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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="q6Tu7ieXu1VjlSOMx6Fz5EFwfnGRGkMyBeT2DcyjvcskM_eKpAMjZyZ7NCAigdIW_NOxshyzXgqAMzVH38naTg" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2014/01/01" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Seminars in oncology" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Nai-Kong Cheung" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/248743680/102690930/91859732/s200_nai-kong.cheung.png" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy" /> <meta property="og:title" content="GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://independent.academia.edu/NaiKongCheung" /> <meta name="description" content="Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as" /> <title>(PDF) GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '1e60a92a442ff83025cbe4f252857ee7c49c0bbe'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1740555652000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1740555652000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as well as adult cancers (small cell lung cancer, melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas). Because of its restricted normal tissue distribution, GD2 has been proven safe for antibody targeting. Anti-GD2 antibody is now incorporated into the standard of care for the treatment of high-risk metastatic neuroblastoma. Building on this experience, novel combinations of antibodies, cytokines, cells, and genetically engineered products all directed at GD2 are rapidly moving into the clinic. In this review, past and present immunotherapy trials directed at GD2 will be summarized, highlighting the lessons learned and the future directions.","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Nai-Kong Cheung","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/NaiKongCheung"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-06-02","dateModified":"2024-11-29","datePublished":"2014-01-01","headline":"GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy","image":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102934372/thumbnails/1.jpg","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Cancer Research","Medicine","Protein Engineering","Melanoma","Sarcoma","Immunotherapy","Rhabdomyosarcoma","Monoclonal Antibodies","Neuroblastoma","Retinoblastoma","Neoplasms","Radioimmunotherapy","Gangliosides"],"publication":"Seminars in oncology","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":null}],"thumbnailUrl":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/102934372/thumbnails/1.jpg","url":"https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy"}</script><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Rebrand;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: 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{"work":{"id":102746915,"created_at":"2023-06-02T05:45:28.279-07:00","from_world_paper_id":234990254,"updated_at":"2024-11-29T15:54:26.887-08:00","_data":{"abstract":"Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as well as adult cancers (small cell lung cancer, melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas). Because of its restricted normal tissue distribution, GD2 has been proven safe for antibody targeting. Anti-GD2 antibody is now incorporated into the standard of care for the treatment of high-risk metastatic neuroblastoma. Building on this experience, novel combinations of antibodies, cytokines, cells, and genetically engineered products all directed at GD2 are rapidly moving into the clinic. In this review, past and present immunotherapy trials directed at GD2 will be summarized, highlighting the lessons learned and the future directions.","ai_title_tag":"Current Trends in GD2-targeted Cancer Therapies","publication_date":"2014,,","publication_name":"Seminars in oncology"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [248743680]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":102934372,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/102934372/mini_magick20230602-1-50305l.png?1685710289" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">GD2-targeted immunotherapy and radioimmunotherapy</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="248743680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaiKongCheung"><img alt="Profile image of Nai-Kong Cheung" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/248743680/102690930/91859732/s65_nai-kong.cheung.png" />Nai-Kong Cheung</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2014, Seminars in oncology</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">32 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 102746915; 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if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Ganglioside GD2 is a tumor-associated surface antigen found in a broad spectrum of human cancers and stem cells. They include pediatric embryonal tumors (neuroblastoma, retinoblastoma, brain tumors, osteosarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, rhabdomyosarcoma), as well as adult cancers (small cell lung cancer, melanoma, soft tissue sarcomas). Because of its restricted normal tissue distribution, GD2 has been proven safe for antibody targeting. Anti-GD2 antibody is now incorporated into the standard of care for the treatment of high-risk metastatic neuroblastoma. Building on this experience, novel combinations of antibodies, cytokines, cells, and genetically engineered products all directed at GD2 are rapidly moving into the clinic. In this review, past and present immunotherapy trials directed at GD2 will be summarized, highlighting the lessons learned and the future directions.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":102934372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":102934372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/102746915/GD2_targeted_immunotherapy_and_radioimmunotherapy"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="102746915" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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Therapies based on monoclonal antibodies that specifically target disialoganglioside GD2 on tumor cells are improving treatment results for high-risk neuroblastoma. This article reviews the use of anti-GD2 antibodies either as monotherapy or as part of a larger and more complex treatment approach for advanced neuroblastoma. We review how anti-GD2 antibodies can be combined with other treatments or strategies to enhance their clinical effects. Tumor resistance and other problems that decrease the efficacy of anti-GD2 antibodies are discussed. Future developments in the area of anti-GD2 immunotherapies for neuroblastoma are also addressed. A. Neuroblastoma 1. Significance, Standard of Care, Clinical Strategies Neuroblastoma is the most common malignancy in infants, the most common extracranial solid tumor of childhood, and the third most common cancer in children (1-5). The average age at diagnosis is 17 months with 50-60% of patients having metastatic disease when diagnosed (6-8). Overall treatment has improved in children under 15 years of age with 5-year overall survival rates for newly diagnosed patients increasing from 52% in the 1970s to 69% in the last decade (9,10). Despite advances in the treatment of low-to intermediate-risk neuroblastoma, outcomes for patients with advanced disease remain poor. Standard treatment for high-risk patients includes surgery, radiation, and/or myeloablative chemotherapy with autologous stem cell transplantation, followed by cis-retinoic acid (CRA). CRA, an anti-proliferative agent, when given following completion of chemotherapy has been shown to have an increased survival effect in patients with stage 4 disease (4,11-12). With current standard therapy, most high risk patients achieve remission with no clinically evident disease (NED) status. However, complete eradication of tumor cells has remained elusive. Microscopic residual tumor cells (minimal residual disease) survive treatment and cause recurrent refractory disease. The 3-year eventfree survival of these high risk patients remains as low as ~30% (4,6,13-14). Fortunately, a recent COG randomized trial has shown that a combination of anti-GD2 antibody and cytokines in this setting can help prevent recurrence (15,16). In this review, we examine several current strategies using monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the disialoganglioside GD2, and their derivatives, for the treatment of high risk neuroblastoma, either as primary therapy or as part of a multifaceted treatment approach, in clinical trials. We review the pitfalls of this treatment approach, including tumor resistance and the development of blocking antibodies that may interfere with mAb therapy. Finally, we look ahead at potential future therapies. 2. GD2-Importance, Rationale Surface antigens expressed on neuroblastoma that have been used as targets for mAbs include the gangliosides GD2, GD3 and GM3, and the glycoproteins CD56 (NCAM), L1-CAM, GP58 and GP95 (17). GD2 is a disialoganglioside antigen that is expressed on tumors of</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anti-GD2 strategy in the treatment of neuroblastoma","attachmentId":86025089,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/79245180/Anti_GD2_strategy_in_the_treatment_of_neuroblastoma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/79245180/Anti_GD2_strategy_in_the_treatment_of_neuroblastoma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="45203917" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45203917/Targeting_and_killing_glioblastoma_with_monoclonal_antibody_to_i_O_i_acetyl_GD2_ganglioside">Targeting and killing glioblastoma with monoclonal antibody to <i>O</i>-acetyl GD2 ganglioside</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="46873644" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LisaOliver6">Lisa Oliver</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oncotarget, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There are still unmet medical needs in the treatment of glioblastoma, the most common and the most aggressive glioma of all brain tumors. Here, we found that O-acetyl GD2 is expressed in surgically resected human glioblastoma tissue. In addition, we demonstrated that 8B6 monoclonal antibody specific for O-acetylat GD2 could effectively inhibit glioblastoma cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, these results indicate that O-acetylated GD2 represents a novel antigen for immunotherapeutic-based treatment of high-grade gliomas.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Targeting and killing glioblastoma with monoclonal antibody to \u003ci\u003eO\u003c/i\u003e-acetyl GD2 ganglioside","attachmentId":65787318,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45203917/Targeting_and_killing_glioblastoma_with_monoclonal_antibody_to_i_O_i_acetyl_GD2_ganglioside","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45203917/Targeting_and_killing_glioblastoma_with_monoclonal_antibody_to_i_O_i_acetyl_GD2_ganglioside"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="100480610" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/100480610/Therapeutic_efficacy_of_antibody_drug_conjugates_targeting_GD2_positive_tumors">Therapeutic efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates targeting GD2-positive tumors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="256993437" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlexeyKibardin">Alexey Kibardin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">BackgroundBoth ganglioside GD2-targeted immunotherapy and antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have demonstrated clinical success as solid tumor therapies in recent years, yet no research has been carried out to develop anti-GD2 ADCs against solid tumors. This is the first study to analyze cytotoxic activity of clinically relevant anti-GD2 ADCs in a wide panel of cell lines with varying GD2 expression and their effects in mouse models of GD2-positive solid cancer.MethodsAnti-GD2 ADCs were generated based on the GD2-specific antibody ch14.18 approved for the treatment of neuroblastoma and commonly used drugs monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) or F (MMAF), conjugated via a cleavable linker by thiol-maleimide chemistry. The antibody was produced in a mammalian expression system, and its specific binding to GD2 was analyzed. Antigen-binding properties and biodistribution of the ADCs in mice were studied in comparison with the parent antibody. Cytotoxic effects of the ADCs were evaluated in a wid...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Therapeutic efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates targeting GD2-positive tumors","attachmentId":101293135,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/100480610/Therapeutic_efficacy_of_antibody_drug_conjugates_targeting_GD2_positive_tumors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/100480610/Therapeutic_efficacy_of_antibody_drug_conjugates_targeting_GD2_positive_tumors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="25556074" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25556074/Expression_of_GD2_ganglioside_by_untreated_primary_human_neuroblastomas">Expression of GD2 ganglioside by untreated primary human neuroblastomas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32109941" href="https://independent.academia.edu/StephanLadisch">Stephan Ladisch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer research, 1986</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Primary neuroblastomas obtained before therapy from 36 patients were studied to determine the frequency of tumors expressing a specific glycosphingolipid, GD2 ganglioside. Total tissue gangliosides were purified by a new partition method, quantitated, and analyzed by high-performance thin-layer chromatography. All 36 neuroblastoma tumors, representing all clinical stages, contained GD2 ganglioside. The mean relative and absolute concentrations of GD2 were substantial (12% of the total tissue gangliosides and 50 nmol/g of tissue) and were independent of the clinical stage of the tumor. In contrast, 6 samples of related but more differentiated tumors (ganglioneuroblastoma and ganglioneuroma) had little or no detectable GD2 (less than or equal to 1.5% of total gangliosides and less than or equal to 4 nmol/g of tissue). These results suggest that GD2 is a sensitive marker for neuroblastoma tissue and may be an excellent target antigen for immunotherapy of this tumor.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Expression of GD2 ganglioside by untreated primary human neuroblastomas","attachmentId":45888448,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25556074/Expression_of_GD2_ganglioside_by_untreated_primary_human_neuroblastomas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25556074/Expression_of_GD2_ganglioside_by_untreated_primary_human_neuroblastomas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="33824354" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33824354/Anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibody_immunotherapy_a_promising_strategy_in_the_prevention_of_neuroblastoma_relapse">Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy: a promising strategy in the prevention of neuroblastoma relapse</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="66111442" href="https://independent.academia.edu/EmilioCosimo">Emilio Cosimo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer Letters, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In spite of the satisfactory frequency of clinical response to first-line therapy in neuroblastoma (NB), complete eradication of NB cells is rarely achieved. As a consequence, the majority of patients with advanced stage NB undergo relapse, which is often resistant to conventional treatment and rapidly overwhelming. Thus, after induction of the apparent remission, new therapeutic strategies are needed to completely eradicate the small number of surviving NB cells and to prevent relapse. We explored the potential of different doses of the anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 14G2a in an experimental metastatic model where a limited number of HTLA-230 human NB cells are injected i.v. into nude mice, leading to extensive metastases and death of animals within 7 -8 weeks. Treatment with 14G2a mAb (1 -4 mg/kg cumulative dose given as five i.v. daily administrations) dramatically reduced the metastatic spread of NB cells and prolonged the long-term survival of treated mice in a dosedependent manner. Neither macrophages nor NK cells appeared to contribute to the protective effect of antibody treatment in vivo, suggesting either an involvement of granulocytes or a complement-mediated cytotoxicity towards NB cells. Whatever the effecting mechanism(s) involved, these results strongly support the clinical use of anti-GD2 mAbs after first-line induction regimens. q</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody immunotherapy: a promising strategy in the prevention of neuroblastoma relapse","attachmentId":53808138,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33824354/Anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibody_immunotherapy_a_promising_strategy_in_the_prevention_of_neuroblastoma_relapse","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33824354/Anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibody_immunotherapy_a_promising_strategy_in_the_prevention_of_neuroblastoma_relapse"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="17527387" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17527387/Binding_Activities_and_Antitumor_Properties_of_a_New_Mouse_Human_Chimeric_Antibody_Specific_for_GD2_Ganglioside_Antigen">Binding Activities and Antitumor Properties of a New Mouse/Human Chimeric Antibody Specific for GD2 Ganglioside Antigen</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33311181" href="https://univ-nantes.academia.edu/V%C3%A9roniqueS%C3%A9bille">Véronique Sébille</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Clinical Cancer Research, 2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose: We previously generated a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the tumorassociated GD2 ganglioside antigen. Here, we describe the development of a chimeric anti-GD2 mAb for more effective tumor immunotherapy. Experimental Design: We cloned the cDNA encoding the immunoglobulin light and heavy chains of the 60C3 anti-GD2 mAb, and constructed chimeric genes by linking the cDNA fragments of the variable regions of the murine light and heavy chains to cDNA fragments of the human n and g1constant regions, respectively. Results: The resultant chimeric anti-GD2 mAb, c.60C3, showed identical binding affinity and specificity to that of its murine counterpart. Both c.60C3 and 60C3 were rapidly internalized by tumor cells at 37jC. When human serum and human natural killer cells were used as effectors in complement-mediated cytotoxicity and antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, respectively, c.60C3 was more effective in killing GD2-expressing tumor cells. However, c.60C3 was ineffective at inducing cell death by apoptosis, although binding of 60C3 induced apoptotic death in vitro. In an in vivo, GD2-expressing, syngeneic tumor model, i.v. injection of c.60C3, but not of 60C3, significantly suppressed tumor growth in mice (P < 0.0005).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Binding Activities and Antitumor Properties of a New Mouse/Human Chimeric Antibody Specific for GD2 Ganglioside Antigen","attachmentId":39559909,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/17527387/Binding_Activities_and_Antitumor_Properties_of_a_New_Mouse_Human_Chimeric_Antibody_Specific_for_GD2_Ganglioside_Antigen","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17527387/Binding_Activities_and_Antitumor_Properties_of_a_New_Mouse_Human_Chimeric_Antibody_Specific_for_GD2_Ganglioside_Antigen"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="23119843" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23119843/A_Monoclonal_Antibody_to_O_Acetyl_GD2_Ganglioside_and_Not_to_GD2_Shows_Potent_Anti_Tumor_Activity_without_Peripheral_Nervous_System_Cross_Reactivity">A Monoclonal Antibody to O-Acetyl-GD2 Ganglioside and Not to GD2 Shows Potent Anti-Tumor Activity without Peripheral Nervous System Cross-Reactivity</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="44819251" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JacquesBarbet">Jacques Barbet</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">PLoS ONE, 2011</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background: Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against GD2 ganglioside have been shown to be effective for the treatment of neuroblastoma. Beneficial actions are, however, associated with generalized pain due to the binding of anti-GD2 mAbs to peripheral nerve fibers followed by complement activation. Neuroblastoma cells that express GD2 also express its O-acetyl derivative, O-acetyl-GD2 ganglioside (OAcGD2). Hence, we investigated the distribution of OAcGD2 in human tissues using mAb 8B6 to study the cross-reactivity of mAb 8B6 with human tissues.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A Monoclonal Antibody to O-Acetyl-GD2 Ganglioside and Not to GD2 Shows Potent Anti-Tumor Activity without Peripheral Nervous System Cross-Reactivity","attachmentId":43614873,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23119843/A_Monoclonal_Antibody_to_O_Acetyl_GD2_Ganglioside_and_Not_to_GD2_Shows_Potent_Anti_Tumor_Activity_without_Peripheral_Nervous_System_Cross_Reactivity","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23119843/A_Monoclonal_Antibody_to_O_Acetyl_GD2_Ganglioside_and_Not_to_GD2_Shows_Potent_Anti_Tumor_Activity_without_Peripheral_Nervous_System_Cross_Reactivity"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="25329049" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/25329049/New_anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibodies_produced_from_gamma_interferon_treated_neuroblastoma_cells">New anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies produced from gamma-interferon-treated neuroblastoma cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="48721591" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GrossNicole1">Gross Nicole</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Cancer, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Three monoclonal antibodies (IgG,) have been produced from hybridomas obtained by fusion of murine myeloma cells and spleen cells of mice hyperimmunized with gammainterferon-treated neuroblastoma cells. The 3 MAbs, 7A4, 2A6 and IG8, detected an antigen present on neuroblastoma tumors and cell lines, but also on some neuro-ectodermderived tissues and cells. All 3 clones were shown to react with an epitope of the di-sialo-ganglioside GD2 molecules highly expressed by some neuro-ectoderm-derived tumors, mainly neuroblastoma. Whereas MAb IG8 specificity was restricted to GD2 and its o-acylated form, MAb 2A6 and 7A4 were also able to detect GD3 at high concentration of antibody as shown by TLC analysis and immunodetection. The 3 MAbs were able to lyse 100% neuroblastoma cells in the presence of rabbit or human complement. Direct binding assays with 'Wlabelled MAbs showed that MAb 7A4 might be a good candidate for in vivo immunolocalization experiments. The high proportion of anti-GD2 MAbs obtained by our fusion and the increased binding of anti-GD2 MAbs on gamma-IFN-treated neuroblastoma cells suggests a modulation of the exposure and an increase in the immunogenicity of GD2 induced by gamma-IFN.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"New anti-GD2 monoclonal antibodies produced from gamma-interferon-treated neuroblastoma cells","attachmentId":45678262,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/25329049/New_anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibodies_produced_from_gamma_interferon_treated_neuroblastoma_cells","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/25329049/New_anti_GD2_monoclonal_antibodies_produced_from_gamma_interferon_treated_neuroblastoma_cells"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="18565575" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18565575/A_novel_anti_GD2_4_1BB_chimeric_antigen_receptor_triggers_neuroblastoma_cell_killing">A novel anti-GD2/4-1BB chimeric antigen receptor triggers neuroblastoma cell killing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32955667" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcoBestagno">Marco Bestagno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oncotarget, 2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells are a promising therapeutic option for patients with cancer. We developed a new CAR directed against the disialoganglioside GD2, a surface molecule expressed in neuroblastoma and in other neuroectoderm-derived neoplasms. The anti-GD2 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) derived from a murine antibody of IgM class was linked, via a human CD8α hinge-transmembrane domain, to the signaling domains of the costimulatory molecules 4-1BB (CD137) and CD3-ζ. The receptor was expressed in T lymphocytes by retroviral transduction and anti-tumor activities were assessed by targeting GD2-positive neuroblastoma cells using in vitro cytotoxicity assays and a xenograft model. Transduced T cells expressed high levels of anti-GD2 CAR and exerted a robust and specific anti-tumor activity in 4- and 48-hour cultures with neuroblastoma cells. Cytotoxicity was associated with the release of pro-apoptotic molecules such as TRAIL and IFN-γ. These results we...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A novel anti-GD2/4-1BB chimeric antigen receptor triggers neuroblastoma cell killing","attachmentId":40131694,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18565575/A_novel_anti_GD2_4_1BB_chimeric_antigen_receptor_triggers_neuroblastoma_cell_killing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18565575/A_novel_anti_GD2_4_1BB_chimeric_antigen_receptor_triggers_neuroblastoma_cell_killing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="18974737" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/18974737/Vaccination_with_anti_idiotype_antibody_ganglidiomab_mediates_a_GD2_specific_anti_neuroblastoma_immune_response">Vaccination with anti-idiotype antibody ganglidiomab mediates a GD2-specific anti-neuroblastoma immune response</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="43897112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HolgerLode">Holger Lode</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39119598" href="https://greifswald.academia.edu/ChristianeHelm">Christiane Helm</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Purpose Immunotherapy targeting disialoganglioside GD 2 emerges as an important treatment option for neuroblastoma, a pediatric malignancy characterized by poor outcome. Here, we report the induction of a GD 2 -specific immune response with ganglidiomab, a new anti-idiotype antibody to anti-GD 2 antibodies of the 14.18 family. Experimental design and results Ganglidiomab was generated following immunization of Balb/c mice with 14G2a, and splenocytes were harvested to generate hybridoma cells. Clones were screened by ELISA for mouse antibody binding to hu14.18. One positive clone was selected to purify and characterize the secreted IgG protein (j, IgG 1 ). This antibody bound to anti-GD 2 antibodies 14G2a, ch14.18/CHO, hu14.18, and to immunocytokines ch14.18-IL2 and hu14.18-IL2 as well as to NK-92 cells expressing scFv(ch14.18)-zeta receptor. Binding of these anti-GD 2 antibodies to the nominal antigen GD 2 as well as GD 2 -specific lysis of neuroblastoma cells by NK-92-scFv(ch14.18)-zeta cells was competitively inhibited by ganglidiomab, proving GD 2 surrogate function and anti-idiotype characteristics. The dissociation constants of ganglidiomab from anti-GD 2 antibodies ranged from 10.8 ± 5.01 to 53.5 ± 1.92 nM as determined by Biacore analyses. The sequences of framework and complementaritydetermining regions of ganglidiomab were identified. Finally, we demonstrated induction of a GD 2 -specific humoral immune response after vaccination of mice with ganglidiomab effective in mediating GD 2 -specific killing of neuroblastoma cells. Conclusion We generated and characterized a novel antiidiotype antibody ganglidiomab and demonstrated activity against neuroblastoma.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Vaccination with anti-idiotype antibody ganglidiomab mediates a GD2-specific anti-neuroblastoma immune response","attachmentId":40361060,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/18974737/Vaccination_with_anti_idiotype_antibody_ganglidiomab_mediates_a_GD2_specific_anti_neuroblastoma_immune_response","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/18974737/Vaccination_with_anti_idiotype_antibody_ganglidiomab_mediates_a_GD2_specific_anti_neuroblastoma_immune_response"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":102934372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":102934372,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_102934372" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="82153560" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/82153560/Targeting_GD2_positive_glioblastoma_by_chimeric_antigen_receptor_empowered_mesenchymal_progenitors">Targeting GD2-positive glioblastoma by chimeric antigen receptor empowered mesenchymal progenitors</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32955667" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MarcoBestagno">Marco Bestagno</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Cancer Gene Therapy, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Targeting GD2-positive glioblastoma by chimeric antigen receptor empowered mesenchymal progenitors","attachmentId":87951339,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82153560/Targeting_GD2_positive_glioblastoma_by_chimeric_antigen_receptor_empowered_mesenchymal_progenitors","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/82153560/Targeting_GD2_positive_glioblastoma_by_chimeric_antigen_receptor_empowered_mesenchymal_progenitors"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="121614905" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/121614905/Phase_I_Trial_of_a_Novel_Anti_GD2_Monoclonal_Antibody_Hu14_18K322A_Designed_to_Decrease_Toxicity_in_Children_With_Refractory_or_Recurrent_Neuroblastoma">Phase I Trial of a Novel Anti-GD2 Monoclonal Antibody, Hu14.18K322A, Designed to Decrease Toxicity in Children With Refractory or Recurrent Neuroblastoma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="316271112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RaymondBarfield2">Raymond Barfield</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Phase I Trial of a Novel Anti-GD2 Monoclonal Antibody, Hu14.18K322A, Designed to Decrease Toxicity in Children With Refractory or Recurrent Neuroblastoma","attachmentId":116449948,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121614905/Phase_I_Trial_of_a_Novel_Anti_GD2_Monoclonal_Antibody_Hu14_18K322A_Designed_to_Decrease_Toxicity_in_Children_With_Refractory_or_Recurrent_Neuroblastoma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/121614905/Phase_I_Trial_of_a_Novel_Anti_GD2_Monoclonal_Antibody_Hu14_18K322A_Designed_to_Decrease_Toxicity_in_Children_With_Refractory_or_Recurrent_Neuroblastoma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="92265470" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92265470/Disialoganglioside_GD2_loss_following_monoclonal_antibody_therapy_is_rare_in_neuroblastoma">Disialoganglioside GD2 loss following monoclonal antibody therapy is rare in neuroblastoma</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="248743680" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NaiKongCheung">Nai-Kong Cheung</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Medical and Pediatric Oncology, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Disialoganglioside GD2 loss following monoclonal antibody therapy is rare in neuroblastoma","attachmentId":95319733,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92265470/Disialoganglioside_GD2_loss_following_monoclonal_antibody_therapy_is_rare_in_neuroblastoma","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92265470/Disialoganglioside_GD2_loss_following_monoclonal_antibody_therapy_is_rare_in_neuroblastoma"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="15199421" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15199421/Ganglioside_GD2_in_reception_and_transduction_of_cell_death_signal_in_tumor_cells">Ganglioside GD2 in reception and transduction of cell death signal in tumor cells</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34257544" href="https://ibch.academia.edu/IgorDoronin">Igor Doronin</a></div><div 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