">Cyanobutadiynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-Cyanomethanimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E-Cyanomethanimine (page does not exist)">E-Cyanomethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropenone" title="Cyclopropenone">Cyclopropenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetylene" title="Diacetylene">Diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">Ethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formamide" title="Formamide">Formamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=HC4N&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HC4N (page does not exist)">HC4N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketenimine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketenimine">Ketenimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanethiol" title="Methanethiol">Methanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanide" title="Methyl isocyanide">Methyl isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Pentynylidyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propynal" class="mw-redirect" title="Propynal">Propynal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Protonated_cyanoacetylene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Protonated cyanoacetylene (page does not exist)">Protonated cyanoacetylene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Seven atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetaldehyde" title="Acetaldehyde">Acetaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile" title="Acrylonitrile">Acrylonitrile</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_cyanide" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinyl cyanide">Vinyl cyanide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">Ethylene oxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolonitrile" title="Glycolonitrile">Glycolonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexatriynyl_radical" title="Hexatriynyl radical">Hexatriynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylamine" title="Methylamine">Methylamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_isocyanate" title="Methyl isocyanate">Methyl isocyanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_alcohol" title="Vinyl alcohol">Vinyl alcohol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Eight atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetic_acid" title="Acetic acid">Acetic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoacetonitrile" title="Aminoacetonitrile">Aminoacetonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyanoallene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyanoallene (page does not exist)">Cyanoallene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanimine" title="Ethanimine">Ethanimine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycolaldehyde" title="Glycolaldehyde">Glycolaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Hexapentaenylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methylcyanoacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_formate" title="Methyl formate">Methyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acrolein" title="Acrolein">Acrolein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Nine atoms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetamide" title="Acetamide">Acetamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanohexatriyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_ether" title="Dimethyl ether">Dimethyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">Ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyldiacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octatetraynyl_radical" title="Octatetraynyl radical">Octatetraynyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propene" class="mw-redirect" title="Propene">Propene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanethiol" title="Ethanethiol">Ethanethiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionitrile" title="Propionitrile">Propionitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Methylformamide" title="N-Methylformamide">N-Methylformamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Ten atoms or more</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone" title="Acetone">Acetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzene" title="Benzene">Benzene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzonitrile" title="Benzonitrile">Benzonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckminsterfullerene" title="Buckminsterfullerene">Buckminsterfullerene</a> (C60, C60+, fullerene, buckyball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C70_fullerene" title="C70 fullerene">C70 fullerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Cyanodecapentayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol" title="Ethylene glycol">Ethylene glycol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_formate" title="Ethyl formate">Ethyl formate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_acetate" title="Methyl acetate">Methyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanopolyyne" title="Cyanopolyyne">Methyl-cyano-diacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyyne" title="Polyyne">Methyltriacetylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propionaldehyde" title="Propionaldehyde">Propionaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyronitrile" title="Butyronitrile">Butyronitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrimidine" title="Pyrimidine">Pyrimidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heptatrienyl_radical&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heptatrienyl radical (page does not exist)">Heptatrienyl radical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">Deuterated</a> molecules</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ammonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">Ammonium</a> ion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">Formaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_formaldehyde#Interstellar_reactions" title="Interstellar formaldehyde">Formyl radical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">Heavy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_cyanide" title="Hydrogen cyanide">Hydrogen cyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_deuteride" title="Hydrogen deuteride">Hydrogen deuteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_isocyanide" title="Hydrogen isocyanide">Hydrogen isocyanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propyne" title="Propyne">Propyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazenylium" title="Diazenylium">N2D+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trihydrogen_cation" title="Trihydrogen cation">Trihydrogen cation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#Molecules" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Unconfirmed</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthracene" title="Anthracene">Anthracene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroxyacetone" title="Dihydroxyacetone">Dihydroxyacetone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxyethane" title="Methoxyethane">Methoxyethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">Glycine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphene" title="Graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemolithin" title="Hemolithin">Hemolithin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H2NCO%2B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H2NCO+ (page does not exist)">H2NCO+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">Linear C5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">Naphthalene cation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">Phosphine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrene" title="Pyrene">Pyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silylidyne" title="Silylidyne">Silylidyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_interstellar_and_circumstellar_molecules#See_also" title="List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Abiogenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">Astrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrochemistry" title="Astrochemistry">Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_and_molecular_astrophysics" title="Atomic and molecular astrophysics">Atomic and molecular astrophysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_formula" title="Chemical formula">Chemical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_dust" title="Circumstellar dust">Circumstellar dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circumstellar_envelope" title="Circumstellar envelope">Circumstellar envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_dust" title="Cosmic dust">Cosmic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">Cosmic ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmochemistry" title="Cosmochemistry">Cosmochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_interstellar_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Diffuse interstellar band">Diffuse interstellar band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earliest_known_life_forms" title="Earliest known life forms">Earliest known life forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">Extraterrestrial life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_liquid_water" title="Extraterrestrial liquid water">Extraterrestrial liquid water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_mechanism" title="Forbidden mechanism">Forbidden mechanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homochirality" title="Homochirality">Homochirality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergalactic_dust" title="Intergalactic dust">Intergalactic dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interplanetary_medium" title="Interplanetary medium">Interplanetary medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interstellar_medium" title="Interstellar medium">Interstellar medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photodissociation_region" title="Photodissociation region">Photodissociation region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron%E2%80%93sulfur_world_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron–sulfur world theory">Iron–sulfur world theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerogen" title="Kerogen">Kerogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecules_in_stars" title="Molecules in stars">Molecules in stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_for_Exoplanet_System_Science" title="Nexus for Exoplanet System Science">Nexus for Exoplanet System Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_compound" title="Organic compound">Organic compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">Outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAH_world_hypothesis" title="PAH world hypothesis">PAH world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-panspermia" title="Pseudo-panspermia">Pseudo-panspermia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycyclic_aromatic_hydrocarbon" title="Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon">Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon</a> (PAH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA_world_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA world hypothesis">RNA world hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectroscopy" title="Spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tholin" title="Tholin">Tholin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Astrochemistry" title="Category:Astrochemistry">Category:Astrochemistry</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/16px-Earth-moon.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/24px-Earth-moon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Earth-moon.jpg/32px-Earth-moon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Outer_space" title="Portal:Outer space">Outer space portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/16px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/24px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/32px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Astronomy" title="Portal:Astronomy">Astronomy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/16px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/24px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitrides" title="Template:Nitrides"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitrides" title="Template talk:Nitrides"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrides" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitrides"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Salts_and_covalent_derivatives_of_the_nitride_ion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Salts and covalent derivatives of the <a href="/wiki/Nitride" title="Nitride">nitride</a> ion</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"><div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="overflow-x:auto"> <table class="center"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NH3</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydrazine" title="Hydrazine"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2H4</a> <a href="/wiki/Hydridonitride" title="Hydridonitride">+H</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_imide" title="Inorganic imide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">HN2−</a> <a href="/wiki/Inorganic_amide" class="mw-redirect" title="Inorganic amide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">H2N−</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="11" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="5"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium_compounds#Small_molecule" title="Helium compounds"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">He(N2)11</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium_nitride" title="Lithium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Li3N</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithium_azide" title="Lithium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">LiN3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium_nitride" title="Beryllium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Be3N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Beryllium_azide" title="Beryllium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Be(N3)2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron_nitride" title="Boron nitride">BN</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitridoborate" title="Nitridoborate">-B</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dicyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicyan"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C2N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Beta_carbon_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta carbon nitride">β-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C3N4</a> <a href="/wiki/Graphitic_carbon_nitride" title="Graphitic carbon nitride">g-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">C3N4</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_nitride" title="Carbon nitride">CxNy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">NxOy</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxynitride" title="Oxynitride">+O</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N3F</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_difluoride" title="Dinitrogen difluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2F2</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetrafluoride" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrogen tetrafluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">N2F4</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trifluoride" title="Nitrogen trifluoride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NF3</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitride_fluoride" title="Nitride fluoride">+F</a> </td> <td>Ne </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitride" title="Sodium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Na3N</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NaN3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium_nitride" title="Magnesium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mg3N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnesium_azide" title="Magnesium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mg(N3)2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_nitride" title="Aluminium nitride">AlN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon_nitride" title="Silicon nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Si3N4</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitridosilicate" title="Nitridosilicate">-Si</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_mononitride" title="Phosphorus mononitride">PN</a> <a href="/wiki/Triphosphorus_pentanitride" title="Triphosphorus pentanitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">P3N5</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitridophosphate" title="Nitridophosphate">-P</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_nitride" title="Sulfur nitride">SxNy</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_mononitride" title="Sulfur mononitride">SN</a> <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S2N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">S4N4</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_diimide" title="Sulfur diimide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">SN2H2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">NCl3</a> <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">ClN3</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitride_chloride" title="Nitride chloride">+Cl</a> </td> <td>Ar </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitride" title="Potassium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">K3N</a> <a href="/wiki/Potassium_azide" title="Potassium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">KN3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium_nitride" title="Calcium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca3N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_azide" title="Calcium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ca(N3)2</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium_nitride" title="Scandium nitride">ScN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium_nitride" title="Titanium nitride">TiN</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium(IV)_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium(IV) nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ti3N4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium_nitride" title="Vanadium nitride">VN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium_nitride" title="Chromium nitride">CrN</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichromium_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichromium nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cr2N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nitride">MnxNy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_nitrides" title="Iron nitrides">FexNy</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalt_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cobalt nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Co3N</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nickel_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nickel nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ni3N</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copper(I)_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copper(I) nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cu3N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc_nitride" title="Zinc nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Zn3N2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium_nitride" title="Gallium nitride">GaN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium_nitride" title="Germanium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ge3N4</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitridogermanate" title="Nitridogermanate">-Ge</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsenic_mononitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsenic mononitride (page does not exist)">AsN</a> <a href="/wiki/Arsenide_nitride" title="Arsenide nitride">+As</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetraselenium_tetranitride" title="Tetraselenium tetranitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Se4N4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Br3N</a> <a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">BrN3</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitride_bromide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitride bromide (page does not exist)">+Br</a> </td> <td>Kr </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium_azide" title="Rubidium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">RbN3</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium_nitride" title="Strontium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sr3N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Strontium_azide" title="Strontium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Sr(N3)2</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium_nitride" title="Yttrium nitride">YN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium_nitride" title="Zirconium nitride">ZrN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium_nitride" title="Niobium nitride">NbN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum_nitride" title="Molybdenum nitride">β-<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Mo2N</a> </td> <td>Tc </td> <td>Ru </td> <td>Rh </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palladium_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palladium nitride (page does not exist)">PdN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitride" title="Silver nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ag3N</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium_nitride" title="Cadmium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Cd3N2</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium_nitride" title="Indium nitride">InN</a> </td> <td>Sn </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony_nitride" title="Antimony nitride">SbN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_nitride" title="Tellurium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Te4N4</a>? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">I3N</a> <a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">IN3</a> <a href="/wiki/Nitride_iodide" title="Nitride iodide">+I</a> </td> <td>Xe </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium_azide" title="Caesium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">CsN3</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barium_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barium nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ba3N2</a> <a href="/wiki/Barium_azide" title="Barium azide"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ba(N3)2</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium_nitride" title="Lutetium nitride">LuN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium_nitrides" title="Hafnium nitrides">HfN <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Hf3N4</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum_nitride" title="Tantalum nitride">TaN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten_nitride" title="Tungsten nitride">WN</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhenium_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rhenium nitride (page does not exist)">RexNy</a> </td> <td>Os </td> <td>Ir </td> <td>Pt </td> <td>Au </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_nitride" title="Mercury nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Hg3N2</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thallium(I)_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thallium(I) nitride (page does not exist)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Tl3N</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Inorganic_imide#Ionic" title="Inorganic imide">PbNH</a>) </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bismuth(III)_nitride&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bismuth(III) nitride (page does not exist)">BiN</a> </td> <td>Po </td> <td>At </td> <td>Rn </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td>Fr </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium_nitride" title="Radium nitride"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1123817410">Ra3N2</a> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Lr </td> <td>Rf </td> <td>Db </td> <td>Sg </td> <td>Bh </td> <td>Hs </td> <td>Mt </td> <td>Ds </td> <td>Rg </td> <td>Cn </td> <td>Nh </td> <td>Fl </td> <td>Mc </td> <td>Lv </td> <td>Ts </td> <td>Og </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="2" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="background-color:white;border:none" colspan="20">  </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">* </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum_nitride" title="Lanthanum nitride">LaN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium_nitride" title="Cerium nitride">CeN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Praseodymium nitride">PrN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Neodymium nitride">NdN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium_nitride" title="Promethium nitride">PmN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Samarium nitride">SmN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Europium nitride">EuN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium(III)_nitride" title="Gadolinium(III) nitride">GdN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium_nitride" title="Terbium nitride">TbN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium_nitride" title="Dysprosium nitride">DyN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium_nitride" title="Holmium nitride">HoN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium_nitride" title="Erbium nitride">ErN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium_nitride" title="Thulium nitride">TmN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ytterbium nitride">YbN</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:mistyrose"> <td style="background-color:white;border:none">** </td> <td>Ac </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium nitride">ThxNy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium_nitride" title="Protactinium nitride">PaN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium_nitrides" title="Uranium nitrides">UxNy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium_nitride" title="Neptunium nitride">NpN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium_nitride" title="Plutonium nitride">PuN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium_nitride" title="Americium nitride">AmN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium_nitride" title="Curium nitride">CmN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium_mononitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkelium mononitride">BkN</a> </td> <td>Cf </td> <td>Es </td> <td>Fm </td> <td>Md </td> <td>No </td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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[\"CITEREFHaynes,_William_M.2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHewatRiekel1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo,_P._T._P.Martin,_R._N.Turner,_J._L.Jackson,_J._M.1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHo,_P._T._P.Townes,_C._H.1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolleman,_A._F.Wiberg,_E.2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollemanWibergWibergEagleson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoover1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHorkheimer2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtadoLowe2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgarashiLaryukhinDos_SantosLee2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIwasakiTakahashi1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJepsenMcGuire2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhanKelleyChapmanFenton1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKimLeeKim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnacke,_R._F.McCorkle,_S.Puetter,_R._C.Erickson,_E._F.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKobayashiHayakawaSomarathneOkafor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanTao2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLassalettaBillenGrizzettiAnglade2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLavars2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazouskiChungWilliamsGala2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLazouskiSchifferWilliamsManthiram2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeeMinParkSong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLenkeit2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLindzon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLininger,_W.Albritton,_D._L.Fehsenfeld,_F._C.Schmeltekopf,_A._L.1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLouis_C._HennickElbridge_Harper_Charlton1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucentiniGarcía_ColliLuziSerrano2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacDonald,_G._H.Little,_L._T.Brown,_A._T.Riley,_P._W.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinHo1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasaya_Kato2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaurice_P._Crosland2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMax_Appl2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMebold,_U.Heithausen,_A.Reif,_K.1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehta2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillar,_T._J.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMohiuddinKhattar2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris,_M.Zuckerman,_B.Palmer,_P.Turner,_B._E.1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFNeufeld,_R.Michel,_R.Herbst-Irmer,_R.Schöne,_R.2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOram\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrton,_G._S.Aumann,_H._H.Martonchik,_J._V.Appleby,_J._F.1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerdigão2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerrin1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimputkarNakamura2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasad,_S._S.Huntress,_W._T.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRitchie\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRose,_BurtonHelmut_Rennke1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoth,_Karl_S.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Rideal1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSergeant2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFService2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShibataTamagakiHiedaAkita2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShresthaSeidelZeuchMauss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShreveBrink1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_D.Adams1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith,_Roland2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSterrett,_K._F.Caron,_A._P.1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuryantoMatuszekChoiHodgetts2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTajkarimi,_MehrdadRiemannHajmeerGomez2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTakanoNakaiKawaguchi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTalhoutSchulzFlorekVan_Benthem2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrelles,_J._M.Ho,_P._T._P.Rodriguez,_L._F.Canto,_J.1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsunetoKudoSakata1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUngerechts,_H.Walmsley,_C._M.Winnewisser,_G.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrdang1942\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVasudevan_RajaramSubijoy_DuttaKrishna_Parameswaran2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVikor,_L.Al-KhaliliDanaredDjuric1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWangKongMartenHe2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWhiteMelville1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_T._L.Downes,_D.Bieging,_J.1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWooten,_A.Bozyan,_E._P.Garrett,_D._B.1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoulfe1767\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWłochowiczStelmasiak1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYost2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZacharakis-JutzKong2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZschocke,_JohannesHoffman,_Georg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZumdahl2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Dishoeck,_E._F.Black,_J._H.1986\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 4,\n [\"About\"] = 2,\n [\"Annotated link\"] = 9,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"CO2\"] = 3,\n [\"Cascite\"] = 1,\n [\"Chem2\"] = 83,\n [\"Chembox\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Hazards\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Identifiers\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Properties\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Related\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Structure\"] = 1,\n [\"Chembox Thermochemistry\"] = 1,\n [\"Chemspidercite\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 32,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 17,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 12,\n [\"E\"] = 2,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Ebicite\"] = 2,\n [\"EquationNote\"] = 4,\n [\"EquationRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"Fdacite\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS05\"] = 3,\n [\"GHS06\"] = 1,\n [\"GHS07\"] = 3,\n [\"GHS09\"] = 2,\n [\"Graph:Chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Greenwood\u0026Earnshaw2nd\"] = 1,\n [\"H-phrases\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"Housecroft1st\"] = 1,\n [\"Hydrides by group\"] = 1,\n [\"IDLH\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Image frame\"] = 1,\n [\"Keggcite\"] = 1,\n [\"Lehninger4th\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"Math\"] = 2,\n [\"Molecules detected in outer space\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"NH3\"] = 1,\n [\"NOx\"] = 3,\n [\"Nist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nitrides\"] = 1,\n [\"Nitrogen compounds\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 2,\n [\"NumBlk\"] = 2,\n [\"P-phrases\"] = 1,\n [\"PGCH\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"PubChem\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect2\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"RubberBible53rd\"] = 1,\n [\"SO2\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 13,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sigma-Aldrich\"] = 1,\n [\"Slink\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"Stdinchicite\"] = 2,\n [\"Tmath\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubli\"] = 7,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Val\"] = 4,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 2,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = 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