CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7ffed395-6548-4ed7-a6d9-f202cde57f0b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)","wgTitle":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","wgCurRevisionId":1259918323,"wgRevisionId":1259918323,"wgArticleId":1090966,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023","Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","Articles containing Spanish-language text","CS1: long volume value","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from September 2018", "Articles with permanently dead external links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from September 2023","Articles containing Hebrew-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021","Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)","16th-century conflicts","17th-century conflicts","England–Spain relations","Spain–United Kingdom military relations","Wars involving England","Wars involving Spain"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)","wgRelevantArticleId":1090966,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Anglo–Spanish_War_(1585)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia", "wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q430726","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/1200px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="939"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/800px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="626"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/640px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="501"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Anglo-Spanish_War_1585–1604 rootpage-Anglo-Spanish_War_1585–1604 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Anglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Anglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>War</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1585–1587)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Revolt_(1585–1587)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Dutch Revolt (1585–1587)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1585–1587)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spanish_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spanish_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spanish Armada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spanish_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English_Armada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English_Armada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>English Armada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English_Armada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1588–1598)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Revolt_(1588–1598)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Dutch Revolt (1588–1598)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1588–1598)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naval_war_and_privateering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naval_war_and_privateering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Naval war and privateering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naval_war_and_privateering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1598–1604)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_Revolt_(1598–1604)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Dutch Revolt (1598–1604)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_Revolt_(1598–1604)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_war_and_treaty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_war_and_treaty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>End of the war and treaty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_war_and_treaty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 33 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="الحرب الإنجليزية الإسبانية (1585–1604) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الحرب الإنجليزية الإسبانية (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B8%DB%B5%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B0%DB%B4)" title="اینگیلیس و ایسپانیا ساواشی (۱۵۸۵–۱۶۰۴) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اینگیلیس و ایسپانیا ساواشی (۱۵۸۵–۱۶۰۴)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1585_%E2%80%93_1604)" title="Англо-испанска война (1585 – 1604) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Англо-испанска война (1585 – 1604)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-espanyola_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Guerra anglo-espanyola (1585–1604) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra anglo-espanyola (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-%C5%A1pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_v%C3%A1lka_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-španělská válka (1585–1604) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anglo-španělská válka (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englisch-Spanischer_Krieg_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Englisch-Spanischer Krieg (1585–1604) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Englisch-Spanischer Krieg (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania-Inglise_s%C3%B5da_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Hispaania-Inglise sõda (1585–1604) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania-Inglise sõda (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-espa%C3%B1ola_(1585-1604)" title="Guerra anglo-española (1585-1604) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra anglo-española (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angla-hispana_milito_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Angla-hispana milito (1585–1604) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Angla-hispana milito (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-espainiar_Gerra_(1585-1604)" title="Anglo-espainiar Gerra (1585-1604) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anglo-espainiar Gerra (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_(%DB%B1%DB%B6%DB%B0%DB%B4%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B8%DB%B5)" title="جنگ انگلیس و اسپانیا (۱۶۰۴–۱۵۸۵) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ انگلیس و اسپانیا (۱۶۰۴–۱۵۸۵)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_anglo-espagnole_(1585-1604)" title="Guerre anglo-espagnole (1585-1604) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre anglo-espagnole (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-espa%C3%B1ola_de_1585-1604" title="Guerra anglo-española de 1585-1604 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Guerra anglo-española de 1585-1604" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%89%EA%B8%80%EB%9E%9C%EB%93%9C-%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81_(1585%EB%85%84~1604%EB%85%84)" title="잉글랜드-스페인 전쟁 (1585년~1604년) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="잉글랜드-스페인 전쟁 (1585년~1604년)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AC%D5%B8-%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Անգլո-իսպանական պատերազմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անգլո-իսպանական պատերազմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-%C5%A1panjolski_pomorski_rat_(1587._%E2%80%93_1604.)" title="Anglo-španjolski pomorski rat (1587. – 1604.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anglo-španjolski pomorski rat (1587. – 1604.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Inggris%E2%80%93Spanyol_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Perang Inggris–Spanyol (1585–1604) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Inggris–Spanyol (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_anglo-spagnola_(1585-1604)" title="Guerra anglo-spagnola (1585-1604) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra anglo-spagnola (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94%E2%80%93%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="מלחמת אנגליה–ספרד (1585–1604) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת אנגליה–ספרד (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglijos-Ispanijos_karas_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglijos-Ispanijos karas (1585–1604) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Anglijos-Ispanijos karas (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_England%E2%80%93Sepanyol_(1585)" title="Perang England–Sepanyol (1585) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perang England–Sepanyol (1585)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans-Engelse_Oorlog_(1585-1604)" title="Spaans-Engelse Oorlog (1585-1604) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans-Engelse Oorlog (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89_(1585%E5%B9%B4-1604%E5%B9%B4)" title="英西戦争 (1585年-1604年) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="英西戦争 (1585年-1604年)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Angloespanh%C3%B2la_(1585-1604)" title="Guèrra Angloespanhòla (1585-1604) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Guèrra Angloespanhòla (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojna_angielsko-hiszpa%C5%84ska_(1587%E2%80%931604)" title="Wojna angielsko-hiszpańska (1587–1604) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wojna angielsko-hiszpańska (1587–1604)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_Anglo-Espanhola_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Guerra Anglo-Espanhola (1585–1604) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra Anglo-Espanhola (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1585%E2%80%941604)" title="Англо-испанская война (1585—1604) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Англо-испанская война (1585—1604)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%88%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_(1585%E2%80%941604)" title="Англо-шпански рат (1585—1604) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Англо-шпански рат (1585—1604)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engelsk-spanska_kriget_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Engelsk-spanska kriget (1585–1604) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Engelsk-spanska kriget (1585–1604)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%A9-%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%99_(%E0%B8%84.%E0%B8%A8._1585)" title="สงครามอังกฤษ-สเปน (ค.ศ. 1585) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สงครามอังกฤษ-สเปน (ค.ศ. 1585)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ngiliz-%C4%B0spanyol_Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1_(1585-1604)" title="İngiliz-İspanyol Savaşı (1585-1604) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İngiliz-İspanyol Savaşı (1585-1604)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%BE-%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0_(1585%E2%80%941604)" title="Англо-іспанська війна (1585—1604) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Англо-іспанська війна (1585—1604)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%A5%BF%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD_(1585%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941604%E5%B9%B4)" title="英西戰爭 (1585年—1604年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="英西戰爭 (1585年—1604年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q430726#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&oldid=1259918323" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Anglo-Spanish_War_%281585%E2%80%931604%29&id=1259918323&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnglo-Spanish_War_%281585%25E2%2580%25931604%29"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAnglo-Spanish_War_%281585%25E2%2580%25931604%29"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Anglo-Spanish_War_%281585%E2%80%931604%29&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q430726" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo%E2%80%93Spanish_War_(1585)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Spanish War (1585)">Anglo–Spanish War (1585)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">War between the kingdoms of Spain and England</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other conflicts, see <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_Wars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anglo-Spanish Wars (disambiguation)">Anglo-Spanish Wars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Anglo-Spanish War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anglo-Spanish War (disambiguation)">Anglo-Spanish War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada,_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/300px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/450px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg/600px-English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7200" data-file-height="5634" /></a></span><br /><i>English ships and the Spanish Armada, 8 August 1588</i>, unknown artist</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1585–1604 (19 years)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">Status quo ante bellum</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London,_1604" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of London, 1604">Treaty of London</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Spain</a><div><ul><li style="list-style-type:disc; margin-left: 1.5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union"> Portugal</a></li><li style="list-style-type:disc; margin-left: 1.5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="1155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">French rebels</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/18px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/27px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/36px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_participants_in_the_Nine_Years%27_War#Confederation_of_Irish_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="List of participants in the Nine Years' War">Irish rebels</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_Military_Order_of_Malta" title="Sovereign Military Order of Malta"><img alt="Sovereign Military Order of Malta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Order_of_St._John_%28various%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta_under_the_Order_of_Saint_John" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Malta under the Order of Saint John">Order of Saint John</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span data-sort-value="England"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></span><div><ul><li style="list-style-type:disc; margin-left: 1.5em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland"><img alt="Kingdom of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg/46px-Royal_Standard_of_Ireland_%281542%E2%80%931801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a></li></ul></div></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="United Provinces of the Netherlands">Dutch rebels</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">Portuguese rebels</a></li></ul></div><span data-sort-value="Scotland"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></span> (1603)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_1st_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 1st Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Padilla_y_Manrique,_1st_Count_of_Santa_Gadea" title="Martín de Padilla y Manrique, 1st Count of Santa Gadea">Martín de Padilla</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Henriquez_de_Acevedo,_Count_of_Fuentes" title="Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes">Pedro Henriquez de Acevedo, Count of Fuentes</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, Duke of Medina Sidonia</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Catholic_League_%28French_Wars_of_Religion%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3075" data-file-height="1155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_of_Lorraine,_Duke_of_Mayenne" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne">Charles of Lorraine, Duke of Mayenne</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sio_II,_Duke_of_Braganza" title="Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza">Teodósio II, Duke of Braganza</a></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:O%27Neill_Clan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/18px-O%27Neill_Clan.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/27px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/O%27Neill_Clan.png/36px-O%27Neill_Clan.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_2nd_Earl_of_Tyrone" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I" title="Elizabeth I">Elizabeth I</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_by_natural_causes" class="mw-redirect" title="Death by natural causes">#</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland"><img alt="Scotland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I/VI</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> <a href="/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Charles Howard</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vere" title="Francis Vere">Francis Vere</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/England" title="England"><img alt="England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blount,_8th_Baron_Mountjoy" title="Charles Blount, 8th Baron Mountjoy">Charles Blount</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maurice,_Prince_of_Orange" title="Maurice, Prince of Orange">Maurice of Nassau</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France"><img alt="Kingdom of France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Royal_flag_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal"><img alt="Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Portugal_%281578%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">Prior of Crato</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 105,800 English soldiers and sailors (1588–1603)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 88,285 English dead<sup id="cite_ref-Casualties_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casualties-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caribbean and South America</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">San Juan de Ulúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_expedition_of_1572%E2%80%931573" title="Francis Drake's expedition of 1572–1573">Drake's 1572-73 expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_circumnavigation" title="Francis Drake's circumnavigation">Drake's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_S%C3%A3o_Vicente" title="Battle of São Vicente">São Vicente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">Cartagena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">Cavendish's circumnavigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">Spanish West Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba" title="Blockade of Western Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition" title="Newport's 1592 expedition">Hispaniola <b>·</b> Bay of Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Puerto_Caballos_(1594)" title="Raid on Puerto Caballos (1594)">1st Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_San_Mateo_Bay" title="Action of San Mateo Bay">San Mateo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_expedition" title="Raleigh's El Dorado expedition">Trinidad <b>·</b> Orinoco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston%E2%80%93Somers_expedition" title="Preston–Somers expedition">La Guaira <b>·</b> Caracas <b>·</b> Coro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">1st San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pinos" title="Battle of Pinos">Pinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">2nd San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)" title="Raid on Tabasco (1599)">Tabasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)" title="Capture of Portobello (1601)">Portobello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)" title="Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603)">2nd Puerto Caballos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)" title="Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)">Santiago de Cuba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Atlantic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vila_Franca_do_Campo" title="Battle of Vila Franca do Campo">Vila Franca do Campo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Azores" title="Conquest of the Azores">Terceira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Bermuda_(1585)" title="Action off Bermuda (1585)">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Santiago_(1585)" title="Capture of Santiago (1585)">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portudal%E2%80%93Joal_Massacre" title="Portudal–Joal Massacre">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">1st Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">1st Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">2nd Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Faial" title="Action of Faial">Faial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Las_Palmas" title="Battle of Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">2nd Azores</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>European waters</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt_(1574)" title="Battle of the Scheldt (1574)">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pantelleria_(1586)" title="Battle of Pantelleria (1586)">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">1st Cádiz <b>·</b>Algarve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada (1st Calais <b>·</b> Gravelines)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada (Corunna <b>·</b> Lisbon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bayona_Islands_(1590)" title="Battle of Bayona Islands (1590)">Bayona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1590)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1590)">1st Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Gibraltar_(1591)" title="Battle of the Strait of Gibraltar (1591)">2nd Gibraltar Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Berlengas_(1591)" title="Battle of the Berlengas (1591)">Berlengas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Almer%C3%ADa_(1591)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Almería (1591)">Gulf of Almería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barbary_Coast" title="Battle of the Barbary Coast">Barbary Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bay_of_Biscay_(1592)" title="Battle of the Bay of Biscay (1592)">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay" title="Raid on Mount's Bay">Mount's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Cawsand" title="Attack on Cawsand">Cawsand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">2nd Cádiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">Cape Finisterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">Cornwall <b>·</b> West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">Sesimbra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">Dover Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604)">Gulf of Cádiz</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Low Countries and Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Goes" title="Relief of Goes">Goes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Middelburg_(1572%E2%80%931574)" title="Siege of Middelburg (1572–1574)">Middelburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Haarlem" title="Siege of Haarlem">Haarlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1573)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1573)">1st Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delft_(1573)" title="Battle of Delft (1573)">Delft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Valkenburg_(1574)" title="Capture of Valkenburg (1574)">Valkenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schoonhoven_(1575)" title="Siege of Schoonhoven (1575)">Schoonhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rijmenam_(1578)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Rijmenam (1578)">Rijmenam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borgerhout" title="Battle of Borgerhout">Borgerhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Fury_at_Mechelen" title="English Fury at Mechelen">Mechelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1580%E2%80%931581)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1580–1581)">1st Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kollum" title="Battle of Kollum">Kollum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noordhorn" title="Battle of Noordhorn">Noordhorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Niezijl" title="Siege of Niezijl">Niezijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lochem_(1582)" title="Siege of Lochem (1582)">Lochem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lier_(1582)" title="Siege of Lier (1582)">Lier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Eindhoven_(1583)" title="Siege of Eindhoven (1583)">Eindhoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Steenbergen_(1583)" title="Battle of Steenbergen (1583)">Steenbergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Aalst_(1584)" title="Capture of Aalst (1584)">Aalst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_IJsseloord" title="Siege of IJsseloord">Arnhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">1st Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1586)" title="Siege of Venlo (1586)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1586%E2%80%931590)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1586–1590)">1st Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">1st Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">1st Sluis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Geertruidenberg_(1589)" title="Capture of Geertruidenberg (1589)">2nd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">2nd Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Delfzijl" title="Capture of Delfzijl">Delfzijl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">Knodsenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">1st Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">2nd Steenwijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">1st Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">3rd Geertruidenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">2nd Coevorden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">Huy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">1st Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Lippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">2nd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Turnhout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">2nd Rheinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meurs_(1597)" title="Siege of Meurs (1597)">Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">2nd Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootmarsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenckenschans_(1599)" title="Siege of Schenckenschans (1599)">Schenckenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rees_(1599)" title="Siege of Rees (1599)">Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_San_Andreas_(1600)" title="Siege of San Andreas (1600)">San Andreas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Nieuwpoort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">3rd Rheinberg <b>·</b> 2nd Meurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">2nd Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutiny_of_Hoogstraten#Mutiny_&_siege" title="Mutiny of Hoogstraten">Hoogstraten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Ardenburg <b>·</b> Oostberg <b>·</b> 2nd Sluis</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arques" title="Battle of Arques">Arques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ivry" title="Battle of Ivry">Ivry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ch%C3%A2teau-Laudran" title="Battle of Château-Laudran">Château-Laudran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rouen_(1591%E2%80%931592)" title="Siege of Rouen (1591–1592)">Rouen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caudebec" title="Siege of Caudebec">Caudebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craon" title="Battle of Craon">Craon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blaye" title="Battle of Blaye">Blaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Morlaix_(1594)" title="Siege of Morlaix (1594)">Morlaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">Crozon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">2nd Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">Amiens</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ireland</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carrigafoyle_Castle" title="Siege of Carrigafoyle Castle">Carrigafoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Smerwick" title="Siege of Smerwick">Smerwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Irish West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kinsale" title="Siege of Kinsale">Kinsale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castlehaven" title="Battle of Castlehaven">Castlehaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anglo-Spanish_Wars" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_Wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish Wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_Wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish Wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_Wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish Wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anglo-Spanish_Wars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em">Anglo-Spanish Wars</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1585–1604</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">1625–1630</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">1654–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">1662–1668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">1718–1720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1727%E2%80%931729)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1727–1729)">1727–1729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">1739–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)">1762–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">1779–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">1796–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">1804–1808</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">1815–1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">1833–1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_England" title="Category:History of England">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="">Wars of <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_standard_of_England_(1406%E2%80%931603).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Commonwealth"><img alt="Flag of the Commonwealth" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg/200px-Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg/300px-Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg/400px-Royal_standard_of_England_%281406%E2%80%931603%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">War of the League of Cambrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%9326" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1521–26">Four Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%9346" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1542–46">War of 1542–46</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%9359" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian War of 1551–59">Habsburg–Valois War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flodden" title="Battle of Flodden">Flodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hornshole" title="Battle of Hornshole">Hornshole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haddon_Rig" title="Battle of Haddon Rig">Haddon Rig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Solway_Moss" title="Battle of Solway Moss">Solway Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_Wooing" title="Rough Wooing">Rough Wooing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leith" title="Siege of Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_of_the_Redeswire" title="Raid of the Redeswire">Redeswire Fray</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion#Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="European wars of religion">Reformation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Book_Rebellion" title="Prayer Book Rebellion">Prayer Book Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Spanish War</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Other conflicts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Rebellion_of_1497" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornish Rebellion of 1497">Cornish Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmond_Rebellions" title="Desmond Rebellions">Desmond Rebellions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_of_Tudor_England" title="Template:Wars of Tudor England"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_of_Tudor_England" title="Template talk:Wars of Tudor England"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_of_Tudor_England" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars of Tudor England"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <p>The <b>Anglo-Spanish War</b> (1585–1604) was an intermittent conflict between the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Kingdom of Spain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> that was never formally declared.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It began with England's military expedition in 1585 to what was then the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a> under the command of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester</a>, in support of the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Dutch rebellion against Spanish Habsburg rule</a>. </p><p>In large-scale campaigns, the English repelled the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> in 1588, while Spain repelled the <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a>. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">2nd Spanish Armada</a> in 1596 and the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">3rd Spanish Armada</a> in 1597 likewise ended in failure. The war included much English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateering</a> against Spanish ships, and several widely separated battles. The war dragged on towards the end of the sixteenth century; England and Spain intervened <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion#War_with_Spain_(1595–1598)" title="French Wars of Religion">in France in the 1590s</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years_War_(Ireland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nine Years War (Ireland)">Ireland from 1601</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">campaign in the Netherlands</a> saw a Spanish veteran force defeated by the Anglo-Dutch at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Battle of Nieuwpoort</a> in 1600. This was followed a year later by the costly three-year <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Siege of Ostend</a>, which Spain eventually seized. </p><p>The war was brought to an end with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">Treaty of London (1604)</a>, negotiated between <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III of Spain</a> and the new king of England, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>. In the treaty, England and Spain restored the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>, agreed to cease their military interventions in the Netherlands and Ireland respectively, and resumed trade; the English ended their high seas privateering and the Spanish recognized James as king.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1560s, <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> was faced with increasing religious disturbances as <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> gained adherents in his domains in the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a>. As a defender of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, he sought to suppress the rising Protestant movement in his territories, which eventually exploded into <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">open rebellion</a> in 1566. Meanwhile, relations with the regime of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> continued to deteriorate, following her restoration of royal supremacy over the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Supremacy">Act of Supremacy</a> in 1559; this had been first instituted by her father <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and rescinded by her sister <a href="/wiki/Mary_I_of_England" title="Mary I of England">Mary I</a>, Philip's wife. The Act was considered by Catholics as a usurpation of papal authority. Calls by leading English Protestants to support the Protestant Dutch rebels against Philip increased tensions further as did the Catholic-Protestant disturbances in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, which saw both sides supporting the opposing French factions. </p> <table style="float: left; margin-right: 1em"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#b0c4de;">Opposing monarchs </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Philip II of Spain"><img alt="Philip II of Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg/82px-Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg/123px-Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg/164px-Philipp_II_Spanien_MATEO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="756" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Elizabeth I of England"><img alt="Elizabeth I of England" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg/80px-Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg/120px-Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg/160px-Elisabeth_I_England_MATEO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="735" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a></div> </li> </ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Complicating matters were commercial disputes. The activities of English sailors, begun by Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Hawkins_(naval_commander)" title="John Hawkins (naval commander)">John Hawkins</a> in 1562, gained the tacit support of Elizabeth, even though the Spanish government complained that Hawkins's trade with their colonies in the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a> constituted <a href="/wiki/Smuggling" title="Smuggling">smuggling</a>. A slaving expedition led by Hawkins and Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> was surprised by the Spanish in September 1568, and several ships were captured or sunk at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_de_Ul%C3%BAa_(1568)" title="Battle of San Juan de Ulúa (1568)">Battle of San Juan de Ulúa</a> near <a href="/wiki/Veracruz,_Veracruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Veracruz, Veracruz">Veracruz</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>. This engagement soured Anglo-Spanish relations, and in the following year the English detained several treasure ships sent by the Spanish to supply their army in the Netherlands. Drake and Hawkins intensified their <a href="/wiki/Privateering" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateering">privateering</a> as a way to break the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on Atlantic trade. Francis Drake went on a privateering voyage during which he eventually <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake%27s_Circumnavigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Drake's Circumnavigation">circumnavigated the globe</a> between 1577 and 1580; Spanish colonial ports were plundered and a number of ships were captured, including the treasure galleon <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Se%C3%B1ora_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Nuestra Señora de la Concepción">Nuestra Señora de la Concepción</a></i></span>. When news of his exploits reached Europe, Elizabeth's relations with Philip continued to deteriorate. </p><p>Soon after the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_succession_crisis_of_1580" title="Portuguese succession crisis of 1580">Portuguese succession crisis of 1580</a>, English support was provided to <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">António, Prior of Crato</a>, who then fought <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Portuguese_Succession" title="War of the Portuguese Succession">in his struggle</a> with Philip II for the <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese throne</a>. Philip in return began to support the <a href="/wiki/Second_Desmond_Rebellion" title="Second Desmond Rebellion">Catholic rebellion in Ireland</a> against Elizabeth's religious reforms. Both Philip's and Elizabeth's attempts to support opposing factions were defeated. </p><p>In 1584, Philip signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Joinville" title="Treaty of Joinville">Treaty of Joinville</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League of France</a> to defeat the <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> forces in the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Spanish Netherlands</a>, England had secretly supported the side of the Dutch Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>, who were <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Years War">fighting for independence</a> from Spain. In 1584, the <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">Prince of Orange</a> had been assassinated, leaving a sense of alarm as well as a political vacuum. The following year was a further blow to the Dutch with the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">capture of Antwerp</a> by Spanish forces led by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, the Duke of Parma</a>. The Dutch rebels sought help from England, which Elizabeth agreed to as she feared that a Spanish reconquest there would threaten England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nonsuch" title="Treaty of Nonsuch">Treaty of Nonsuch</a> was signed as a result: Elizabeth agreed to provide the Dutch with men, horses, and subsidies, but she declined overall sovereignty. In return the Dutch handed over three <a href="/wiki/Cautionary_Towns" title="Cautionary Towns">Cautionary Towns</a>, which were garrisoned by English troops. Philip took this to be an open declaration of war against his rule in the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Anglo-Spanish War broke out in 1585, following the seizure of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Company" title="Spanish Company">English merchant ships</a> in Spanish harbors. In response the English <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_England" title="Privy Council of England">privy council</a> immediately authorised <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition_(1585)" title="Newfoundland expedition (1585)">a campaign</a> against the Spanish fishing industry in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> and off the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Banks_of_Newfoundland" title="Grand Banks of Newfoundland">Grand Banks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicheno_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicheno-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The campaign was a huge success, and subsequently led to England's first sustained activity in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August, England joined the <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War#Secession_and_reconquest_(1579–1588)" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> on the side of the Dutch Protestant <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">United Provinces</a>, which had declared their independence from Spain. In that same year, the English established their first New World settlement, the short lived <a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke Colony</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lane" title="Ralph Lane">Ralph Lane</a>. </p><p>The Queen through <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a> ordered Sir Francis Drake to lead an expedition to attack the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish New World</a> in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Preemptive_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Preemptive strike">preemptive strike</a>. Drake sailed in October to the West Indies. In January 1586 he <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santo_Domingo_(1586)" title="Battle of Santo Domingo (1586)">captured and sacked Santo Domingo</a>, and in the following month did the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias_(1586)" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias (1586)">same at Cartagena de Indias</a>. In May Drake sailed north <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_St._Augustine" title="Raid on St. Augustine">to raid St. Augustine</a> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, and when he arrived in England in July he became a national hero. In Spain, however, the news was a disaster, and further buoyed the idea of a Spanish invasion of England by King Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstam_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstam-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish" title="Thomas Cavendish">Thomas Cavendish</a> meanwhile set out with three ships on 21 July 1586 to <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cavendish%27s_circumnavigation" title="Thomas Cavendish's circumnavigation">raid Spanish settlements in South America</a>. Cavendish raided three Spanish settlements and captured or burned thirteen ships. Among these was a rich 600-ton treasure galleon, <i>Santa Ana</i>, the biggest treasure haul that ever fell into English hands. Cavendish circumnavigated the globe returning to England on 9 September 1588.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Revolt_(1585–1587)"><span id="Dutch_Revolt_.281585.E2.80.931587.29"></span>Dutch Revolt (1585–1587)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch Revolt (1585–1587)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_(1586).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg/220px-Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg/330px-Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg/440px-Siege_of_Grave_-_Beleg_van_Grave_door_de_Prins_van_Parma_%281586%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">Siege of Grave</a> in 1586</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Dudley,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester">Robert Dudley, The Earl of Leicester</a> was sent to the United Provinces in 1585 with a dignitary party and took the offered governorship of the United Provinces. This, however, was met with fury from Elizabeth, who had expressed no desire for any sovereignty over the Dutch. An English mercenary army had been present since the beginning of the war and was then under the command of veteran Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norreys</a>. They combined forces but were undermanned and under-financed, and faced one of the most powerful armies in Europe led by the famed <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Farnese,_Duke_of_Parma" title="Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma">Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1586)" title="Siege of Grave (1586)">siege of Grave</a> the following year, Dudley attempted its relief, but the Dutch garrison commander Hadewij van Hemert surrendered the town to the Spanish. Dudley was furious on hearing of Grave's sudden loss and had van Hemert executed, which shocked the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English force then had some successes, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Axel" title="Capture of Axel">taking Axel</a> in July and <a href="/wiki/Doesburg" title="Doesburg">Doesburg</a> the following month. Dudley's poor diplomacy with the Dutch, however, made matters worse. His political base weakened and so too did the military situation.<sup id="cite_ref-t'_Hart_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t'_Hart-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> an English force <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zutphen" title="Battle of Zutphen">was defeated</a> and notable poet <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a> mortally wounded, which was a huge blow to English morale. Zutphen itself and <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> were betrayed by Catholic <a href="/wiki/Turncoat" title="Turncoat">turncoats</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Stanley_(Elizabethan)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Stanley (Elizabethan)">William Stanley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rowland_York" title="Rowland York">Rowland York</a>, which further damaged Leicester's reputation. Finally <a href="/wiki/Sluis" title="Sluis">Sluis</a> with a largely English garrison <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1587)" title="Siege of Sluis (1587)">was besieged and taken</a> by the Duke of Parma in June 1587, after the Dutch refused to help in the relief. This resulted in mutual recriminations between Leicester and the States.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Leicester soon realised how dire his situation was and asked to be recalled. He resigned his post as governor – his tenure had been a military and political failure, and as a result, he was financially ruined.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Leicester's departure, the Dutch elected the Prince of Orange's son Count <a href="/wiki/Maurice_of_Nassau" class="mw-redirect" title="Maurice of Nassau">Maurice of Nassau</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Stadtholder" title="Stadtholder">stadtholder</a> and governor. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Peregrine_Bertie,_13th_Baron_Willoughby_de_Eresby" title="Peregrine Bertie, 13th Baron Willoughby de Eresby">Peregrine Bertie</a> took over English forces in the Netherlands. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Armada">Spanish Armada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spanish Armada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada_in_Ireland" title="Spanish Armada in Ireland">Spanish Armada in Ireland</a></div> <p>On 8 February 1587, the execution of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> outraged Catholics in Europe. In retaliation for the execution of Mary, Philip vowed to invade England to place a Catholic monarch on its throne. In April 1587 Philip's preparations suffered a setback when Francis Drake <a href="/wiki/Singeing_the_King_of_Spain%27s_Beard" title="Singeing the King of Spain's Beard">burned 37 Spanish ships</a> in the harbour of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>, and as a result the invasion of England had to be postponed for over a year. </p><p>On 29 July, Philip obtained Papal authority to overthrow Elizabeth, who had been excommunicated by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a>, and place whomever he chose on the throne of England. He assembled a fleet of about 130 ships, containing 8,050 sailors, 18,973 soldiers, and 2,088 rowers. To finance this endeavour, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Pope Sixtus V</a> had permitted Philip to collect crusade taxes. Sixtus had promised a further subsidy to the Spanish should they reach English soil.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 28 May 1588, the Armada, under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>, set sail for the Netherlands, where it was to pick up additional troops for the invasion of England. As the armada sailed through the English Channel, the English navy, led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Howard,_1st_Earl_of_Nottingham" title="Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham">Charles Howard, 1st Earl of Nottingham</a>, and Francis Drake, fought a battle of attrition with the Spanish from <a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a> to <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Portland" title="Isle of Portland">Portland</a> and then to the <a href="/wiki/Solent" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent">Solent</a>, preventing them from securing any English harbours.<sup id="cite_ref-Hanson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Spanish were forced to withdraw to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. While the Spanish were at anchor there in a crescent-shaped defensive formation, the English used fireships to break the formation and scatter the Spanish ships. In the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada#Battle_of_Gravelines" title="Spanish Armada">Battle of Gravelines</a> the English navy attacked the Armada and forced it to sail northward in more dangerous stormy waters on the long way home. As they sailed around <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the Armada suffered severe damage and loss of life from stormy weather. As they approached the West coast of Ireland more damaging stormy conditions forced ships ashore while others were wrecked. Disease took a heavy toll as the fleet finally limped back to port.<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerMartin_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerMartin-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Philip's invasion plans had miscarried partly because of unfortunate weather and his own mismanagement, and partly because the opportunistic defensive naval efforts of the English and their Dutch allies prevailed. The failure of the Armada provided valuable seafaring experience for English oceanic mariners. While the English were able to persist in their privateering against the Spanish and continue sending troops to assist Philip II's enemies in the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, these efforts brought few tangible rewards.<sup id="cite_ref-Holmes_2001,_p._858._20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holmes_2001,_p._858.-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most important effects of the event was that the Armada's failure was seen as a sign that God supported the Protestant Reformation in England. One of the medals struck to celebrate the English victory bore the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> inscription <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Flavit <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl" style="font-style: normal;">יהוה</span></span> et dissipati sunt</i></span> (literally: "<a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> blew and they were scattered"; traditionally translated more freely as: "<a href="/wiki/He_blew_with_His_winds,_and_they_were_scattered" title="He blew with His winds, and they were scattered">He blew with His winds, and they were scattered</a>"). </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_batalla_de_Gravelinas,_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Battle of Gravelines, 8 August 1558,[21][better source needed] by Nicholas Hilliard"><img alt="The Battle of Gravelines, 8 August 1558,[21][better source needed] by Nicholas Hilliard" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/500px-La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/750px-La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg/1000px-La_batalla_de_Gravelinas%2C_por_Nicholas_Hilliard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="883" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>The Battle of Gravelines</i>, 8 August 1558,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="not scholarly (September 2023)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Hilliard" title="Nicholas Hilliard">Nicholas Hilliard</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 535px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 530px; height: 255px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia: the San Martin is attacked off the coast of Dover from port side by the English Rainbow and from starboard by the Dutch Gouden Leeuw, Dover, 8 August 1588"><img alt="The flagship of the Duke of Medina Sidonia: the San Martin is attacked off the coast of Dover from port side by the English Rainbow and from starboard by the Dutch Gouden Leeuw, Dover, 8 August 1588" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/468px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg" decoding="async" width="468" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/703px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg/936px-Aert_Anthonisz._The_battle_of_Cadix_1608.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1196" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Alonso_P%C3%A9rez_de_Guzm%C3%A1n_y_Sotomayor,_7th_Duke_of_Medina_Sidonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alonso Pérez de Guzmán y Sotomayor, 7th Duke of Medina Sidonia">Duke of Medina Sidonia</a>: the <i>San Martin</i> is attacked off the coast of Dover from port side by the English <i>Rainbow</i> and from starboard by the Dutch <i>Gouden Leeuw</i>, Dover, 8 August 1588</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English_Armada">English Armada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: English Armada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mapa_contraarmada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mapa_contraarmada.svg/280px-Mapa_contraarmada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mapa_contraarmada.svg/420px-Mapa_contraarmada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Mapa_contraarmada.svg/560px-Mapa_contraarmada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Map of the English Armada campaigns</figcaption></figure> <p>An English counter armada under the command of Sir Francis Drake and Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Norris_(soldier)" title="John Norris (soldier)">John Norris</a> was prepared in 1589 with three tasks: </p> <ul><li>Destroy the battered Spanish Atlantic fleet, which was being repaired in <a href="/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria" class="mw-redirect" title="Santander, Cantabria">Santander</a>, <a href="/wiki/A_Coru%C3%B1a" title="A Coruña">A Coruña</a>, and <a href="/wiki/San_Sebasti%C3%A1n" title="San Sebastián">San Sebastián</a> in northern Spain.</li> <li>Make a landing at <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal and raise a revolt there against King Philip II (Philip I of Portugal) installing the pretender <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio,_Prior_of_Crato" title="António, Prior of Crato">Dom António, Prior of Crato</a> to the Portuguese throne.</li> <li>Take the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> if possible so as to establish a permanent base and capture the incoming <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a>.</li></ul> <p>Because this mission was floated as a <a href="/wiki/Joint_stock_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stock company">joint stock company</a>, Drake had investors to satisfy, so, rather than adhere to the Queen's orders, he bypassed Santander in favor of seeking plunder, booty and financial rewards. He started by making a surprise landing at <a href="/wiki/Coru%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Coruña">Coruña</a> on 4 May where the lower town was captured and plundered, and a number of merchant ships were seized. Norris then won a modest victory over a Spanish relief militia force at Puente del Burgo. When the English pressed the attack on the citadel, however, they were repulsed with heavy casualties. In addition, a number of English ships were captured by Spanish naval forces. </p><p>Two-weeks later, having failed to capture Coruña, the English departed and sailed towards <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, landing on 26 May, but owing to poor organisation (they had very few siege guns), lack of co-ordination and starvation, the invading force also failed to take Lisbon. The expected uprising by the Portuguese loyal to Crato never materialized. With Portuguese and Spanish reinforcements arriving, the English were forced to retreat; they sailed north – tossing the dead overboard by the hundred along the way – where Drake sacked and burned <a href="/wiki/Vigo" title="Vigo">Vigo</a>. Young William Fenner, who had come from England with 17 supply ships commanded by Captain Cross, was separated from the fleet after a storm and found himself heading toward the <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelago</a> of <a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a>, ultimately anchoring in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Santo_Island" title="Porto Santo Island">Porto Santo</a> where, the next day, seven more English vessels joined him. They took the island and resupplied themselves over the next two days. Unable to find the rest of the fleet, they set sail for England.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drake attempted to sail towards the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a>, but could not <a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">tack</a> against the prevailing wind. In the face of increasing sickness and deaths, he abandoned the venture and limped back to Plymouth with Captain Diego de Aramburu's flotilla of <a href="/wiki/Zabra" title="Zabra">zabras</a> harassing him nearly the entire way.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>None of the objectives were achieved<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the opportunity to strike a decisive blow against the weakened Spanish navy was lost. The expedition depleted the financial resources of England's treasury, which had been carefully restored during the long reign of Elizabeth I, and its failure was so embarrassing that, even today, England barely acknowledges it ever happened.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through this lost opportunity, Philip was able to revive his navy the very next year, sending 37 ships with 6,420 men to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> where they established a <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany Campaign">base of operations</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Blavet" title="Blavet">Blavet</a> river. The English and Dutch ultimately failed to disrupt the various fleets of the Indies despite the great number of military personnel mobilized every year. Thus, Spain remained the predominant power in Europe for several decades.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Revolt_(1588–1598)"><span id="Dutch_Revolt_.281588.E2.80.931598.29"></span>Dutch Revolt (1588–1598)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dutch Revolt (1588–1598)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer,_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_(Aert_Meuris).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg/130px-Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg/195px-Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg/260px-Sir_Francis_Vere_-_Portret_van_Franciscus_Veer%2C_Generaal_en_Gouverneur_van_Oostende_%28Aert_Meuris%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption>Sir Francis Vere, commander of Elizabeth's forces in the Low Countries between 1589 and 1604</figcaption></figure> <p>Soon after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Armada</a>, the Duke of Parma's force stood down from the invasion. In the autumn Parma moved his force North towards <a href="/wiki/Bergen_op_Zoom" title="Bergen op Zoom">Bergen op Zoom</a> and then attempted to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1588)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1588)">besiege the English-held town</a> with a substantial force. The English in a <a href="/wiki/Ruse_de_guerre" title="Ruse de guerre">ruse</a> however managed to repel the Spanish and forced Parma's retreat with heavy losses which boosted both Dutch and English morale.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year Bertie, under orders from Elizabeth I, left for France with a force to help the Protestants in their fight against the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a>. Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Vere" title="Francis Vere">Francis Vere</a> assumed command of English forces thereafter – a position he retained during fifteen campaigns, with almost unbroken success.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1590 an Anglo-Dutch force under Maurice and Vere respectively launched a campaign with the aim of taking <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>. In a remarkable feat, a small assault force hid in a peat <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barge</a> before a <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Breda_(1590)" title="Capture of Breda (1590)">successful surprise assault</a> that captured the city. With Spanish forces in France supporting the Catholic League as well as in the Low Countries, Maurice was able to take advantage, and thus started a gradual reconquest of the Netherlands, which became known by the Dutch as the "<a href="/wiki/Ten_Years_(Eighty_Years%27_War)" title="Ten Years (Eighty Years' War)">Ten Glorious Years</a>". Soon after Breda the Anglo-Dutch <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zutphen_(1591)" title="Siege of Zutphen (1591)">retook Zutphen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Deventer_(1591)" title="Siege of Deventer (1591)">Deventer</a> which restored English prestige after their earlier betrayals. After defeating the Spanish under the Duke of Parma <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Knodsenburg" title="Siege of Knodsenburg">at Knodsenberg</a> in 1591 a new confidence in the army took shape. English troops by this time composed nearly half of the Dutch army. The reconquest continued with <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1591)" title="Siege of Hulst (1591)">Hulst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nijmegen_(1591)" title="Siege of Nijmegen (1591)">Nijmegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Geertruidenberg_(1593)" title="Siege of Geertruidenberg (1593)">Geertruidenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Steenwijk_(1592)" title="Siege of Steenwijk (1592)">Steenwijk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1592)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1592)">Coevorden</a> all being taken within the next two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1593 a Spanish attempt led by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Verdugo" title="Francisco Verdugo">Francisco Verdugo</a> to recapture Coevorden <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Coevorden_(1593)" title="Siege of Coevorden (1593)">ended in failure</a> when the Anglo-Dutch under Maurice and Vere relieved the place during the spring of 1594. Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groningen_(1594)" title="Siege of Groningen (1594)">capture of Groningen</a> in the summer of 1594 resulted in the Spanish army being forced out of the northern provinces which led to the complete restoration of the seven provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-HadHam_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HadHam-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After these successes, Elizabeth could view the high confidence in the army and renewed the treaty with the States in 1595. English troops having been given high praise by the Dutch were kept at around 4,000 men. They were to be paid for by the States and the Queen would also be repaid on the Crown's expenses in instalments until a conclusion of peace was made. </p><p>In 1595, Maurice's campaign was resumed to retake the cities of the <a href="/wiki/Twente" title="Twente">Twente</a> region from the Spanish. This was delayed after <a href="/wiki/Huy" title="Huy">Huy</a> was besieged in March but Maurice was unable to prevent <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Huy_(1595)" title="Siege of Huy (1595)">its fall</a>. When Maurice did go on the offensive an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1595)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1595)">take Grol</a> in July ended in failure when a Spanish force under 90-year-old veteran <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_Mondrag%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal de Mondragón">Cristóbal de Mondragón</a> relieved the city. Maurice then tried to make an attempt on the city of <a href="/wiki/Rheinberg" title="Rheinberg">Rheinberg</a> in September but Mondragon defeated this move at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lippe" title="Battle of the Lippe">Battle of the Lippe</a>. Maurice was then forced to cancel further planned offensives as the bulk of his English and Scots troops were withdrawn to take part in the attack on Cadiz. Under their new commander, the <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a>, the Spanish took advantage of this lull and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1596)" title="Siege of Hulst (1596)">recaptured Hulst</a> the following year which led to a prolonged stalemate in the campaign and delayed the reconquest.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1597, Spanish bankruptcy and the war in France gave the Anglo-Dutch an advantage. At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Turnhout_(1597)" title="Battle of Turnhout (1597)">Battle of Turnhout</a> a Spanish force was surprised and routed; Vere and the <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sidney,_1st_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Robert Sidney, 1st Earl of Leicester">Earl of Leicester</a> particularly distinguished themselves. With the Spanish distracted by the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Amiens">siege of Amiens</a> in France, Maurice launched an offensive in the summer. This time both <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1597)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1597)">Rhienberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1597)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1597)">Greonlo</a> were taken by the Dutch. This was followed by the capture of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bredevoort_(1597)" title="Siege of Bredevoort (1597)">Bredevoort</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Enschede_(1597)" title="Capture of Enschede (1597)">Enschede</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Ootmarsum" title="Capture of Ootmarsum">Ootsmarsum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1597)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1597)">Oldenzaal</a>, and finally <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lingen_(1597)" title="Siege of Lingen (1597)">Lingen</a> by the end of the year. The offensive's success meant that most of the seven northern provinces of the Netherlands had been recaptured by the Dutch Republic and a significant barrier had been created along the Rhine river.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naval_war_and_privateering">Naval war and privateering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Naval war and privateering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany Campaign">Brittany Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg/310px-Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg/465px-Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg/620px-Charles_Edward_Dixon_The_Revenge_1591_Battle_of_Flores_Azores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4470" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption><i>The Last Fight of the Revenge</i>, off Flores, in the Azores, 1591</figcaption></figure> <p>In November, 1588, Philip II ordered the construction of 21 new galleons, all of them large.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 12 of them were built in <a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_Coast" title="Cantabrian Coast">Cantabrian</a> ports and stood out due to their number and the names they received; they were known as "the twelve apostles".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 6 were made in Portugal, 2 in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> and 1 in <a href="/wiki/Vinaroz" class="mw-redirect" title="Vinaroz">Vinaroz</a>; all of them entered service in a very short space of time. Philip then established a <a href="/wiki/Brittany_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Brittany Campaign">naval base in Brittany</a> which threatened England and allowed for a sophisticated convoy system and improved intelligence network which frustrated English naval attempts on the Spanish treasure fleet during the 1590s. This was best demonstrated by the repulse of the squadron that was led by Effingham in 1591 near the Azores, who had intended to ambush the treasure fleet. It was in this battle that the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1591)" title="Battle of Flores (1591)">captured</a> the English flagship, <a href="/wiki/English_ship_Revenge_(1577)" title="English ship Revenge (1577)">HMS <i>Revenge</i></a>, after a stubborn resistance by its captain, Sir <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grenville" title="Richard Grenville">Richard Grenville</a>. Throughout the 1590s, enormous convoy escorts enabled the Spanish to ship three times as much silver as in the previous decade.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>English merchant privateers or corsairs known as Elizabeth's "<a href="/wiki/Elizabethan_Sea_Dogs" title="Elizabethan Sea Dogs">Sea Dogs</a>" enjoyed more qualified success, however.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews124_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews124-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the three years after the Spanish Armada was defeated, more than 300 prizes were taken from the Spanish with a declared total value of well over £400,000.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicheno320-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> English courtiers provided money for their own expeditions as well as others, and even Elizabeth herself would make investments. The <a href="/wiki/George_Clifford,_3rd_Earl_of_Cumberland" title="George Clifford, 3rd Earl of Cumberland">Earl of Cumberland</a> made a number of expeditions and a few did yield profit – his first being the <a href="/wiki/Azores_Voyage_of_1589" title="Azores Voyage of 1589">Azores Voyage in 1589</a>. Others failed however due to bad weather and his 1591 voyage ended in defeat with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlengas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Berlengas Islands">Spanish galleys off Berlengas</a>. Cumberland with Sir Walter Raleigh and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Frobisher" title="Martin Frobisher">Martin Frobisher</a> combined financial strength and force that led to the most successful English naval expedition of the war. Off <a href="/wiki/Flores_Island_(Azores)" title="Flores Island (Azores)">Flores island</a> in 1592, the English fleet <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Flores_(1592)" title="Battle of Flores (1592)">captured a large Portuguese carrack</a>, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Madre_de_Deus" title="Madre de Deus">Madre de Deus</a></i></span>, and outwitted a Spanish fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Alonso de Bazán">Alonso de Bazán</a>. The expedition's reward equalled nearly half the size of the Kingdom of England's royal annual revenue and yielded Elizabeth a 20-fold return on her investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews73_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews73-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These riches gave the English an excited enthusiasm to engage in this opulent commerce.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raleigh himself in 1595 went on <a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">an expedition to explore</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Orinoco river">Orinoco river</a> in an attempt to find the mythical city of <a href="/wiki/El_Dorado" title="El Dorado">El Dorado</a>; in the process the English plundered the Spanish settlement of Trinidad. Raleigh would, however, exaggerate the wealth found there upon his return to England. Supporting Raleigh with his expedition was another led by Amyas Preston and <a href="/wiki/George_Somers" title="George Somers">George Somers</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Preston_Somers_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preston Somers Expedition">Preston Somers expedition</a> to South America, notable for a daring overland assault that saw the capture of <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. </p><p>Many of the expeditions were financed by famed London merchants, the most notable of these being <a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(merchant)" title="John Watts (merchant)">John Watts</a>. An expedition Watts financed to <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazil">Portuguese Brazil</a> led by <a href="/wiki/James_Lancaster" title="James Lancaster">James Lancaster</a> saw the <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">capture and plunder</a> of <a href="/wiki/Recife" title="Recife">Recife</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olinda" title="Olinda">Olinda</a> – which was highly profitable for both.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews77_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews77-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to English privateering against their merchantmen, the Spanish monarchy struck back with the <i><a href="/wiki/Dunkirkers" title="Dunkirkers">Dunkirkers</a></i> devastating English shipping and fishing in the largely undefended seas around England. </p><p>By far the most successful English privateer was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Newport" title="Christopher Newport">Christopher Newport</a>, who was backed financially by Watts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicheno316_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicheno316-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newport set out in 1590 to raid the Spanish West Indies and in <a href="/wiki/Watts%27_West_Indies_and_Virginia_expedition" title="Watts' West Indies and Virginia expedition">the ensuing fight</a> saw the defeat of an armed Spanish convoy but Newport lost his right arm in the process. Despite this Newport continued the ventures – the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Western_Cuba" title="Blockade of Western Cuba">blockade of Western Cuba</a> in 1591 was the most successful English privateering venture made during the war, and then followed that with <a href="/wiki/Newport%27s_1592_expedition" title="Newport's 1592 expedition">another successful expedition</a> to Hispaniola and the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Honduras">Bay of Honduras</a> the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews167_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews167-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Drake and Hawkins died of disease on the later 1595–96 expedition against <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">Puerto Rico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drake%27s_Assault_on_Panama" title="Drake's Assault on Panama">Panama</a>, and other targets in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Main" title="Spanish Main">Spanish Main</a>, a severe setback in which the English suffered heavy losses in soldiers and ships despite a number of minor military victories. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz,_1596,_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg/310px-Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg/465px-Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg/620px-Zeeslag_voor_Cadiz%2C_1596%2C_RP-P-OB-80.181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5782" data-file-height="4150" /></a><figcaption>The battle of Bay of Cádiz in 1596</figcaption></figure> <p>In August 1595, a Spanish naval force from <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Am%C3%A9squita" title="Carlos de Amésquita">Carlos de Amésquita</a> <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Mount%27s_Bay" title="Raid on Mount's Bay">landed in Cornwall</a>, raiding and burning <a href="/wiki/Penzance" title="Penzance">Penzance</a> and several nearby villages. </p><p>During the summer of 1596, an Anglo-Dutch expedition under Elizabeth's young favourite, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_2nd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 2nd Earl of Essex">the Earl of Essex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Capture of Cádiz">sacked Cádiz</a>, causing significant loss to the Spanish fleet, leaving the city in ruins and delaying a projected descent on England. The allies were unable to capture the treasure, as the Spanish commander had time in order to torch the treasure ships in port, sending the treasure to the bottom of the harbour, from where it was later recovered. Despite its failure to capture the treasure fleet, the sack of Cádiz was celebrated as a national triumph comparable to the victory over the Spanish Armada, and for a time Essex's prestige rivalled Elizabeth's own.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead of controlling and taxing its subjects, the English crown competed with them for private profit; it failed to succeed at this, as the great naval expeditions were on the whole unprofitable.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews30_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews30-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last of the great English naval expeditions took place in 1597, led by the Earl of Essex, known as the <a href="/wiki/Islands_Voyage" title="Islands Voyage">Islands Voyage</a>. The objective was to destroy the Spanish fleet and intercept a treasure fleet in the Azores. Neither was achieved and the expedition ended in costly failure, and Essex on his return was scolded by the Queen for not protecting the English coast. </p><p>While the war became a great drain on the English treasury, it proved to be profitable for a number of English privateers. In its final years, English privateering continued despite the strengthening of Spanish navy convoys – Cumberland's last expedition in 1598 to the Caribbean led to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1598)" title="Battle of San Juan (1598)">capture of San Juan</a>, and had succeeded where Drake had failed. Newport struck at <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Tabasco_(1599)" title="Raid on Tabasco (1599)">Tobasco in 1599</a> while <a href="/wiki/William_Parker_(privateer)" title="William Parker (privateer)">William Parker</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Portobello_(1601)" title="Capture of Portobello (1601)">raided Portobello</a> in 1601.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews177_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews177-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1603 Christopher Cleeve <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Santiago_de_Cuba_(1603)" title="Raid on Santiago de Cuba (1603)">struck at Santiago de Cuba</a> and in the last raid of the war Newport <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Puerto_Caballos_(1603)" title="Battle of Puerto Caballos (1603)">plundered Puerto Caballos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley131_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley131-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, just days before the signing of the peace treaty in August 1604, future admiral <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Oquendo" title="Antonio de Oquendo">Antonio de Oquendo</a> defeated and captured an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Gulf_of_Cadiz_(1604)" title="Battle of the Gulf of Cadiz (1604)">English privateer in the Gulf of Cádiz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of the war, English privateering had devastated the Spanish private merchant marine.<sup id="cite_ref-Andrews226_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andrews226-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most famous pirates lauded by English literature and propaganda tended to attack fishing vessels or boats of small value to the Spanish crown.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish prizes though were taken at an attritional rate; nearly 1,000 were captured by the war's end, and there was on average a declared value of approximately £100,000–£200,000 for every year of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornsby/Hermann17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, for every Spanish prize brought back, another was either burned or scuttled, and the presence of so many English corsairs deterred some Spanish merchantmen from putting to sea.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in much Spanish and Portuguese commerce being carried on Dutch and English ships, which in itself created competition.<sup id="cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicheno320-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, throughout the war Spain's important <a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">treasure fleets</a> were kept safe by their convoy system.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_Revolt_(1598–1604)"><span id="Dutch_Revolt_.281598.E2.80.931604.29"></span>Dutch Revolt (1598–1604)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dutch Revolt (1598–1604)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War,_1599%E2%80%931609" title="Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609">Eighty Years' War, 1599–1609</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sebastiaen_Vrancx_(1573-1647)_-_Veldslag_(1640)_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/220px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/330px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg/440px-Sebastiaen_Vrancx_%281573-1647%29_-_Veldslag_%281640%29_-_Sevilla_Bellas_Artes_22-03-2011_12-07-38.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3312" data-file-height="2244" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Battle of Nieuwpoort</a> in 1600 by <a href="/wiki/Sebastiaen_Vrancx" title="Sebastiaen Vrancx">Sebastiaen Vrancx</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1598, the Spanish under <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_Mendoza_y_Mendoza" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisco López de Mendoza y Mendoza">Francisco Mendoza</a> retook Rheinberg and Meurs in a campaign known as the <i>Spanish winter of 1598–99</i>. Mendoza then attempted to take <a href="/wiki/Bommelerwaard" title="Bommelerwaard">Bommelerwaard</a> island but the Dutch and English under Maurice thwarted the attempt and defeated him <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Zaltbommel" title="Siege of Zaltbommel">at Zaltbommel</a>. Mendoza retreated from the area and the defeat resulted in chaos in the Spanish army – mutinies took place and many deserted. The following year the Dutch senate led by <a href="/wiki/Johan_van_Oldenbarneveldt" class="mw-redirect" title="Johan van Oldenbarneveldt">Johan van Oldenbarneveldt</a> saw the chaos in the Spanish army and decided the time was ripe for a focal point of the war to be concentrated in Catholic Flanders. Despite a bitter dispute between Maurice and van Oldenbarneveldt, the Dutch and a sizeable contingent of the English Army under Francis Vere reluctantly agreed. They used <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> (still in Dutch hands) as a base to invade Flanders. Their aim was to conquer the privateer stronghold city of <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>. In 1600 they advanced toward Dunkirk and the Anglo-Dutch inflicted a rare defeat in a pitched battle on the <a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">tercio</a>-led Spanish army at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nieuwpoort" title="Battle of Nieuwpoort">Battle of Nieuwpoort</a> in which the English played a major part.<sup id="cite_ref-Borman224_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Borman224-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunkirk was never attempted however as disputes in the Dutch command meant that taking Spanish-occupied cities in the rest of the Republic took priority. Maurice's force thus withdrew leaving Vere to command Ostend in the face of an imminent Spanish siege.<sup id="cite_ref-Knight49_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Knight49-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">siege of Ostend</a> underway, Maurice then went on the offensive on the Rhine frontier in the summer of 1600. <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinberg_(1601)" title="Siege of Rheinberg (1601)">Rheinberg and Meurs</a> were thus retaken from the Spanish yet again, although <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch_(1601)" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch (1601)">an attempt on s'Hertogenbosch</a> failed during the winter months. At Ostend in January 1602 after being reinforced, Vere faced a huge Spanish frontal assault organised by the Archduke Albert and in bitter fighting this was repelled with heavy losses. Vere left the city soon after and joined Maurice in the field, while Albert, who drew much criticism from army commanders for his tactics, was replaced by the talented <a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrogio Spinola</a>. The siege dragged on for another two years as the Spanish attempted to take Ostend's strongpoints in a costly <a href="/wiki/Attrition_warfare" title="Attrition warfare">war of attrition</a>. Around the same time Maurice continued his campaign, <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Grave_(1602)" title="Siege of Grave (1602)">Grave was retaken</a> but Vere was severely wounded during the siege. An attempt by the Dutch and English to relieve Ostend took place in mid-1604 but the inland of port of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Sluis was besieged and captured</a> instead. Soon afterwards the Ostend garrison finally surrendered, after a siege of nearly four years and costing thousands of lives; for the Spanish, it was a <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">pyrrhic victory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV,_1597.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG/220px-Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG/330px-Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG/440px-Beleg_van_Amiens_door_Hendrik_IV%2C_1597.JPG 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Siege of Amiens in 1597</figcaption></figure> <p>Normandy added a new front in the war and the threat of another invasion attempt across the channel. In 1590, the Spanish landed a considerable force in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> to assist the <a href="/wiki/French_Catholic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="French Catholic League">French Catholic League</a>, expelling the English and <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> forces from much of the area. Henry IV's conversion to Catholicism in 1593 won him widespread French support for his claim to the throne, particularly in Paris (where he was crowned the following year), a city that he had <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Paris_(1590)" title="Siege of Paris (1590)">unsuccessfully besieged in 1590</a>. In 1594 Anglo-French forces were able to end Spanish hopes of using the large port of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a> as a launching point for an invasion of England by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Crozon" title="Siege of Fort Crozon">capturing Fort Crozon</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> turned increasingly against the hardliners of the French Catholic League. With the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1596)" title="Triple Alliance (1596)">Triple Alliance in 1596</a> between France, England, and the Dutch, Elizabeth sent a further 2,000 troops to France after the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1596)" title="Siege of Calais (1596)">Spanish took Calais</a>. In September 1597 Anglo-French forces under Henry <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Amiens_(1597)" title="Siege of Amiens (1597)">retook Amiens</a>, just six months after the Spanish took the city, bringing to a halt a string of Spanish victories. In fact, the first tentative talks on peace between the French and Spanish crowns had already begun before the battle and the League hardliners were already losing popular support throughout France to a resurgent Henry after his conversion to Roman Catholicism which was bolstered by his military successes. In addition, Spanish finances were at breaking point because of fighting wars in France, the Netherlands, and against England. Therefore, a deeply ill Philip decided to end his support for the League and to finally recognize the legitimacy of Henry's accession to the French throne. Without Spanish support, the last League hardliners were quickly defeated. In May 1598, the two kings signed the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Vervins" title="Peace of Vervins">Peace of Vervins</a> ending the last of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">religious civil wars</a> and the Spanish intervention with it.<sup id="cite_ref-Ireland_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ireland-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1594, the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> in Ireland had begun, when <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a> lords <a href="/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_Earl_of_Tyrone" title="Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone">Hugh O'Neill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Hugh_O%27Donnell" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Hugh O'Donnell">Red Hugh O'Donnell</a> rose up against English rule with fitful Spanish support, mirroring the English support of the Dutch rebellion. While English forces were containing the rebels in Ireland at great cost in men, general suffering, and finance, the Spanish attempted two further armadas, in 1596 and 1597: the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Spanish_Armada" title="2nd Spanish Armada">first was shattered in a storm</a> off northern Spain, and the second <a href="/wiki/3rd_Spanish_Armada" title="3rd Spanish Armada">was frustrated by adverse weather</a> as it approached the English coast. Philip II died in 1598, and his successor <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> continued the war but with less enthusiasm. </p><p>At the end of 1601, the Spanish sent a final armada north, this time a limited expedition intended to land troops in Ireland to assist the rebels. Only half the fleet arrived because of a storm that scattered it and that which did arrive landed far from Irish rebel forces. The Spanish entered the town of Kinsale with 3,000 troops and were immediately besieged by the English. In time, their Irish allies arrived to surround the besieging force but the lack of communication with the rebels led to an English victory at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinsale" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Kinsale">Battle of Kinsale</a>. The besieged Spanish accepted the proposed terms of surrender and returned home, while the Irish rebels hung on, <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">surrendering in 1603</a>, just after Elizabeth died. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_war_and_treaty">End of the war and treaty</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: End of the war and treaty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1604)" title="Treaty of London (1604)">Treaty of London (1604)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Somerset_House_Conference,_1604_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg/280px-The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg/420px-The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg/560px-The_Somerset_House_Conference%2C_1604_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset House Conference">Somerset House Conference</a> between diplomats of England (right) and Spain (left) (<a href="/wiki/Somerset_House_Conference_(painting)" title="Somerset House Conference (painting)">painting</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>With the end of the war in France, <a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philip III</a> sought peace with England as well. By 1598 the war had become long and costly for Spain. England and Dutch Republic too were war-weary and both sides felt the need for peace.<sup id="cite_ref-MacCaffrey_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCaffrey-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in peace negotiations at <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a> in 1600, Spanish demands were adamantly rejected by the English and Dutch. Nevertheless, diplomatic routes remained open between the <a href="/wiki/Albert_VII,_Archduke_of_Austria" title="Albert VII, Archduke of Austria">Archduke of Austria</a> and his wife <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Clara_Eugenia" title="Isabella Clara Eugenia">Infanta Isabella</a> (Philip's sister) who differed in their policies to Philip's. Philip wanted to preserve the hegemony of the Spanish empire, whilst the Archduke and Isabella sought peace and friendly relations.<sup id="cite_ref-McCoog_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCoog-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Soon after victory in Ireland the following year, the English navy under <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leveson_(admiral)" title="Richard Leveson (admiral)">Richard Leveson</a> conducted a blockade of Spain, the first of its kind.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Off Portugal, they sailed into <a href="/wiki/Sesimbra" title="Sesimbra">Sesimbra</a> bay where a fleet of eight Spanish galleys under <a href="/wiki/Federico_Spinola" title="Federico Spinola">Federico Spinola</a> (brother of Ambrogio) and <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n,_2nd_Marquis_of_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Álvaro de Bazán, 2nd Marquis of Santa Cruz">Álvaro de Bazán</a> were present.<sup id="cite_ref-Duerloo_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duerloo-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spinola had already established his base at Sluis in Flanders and was gathering more with an intent on a potential strike against England. In June 1602 Leveson <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sesimbra_Bay" title="Battle of Sesimbra Bay">defeated</a> the Spanish which resulted in two galleys sunk and the capture of a rich Portuguese carrack.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Months later in the English channel Spinola's fleet gathered more galleys and sailed through the English channel once more but <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Narrow_Seas" title="Battle of the Narrow Seas">was defeated again</a> by an Anglo-Dutch naval squadron off the Dover straits. Spinola's remaining galleys eventually reached Sluis.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of this action forced the Spanish to cease further naval operations against England for the remainder of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Wernham_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's priority was no longer an invasion of England, but the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">fall of Ostend</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Elizabeth in 1603, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, became the new king of England. He was the Protestant son and successor to the Catholic Mary, Queen of Scots, whose execution had been a proximate cause of the war. James regarded himself as the peacemaker of Europe, and the ultimate aim of his idealistic foreign policy was the reunion of Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> James sought an end to the long and draining conflict, which Philip III also wanted. James ordered an end to further privateering, and in return Philip sent a Spanish-Flemish Commission headed by <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Tassis,_1st_Count_of_Villamediana" title="Juan de Tassis, 1st Count of Villamediana">Juan de Tassis</a> to London to explore the possibilities of ending the war. </p><p>After nearly a year of negotiations, peace was signed between the nations on 28 August 1604, place at <a href="/wiki/Somerset_House" title="Somerset House">Somerset House</a> in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a>. The sieges of Ostend and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Sluis</a> were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1973413_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1973413-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The treaty restored the <a href="/wiki/Status_quo_ante_bellum" title="Status quo ante bellum">status quo ante bellum</a>; the terms were favourable both to Spain and England.<sup id="cite_ref-Morgan_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Allen142_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen142-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For Spain the treaty secured her position as a leading power in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain's upgrading of the convoy system had allowed it to defend its treasure fleets and retain its <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> colonies. English support for the Dutch rebellion against the Spanish king, the original cause of the war, ceased. The Spanish could then concentrate their efforts on the Dutch, in the hopes of bringing them to their knees.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen142_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen142-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A complete abandonment of the Dutch cause, however, was not promised in the treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The English-held cautionary towns in Holland on the other hand were not surrendered despite Spanish demands.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sieges of <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sluis_(1604)" title="Siege of Sluis (1604)">Sluis</a> were allowed to continue until the end of those respective campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch by 1607 had in fact prevailed; the Spanish did not deliver the knockout blow that they had sought, and the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Years%27_Truce" title="Twelve Years' Truce">Twelve Years' Truce</a> effectively recognized the independence of the Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For England the treaty was a diplomatic triumph as well as an economic necessity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the treaty was highly unpopular with the English public, many of whom considered it a humiliating peace.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many felt that James had abandoned England's ally, the Netherlands, in order to appease the Spanish crown and this damaged James's popularity.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty, however, made sure the Protestant reformation there had been protected, and James and his ministers refused the Spanish demand for Catholic toleration in England.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the defeat at Kinsale in 1602, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mellifont" title="Treaty of Mellifont">Treaty of Mellifont</a> was concluded the following year between James I and the Irish rebels. In the subsequent London treaty Spain pledged not to support the rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treaty was well received in Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large public celebrations were held at <a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, the Spanish capital,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where the treaty was ratified in June 1605, in the presence of a large English ambassadorial delegation led by Lord Admiral Charles Howard.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, some members of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Catholic clergy</a> criticized Philip III's willingness to sign a treaty with a "heretical power".<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The provisions of the treaty authorised merchants and warships of both nations to operate from each other's respective ports. English trade with the Spanish Netherlands (notably the city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>) and the Iberian peninsula was resumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish warships and privateers were able to use English ports as naval bases to attack Dutch shipping<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to ferry troops to Flanders.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war had diverted Tudor colonial efforts,<sup id="cite_ref-Billings_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Billings-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the English who had invested in privateering expeditions during the war garnered enormous windfall profits, leaving them well placed to finance new ventures.<sup id="cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hornsby/Hermann17-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/London_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="London Company">London Company</a> was able to establish a settlement in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> in 1607.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> in 1600 was significant for the growth of England (and later <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>) as a colonial power.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Factory_(trading_post)" title="Factory (trading post)">factory</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Banten_(town)" title="Banten (town)">Banten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, in 1603 while the Company had successfully and profitably breached the Spanish and Portuguese monopoly.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wernham333_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wernham333-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the incipient illegal trade with the Spanish colonies was brought to an end, there was deadlock over English demands for the right to trade in the East and West Indies, which Spain adamantly opposed. Eventually the complications resulted in the treaty avoiding any mention of the matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Hammer_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For Spain there was hope that England would eventually secure tolerance for Catholics but the <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder_Plot" title="Gunpowder Plot">Gunpowder Plot</a> in 1605 destroyed any possibility of this.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen155_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen155-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting anti-Catholic backlash following the discovery of the plot put to rest Protestant fears that a peace with Spain would ultimately mean an invasion by <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a> and Catholic sympathisers, as the Elizabethan <a href="/wiki/Recusancy" title="Recusancy">recusancy</a> laws were rigidly enforced by Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-Reed228_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reed228-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>England and Spain remained at peace <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">until 1625</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–30)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Nepal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Nepal War">Anglo-Nepal War</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2006" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Hiram (September–October 2006). <i>Teaching the Armada: An Introduction to the Anglo-Spanish War, 1585–1604</i>. Vol. 14. History Ireland. p. 43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teaching+the+Armada%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Anglo-Spanish+War%2C+1585%E2%80%931604&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=History+Ireland&rft.date=2006-09%2F2006-10&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Hiram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenry_Williams1998" class="citation book cs1">Penry Williams (1998). <i>The Later Tudors: England 1547–1603</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 382.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Tudors%3A+England+1547%E2%80%931603&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.au=Penry+Williams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Casualties-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Casualties_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicheal_Clodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Micheal Clodfelter (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i>. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.pages=21&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Micheal+Clodfelter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1955" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A.L.</a> (1955). <i>The Expansion of Elizabethan England</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403908131" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403908131"><bdi>978-1403908131</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Elizabethan+England&rft.pages=241&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=978-1403908131&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Gardiner_Davenport" title="Frances Gardiner Davenport">Davenport, Frances Gardiner</a>; & <a href="/wiki/Charles_O._Paullin" title="Charles O. Paullin">Paullin, Charles Oscar</a>. <i>European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies</i>, The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd., 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58477-422-8">978-1-58477-422-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor2016" class="citation book cs1">O'Connor, Thomas (2016). <i>Irish Voices from the Spanish Inquisition Migrants, Converts and Brokers in Early Modern Iberia</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137465900" title="Special:BookSources/9781137465900"><bdi>9781137465900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irish+Voices+from+the+Spanish+Inquisition+Migrants%2C+Converts+and+Brokers+in+Early+Modern+Iberia&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781137465900&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tracey, pp. 157–158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bicheno-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bicheno_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicheno, p. 180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Ordahl_Kupperman" title="Karen Ordahl Kupperman">Karen Ordahl Kupperman</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lIp7_e8KMJ0C&pg=PA31"><i>The Jamestown Project</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstam-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Konstam_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konstam, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1887" class="citation book cs1">Stephen, Leslie, ed. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CSwJAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA360"><i>Dictionary of National Biography</i></a>. Vol. 9. Macmillan. pp. 358–363<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pages=358-363&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCSwJAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hammer 2003, pp. 125–127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson 1981 pp. 282–284</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-t'_Hart-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-t'_Hart_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">t' Hart pp. 21–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson 1981, pp. 291–294</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson 1981, pp. 294–295</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPollen1907" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pollen, John Hungerford (1907). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Spanish Armada"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Spanish_Armada">"Spanish Armada" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+Armada&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1907&rft.aulast=Pollen&rft.aufirst=John+Hungerford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span> "Pope Sixtus V agreed to renew the excommunication of the Queen, and to grant a large subsidy to the Armada, but, knowing the slowness of Spain, would give nothing till the expedition should actually land in England. In this way, he was saved his million crowns, and spared the reproach of having taken futile proceedings against the heretic queen."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanson-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanson_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson p. 379</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkerMartin-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ParkerMartin_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker & Martin p. 215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holmes_2001,_p._858.-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Holmes_2001,_p._858._20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Holmes 2001, p. 858: "The 1588 campaign was a major English propaganda victory, but in strategic terms, it was essentially indecisive."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2hbtv4/revision/3">"Events at Calais, the 'fireships' and the Battle of Gravelines – the Spanish Armada"</a>. <i>BBC Bitesize</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Bitesize&rft.atitle=Events+at+Calais%2C+the+%27fireships%27+and+the+Battle+of+Gravelines+%E2%80%93+the+Spanish+Armada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fz2hbtv4%2Frevision%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1988" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, R.B. (1988). <i>The Expedition of Sir John Norris and Sir Francis Drake to Spain and Portugal, 1589</i>. Aldershot, UK: Temple Smith for the Navy Records Society. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0566055783" title="Special:BookSources/0566055783"><bdi>0566055783</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expedition+of+Sir+John+Norris+and+Sir+Francis+Drake+to+Spain+and+Portugal%2C+1589&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+UK&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=Temple+Smith+for+the+Navy+Records+Society&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0566055783&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Arnao_Conde-Luque1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonzalez-Arnao Conde-Luque, Mariano (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oN5cIltA3IoC&q=%22tomo+dos+barcos+llevados+luego+a+Santander%22"><i>Derrota y muerte de Sir Francis Drake, a Coruña 1589 – Portobelo 1596</i></a> (in Spanish). Xunta de Galicia, Servicio Central de Publicacións. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8445314630" title="Special:BookSources/978-8445314630"><bdi>978-8445314630</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Derrota+y+muerte+de+Sir+Francis+Drake%2C+a+Coru%C3%B1a+1589+%E2%80%93+Portobelo+1596&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Xunta+de+Galicia%2C+Servicio+Central+de+Publicaci%C3%B3ns&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8445314630&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Arnao+Conde-Luque&rft.aufirst=Mariano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoN5cIltA3IoC%26q%3D%2522tomo%2Bdos%2Bbarcos%2Bllevados%2Bluego%2Ba%2BSantander%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. B. Wernham, "Queen Elizabeth and the Portugal Expedition of 1589: Part II", <i>English Historical Review</i> 66/259 (April 1951), pp. 204–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrochategui_Santos2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). <i>English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History</i>. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 245–246. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"><bdi>978-1350016996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Armada%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Disaster+in+English+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245-246&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1350016996&rft.aulast=Gorrochategui+Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. O. Bucholz, Newton Key. <i>Early modern England 1485–1714: a narrative history</i> (John Wiley and Sons, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405162753" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405162753">978-1405162753</a> p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Hampden <i>Francis Drake, privateer: contemporary narratives and documents</i> (Taylor & Francis, 1972). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0817357030" title="Special:BookSources/978-0817357030">978-0817357030</a> p. 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFernández_Duro1972" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fernández Duro, Cesáreo (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://armada.defensa.gob.es/html/historiaarmada/tomo3/tomo_03.pdf"><i>Armada Española desde la unión de los Reinos de Castilla y Aragón</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Vol. III. Museo Naval de Madrid, Instituto de Historia y Cultura Naval. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armada+Espa%C3%B1ola+desde+la+uni%C3%B3n+de+los+Reinos+de+Castilla+y+Arag%C3%B3n&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=Museo+Naval+de+Madrid%2C+Instituto+de+Historia+y+Cultura+Naval&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Duro&rft.aufirst=Ces%C3%A1reo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farmada.defensa.gob.es%2Fhtml%2Fhistoriaarmada%2Ftomo3%2Ftomo_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. H. Elliott. <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Europa dividida (1559–1598)</i></span> (in Spanish) (Editorial Critica, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484326694" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484326694">978-8484326694</a> p. 333</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davies-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Davies_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1851" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_Davies" title="Charles Maurice Davies">Davies, Charles Maurice</a> (1851). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809"><i>The History of Holland and the Dutch nation: from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth</i></a>. G. Willis. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190809/page/n246">225</a>–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Holland+and+the+Dutch+nation%3A+from+the+beginning+of+the+tenth+century+to+the+end+of+the+eighteenth&rft.pages=225-28&rft.pub=G.+Willis&rft.date=1851&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Charles+Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924071190809&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight, Charles Raleigh (1905). <i>Historical records of The Buffs, East Kent Regiment (3rd Foot) formerly designated the Holland Regiment and Prince George of Denmark's Regiment</i>. Vol I. London, Gale & Polden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalrecor00kniggoog">pp. 36–40</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HadHam-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HadHam_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadfield & Hammond p. 49</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotley" class="citation book cs1">Motley, John Lothrop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jm23v"><i>History of the United Netherlands: from the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Years' Truce – 1609</i></a>. Vol. 3. p. 422.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+Netherlands%3A+from+the+Death+of+William+the+Silent+to+the+Twelve+Years%27+Truce+%E2%80%93+1609&rft.pages=422&rft.aulast=Motley&rft.aufirst=John+Lothrop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjm23v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCasaban_Banaclocha2017" class="citation thesis cs1">Casaban Banaclocha, Jose L. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/173235"><i>The Twelve Apostles: Design, Construction, and Function of Late 16th-Century Spanish Galleons</i></a> (Thesis). Texas A & M University. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1969.1%2F173235">1969.1/173235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Twelve+Apostles%3A+Design%2C+Construction%2C+and+Function+of+Late+16th-Century+Spanish+Galleons&rft.inst=Texas+A+%26+M+University&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1969.1%2F173235&rft.aulast=Casaban+Banaclocha&rft.aufirst=Jose+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F1969.1%2F173235&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonson1902" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Monson, William (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/navaltractsofsir0000mons/navaltractsofsir0000mons.pdf"><i>The naval tracts of Sir William Monson</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. IV, bk. III. London: Printed for the Navy Records Society. pp. 73–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+naval+tracts+of+Sir+William+Monson&rft.place=London&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Printed+for+the+Navy+Records+Society&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Monson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fnavaltractsofsir0000mons%2Fnavaltractsofsir0000mons.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews124-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews124_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews pp. 124–125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bicheno320-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bicheno320_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicheno, p. 320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews73-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews73_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews p. 73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch,_John_Ramsay1833" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Ramsay_McCulloch" title="John Ramsay McCulloch">McCulloch, John Ramsay</a> (1833). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog"><i>A Treatise on the Principles, Practice, & History of Commerce</i></a>. Baldwin and Cradock. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atreatiseonprin00goog/page/n138">120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Treatise+on+the+Principles%2C+Practice%2C+%26+History+of+Commerce&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Baldwin+and+Cradock&rft.date=1833&rft.au=McCulloch%2C+John+Ramsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatreatiseonprin00goog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews77-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews77_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bicheno316-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bicheno316_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bicheno, pp. 316–318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews167-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews167_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews pp. 167 & 186</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Starkey, <i>Elizabeth</i> (Channel 4, 1999), Episode 4, "Gloriana".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews30-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews30_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews177-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews177_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews pp. 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley131-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley131_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley p. 131</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstrada_y_Arnáiz1943" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Estrada y Arnáiz, Rafael (1943). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hv7RAAAAMAAJ&q=fusta"><i>El almirante don Antonio de Oquendo</i></a> (in Spanish). Espasa-Calpe. p. 32.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+almirante+don+Antonio+de+Oquendo&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Espasa-Calpe&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Estrada+y+Arn%C3%A1iz&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHv7RAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dfusta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Andrews226-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Andrews226_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrews p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamorro2004" class="citation book cs1">Chamorro, Germán Vázquez (2004). <i>Mujeres piratas</i>. Madrid: Algaba. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8496107267" title="Special:BookSources/978-8496107267"><bdi>978-8496107267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mujeres+piratas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.pub=Algaba&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-8496107267&rft.aulast=Chamorro&rft.aufirst=Germ%C3%A1n+V%C3%A1zquez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hornsby/Hermann17-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hornsby/Hermann17_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hornsby & Hermann p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bradley pp. 109–110</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borman224-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Borman224_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borman pp. 224–225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight49-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Knight49_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knight <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ia600408.us.archive.org/BookReader/BookReaderImages.php?zip=/23/items/historicalrecor00kniggoog/historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif.zip&file=historicalrecor00kniggoog_tif/historicalrecor00kniggoog_0076.tif&scale=1&rotate=0">p. 49</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmundson pp. 102–103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_&_Thomson1792" class="citation book cs1">Watson & Thomson, Robert & William (1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GSpOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA113"><i>The History of the Reign of Philip III. King of Spain Authors</i></a>. p. 154.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Reign+of+Philip+III.+King+of+Spain+Authors&rft.pages=154&rft.date=1792&rft.aulast=Watson+%26+Thomson&rft.aufirst=Robert+%26+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGSpOAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ireland-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ireland_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIreland1824" class="citation book cs1">Ireland, William Henry (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tEYOAAAAQAAJ"><i>Memoirs of Henry the Great, and of the Court of France During His Reign</i></a>. Vol. 2. Harding, Triphook & Lepard. p. 266.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+Henry+the+Great%2C+and+of+the+Court+of+France+During+His+Reign&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Harding%2C+Triphook+%26+Lepard&rft.date=1824&rft.aulast=Ireland&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtEYOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCaffrey-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacCaffrey_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacCaffrey pp. 226–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCoog-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCoog_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCoog pp. 222–223</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duerloo-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Duerloo_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duerloo pp. 137–138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wernham_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernham pp.  400–401</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeri2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Beri, Emiliano (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/federico-spinola_(Dizionario-Biografico)">"Spinola, Federico"</a>. <i>Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani</i> (in Italian). Vol. 93. Treccani<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spinola%2C+Federico&rft.btitle=Dizionario+Biografico+degli+Italiani&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Beri&rft.aufirst=Emiliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Ffederico-spinola_%28Dizionario-Biografico%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. B. Patterson, <i>King James VI and I and the Reunion of Christendom</i> (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowse1973413-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowse1973413_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRowse1973">Rowse 1973</a>, p. 413.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen142-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allen142_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allen142_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen pp. 142–143</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_R._Burgess" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas R. Burgess">Douglas R. Burgess</a><i>The Pirates' Pact: The Secret Alliances Between History's Most Notorious Buccaneers and Colonial America.</i> McGraw-Hill Professional, 2008, p. 29. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-147476-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-147476-5">0-07-147476-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Channing, Edward: <i>A history of the United States.</i> Octagon Books, 1977, v. 1, p. 158. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-91414-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-374-91414-1">0-374-91414-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammer-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammer_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2003" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Paul E. J (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm"><i>Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elizabethswarswa00hamm/page/n248">234</a>–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137173386"><bdi>978-1137173386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Wars%3A+War%2C+Government+and+Society+in+Tudor+England%2C+1544%E2%80%931604&rft.pages=234-235&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1137173386&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felizabethswarswa00hamm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzeRobison1996" class="citation book cs1">Fritze, Ronald H; Robison, William B (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310"><i>Historical Dictionary of Stuart England, 1603–1689</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00frit/page/310">310</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313283918" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313283918"><bdi>978-0313283918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Stuart+England%2C+1603%E2%80%931689&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0313283918&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Ronald+H&rft.au=Robison%2C+William+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoricaldictio00frit%2Fpage%2F310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowse1973" class="citation book cs1">Rowse, A.L. (1973). <i>The Expansion of Elizabethan England</i>. Cardinal Books. p. 413. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0351180644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0351180644"><bdi>978-0351180644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Expansion+of+Elizabethan+England&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=Cardinal+Books&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0351180644&rft.aulast=Rowse&rft.aufirst=A.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Israel (1995), pp. 399–405</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhelan1967" class="citation book cs1">Phelan, John Leddy (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel"><i>The Kingdom of Quito in the Seventeenth Century: Bureaucratic Politics in the Spanish Empire</i></a></span>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kingdomofquitoin0000phel/page/88">88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kingdom+of+Quito+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+Bureaucratic+Politics+in+the+Spanish+Empire&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=John+Leddy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkingdomofquitoin0000phel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmout2005" class="citation book cs1">Smout, T. C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17"><i>Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900</i></a>. OUP/British Academy. pp. 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197263303"><bdi>978-0197263303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Scottish+Relations+from+1603+to+1900&rft.pages=17-18&rft.pub=OUP%2FBritish+Academy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0197263303&rft.aulast=Smout&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpPDNU8S5oMC%26q%3DJames%2BI%2Bunpopular%2Bpeace%2BSpain%2B1604%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmout2005" class="citation book cs1">Smout, T. C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LpPDNU8S5oMC&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA17"><i>Anglo-Scottish Relations from 1603 to 1900</i></a>. OUP/British Academy. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197263303" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197263303"><bdi>978-0197263303</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anglo-Scottish+Relations+from+1603+to+1900&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=OUP%2FBritish+Academy&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0197263303&rft.aulast=Smout&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLpPDNU8S5oMC%26q%3DJames%2BI%2Bunpopular%2Bpeace%2BSpain%2B1604%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLothrop_Motley1867" class="citation book cs1">Lothrop Motley, John (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6n5AAQAAMAAJ&q=James+I+unpopular+peace+Spain+1604&pg=PA223"><i>History of the United Netherlands: From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce – 1609, Vol. 4</i></a>. p. 223.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+United+Netherlands%3A+From+the+Death+of+William+the+Silent+to+the+Twelve+Year%27s+Truce+%E2%80%93+1609%2C+Vol.+4&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Lothrop+Motley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6n5AAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DJames%2BI%2Bunpopular%2Bpeace%2BSpain%2B1604%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoseley2007" class="citation book cs1">Moseley, C. W. R. D. (2007). <i>English Renaissance Drama: A Very Brief Introduction to Theatre and Theatres in Shakespeare's Time</i>. Humanities. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1847601834" title="Special:BookSources/978-1847601834"><bdi>978-1847601834</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Renaissance+Drama%3A+A+Very+Brief+Introduction+to+Theatre+and+Theatres+in+Shakespeare%27s+Time&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Humanities&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1847601834&rft.aulast=Moseley&rft.aufirst=C.+W.+R.+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPericot_Garcia1970" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pericot Garcia, Luis (1970). <i>La Casa de Austria (siglos XVI y XVII) por La Ullon Cisneros y E. Camps Cazeria</i> (in Spanish). Instituto Gallach de Librería y Ediciones. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Casa+de+Austria+%28siglos+XVI+y+XVII%29+por+La+Ullon+Cisneros+y+E.+Camps+Cazeria&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Instituto+Gallach+de+Librer%C3%ADa+y+Ediciones&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Pericot+Garcia&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeros2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Feros, Antonio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yvGGVviZiSIC&q=%22mostrada+por+los+subditos+de+Felipe+III%22&pg=PA305"><i>El Duque de Lerma: realeza y privanza en la España de Felipe III</i></a> (in Spanish). Marcial Pons Historia. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8495379399" title="Special:BookSources/978-8495379399"><bdi>978-8495379399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+Duque+de+Lerma%3A+realeza+y+privanza+en+la+Espa%C3%B1a+de+Felipe+III&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Marcial+Pons+Historia&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8495379399&rft.aulast=Feros&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyvGGVviZiSIC%26q%3D%2522mostrada%2Bpor%2Blos%2Bsubditos%2Bde%2BFelipe%2BIII%2522%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtero_Novas2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Otero Novas, José Manuel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j726AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos"><i>Fundamentalismos enmascarados</i></a> (in Spanish). Editorial Ariel. p. 153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8434412248" title="Special:BookSources/978-8434412248"><bdi>978-8434412248</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalismos+enmascarados&rft.pages=153&rft.pub=Editorial+Ariel&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-8434412248&rft.aulast=Otero+Novas&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj726AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522paz%2Bcon%2Binglaterra%2522%2B1604%2Bfestejos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerrero_García1966" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Herrero García, Miguel (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kGM5AAAAIAAJ&q=%22paz+con+inglaterra%22+1604+festejos"><i>Biblioteca románica hispánica: Estudios y ensayos</i></a> (in Spanish). Gredos. p. 474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblioteca+rom%C3%A1nica+hisp%C3%A1nica%3A+Estudios+y+ensayos&rft.pages=474&rft.pub=Gredos&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Herrero+Garc%C3%ADa&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkGM5AAAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522paz%2Bcon%2Binglaterra%2522%2B1604%2Bfestejos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtiz1971" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, Antonio Domínguez (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=whVpAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Golden Age of Spain, 1516–1659 Volume 1 of The History of Spain</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0046526900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0046526900"><bdi>978-0046526900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Golden+Age+of+Spain%2C+1516%E2%80%931659+Volume+1+of+The+History+of+Spain&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0046526900&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Dom%C3%ADnguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwhVpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanz_Camañes2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sanz Camañes, Porfirio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LFsy3zcfO7UC&q=%22e+incluso+en+el+r%C3%ADo+T%C3%A1mesis%2C+donde+camuflados+bajo%22&pg=PA108"><i>Diplomacia hispano-inglesa en el siglo XVII: razón de estado y relaciones de poder durante la Guerra de los Treinta Años, 1618–1648</i></a> (in Spanish). Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8484271550" title="Special:BookSources/978-8484271550"><bdi>978-8484271550</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diplomacia+hispano-inglesa+en+el+siglo+XVII%3A+raz%C3%B3n+de+estado+y+relaciones+de+poder+durante+la+Guerra+de+los+Treinta+A%C3%B1os%2C+1618%E2%80%931648&rft.pages=108&rft.pub=Universidad+de+Castilla-La+Mancha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-8484271550&rft.aulast=Sanz+Cama%C3%B1es&rft.aufirst=Porfirio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLFsy3zcfO7UC%26q%3D%2522e%2Bincluso%2Ben%2Bel%2Br%25C3%25ADo%2BT%25C3%25A1mesis%252C%2Bdonde%2Bcamuflados%2Bbajo%2522%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez_Hernández2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodríguez Hernández, Antonio José (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CDLfBgAAQBAJ&q=Zubiaur+Dover+tercio&pg=PT158"><i>Breve historia de los Tercios de Flandes</i></a> (in Spanish). Ediciones Nowtilus. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8499676586" title="Special:BookSources/978-8499676586"><bdi>978-8499676586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breve+historia+de+los+Tercios+de+Flandes&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Ediciones+Nowtilus&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-8499676586&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Antonio+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCDLfBgAAQBAJ%26q%3DZubiaur%2BDover%2Btercio%26pg%3DPT158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Billings-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Billings_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Billings p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. Vol. I. Encyclopedia Britannica Company. 1973. p. 499.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.pages=499&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica+Company&rft.date=1973&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart2008" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Jonathan (2008). <i>Empires and Colonies Empires and Colonies</i>. Polity. pp. 68–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0745626130" title="Special:BookSources/978-0745626130"><bdi>978-0745626130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Colonies+Empires+and+Colonies&rft.pages=68-69&rft.pub=Polity&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0745626130&rft.aulast=Hart&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaudhuri1965" class="citation book cs1">Chaudhuri, K. N (1965). <i>The English East India Company: The Study of an Early Joint-stock Company 1600–1640</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415190763" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415190763"><bdi>978-0415190763</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+East+India+Company%3A+The+Study+of+an+Early+Joint-stock+Company+1600%E2%80%931640&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=978-0415190763&rft.aulast=Chaudhuri&rft.aufirst=K.+N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wernham333-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wernham333_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wernham pp. 333–334</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allen155-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Allen155_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Allen p. 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reed228-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Reed228_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed1970" class="citation book cs1">Reed, Richard Burton (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PWHSAAAAMAAJ"><i>Sir Robert Cecil and the Diplomacy of the Anglo-Spanish Peace, 1603–1604</i></a>. University of Wisconsin-Madison. pp. 228–229.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Robert+Cecil+and+the+Diplomacy+of+the+Anglo-Spanish+Peace%2C+1603%E2%80%931604&rft.pages=228-229&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin-Madison&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Richard+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPWHSAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1">Allen, Paul C (2000). <i>Philip III and the Pax Hispanica, 1598–1621: The Failure of Grand Strategy</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300076820" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300076820"><bdi>978-0300076820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philip+III+and+the+Pax+Hispanica%2C+1598%E2%80%931621%3A+The+Failure+of+Grand+Strategy&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0300076820&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Paul+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1964" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Kenneth R (1964). <i>Elizabethan Privateering: English Privateering During the Spanish War, 1585–1603</i>. Cambridge University Press, First Edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521040327" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521040327"><bdi>978-0521040327</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Privateering%3A+English+Privateering+During+the+Spanish+War%2C+1585%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+First+Edition&rft.date=1964&rft.isbn=978-0521040327&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2010" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Peter T (2010). <i>British Maritime Enterprise in the New World: From the Late Fifteenth to the Mid-eighteenth Century</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lewiston,_New_York" title="Lewiston, New York">Lewiston, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Mellen_Press" title="Edwin Mellen Press">Edwin Mellen Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0773478664" title="Special:BookSources/978-0773478664"><bdi>978-0773478664</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Maritime+Enterprise+in+the+New+World%3A+From+the+Late+Fifteenth+to+the+Mid-eighteenth+Century&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Edwin+Mellen+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0773478664&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Peter+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBormen,_Tracey1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tracy_Borman" title="Tracy Borman">Bormen, Tracey</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67y9GwAACAAJ"><i>Sir Francis Vere in the Netherlands, 1589–1603: A Re-evaluation of His Career as Sergeant Major General of Elizabeth I's Troops</i></a>. University of Hull.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Vere+in+the+Netherlands%2C+1589%E2%80%931603%3A+A+Re-evaluation+of+His+Career+as+Sergeant+Major+General+of+Elizabeth+I%27s+Troops&rft.pub=University+of+Hull&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Bormen%2C+Tracey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67y9GwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Charles Beem, <i>The Foreign Relations of Elizabeth I</i> (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Relations-Elizabeth-Queenship-Power/dp/0230112145/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicheno2012" class="citation book cs1">Bicheno, Hugh (2012). <i>Elizabeth's Sea Dogs: How England's Mariners Became the Scourge of the Seas</i>. Conway. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844861743" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844861743"><bdi>978-1844861743</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Sea+Dogs%3A+How+England%27s+Mariners+Became+the+Scourge+of+the+Seas&rft.pub=Conway&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1844861743&rft.aulast=Bicheno&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings1975" class="citation book cs1">Billings, Warren M, ed. (1975). <i>The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606–1689</i>. UNC Press Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0807812372" title="Special:BookSources/978-0807812372"><bdi>978-0807812372</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Dominion+in+the+Seventeenth+Century%3A+A+Documentary+History+of+Virginia%2C+1606%E2%80%931689&rft.pub=UNC+Press+Books&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0807812372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuerloo2012" class="citation book cs1">Duerloo, Luc (2012). <i>Dynasty and Piety: Archduke Albert (1598–1621) and Habsburg Political Culture in an Age of Religious Wars</i>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1409443759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1409443759"><bdi>978-1409443759</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynasty+and+Piety%3A+Archduke+Albert+%281598%E2%80%931621%29+and+Habsburg+Political+Culture+in+an+Age+of+Religious+Wars&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1409443759&rft.aulast=Duerloo&rft.aufirst=Luc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Peter Earle <i>The Last Fight of the Revenge</i> (London, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-77484-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-77484-8">0-413-77484-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmundson2013" class="citation book cs1">Edmundson, George (2013). <i>History of Holland</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107660892" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107660892"><bdi>978-1107660892</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Holland&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1107660892&rft.aulast=Edmundson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1972" class="citation book cs1">Graham, Winston (1972). <i>The Spanish Armadas</i>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0002218429" title="Special:BookSources/978-0002218429"><bdi>978-0002218429</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armadas&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0002218429&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorrochategui_Santos2018" class="citation book cs1">Gorrochategui Santos, Luis (2018). <i>English Armada: The Greatest Naval Disaster in English History</i>. Bloomsbury. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350016996" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350016996"><bdi>978-1350016996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Armada%3A+The+Greatest+Naval+Disaster+in+English+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1350016996&rft.aulast=Gorrochategui+Santos&rft.aufirst=Luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadfieldHammond2014" class="citation book cs1">Hadfield, Andrew; Hammond, Paul, eds. (2014). <i>Shakespeare And Renaissance Europe Arden Critical Companions</i>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1408143681" title="Special:BookSources/978-1408143681"><bdi>978-1408143681</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+And+Renaissance+Europe+Arden+Critical+Companions&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1408143681&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammer2003" class="citation book cs1">Hammer, Paul E.J. (2003). <i>Elizabeth's Wars: War, Government and Society in Tudor England, 1544–1604</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137173386" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137173386"><bdi>978-1137173386</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth%27s+Wars%3A+War%2C+Government+and+Society+in+Tudor+England%2C+1544%E2%80%931604&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1137173386&rft.aulast=Hammer&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2011" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, Neil (2011). <i>The Confident Hope Of A Miracle: The True History Of The Spanish Armada</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1446423226" title="Special:BookSources/978-1446423226"><bdi>978-1446423226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confident+Hope+Of+A+Miracle%3A+The+True+History+Of+The+Spanish+Armada&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1446423226&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornsbyHermann2005" class="citation book cs1">Hornsby, Stephen; Hermann, Michael (2005). <i>British Atlantic, American Frontier: Spaces of Power in Early Modern British America</i>. UPNE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1584654278" title="Special:BookSources/978-1584654278"><bdi>978-1584654278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Atlantic%2C+American+Frontier%3A+Spaces+of+Power+in+Early+Modern+British+America&rft.pub=UPNE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1584654278&rft.aulast=Hornsby&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Hermann%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jonathan I. Israel. <i>Conflicts of Empires: Spain, the Low Countries, and the Struggle for World Supremacy, 1585–1713</i> (1997) 420pp</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, Jonathan (1995). <i>The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873072-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873072-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873072-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness%2C+and+Fall+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873072-9&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstam,_Angus2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Angus_Konstam" title="Angus Konstam">Konstam, Angus</a> (2000). <i>Elizabethan Sea Dogs 1560–1605 (Elite)</i>. Osprey. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-015-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-015-5"><bdi>978-1-84176-015-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabethan+Sea+Dogs+1560%E2%80%931605+%28Elite%29&rft.pub=Osprey&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-84176-015-5&rft.au=Konstam%2C+Angus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacCaffrey,_Wallace_T1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wallace_T._MacCaffrey" title="Wallace T. MacCaffrey">MacCaffrey, Wallace T</a> (1994). <i>Elizabeth I: War and Politics, 1588–1603</i>. Princeton Paperbacks Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691036519" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691036519"><bdi>978-0691036519</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elizabeth+I%3A+War+and+Politics%2C+1588%E2%80%931603&rft.pub=Princeton+Paperbacks+Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0691036519&rft.au=MacCaffrey%2C+Wallace+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoog2012" class="citation book cs1">McCoog, Thomas M (2012). <i>The Society of Jesus in Ireland, Scotland, and England, 1589–1597: Building the Faith of Saint Peter Upon the King of Spain's Monarchy</i>. Ashgate & Institutum Historicum Societatis Iesu. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3772-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-3772-7"><bdi>978-1-4094-3772-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+of+Jesus+in+Ireland%2C+Scotland%2C+and+England%2C+1589%E2%80%931597%3A+Building+the+Faith+of+Saint+Peter+Upon+the+King+of+Spain%27s+Monarchy&rft.pub=Ashgate+%26+Institutum+Historicum+Societatis+Iesu&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-3772-7&rft.aulast=McCoog&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkerMartin1999" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey; Martin, Colin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanisharmada00mart_0"><i>The Spanish Armada: Revised Edition</i></a>. Manchester University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1901341140" title="Special:BookSources/978-1901341140"><bdi>978-1901341140</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Armada%3A+Revised+Edition&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1901341140&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Martin%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanisharmada00mart_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF't_Hart2014" class="citation book cs1">'t Hart, Marjolein (2014). <i>The Dutch Wars of Independence: Warfare and Commerce in the Netherlands 1570–1680</i>. Abingdon, UK: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73422-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-73422-6"><bdi>978-0-415-73422-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Wars+of+Independence%3A+Warfare+and+Commerce+in+the+Netherlands+1570%E2%80%931680&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+UK&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-415-73422-6&rft.aulast=%27t+Hart&rft.aufirst=Marjolein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTracy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tracy_(historian)" title="James Tracy (historian)">Tracy, James D.</a> (2006). <i>Europe's Reformations, 1450–1650: Doctrine, Politics, and Community Critical Issues in World and International History</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0742579132" title="Special:BookSources/978-0742579132"><bdi>978-0742579132</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Reformations%2C+1450%E2%80%931650%3A+Doctrine%2C+Politics%2C+and+Community+Critical+Issues+in+World+and+International+History&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0742579132&rft.aulast=Tracy&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWernham1994" class="citation book cs1">Wernham, R.B. (1994). <i>The Return of the Armadas: The Last Years of the Elizabethan Wars Against Spain 1595–1603</i>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820443-5"><bdi>978-0-19-820443-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Return+of+the+Armadas%3A+The+Last+Years+of+the+Elizabethan+Wars+Against+Spain+1595%E2%80%931603&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820443-5&rft.aulast=Wernham&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1981" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Derek (1981). <i>Sweet Robin: A Biography of Robert Dudley Earl of Leicester 1533–1588</i>. Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-10149-0"><bdi>978-0-241-10149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sweet+Robin%3A+A+Biography+of+Robert+Dudley+Earl+of+Leicester+1533%E2%80%931588&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-241-10149-0&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnglo-Spanish+War+%281585%E2%80%931604%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q430726#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2010015314">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Guerra anglo-española, 1585-1604"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5364055">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007579121005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)&oldid=1259918323">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585–1604)&oldid=1259918323</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Category:Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:16th-century_conflicts" title="Category:16th-century conflicts">16th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_conflicts" title="Category:17th-century conflicts">17th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:England%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="Category:England–Spain relations">England–Spain relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spain%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_military_relations" title="Category:Spain–United Kingdom military relations">Spain–United Kingdom military relations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_England" title="Category:Wars involving England">Wars involving England</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Spain" title="Category:Wars involving Spain">Wars involving Spain</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023">Articles lacking reliable references from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_September_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from September 2018">Articles with dead external links from September 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from September 2023">Use dmy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Hebrew-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Hebrew-language text">Articles containing Hebrew-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 20:24<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5f58cd8b6-ljtwg","wgBackendResponseTime":182,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.300","walltime":"1.633","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11062,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":390164,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":19561,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":281130,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1296.565 1 -total"," 28.43% 368.575 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.56% 344.432 60 Template:Cite_book"," 21.06% 273.119 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 8.15% 105.679 5 Template:Lang"," 8.00% 103.765 4 Template:Ubl"," 7.79% 100.980 1 Template:Short_description"," 6.17% 80.000 2 Template:Campaignbox"," 6.13% 79.541 1 Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Spanish_War"," 5.70% 73.941 2 Template:Pagetype"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.740","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":17692323,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\u0026#039;t_Hart2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndrews1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBicheno2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBillings1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBormen,_Tracey1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradley2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCasaban_Banaclocha2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChamorro2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChaudhuri1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuerloo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmundson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEstrada_y_Arnáiz1943\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFernández_Duro1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeros2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzeRobison1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez-Arnao_Conde-Luque1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGorrochategui_Santos2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGraham1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHadfieldHammond2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammer2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHart2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerrero_García1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHornsbyHermann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIreland1824\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKonstam,_Angus2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLothrop_Motley1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacCaffrey,_Wallace_T1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoog2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCulloch,_John_Ramsay1833\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMicheal_Clodfelter2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonson1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorgan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoseley2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotley\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connor2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrtiz1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOtero_Novas2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParkerMartin1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenry_Williams1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPericot_Garcia1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhelan1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollen1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReed1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodríguez_Hernández2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowse1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRowse1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanz_Camañes2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmout2005\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFStephen1887\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTracy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson_\u0026amp;_Thomson1792\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernham1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernham1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1981\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Better source needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish wars\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 60,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Anglo-Spanish War (1585-1604)\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Fact\"] = 1,\n [\"Flagcountry\"] = 2,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 28,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 2,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 4,\n [\"HMS\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"KIA\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 6,\n [\"Spanish Empire\"] = 1,\n [\"Subst:DATE\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Unordered list\"] = 2,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars of Tudor England\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5857dfdcd6-p25mp","timestamp":"20241203070600","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Anglo-Spanish War (1585\u20131604)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q430726","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q430726","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-10-22T01:39:08Z","dateModified":"2024-11-27T20:24:23Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1d\/English_Ships_and_the_Spanish_Armada%2C_August_1588_RMG_BHC0262.jpg","headline":"1585\u20131604 war between the kingdoms of Spain and England"}</script> </body> </html>