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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Spanish_Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Spanish_Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Establishment of Spanish Florida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Spanish_Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraction_of_Spanish_Florida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraction_of_Spanish_Florida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contraction of Spanish Florida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraction_of_Spanish_Florida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_European_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_European_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other European powers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_European_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_and_early_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_and_early_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Discovery and early exploration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discovery_and_early_exploration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Discovery and early exploration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Discovery_and_early_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>European discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Juan_Ponce_de_León_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Juan_Ponce_de_León_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Juan Ponce de León expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Juan_Ponce_de_León_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_early_expeditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_early_expeditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Other early expeditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_early_expeditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_colonization_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_colonization_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>First colonization attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_colonization_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Narváez_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Narváez_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Narváez expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Narváez_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_Soto_expedition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_Soto_expedition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>De Soto expedition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_Soto_expedition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ochuse_and_Santa_Elena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ochuse_and_Santa_Elena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Ochuse and Santa Elena</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ochuse_and_Santa_Elena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_and_fortification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_and_fortification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Settlement and fortification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_and_fortification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missions_and_conflicts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missions_and_conflicts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Missions and conflicts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missions_and_conflicts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period_of_friendship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period_of_friendship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Period of friendship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period_of_friendship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possession_by_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possession_by_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Possession by Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possession_by_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Spanish_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Spanish_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Second Spanish period</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Second_Spanish_period-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Second Spanish period subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Second_Spanish_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Boundary_disputes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boundary_disputes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Boundary disputes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boundary_disputes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seminoles,_slave_raids,_and_uprisings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seminoles,_slave_raids,_and_uprisings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Seminoles, slave raids, and uprisings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seminoles,_slave_raids,_and_uprisings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_to_American_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_to_American_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Transfer to American control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_to_American_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_persons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_persons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notable persons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_persons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes and citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Spanish Florida</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فلوريدا الإسبانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فلوريدا الإسبانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_spagnol" title="Florida spagnol – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Florida spagnol" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_espanyola" title="Florida espanyola – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Florida espanyola" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0pan%C4%9Blsk%C3%A1_Florida" title="Španělská Florida – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Španělská Florida" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanische_Kolonie_Florida" title="Spanische Kolonie Florida – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Spanische Kolonie Florida" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispaania-Florida" title="Hispaania-Florida – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hispaania-Florida" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%A6%CE%BB%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Ισπανική Φλόριντα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ισπανική Φλόριντα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Florida española – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Florida española" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispana_Florido" title="Hispana Florido – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hispana Florido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espainiar_Florida" title="Espainiar Florida – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Espainiar Florida" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floride_espagnole" title="Floride espagnole – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Floride espagnole" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_espa%C3%B1ola" title="Florida española – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Florida española" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%A0%B9_%ED%94%8C%EB%A1%9C%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%A4" title="스페인령 플로리다 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페인령 플로리다" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Spanyol" title="Florida Spanyol – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Florida Spanyol" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_spagnola" title="Florida spagnola – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Florida spagnola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פלורידה הספרדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלורידה הספרדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Hispanica" title="Florida Hispanica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Florida Hispanica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanyol_Florida" title="Spanyol Florida – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Spanyol Florida" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaans_Florida" title="Spaans Florida – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Spaans Florida" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E9%A0%98%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%80" title="スペイン領フロリダ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペイン領フロリダ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_Florida" title="Spansk Florida – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Spansk Florida" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spansk_Florida" title="Spansk Florida – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Spansk Florida" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floryda_(kolonia_hiszpa%C5%84ska)" title="Floryda (kolonia hiszpańska) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Floryda (kolonia hiszpańska)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3rida_espanhola" title="Flórida espanhola – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Flórida espanhola" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Испанская Флорида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Испанская Флорида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanska_Florida" title="Spanska Florida – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Spanska Florida" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_thu%E1%BB%99c_T%C3%A2y_Ban_Nha" title="Florida thuộc Tây Ban Nha – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Florida thuộc Tây Ban Nha" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%B1%9E%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" title="西属佛罗里达 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西属佛罗里达" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q555528#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Former Spanish possession in North America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Governorate of Florida</div><div class="ib-country-names"><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Florida</i></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1513–1763</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Florida"><img alt="Flag of Florida" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/125px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/188px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/250px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px 0px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Spain_(1785%E2%80%931873,_1875%E2%80%931931).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Spain" title="Flag of Spain">Left: Cross of Burgundy<br />Right: Early modern flag</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Plus_ultra_(motto)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plus ultra (motto)">Plus Ultra</a></i></span><br /><abbr title="translation">transl.</abbr><span> Further Beyond</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <i><a href="/wiki/Marcha_Real" title="Marcha Real">Marcha Real</a><br /></i>"Royal March"<br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="173" data-mwtitle="Marcha_Real_(1915).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg/Marcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=am&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="am" label="አማርኛ ‪(am)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMarcha_Real_%281915%29.ogg&lang=hy&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hy" label="հայերեն ‪(hy)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish Florida after Pinckney's Treaty in 1795"><img alt="Spanish Florida after Pinckney's Treaty in 1795" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png/250px-Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png/375px-Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png/500px-Pinckney%27s_Treaty_line_1795.png 2x" data-file-width="1164" data-file-height="981" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Spanish Florida after <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a> in 1795</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">San Agustín</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Spanish exploration and settlement </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1513</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> establishment and abandonment </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1526</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Initial <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a> establishment, abandonment, and re-establishment at <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Santa_Maria_de_Galve" title="Presidio Santa Maria de Galve">Presidio Santa Maria de Galve</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1559–1561</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> establishment as part of <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Spanish sacking</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1564–1565</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a> establishment </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1565</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_(Spanish_Florida)" title="Santa Elena (Spanish Florida)">Santa Elena</a> establishment at <a href="/wiki/Charlesfort-Santa_Elena_Site" title="Charlesfort-Santa Elena Site">Charlesfort</a> and abandonment </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1566–1587</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Transferred to Britain</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">10 February 1763</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Florida</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/British_West_Florida" title="British West Florida">West Florida</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data">United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_District" title="Mobile District">Southern Alabama</a></li> <li>Florida</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Southeastern Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Southeastern Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_District" title="Mobile District">Southern Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena_(Spanish_Florida)" title="Santa Elena (Spanish Florida)">Southern South Carolina</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Spanish Florida</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Florida</i>) was the first major European land-claim and attempted settlement-area in northern America during the European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>. <i>La Florida</i> formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a> in the Viceroyalty of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a> during <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>. While its boundaries were never clearly or formally defined, the territory was initially much larger than the present-day state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, extending over much of what is now the <a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">southeastern United States</a>, including all of present-day Florida plus portions of Georgia,<sup id="cite_ref-Francis2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, and the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Parishes" title="Florida Parishes">Florida Parishes of Louisiana</a>. Spain based its claim to this vast area on several wide-ranging expeditions mounted during the 16th century. A number of missions, settlements, and small forts existed in the 16th and to a lesser extent in the 17th century; they were eventually abandoned due to pressure from the expanding English and French colonial settlements, the collapse of the native populations, and the general difficulty in becoming agriculturally or economically self-sufficient. By the 18th century, Spain's control over <i>La Florida</i> did not extend much beyond a handful of forts near <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Marcos_de_Apalache" class="mw-redirect" title="San Marcos de Apalache">St. Marks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pensacola" class="mw-redirect" title="Pensacola">Pensacola</a>, all within the boundaries of present-day Florida. </p><p>Florida was never more than a backwater region for Spain that came to serve primarily as a strategic buffer between the rest of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> and the expanding English colonies to the north. In contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> of Mexico or of Peru, the Spaniards in <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">La Florida</i></span> found no gold or silver. Due to disease and, later, raids by colonists of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> (chartered in 1663) and their Native American allies, the native population was not large enough for an <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system of forced agricultural labor, so Spain did not establish large plantations in Florida. Large free-range cattle ranches in north-central Florida were the most successful agricultural enterprise and were able to supply both local and Cuban markets. The coastal towns of Pensacola and St. Augustine also provided ports where Spanish ships needing water or supplies could stop and resupply. </p><p>Beginning in the 1630s, a series of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">missions</a> stretching from St. Augustine to the Florida panhandle supplied St. Augustine with <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a> and other food crops, and the Spaniards required <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachees</a> who lived at the missions to send workers to St. Augustine <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> every year to perform labor in the town. The missions were destroyed by Carolina and <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> raiders in a series of raids from 1702 to 1704, further reducing and dispersing the native population of Florida and reducing Spanish control over the area. </p><p>Great Britain took possession of Florida as part of the agreements ending the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> in 1763, and the Spanish population largely emigrated to Cuba. The new colonial ruler divided the territory into East and West Florida, but despite offers of free land to new settlers, Britain was unable to increase the population or economic output, and traded Florida back to Spain in 1783 after the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>. Spain's ability to govern or control the colony continued to erode, and, after repeated incursions by American forces against the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> people who had settled in Florida, Spain finally decided to sell the territory to the United States. The parties signed the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> in 1819, and the transfer officially took place on July 17, 1821, over 300 years after Spain had first claimed the Florida peninsula. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_Spanish_Florida">Establishment of Spanish Florida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Establishment of Spanish Florida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A055a161_0204.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A055a161_0204.jpg/220px-A055a161_0204.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A055a161_0204.jpg/330px-A055a161_0204.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/A055a161_0204.jpg/440px-A055a161_0204.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a> in 1528, Apalachee Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish Florida was established in 1513, when <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> claimed peninsular Florida for Spain during the first official European expedition to North America. This claim was enlarged as several explorers (most notably <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Pánfilo Narváez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a>) landed near <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay" title="Tampa Bay">Tampa Bay</a> in the mid-1500s and wandered as far north as the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in largely unsuccessful searches for gold.<sup id="cite_ref-Galloway2006_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galloway2006-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hudson2018_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hudson2018-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 8, 1565, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a> landed with a band of settlers to found <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a>. Father Francisco López de Mendoza Grajales, the chaplain of the expedition, celebrated <b>the first Thanksgiving</b> <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> on the grounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Diocese_of_St._Augustine_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diocese_of_St._Augustine-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formal <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> outpost, <a href="/wiki/Mission_Nombre_de_Dios" title="Mission Nombre de Dios">Mission Nombre de Dios</a>, was founded at the landing point, perhaps the first mission in what would become the <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_United_States" title="Contiguous United States">continental United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission served nearby villages of the <a href="/wiki/Mocama" title="Mocama">Mocama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a> group, and was at the center of an important <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdom</a> in the late 16th and 17th century. A series of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">missions</a> were then established across the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panhandle" title="Florida panhandle">Florida panhandle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">South Carolina</a> during the 1600s; and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Pensacola,_Florida" title="History of Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a> was founded on the western Florida panhandle in 1698, strengthening Spanish claims to that section of the territory. </p><p>Spanish control of the Florida peninsula was much facilitated by the collapse of native cultures during the 17th century. Several Native American groups (including the <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequesta" title="Tequesta">Tequesta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tocobaga" title="Tocobaga">Tocobaga</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ais_people" title="Ais people">Ais people</a>) had been long-established residents of Florida, and most resisted Spanish incursions onto their land. However, conflict with Spanish expeditions, raids by the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> colonists and their native allies, and (especially) diseases brought from Europe resulted in a drastic decline in the population of all the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">indigenous peoples of Florida</a>, and large swaths of the peninsula were mostly uninhabited by the early 1700s. During the mid-1700s, small bands of <a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek</a> and other Native American refugees began moving south into Spanish Florida after having been forced off their lands by South Carolinan settlements and raids. They were later joined by <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African-Americans</a> <a href="/wiki/Fugitive_slaves_in_the_United_States" title="Fugitive slaves in the United States">fleeing slavery</a> in nearby colonies. These newcomers – plus perhaps a few surviving descendants of indigenous Florida peoples – eventually coalesced into a new <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraction_of_Spanish_Florida">Contraction of Spanish Florida</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contraction of Spanish Florida"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The extent of Spanish Florida began to shrink in the 1600s, and the mission system was gradually abandoned due to native depopulation. Between disease, poor management, and ill-timed hurricanes, several Spanish attempts to establish new settlements in <i>La Florida</i> ended in failure. With no gold or silver in the region, Spain regarded Florida (and particularly the heavily fortified town of St. Augustine) primarily as a buffer between its more prosperous colonies to the south and west and several newly established rival European colonies to the north. The establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Province of Carolina</a> by the <a href="/wiki/English_overseas_possessions#The_Americas" title="English overseas possessions">English</a> in 1639, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French</a> in 1718, and of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Province of Georgia</a> by Great Britain in 1732 limited the boundaries of Florida over Spanish objections. The <a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> (1739–1748) included a <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1740)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1740)">British attack on St. Augustine</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Georgia_(1742)" title="Invasion of Georgia (1742)">Spanish invasion of Georgia</a>, both of which were repulsed. At the conclusion of the war, the northern boundary of Spanish Florida was set near the current northern border of modern-day Florida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_European_powers">Other European powers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other European powers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Great Britain temporarily gained control of Florida beginning in 1763 as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%9363)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63)">Anglo-Spanish War</a> when the British captured Havana, the principal port of Spain's New World colonies. Peace was signed in February, 1763, and the British left Cuba in July that year, having traded Cuba to Spain for Florida (the Spanish population of Florida likewise traded positions and emigrated to the island). But while Britain occupied Floridan territory, it did not develop it further. Sparsely populated British Florida stayed loyal to <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Spain_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spain in the American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, and by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> which ended the war, the territory was returned to Spain in 1783. After a brief diplomatic border dispute with the fledgling United States, the countries set a territorial border and allowed Americans free navigation of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> by the terms of <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a> in 1795. </p><p>France <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Purchase" title="Louisiana Purchase">sold Louisiana to the United States</a> in 1803. The U.S. claimed that the transaction included <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a>, while Spain insisted that the area was not part of Louisiana and was still Spanish territory. In 1810, the United States intervened in a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">local uprising in West Florida</a>, and by 1812, the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_District" title="Mobile District">Mobile District</a> was absorbed into the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">territory of Mississippi</a>, reducing the borders of Spanish Florida to that of modern Florida. </p><p>In the early 1800s, tensions rose along the unguarded border between Spanish Florida and the state of Georgia as settlers skirmished with Seminoles over land and American slave-hunters raided <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminole" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Seminole">Black Seminole</a> villages in Florida. These tensions were exacerbated when the Seminoles aided Great Britain against the United States during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a> and led to American military incursions into northern Florida beginning in late 1814 during what became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>. As with earlier American incursions into Florida, Spain protested this invasion but could not defend its territory, and instead opened diplomatic negotiations seeking a peaceful transfer of land. By the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> of 1819, Spanish Florida ceased to exist in 1821, when control of the territory was officially transferred to the United States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_early_exploration">Discovery and early exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Discovery and early exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg/175px-Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg/263px-Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg/350px-Cantino_Map_-_1502_-_Florida.jpg 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="887" /></a><figcaption>Florida from the 1502 <a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_discovery">European discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> is generally credited as being the first European to discover Florida. However, that may not have been the case. Spanish raiders from the Caribbean may have conducted small secret raids in Florida to capture and enslave <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">native Floridians</a> at some time between 1500 and 1510.<sup id="cite_ref-Milanich_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milanich-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 107">: 107 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gannon_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Cantino_planisphere" title="Cantino planisphere">Cantino planisphere</a> of 1502 and several other European maps dating from the first decade of the 16th century show a landmass near Cuba that several historians have identified as Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-Brotton2013_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brotton2013-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald1984_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald1984-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This interpretation has led to the theory that anonymous <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_explorers" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese explorers">Portuguese explorers</a> were the first Europeans to map the southeastern portion of the future United States, including Florida. This view is disputed by at least an equal number of historians.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juan_Ponce_de_León_expedition"><span id="Juan_Ponce_de_Le.C3.B3n_expedition"></span>Juan Ponce de León expedition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Juan Ponce de León expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RUIDIAZ(1893)_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg/175px-RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg/263px-RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg/350px-RUIDIAZ%281893%29_1.083_JUAN_PONCE_DE_LE%C3%93N.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1019" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a> claimed Florida for Spain in 1513.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1512, Juan Ponce de León, governor of <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, received royal permission to search for land north of Cuba. On March 3, 1513, his expedition departed from <a href="/wiki/Aguada,_Puerto_Rico" title="Aguada, Puerto Rico">Punta Aguada</a>, Puerto Rico, sailing north in three ships.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late March, he spotted a small island (almost certainly one of <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a>) but did not land. On April 2, he spotted the east coast of the Florida peninsula and went ashore the next day at an exact location that has been lost to time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Assuming that he had found a large island, he claimed the land for Spain and named it <i>La Florida</i>, because it was the season of <i><a href="/wiki/Pascua_Florida" title="Pascua Florida">Pascua Florida</a></i> ("Flowery Easter") and because much of the vegetation was in bloom.<sup id="cite_ref-Steigman2005_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steigman2005-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After briefly exploring the area around their landing site, the expedition returned to their ships and sailed south to map the coast, encountering the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> along the way. The expedition followed Florida's coastline all the way around the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Florida Keys</a> and north to map a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Florida" title="Southwest Florida">Southwest Florida</a> coast before returning to Puerto Rico. </p><p>Ponce de León did not have substantial documented interactions with Native Americans during his voyage. However, the peoples he met (likely the <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tequesta" title="Tequesta">Tequesta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a>) were mostly hostile at first contact and knew a few Castilian words, lending credence to the idea that they had already been visited by Spanish raiders.<sup id="cite_ref-Milanich_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milanich-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 106–110">: 106–110 </span></sup> </p><p>Popular legend has it that Ponce de León was searching for the <a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Youth" title="Fountain of Youth">Fountain of Youth</a> when he discovered Florida. However, the first mention of Ponce de León allegedly searching for water to cure his aging (he was only 40) came after his death, more than twenty years after his voyage of discovery, and the first that placed the Fountain of Youth in Florida was thirty years after that. It is much more likely that Ponce de León, like other Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, was looking for gold, land to colonize and rule for Spain, and Indians to convert to Christianity or enslave.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gannon_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gannon-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_early_expeditions">Other early expeditions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other early expeditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other Spanish voyages to Florida quickly followed Ponce de León's return. Sometime in the period from 1514 to 1516, Pedro de Salazar led an officially sanctioned raid which enslaved as many as 500 Indians along the Atlantic coast of the present-day southeastern United States.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Diego_Miruelo" title="Diego Miruelo">Diego Miruelo</a> mapped what was probably Tampa Bay in 1516, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Cordova</a> mapped most of Florida's Gulf coast to the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> in 1517, and <a href="/wiki/Alonso_%C3%81lvarez_de_Pineda" title="Alonso Álvarez de Pineda">Alonso Álvarez de Pineda</a> sailed and mapped the central and western Gulf coast to the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> in 1519. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_colonization_attempts">First colonization attempts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: First colonization attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1521, Ponce de León sailed from Cuba with 200 men in two ships to establish a colony on the southwest coast of the Florida peninsula, probably near <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Harbor,_Florida" title="Charlotte Harbor, Florida">Charlotte Harbor</a>. However, attacks by the native <a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a> drove the colonists away in July 1521. During the skirmish, Ponce de León was wounded in his thigh<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later died of his injuries upon the expedition's return to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1521, Pedro de Quejo and Francisco Gordillo enslaved 60 Indians at <a href="/wiki/Winyah_Bay" title="Winyah Bay">Winyah Bay</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>. Quejo, with the backing of <a href="/wiki/Lucas_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Ayll%C3%B3n" title="Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón">Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón</a>, returned to the region in 1525, stopping at several locations between <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island" title="Amelia Island">Amelia Island</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay" title="Chesapeake Bay">Chesapeake Bay</a>. In 1526, de Ayllón led an expedition of some 600 people to the South Carolina coast. After scouting possible locations as far south as <a href="/wiki/Ponce_de_Leon_Inlet" title="Ponce de Leon Inlet">Ponce de Leon Inlet</a> in Florida, the settlement of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Gualdape" title="San Miguel de Gualdape">San Miguel de Gualdape</a> was established in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Sapelo_Island" title="Sapelo Island">Sapelo Sound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>. Disease, hunger, cold and Indian attacks led to San Miguel being abandoned after only two months. About 150 survivors returned to Spanish settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Milanich_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milanich-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 111–115">: 111–115 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> friars <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Montesinos_(Dominican_friar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonio de Montesinos (Dominican friar)">Fr. Antonio de Montesinos</a> and Fr. Anthony de Cervantes were among the colonists. Given that at the time priests were obliged to say mass each day, it is historically safe to assert that Catholic Mass was celebrated in what is today the United States for the first time by these Dominicans, even though the specific date and location remains unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:130%;"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization <br />of the Americas</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> History</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> People</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#A0522D; color:white;"> Related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Narváez_expedition"><span id="Narv.C3.A1ez_expedition"></span>Narváez expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Narváez expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Narv%C3%A1ez_expedition" title="Narváez expedition">Narváez expedition</a></div> <p>In 1527, <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a> left Spain with five ships and about 600 people (including the Moroccan slave <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Azemmouri" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Azemmouri">Mustafa Azemmouri</a>) on a mission to explore and to settle the coast of the Gulf of Mexico between the existing Spanish settlements in Mexico and Florida. After storms and delays, the expedition landed near Tampa Bay on April 12, 1528, already short on supplies, with about 400 people. Confused as to the location of Tampa Bay (Milanich notes that a navigation guide used by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">pilots</a> at the time placed Tampa Bay some 90 miles (140 km) too far north), Narváez sent his ships in search of it while most of the expedition marched northward, supposedly to meet the ships at the bay. </p><p>Intending to find Tampa Bay, Narváez marched close to the coast, through what turned out to be a largely uninhabited territory. The expedition was forced to subsist on the rations they had brought with them until they reached the <a href="/wiki/Withlacoochee_River_(Florida)" title="Withlacoochee River (Florida)">Withlacoochee River</a>, where they finally encountered Indians. Seizing hostages, the expedition reached the Indians' village, where they found <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>. Further north they were met by a chief who led them to his village on the far side of the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_River" title="Suwannee River">Suwannee River</a>. The chief, Dulchanchellin, tried to enlist the Spanish as allies against his enemies, the <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a>. </p><p>Seizing Indians as guides, the Spaniards traveled northwest towards the Apalachee territory. Milanich suggests that the guides led the Spanish on a circuitous route through the roughest country they could find. In any case, the expedition did not find the larger Apalachee towns. By the time the expedition reached Aute, a town near the Gulf Coast, it had been under attack by Indian archers for many days. Plagued by illness, short rations, and hostile Indians, Narváez decided to sail to Mexico rather than attempt an overland march. Two hundred and forty-two men set sail on five crude rafts. All the rafts were wrecked on the Texas coast. After eight years, four survivors, including <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a>, reached New Spain (Mexico). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_Soto_expedition">De Soto expedition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: De Soto expedition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a> had been one of <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a>'s chief lieutenants in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire</a>, and had returned to Spain a very wealthy man. He was appointed <i>Adelantado</i> of Florida and governor of Cuba and assembled a large expedition to 'conquer' Florida. On May 30, 1539, de Soto and his companions landed in Tampa Bay, where they found <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ortiz_(captive)" title="Juan Ortiz (captive)">Juan Ortiz</a>, who had been captured by the local Indians a decade earlier when he was sent ashore from a ship searching for Narváez. Ortiz passed on the Indian reports of riches, including gold, to be found in Apalachee, and de Soto set off with 550 soldiers, 200 horses, and a few priests and friars. De Soto's expedition lived off the land as it marched. De Soto followed a route further inland than that of Narváez's expedition, but the Indians remembered the earlier disruptions caused by the Spanish and were wary when not outright hostile. De Soto seized Indians to serve as guides and porters. </p><p>The expedition reached Apalachee in October and settled into the chief Apalachee town of <a href="/wiki/Anhaica" title="Anhaica">Anhaica</a> for the winter, where they found large quantities of stored food, but little gold or other riches. In the spring de Soto set out to the northeast, crossing what is now Georgia and South Carolina into <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, then turned westward, crossed the <a href="/wiki/Great_Smoky_Mountains" title="Great Smoky Mountains">Great Smoky Mountains</a> into <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, then marched south into Georgia. Turning westward again, the expedition crossed <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>. They lost all of their baggage in a fight with Indians near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Choctaw_Bluff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Choctaw Bluff (page does not exist)">Choctaw Bluff</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Alabama_River" title="Alabama River">Alabama River</a>, and spent the winter in <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>. In May 1541, the expedition crossed the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and wandered through present-day <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a> before spending the winter in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>. In 1542, the expedition headed back to the Mississippi River, where de Soto died. Three hundred and ten survivors returned from the expedition in 1543. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ochuse_and_Santa_Elena">Ochuse and Santa Elena</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ochuse and Santa Elena"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Spanish_Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Spanish Florida">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Although the Spanish had lost hope of finding gold and other riches in Florida, it was seen as vital to the defense of their colonies and territories in Mexico and the Caribbean. In 1559, <a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a> left Mexico with 500 soldiers and 1,000 civilians on a mission to establish colonies at Ochuse (<a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena,_la_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Elena, la Florida">Santa Elena</a> (<a href="/wiki/Port_Royal_Sound" title="Port Royal Sound">Port Royal Sound</a>). The plan was to land everybody at Ochuse, with most of the colonists marching overland to Santa Elena. A tropical storm struck five days after the fleet's arrival at the Bay of Ochuse, sinking ten of the thirteen ships along with the supplies that had not yet been unloaded. Expeditions into the interior failed to find adequate supplies of food. Most of the colony moved inland to Nanicapana, renamed Santa Cruz, where some food had been found, but it could not support the colony and the Spanish returned to Pensacola Bay. In response to a royal order to immediately occupy Santa Elena, Luna sent three small ships, but they were damaged in a storm and returned to Mexico. <a href="/wiki/Angel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel de Villafañe">Angel de Villafañe</a> replaced the discredited Luna in 1561, with orders to withdraw most of the colonists from Ochuse and occupy Santa Elena. Villafañe led 75 men to Santa Elena, but a tropical storm damaged his ships before they could land, forcing the expedition to return to Mexico. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Settlement_and_fortification">Settlement and fortification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Settlement and fortification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_assault_on_French_Florida" title="Spanish assault on French Florida">Spanish assault on French Florida</a></div> <p>The establishment of permanent settlements and fortifications in Florida by <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spain</a> was in response to the challenge posed by <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>: French captain <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ribault" title="Jean Ribault">Jean Ribault</a> led an expedition to Florida, and established <a href="/wiki/Charlesfort" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlesfort">Charlesfort</a> on what is now <a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">Parris Island, South Carolina</a>, in 1562. However, the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> prevented Ribault from returning to resupply the fort, and the men abandoned it.<sup id="cite_ref-sauer1975_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauer1975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 196–199">: 196–199 </span></sup> Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Goulaine_de_Laudonni%C3%A8re" title="René Goulaine de Laudonnière">René Goulaine de Laudonnière</a>, Ribault's lieutenant on the previous voyage, set out to found a haven for <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenot</a> colonists in Florida. He founded <a href="/wiki/Fort_Caroline" title="Fort Caroline">Fort Caroline</a> at what is now <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacksonville">Jacksonville</a> in July 1564. Once again, however, a resupplying mission by Ribault failed to arrive, threatening the colony. Some mutineers fled Fort Caroline to engage in <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a> against Spanish colonies, causing alarm among the Spanish government. Laudonnière nearly abandoned the colony in 1565, but Jean Ribault finally arrived with supplies and new settlers in August.<sup id="cite_ref-sauer1975_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauer1975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 199–200">: 199–200 </span></sup> </p><p>At the same time, in response to French activities, King <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></i> of Florida, with a commission to drive non-Spanish adventurers from all of the land from <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Bay" title="St. Joseph Bay">St. Joseph Bay</a> (on the north coast of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menéndez de Avilés reached Florida at the same time as Ribault in 1565, and established a base at <a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">San Agustín</a> (St. Augustine in English), the oldest continuously inhabited European-established settlement in what is now the continental United States.<sup id="cite_ref-nhl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nhl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menéndez de Avilés quickly set out to attack Fort Caroline, traveling overland from St. Augustine. At the same time, Ribault sailed from Fort Caroline, intending to attack St. Augustine from the sea. The French fleet, however, was pushed out to sea and decimated by a squall. Meanwhile, the Spanish overwhelmed the lightly defended Fort Caroline, sparing only the women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-sauer1975_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauer1975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200–202">: 200–202 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some 25 men were able to escape. When the Spanish returned south and found the French shipwreck survivors, Menéndez de Avilés ordered all of the Huguenots executed.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 94">: 94 </span></sup> The location became known as <i><a href="/wiki/Matanzas_Inlet" title="Matanzas Inlet">Matanzas</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sauer1975_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sauer1975-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 202">: 202 </span></sup> </p><p>The 1565 marriage in St. Augustine between Luisa de Abrego, a free black domestic servant from Seville, and Miguel Rodríguez, a white Segovian conquistador, was the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the expulsion of the French, the Spanish renamed Fort Caroline <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Mateo" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort San Mateo">Fort San Mateo</a> (<i>Saint Matthew</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years later, <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Gourgues" title="Dominique de Gourgues">Dominique de Gourgues</a> recaptured the fort from the Spanish and slaughtered all of the Spanish defenders. However, he did not leave a garrison, and France would not attempt to settle in Florida again.<sup id="cite_ref-Brevard1904_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brevard1904-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To fortify St. Augustine, Spaniards (along with forced labor from the Timucuan, Guale, and Apalache peoples) built the <a href="/wiki/Castillo_de_San_Marcos" title="Castillo de San Marcos">Castillo de San Marcos</a> beginning in 1672. The first stage of construction was completed in 1695. They also built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Matanzas_National_Monument" title="Fort Matanzas National Monument">Fort Matanzas</a> just to the south to look for enemies arriving by sea.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the eighteenth century, a free black population began to grow in St. Augustine, as Spanish Florida granted freedom to enslaved people fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Mose_Historic_State_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Mose Historic State Park">Fort Mose</a> became another fort, populated by free black militiamen and their families, serving as a buffer between the Spanish and British.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missions_and_conflicts">Missions and conflicts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Missions and conflicts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></div> <p>In 1549, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Cancer">Father Luis de Cáncer</a> and three other <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> attempted the first solely missionary expedition in la Florida. Following decades of native contact with Spanish laymen who had ignored a 1537 <a href="/wiki/Sublimus_Dei" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublimus Dei">Papal Bull</a> which condemned slavery in no uncertain terms, the religious order's effort was abandoned after only six weeks with de Cancer's brutal martyrdom by <a href="/wiki/Tocobaga" title="Tocobaga">Tocobaga</a> natives. His death sent shock waves through the Dominican missionary community in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> for many years. </p><p>In 1566, the Spanish established the colony of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Elena,_la_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Elena, la Florida">Santa Elena</a> on what is now <a href="/wiki/Parris_Island,_South_Carolina" title="Parris Island, South Carolina">Parris Island, South Carolina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marley2008_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marley2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 95">: 95 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a> led two expeditions (1566–1567 and 1567–1568) from Santa Elena as far as eastern Tennessee, establishing six temporary forts in interior. The Spanish abandoned Santa Elena and the surrounding area in 1587.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1586, English <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a> plundered and burned St. Augustine, including a fortification that was under construction, while returning from raiding <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cartagena,_Colombia" title="Cartagena, Colombia">Cartagena</a> in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlly84_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlly84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 429">: 429 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burk1990_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burk1990-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His raids exposed Spain's inability to properly defend her settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-Burk1990_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burk1990-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> had begun establishing missions to the Native Americans in Florida in 1567, but withdrew in 1572 after hostile encounters with the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlly84_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlly84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 311">: 311 </span></sup> In 1573 <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a> assumed responsibility for missions to the Native Americans, eventually operating dozens of missions to the <a href="/wiki/Guale" title="Guale">Guale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a> tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The missions were not without conflict, and the Guale first rebelled on October 4, 1597, in what is now coastal <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TuckerArnold2011_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerArnold2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 954">: 954 </span></sup> </p><p>The extension of the mission system also provided a military strategic advantage from British troops arriving from the North.<sup id="cite_ref-McAlly84_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAlly84-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 311">: 311 </span></sup> During the hundred-plus year span of missionary expansion, disease from the Europeans had a significant impact on the natives, along with the rising power of the French and British.<sup id="cite_ref-Young99_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a>, the British destroyed most of the missions.<sup id="cite_ref-Young99_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Young99-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1706, the missionaries abandoned their mission outposts and returned to St. Augustine. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Period_of_friendship">Period of friendship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Period of friendship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_shatter_zone" title="Mississippian shatter zone">Mississippian shatter zone</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg/300px-Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg/450px-Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg/600px-Mitchell_Map-excerpt03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>An excerpt from the British–American <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Map" title="Mitchell Map">Mitchell Map</a>, showing northern Spanish Florida, the old mission road from St. Augustine to St. Mark's, and text describing the Carolinian raids of 1702–1706.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spanish Governor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Ibarra" title="Pedro de Ibarra">Pedro de Ibarra</a> worked at establishing peace with the native cultures to the South of St. Augustine. An account is recorded of his meeting with great Indian caciques (chiefs).<sup id="cite_ref-RiverArchaeology_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RiverArchaeology-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ybarra (Ibarra) in 1605 sent <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mex%C3%ADa" title="Álvaro Mexía">Álvaro Mexía</a>, a cartographer, on a mission further South to meet and develop diplomatic ties with the <a href="/wiki/Ais_people" title="Ais people">Ais</a> Indian nation, and to make a map of the region. His mission was successful. </p><p>In February 1647, the Apalachee revolted.<sup id="cite_ref-TuckerArnold2011_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TuckerArnold2011-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 27">: 27 </span></sup> The revolt changed the relationship between Spanish authorities and the Apalachee. Following the revolt, Apalachee men were forced to work on public projects in St. Augustine or on Spanish-owned ranches.<sup id="cite_ref-McEwan01_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McEwan01-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1656, the <a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a> rebelled, disrupting the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a>. This also affected the ranches and food supplies for St. Augustine. </p><p>The economy of Spanish Florida diversified during the 17th century, with <a href="/wiki/Cattle_ranching_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Cattle ranching in Spanish Florida">cattle ranching</a> playing a major role.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 17th century, colonists from the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia colonies</a> gradually pushed the frontier of Spanish Florida south. In the early 18th century, French settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> encroached on the western borders of the Spanish claim. </p><p>Starting in 1680, Carolina colonists and their Native American allies repeatedly attacked Spanish mission villages and St. Augustine, burning missions and killing or kidnapping the Indian population. In 1702, <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Sr." title="James Moore Sr.">James Moore</a> led an army of colonists and a Native American force of <a href="/wiki/Yamasee" title="Yamasee">Yamasee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallapoosas" title="Tallapoosas">Tallapoosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alabama_people" title="Alabama people">Alabama</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee people">Creek</a> warriors under the Yamasee chief Arratommakaw. The army <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St._Augustine_(1702)" title="Siege of St. Augustine (1702)">attacked and razed</a> the town of St. Augustine, but could not gain control of the fort. Moore, in 1704, made <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_massacre" title="Apalachee massacre">a series of raids</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Apalachee_Province" title="Apalachee Province">Apalachee Province</a> of Florida, looting and destroying most of the remaining Spanish missions and killing or enslaving most of the Indian population. By 1707, the few surviving Indians had fled to Spanish St. Augustine and Pensacola, or French <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile</a>. Some of the Native Americans captured by Moore's army were resettled along the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River" title="Savannah River">Savannah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_River" title="Ocmulgee River">Ocmulgee</a> rivers in Georgia. </p><p>At the end of the 17th century and early in the 18th century, the Spanish attempted to block French expansion from <a href="/wiki/French_Louisiana" title="French Louisiana">Louisiana</a> along the Gulf coast towards Florida. In 1696, they founded the <a href="/wiki/Presidio_Santa_Maria_de_Galve" title="Presidio Santa Maria de Galve">Presidio Santa Maria de Galve</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pensacola_Bay" title="Pensacola Bay">Pensacola Bay</a> near the present-day site of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Barrancas" title="Fort Barrancas">Fort Barrancas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station_Pensacola" title="Naval Air Station Pensacola">Naval Air Station Pensacola</a>, followed by the foundation of the Presidio Bahía San José de Valladares on <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Bay" title="St. Joseph Bay">St. Joseph Bay</a> in 1701. These <a href="/wiki/Presidio" title="Presidio">presidios</a> were under the direct authority of the Viceroy of New Spain rather than the governor of Spanish Florida in St. Augustine. The French captured Bahía San José de Valladares in 1718, and Santa Maria de Galve in 1719. After losing Santa Maria de Galve, the Spanish established the Presidio Bahía San José de Nueva Asturias on <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_Peninsula" title="St. Joseph Peninsula">St. Joseph Point</a> in 1719, as well as a fort at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a>. Spain regained the Pensacola Bay area from the French in 1722 and established the Presidio Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza on <a href="/wiki/Santa_Rosa_Island,_Florida" title="Santa Rosa Island, Florida">Santa Rosa Island</a>, abandoning the Bahía San José site. After Isla Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza was destroyed by a hurricane in 1752, the Spanish relocated to the Presidio San Miguel de Panzacola, which developed into the city of <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>. In 1718, the Spanish founded the Presidio San Marcos de Apalachee at the existing port of San Marcos, under the authority of the governor in St. Augustine. This presidio developed into the town of <a href="/wiki/St._Marks,_Florida" title="St. Marks, Florida">St. Marks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-childers_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-childers-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Spanish men married or had unions with Pensacola, Creek, or <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_of_Africa" title="List of ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of <a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulattos</a>. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">southern colonies</a> to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. In 1693,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II of Spain</a> issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-black militia unit defending Spain as early as 1683.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 18th century, the Native American peoples who would become the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> began their migration to Florida, which had been largely depopulated by Carolinian and Yamasee slave raids. Carolina's power was damaged, and the colony nearly destroyed, during the <a href="/wiki/Yamasee_War" title="Yamasee War">Yamasee War</a> of 1715–1717; after which the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American slave trade</a> was radically reformed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Possession_by_Britain">Possession by Britain</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Possession by Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Florida_Map_1767.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/300px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/450px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/West_Florida_Map_1767.svg/600px-West_Florida_Map_1767.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="79" /></a><figcaption>The expanded <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> territory in 1767.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1763, Spain traded Florida to Great Britain in exchange for control of <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba, and Manila in the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>. As Britain had defeated France in the war, it took over all of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a> east of the Mississippi River, except for <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>. Finding this new territory too vast to govern as a single unit, Britain divided the southernmost areas into two territories separated by the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (the peninsula) and <a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (the panhandle). </p><p>The Spanish officials, soldiers and settlers departed following the signing of the treaty, with the entirety of St Augustine emigrating to Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British soon began an aggressive recruiting policy to attract colonists to the area, offering free land and backing for export-oriented businesses. In 1767, the British moved the northern boundary of West Florida to a line extending from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yazoo_River" title="Yazoo River">Yazoo River</a> east to the <a href="/wiki/Chattahoochee_River" title="Chattahoochee River">Chattahoochee River</a> (32° 28′ north latitude),<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p 2</sup> consisting of approximately the lower third of the present states of Mississippi and Alabama, including the valuable <a href="/wiki/Natchez_District" title="Natchez District">Natchez District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this time, <a href="/wiki/Creek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek people">Creek</a> Indians began to migrate into Florida, leading to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> tribe. The aboriginal peoples of Florida had been devastated by war and disease, and it is thought most of the survivors accompanied the Spanish settlers when they left for other colonies (mostly French) in 1763. This left wide expanses of territory open to the Lower Creeks, who had been in conflict with the Upper Creeks of Alabama for years. The Seminole originally occupied the wooded areas of northern Florida. Under pressure from colonists and the United States Army in the Seminole Wars, they migrated into central and southern Florida, to the <a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a>. Many of their descendants live in this area today as one of the two federally recognized Seminole tribes in the state. </p><p>Britain retained control over East Florida during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, but the Spanish, by that time allied with the French who were at war with Britain, recaptured most of West Florida. At the end of the war the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Peace of Paris (1783)">Peace of Paris (1783)</a> treaties (between the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Spain) ceded all of East and West Florida to Spanish control, though without specifying the boundaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Second_Spanish_period">Second Spanish period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second Spanish period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boundary_disputes">Boundary disputes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Boundary disputes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1822_Geographical,_Statistical,_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey,_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png/300px-1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="361" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png/450px-1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png/600px-1822_Geographical%2C_Statistical%2C_and_Historical_Map_of_Florida_by_Henry_Charles_Carey%2C_Isaac_Lea_and_Fielding_Lucas.png 2x" data-file-width="804" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the <a href="/wiki/Suwannee_River" title="Suwannee River">Suwannee River</a> into West Florida and East Florida. (map: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Charles_Carey" title="Henry Charles Carey">Carey</a> & <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Lea" title="Isaac Lea">Lea</a>, 1822)</figcaption></figure> <p>Spain gained possession of West Florida and regained East Florida from Britain in the Peace of Paris of 1783, and continued the British practice of governing the Floridas as separate territories: West Florida and East Florida. When Spain acquired West Florida in 1783, the eastern British boundary was the Apalachicola River, but Spain moved it eastward to the Suwannee River in 1785.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose was to transfer San Marcos and the district of Apalachee from East Florida to West Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After American independence, the lack of specified boundaries led to a border dispute with the newly formed United States, known as the <a href="/wiki/West_Florida_Controversy" title="West Florida Controversy">West Florida Controversy</a>. The two 1783 treaties that ended the American Revolutionary War had differences in boundaries. The Treaty of Paris between Britain and the United States specified the boundary between West Florida and the newly independent U.S. at <a href="/wiki/31st_parallel_north" title="31st parallel north">31°</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in the companion Peace of Paris between Britain and Spain, West Florida was ceded to Spain without its boundaries being specified. The Spanish government insisted that its claim extended fully to the 1767 boundary at 32° 28′.<sup id="cite_ref-Cox_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cox-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p 2</sup> The British line at 32° 28′ was close to Spain's old claim of 32° 30′, which can be justified by referring to the principle of actual possession adopted by Spain and England in the 1670 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1670)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1670)">Treaty of Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolton1925_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolton1925-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The now independent United States insisted that the boundary was at 31°, as specified in its Treaty of Paris with Britain. </p><p>After American independence, Spain claimed far more land than the old British West Florida, including the east side of the Mississippi River north to the Ohio and Tennessee rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber1992_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This expanded claim was based on Spain's successful military operations against the British in the region during the war. Spain occupied or built several forts north of the old British West Florida border, including <a href="/wiki/Fort_Tombecbe" title="Fort Tombecbe">Fort Confederación</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fort_Nogales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fort Nogales (page does not exist)">Fort Nogales</a> (at present-day <a href="/wiki/Vicksburg,_Mississippi" title="Vicksburg, Mississippi">Vicksburg</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Fort_San_Fernando_De_Las_Barrancas" title="Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas">Fort San Fernando</a> (at present-day <a href="/wiki/Memphis,_Tennessee" title="Memphis, Tennessee">Memphis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spain tried to settle the dispute quickly, but the U.S. delayed, knowing that time was on its side.<sup id="cite_ref-Weber1992_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weber1992-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Pinckney%27s_Treaty" title="Pinckney's Treaty">Pinckney's Treaty</a> of 1795 with the United States, Spain recognized the 31st parallel as the border, ending the first West Florida Controversy. <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Ellicott" title="Andrew Ellicott">Andrew Ellicott</a> surveyed this parallel in 1797, as the border between the United States and Spanish territories. In 1798, Ellicott reported to the government that four American generals were receiving pensions from Spain, including General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seminoles,_slave_raids,_and_uprisings"><span id="Seminoles.2C_slave_raids.2C_and_uprisings"></span>Seminoles, slave raids, and uprisings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Seminoles, slave raids, and uprisings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Spain, beset with independence movements in its other colonies, could not settle or adequately govern Florida by the turn of the 19th century, with real control limited to the immediate vicinity of St. Augustine, Pensacola, and a few small towns and forts scattered across the north of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebeau1980103_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau1980103-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tension and hostility between <a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminoles</a> and American settlers living in neighboring <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> and over the Florida border grew steadily.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20031_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20031-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Spain officially ended its policy of welcoming people fleeing from slavery in other colonies and countries in 1790, a steady stream of such people continued to cross the unguarded border from the United States and either <a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">settled near Seminole villages</a> or established their own small settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeggus19979_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeggus19979-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">American slaveholders</a> sought to reclaim who they considered their property and organized increasingly frequent raiding parties that entered Spanish territory to attack Seminole villages and capture anyone who might be a refugee from slavery. British agents working in Florida provided arms and other assistance to the Seminoles, resulting in counter-raids across the border that sometimes required intervention by the US military.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebeau1980104-105_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau1980104-105-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several local insurrections and <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibuster campaigns</a> against Spanish rule flared, some with quiet support from the U.S. government, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#Patriot_War_of_East_Florida_(1812)" title="Seminole Wars">Patriot War</a> of East Florida of 1810–1812 led by <a href="/wiki/George_Mathews_(Georgia)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Mathews (Georgia)">George Mathews</a>. At this time there were only about 500 Spanish troops in West Florida. Substantial reinforcements would not be forthcoming from mainland Spain, engaged in combat against Napoleon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982279_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982279-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following secret orders issued at the end of March 1814, Captain Woodbine of the Royal Marines made contact with Indians. After a meeting of various elders held aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orpheus_(1809)" title="HMS Orpheus (1809)">HMS Orpheus (1809)</a> on May 20, weapons and other gifts were provided by the British. Woodbine was appointed as British Agent to the Creek Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was advised to respect the Spanish, and to communicate this to the Creeks. <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A declaration from the Chiefs of the Creek Nation to Cochrane alluded to this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023828_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023828-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon receiving reports that Manrique had allowed the British to land on Spanish soil to arm <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">natives at war with the United States</a>, and had not intervened, Jackson's letter to Manrique dated July 12 warned of "disagreeable consequences" if this intelligence was true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The subsequent arrival in August 1814 of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a> on the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Gulf_Coast" title="War of 1812">Gulf Coast during the War of 1812</a> escalated tensions. <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Percy" title="William Henry Percy">The officer commanding the Royal Navy flotilla</a> had been made, by Captain General <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Apodaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Ruiz de Apodaca">Juan Ruiz de Apodaca</a>, to promise not to land in Florida without being requested to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was clearly ignored by Nicolls,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notwithstanding strict orders from Cochrane on July 4 to respect Spanish neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, when Nicolls arrived at <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a>, Florida, in August, the Spanish Governor of West Florida, at Pensacola, Don <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Manrique" title="Mateo González Manrique">Mateo González Manrique</a>, aware of the potential threat the Americans posed to Florida, requested the redeployment of British forces to Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manrique not only permitted Captain Woodbine to land arms and provisions for the Indians, but also requested Woodbine's assistance in strengthening the town's defenses to meet the anticipated American attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023881_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023881-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolls and about 150 Royal Marines were observed to disembark at Pensacola on August 26, at the request of Manrique, fearful of an attack, based upon a letter to Jackson dated September 2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A consequence of this was that General Jackson initiated an embargo on foodstuffs being sent to Pensacola. Whilst this impacted the local population, where provisions were in short supply, the intention was to hamper British use of the town as a base of operations and logistical hub.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023870-875_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023870-875-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst the embargo is believed to have been lifted, the gulf coast was now a war zone, as the British commenced their campaign against New Orleans. Jackson's reply to Manrique of December 23, 1814 suggests that there were food shortages that month.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969122–123_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969122–123-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly appointed commander of the Pensacola garrison, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_San_Maxent" title="Francisco San Maxent">Francisco San Maxent</a>, made a formal complaint to Manrique on December 31 that his men have no rations, and with due respect asks him what he should communicate to his officers. </p><p>Nicolls participated in an unsuccessful land and naval attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a> on September 15. In the fighting, Nicolls was wounded severely three times, and he lost the use of his right eye for life.<sup id="cite_ref-Gentleman's_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gentleman's-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)" title="Battle of Pensacola (1814)">taking of Pensacola</a> in November by an American force under <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> forced Nicolls to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a> with freed and escaped slaves from Pensacola. There, Nicolls regrouped at Prospect Bluff, and rallied Indians and refugee ex-slaves living free in Florida, recruiting the latter into his detached unit of the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Colonial_Marines" title="Corps of Colonial Marines">Corps of Colonial Marines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon leaving Pensacola on November 9, Nicolls took with him a large proportion of the Spanish garrison, 363 soldiers, who did not return to Pensacola until 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982296_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982296-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The detachment of fugitive slaves in Florida, which had grown to about 400 men,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was paid off and disbanded when the British post was evacuated at the end of the war. A small number of men went to Bermuda with the British as part of a refugee group, rejoining the main body of Colonial Marines.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others from the Florida unit remained in settlements around the Fort which had become a symbol of slave insurrection. Southern plantation owners considered the presence of a group of armed fugitive slaves, even in a remote and sparsely-populated area of Spanish Florida, an unacceptable danger.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELanders2010123_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELanders2010123-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1817, a confused attack by a motley force of American and Scottish adventurers, Latin American revolutionaries, and pirates from Texas on <a href="/wiki/Original_Town_of_Fernandina_Historic_Site#Gregor_MacGregor_and_the_Republic_of_the_Floridas" title="Original Town of Fernandina Historic Site">Fernandina</a>, temporarily claimed the whole of <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Island_affair" title="Amelia Island affair">Amelia Island</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">revolutionary republic</a> of Mexico (not yet independent) for several months before U.S. forces retook the island and held it "in trust" for Spain until they could "properly police and govern it".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebeau1980112_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau1980112-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> called on Spain to gain control of Florida, calling the territory "a derelict open to the occupancy of every enemy, civilized or savage, of the United States, and serving no other earthly purpose than as a post of annoyance to them."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Conde1963127_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Conde1963127-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_to_American_control">Transfer to American control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Transfer to American control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> led increasingly frequent incursions against the Seminoles in western Florida, most notably during an 1817–1818 semi-authorized campaign led by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> that became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Seminole_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Seminole War">First Seminole War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the conflict, Jackson occupied Pensacola, leading to protests from Spain until it was returned to Spanish control several weeks later. By 1819, the United States effectively controlled much of the <a href="/wiki/Florida_panhandle" title="Florida panhandle">Florida panhandle</a>, and Spain was willing to negotiate a transfer of the entire territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau,_p._114_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau,_p._114-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To facilitate a more cordial relationship with the Spanish, the recent issues of slave insurrection were portrayed as attributable to perfidious British influences during the War of 1812. <sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a> was signed between the United States and Spain on February 22, 1819, and took effect on July 17, 1821. According to the terms of the treaty, the United States acquired Florida and all Spanish claim to the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_Country" title="Oregon Country">Oregon Country</a>. In exchange, the U.S. renounced all its claims to Texas and agreed to pay all Spanish debts to American citizens, which totaled about $5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-Tebeau,_p._114_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tebeau,_p._114-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the United States took possession of Florida, hundreds of Black Seminoles and others sailed from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Florida">Cape Florida</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> to avoid being returned to bondage.<sup id="cite_ref-Vignoles_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vignoles-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Howard_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howard-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_persons">Notable persons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Notable persons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Arg%C3%BCelles" title="Martín de Argüelles">Martín de Argüelles</a> (1566–1630) <a href="/wiki/First_white_child" title="First white child">First white child</a> (<i>criollo</i>) known to have been born in what is now the United States. His birthplace was St. Augustine, Florida.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_C%C3%A1ncer" title="Luis Cáncer">Luis Cáncer</a>, Dominican priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala_y_Escobar" title="Juan de Ayala y Escobar">Juan de Ayala y Escobar</a>, governor of Spanish Florida (1716–1718) and a resident of that province.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Escalante_Fontaneda" title="Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda">Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda</a>, Spanish shipwreck survivor who lived among the Native Americans of Florida for 17 years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Marion_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Joseph Marion Hernández">Joseph Marion Hernández</a> (1788–1857), <a href="/wiki/Floridano" class="mw-redirect" title="Floridano">Floridano</a> who served as the first delegate from the Florida Territory. He was also the first Hispanic American to serve in the United States Congress and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> (1822–1823)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Benedit_Horruytiner" title="Pedro Benedit Horruytiner">Pedro Benedit Horruytiner</a>, interim co-governor of Spanish Florida (1646–1648) and governor of Spanish Florida (1651–1654). A resident of that province, his house and library are still preserved in Saint Augustine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Men%C3%A9ndez_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Francisco Menéndez Márquez">Francisco Menéndez Márquez</a>, interim co-governor of Spanish Florida (1646–1648), and the founder of the largest cattle ranching enterprise in Florida.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Men%C3%A9ndez_M%C3%A1rquez" title="Tomás Menéndez Márquez">Tomás Menéndez Márquez</a> (1643–1706), official in the government of Spanish Florida, and owner, with his brothers, of the largest ranch in Spanish Florida.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n_II" title="Nicolás Ponce de León II">Nicolás Ponce de León II</a>, acting governor of Spanish Florida (1663 – 1664, and 1673 – 1675) who was a native of Saint Augustine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eligio_de_la_Puente" title="Eligio de la Puente">Eligio de la Puente</a> (1724–1781), Floridano who held various public offices in St. Augustine, Florida and in Havana, Cuba during the 18th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_V._Zamorano" title="Agustín V. Zamorano">Agustín V. Zamorano</a> (1798–1842), Floridano who served as governor of <a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (1832–1833).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/32px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/48px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/64px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Florida" title="Portal:Florida">Florida portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/32px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/48px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/64px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Spain" title="Portal:Spain">Spain portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridanos" title="Floridanos">Floridanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Indians" title="Spanish Indians">Spanish Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">History of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Florida" title="List of colonial governors of Florida">List of colonial governors of Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Society in the Spanish Colonial Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes and citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'You are most particularly enjoined on no account whatsoever to give offence to the Spaniards in East or West Florida, but advice[sic] the Chiefs to this effect'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023825_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023825-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Nicolls to Cochrane, sent from Nassau, dated July 27. 'I then told him [Apodaca] I should debark[sic] and attack the Americans, wherever I found them which he did not gainsay.' <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023866-868_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023866-868-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Cochrane to Nicolls '4th. While the spanish Government remains at Peace with the United States, you must be cautious (excepting in self defence) not to commit any act of hostility against the United States within the Spanish Boundary, or in any other way infringe on the neutrality of the Spanish territory'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023861-863_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023861-863-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cochrane's letter to Manrique, composed on the <i><a href="/wiki/HMS_Tonnant_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Tonnant (1798)">Tonnant</a></i>, off Mobile February 10, 1815 does state: 'Sorry that it has not been in my power to bring back the Spanish Soldiers from that vicinity ...., but in a few days I will dedicate a Sloop of War Solely to that purpose' The original transcript is stored within: Letters from Commander-in-Chief, North America: 1815, nos. 1–126 (ADM 1/508) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Admiral Cochrane to Admiral Malcolm composed on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tonnant_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Tonnant (1798)">Tonnant</a>, off Mobile 17 February 1815 'The Spanish Governor at Pensacola, having requested that a part of the Spanish Troops removed to the Bluff, when the American Army attacked ...you will send a troop ship to Appalachicola to receive them on board, and land them in the harbour of Pensacola'. Archive reference ADM 1/508 folios 556–561, which has been reproduced in its entirety in a secondary source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enclosure 6b to Erving has the testimony of a Royal Marine deserter from the Fort, sworn at Mobile on 9 May 1815, advising "the British left, with the Indians, between them three and four hundred negroes, taken from the United States, principally Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834551_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834551-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enclosure 7 to Erving. Letter from General Gaines dated 22 May 1815 "P.S. I learn that Nicholls[sic] ..is still at Appalachicola, and that he has 900 Indians and 450 negroes under arms.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834552_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834552-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Admiral Cochrane to General Lambert dated 3 February 1815 refers to "a coloured corps has been organised of from 300–400 men" which is commanded by Nicolls. This is within WO 1/143 folio 55. A copy is also contained within: Letters from Commander-in-Chief, North America: 1815, nos. 1–126 (ADM 1/508)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231049–1051_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231049–1051-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Enclosure 8 to Erving. Memorandum dated 21 May 1815 "a few that were shipped to the island of Trinidad, in <a href="/wiki/HMS_Levant_(1813)" title="HMS Levant (1813)">His Majesty's Ship, The <i>Levant</i></a>; and such as have enlisted in the Colonial Marines."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834552_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834552-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams#Secretary_of_State_(1817–1825)" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_W._Erving" title="George W. Erving">George W. Erving</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Spain">United States Ambassador to Spain</a> dated December 12, 1818. 'To this letter are annexed fourteen documents, the greater part of which consist of remonstrations, addressed during the late war between the United States and Great Britain to British officers, against their continual violations of the neutrality of the Spanish territory.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834546–612_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834546–612-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Francis2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis2011_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJ._Michael_FrancisKathleen_M._KoleDavid_Hurst_Thomas2011" class="citation journal cs1">J. Michael Francis; Kathleen M. Kole; David Hurst Thomas (3 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5531%2Fsp.anth.0095">"Murder and Martyrdom in Spanish Florida: Don Juan and the Guale uprising of 1597"</a>. <i>Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History</i>. <b>95</b>. American Museum of Natural History: 40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5531%2Fsp.anth.0095">10.5531/sp.anth.0095</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2246%2F6123">2246/6123</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Papers+of+the+American+Museum+of+Natural+History&rft.atitle=Murder+and+Martyrdom+in+Spanish+Florida%3A+Don+Juan+and+the+Guale+uprising+of+1597&rft.volume=95&rft.pages=40&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2246%2F6123&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5531%2Fsp.anth.0095&rft.au=J.+Michael+Francis&rft.au=Kathleen+M.+Kole&rft.au=David+Hurst+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5531%252Fsp.anth.0095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CordellLightfoot2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CordellLightfoot2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_S._CordellKent_LightfootFrancis_McManamonGeorge_Milner2008" class="citation book cs1">Linda S. Cordell; Kent Lightfoot; Francis McManamon; George Milner, eds. (30 December 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=arfWRW5OFVgC&pg=PA348"><i>Archaeology in America: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-02189-3"><bdi>978-0-313-02189-3</bdi></a>. <q>The first capital of La Florida was founded at Santa Elena in 1566 (at present Parris Island, South Carolina) with St. Augustine serving as a separate military post.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+in+America%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-02189-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DarfWRW5OFVgC%26pg%3DPA348&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlderson2013" class="citation book cs1">Alderson, Doug (2 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7pdxDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Great Florida Seminole Trail: Complete Guide to Seminole Indian Historic and Cultural Sites Open to the Public</i></a>. Sarasota, Florida: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781561646166" title="Special:BookSources/9781561646166"><bdi>9781561646166</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2024</span>. <q>Apalachee men were forced to leave their families and carry corn and other foods by foot to the city [St. Augustine]. [...] In 1676, a 33-year Spanish veteran of the Florida missions, Fray Alonso Moral, provided a graphic portrayal of how Apalachee laborers were forced to carry loads on their backs for two hundred miles to and from St. Augustine [...].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Florida+Seminole+Trail%3A+Complete+Guide+to+Seminole+Indian+Historic+and+Cultural+Sites+Open+to+the+Public&rft.place=Sarasota%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2013-01-02&rft.isbn=9781561646166&rft.aulast=Alderson&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7pdxDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Galloway2006-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Galloway2006_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_H._Vigil2006" class="citation book cs1">Ralph H. Vigil (1 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzGphaI83EUC&pg=PA329">"The Expedition and the Struggle for Justice"</a>. In Patricia Kay Galloway (ed.). <i>The Hernando de Soto Expedition: History, Historiography, and "discovery" in the Southeast</i>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-7132-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-7132-8"><bdi>0-8032-7132-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Expedition+and+the+Struggle+for+Justice&rft.btitle=The+Hernando+de+Soto+Expedition%3A+History%2C+Historiography%2C+and+%22discovery%22+in+the+Southeast&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2006-01-01&rft.isbn=0-8032-7132-8&rft.au=Ralph+H.+Vigil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzGphaI83EUC%26pg%3DPA329&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hudson2018-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hudson2018_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_M._Hudson2018" class="citation book cs1">Charles M. Hudson (15 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eapFDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA130"><i>Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando de Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms</i></a>. University of Georgia Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8203-5290-9"><bdi>978-0-8203-5290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Knights+of+Spain%2C+Warriors+of+the+Sun%3A+Hernando+de+Soto+and+the+South%27s+Ancient+Chiefdoms&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=2018-01-15&rft.isbn=978-0-8203-5290-9&rft.au=Charles+M.+Hudson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeapFDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diocese_of_St._Augustine-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diocese_of_St._Augustine_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dosafl.com/mission-nombre-de-dios/">"Mission Nombre de Dios"</a>. <i>Diocese of St. Augustine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Diocese+of+St.+Augustine&rft.atitle=Mission+Nombre+de+Dios&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosafl.com%2Fmission-nombre-de-dios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herreros, Mauricio <i>Spiritual Florida: A Guide to Retreat Centers and Religious Sites in Florida</i>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milanich-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milanich_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milanich_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milanich_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanich1995" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T. (1995). <i>Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe</i>. Gainesville, Florida, U.S.: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7"><bdi>0-8130-1360-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida+Indians+and+the+Invasion+from+Europe&rft.place=Gainesville%2C+Florida%2C+U.S.&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8130-1360-7&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gannon-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gannon_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gannon_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGannon2013" class="citation book cs1">Gannon, Michael (2013). <i>The History of Florida</i>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813044644" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813044644"><bdi>978-0813044644</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Florida&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0813044644&rft.aulast=Gannon&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brotton2013-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brotton2013_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerry_Brotton2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Brotton" title="Jerry Brotton">Jerry Brotton</a> (14 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WcOMHBf3rx0C&pg=PP140"><i>A History of the World in 12 Maps</i></a>. Penguin Publishing Group. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-101-63799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-101-63799-9"><bdi>978-1-101-63799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+12+Maps&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Penguin+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2013-11-14&rft.isbn=978-1-101-63799-9&rft.au=Jerry+Brotton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWcOMHBf3rx0C%26pg%3DPP140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald1984-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald1984_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_H._Fitzgerald1984" class="citation book cs1">Joseph H. Fitzgerald (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SkQZAQAAMAAJ&q=%22%22Cantino%20planisphere%22%20%22Florida%22"><i>Changing perceptions: mapping the shape of Florida, 1502-1982</i></a>. The Historical Association of Southern Florida. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+perceptions%3A+mapping+the+shape+of+Florida%2C+1502-1982&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=The+Historical+Association+of+Southern+Florida&rft.date=1984&rft.au=Joseph+H.+Fitzgerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkQZAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522%2522Cantino%2520planisphere%2522%2520%2522Florida%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWroth1944" class="citation book cs1">Wroth, Lawrence C. (1944). <i>The early cartography of the Pacific</i>. The Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America. Portland, Maine: The Southworth-Anthoensen Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+cartography+of+the+Pacific&rft.place=Portland%2C+Maine&rft.series=The+Papers+of+the+Bibliographical+Society+of+America&rft.pub=The+Southworth-Anthoensen+Press&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Wroth&rft.aufirst=Lawrence+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCummings1958" class="citation book cs1">Cummings, William P (1958). <i>The Southeast in early maps</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Southeast+in+early+maps&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=William+P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilanichMilbrath1989" class="citation book cs1">Milanich, Jerald T.; Milbrath, Susan (1989). "Another World". In Jerald T. Milanich; Susan Milbrath (eds.). <i>First Encounters: Spanish Explorations in the Caribbean and the United States, 1492–1570</i>. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. pp. 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Another+World&rft.btitle=First+Encounters%3A+Spanish+Explorations+in+the+Caribbean+and+the+United+States%2C+1492%E2%80%931570&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pages=1-26&rft.pub=University+of+Florida+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Milanich&rft.aufirst=Jerald+T.&rft.au=Milbrath%2C+Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuson1988" class="citation book cs1">Fuson, Robert H. (1988). "The John Cabot Mystique". In Stanley H. Palmer; Dennis Reinhartz (eds.). <i>Essays on the History of North American Discovery and Exploration</i>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+John+Cabot+Mystique&rft.btitle=Essays+on+the+History+of+North+American+Discovery+and+Exploration&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Fuson&rft.aufirst=Robert+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeón_Portilla1989" class="citation book cs1">León Portilla, Miguel (1989). <i>Cartografía y crónicas de la Antigua California</i>. Ciudad de México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartograf%C3%ADa+y+cr%C3%B3nicas+de+la+Antigua+California&rft.place=Ciudad+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Le%C3%B3n+Portilla&rft.aufirst=Miguel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSáinz_Sastre1991" class="citation book cs1">Sáinz Sastre, María Antonia (1991). <i>La Florida, siglo XVI: descubrimiento y conquista</i>. Colección España y Estados Unidos. Madrid: Editorial MAPFRE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-475-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7100-475-8"><bdi>978-84-7100-475-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Florida%2C+siglo+XVI%3A+descubrimiento+y+conquista&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+Espa%C3%B1a+y+Estados+Unidos&rft.pub=Editorial+MAPFRE&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-84-7100-475-8&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1inz+Sastre&rft.aufirst=Mar%C3%ADa+Antonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelsey1998" class="citation book cs1">Kelsey, Harry (1998). "Spanish Entrada Cartography". In Dennis Reinhartz; Gerald D. Saxon (eds.). <i>The mapping of the Entradas into the greater Southwest: symposium papers based on the symposium "Entrada: The First Century of Mapping the Greater Southwest" held at the University of Texas at Arlington on February 20, 1992</i>. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 56–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3047-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3047-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+Entrada+Cartography&rft.btitle=The+mapping+of+the+Entradas+into+the+greater+Southwest%3A+symposium+papers+based+on+the+symposium+%22Entrada%3A+The+First+Century+of+Mapping+the+Greater+Southwest%22+held+at+the+University+of+Texas+at+Arlington+on+February+20%2C+1992&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=56-106&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3047-7&rft.aulast=Kelsey&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarela_Marcos,_Jesús2007" class="citation journal cs1">Varela Marcos, Jesús (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/2768151.pdf">"Martín Waldseemüller y su planisferio del año 1507: origen e influencias"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista de estudios colombinos</i> (3): 7–18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+de+estudios+colombinos&rft.atitle=Mart%C3%ADn+Waldseem%C3%BCller+y+su+planisferio+del+a%C3%B1o+1507%3A+origen+e+influencias&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=7-18&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Varela+Marcos%2C+Jes%C3%BAs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdialnet.unirioja.es%2Fdescarga%2Farticulo%2F2768151.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proclamation presented by Dennis O. Freytes, MPA, MHR, BBA, Chair/Facilitator, 500TH Florida Discovery Council Round Table, American Veteran, Community Servant, VP NAUS SE Region; Chair Hispanic Achievers Grant Council</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/news/local/court-tries-fails-to-determine-ponce-de-leons-land/nTnhx/">"Court tries, fails to determine Ponce de Leon's landing site"</a>. <i>palmbeachpost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=palmbeachpost.com&rft.atitle=Court+tries%2C+fails+to+determine+Ponce+de+Leon%27s+landing+site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.palmbeachpost.com%2Fnews%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fcourt-tries-fails-to-determine-ponce-de-leons-land%2FnTnhx%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steigman2005-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Steigman2005_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_D._Steigman2005" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan D. Steigman (25 September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QTjoOz7WMiIC&pg=PA33"><i>La Florida Del Inca and the Struggle for Social Equality in Colonial Spanish America</i></a>. University of Alabama Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5257-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-5257-8"><bdi>978-0-8173-5257-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Florida+Del+Inca+and+the+Struggle+for+Social+Equality+in+Colonial+Spanish+America&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=University+of+Alabama+Press&rft.date=2005-09-25&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-5257-8&rft.au=Jonathan+D.+Steigman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQTjoOz7WMiIC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/news/the-myth-of-ponce-de-leon-and-the-fountain-of-youth">"The Myth of Ponce de León and the Fountain of Youth"</a>. <i>History.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Ponce+de+Le%C3%B3n+and+the+Fountain+of+Youth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-myth-of-ponce-de-leon-and-the-fountain-of-youth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman1980" class="citation journal cs1">Hoffman, Paul E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://palmm.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/ucf%3A25451">"A New Voyage of North American Discovery: Pedro de Salazar's Visit to the "Island of Giants"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>58</b> (4): 423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=A+New+Voyage+of+North+American+Discovery%3A+Pedro+de+Salazar%27s+Visit+to+the+%22Island+of+Giants%22&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=423&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpalmm.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fucf%253A25451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/juan-ponce-de-león-9444105">"Juan Ponce de Leon Biography"</a>. <i>Biography.com website</i>. A&E Television Networks<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography.com+website&rft.atitle=Juan+Ponce+de+Leon+Biography&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Fjuan-ponce-de-le%C3%B3n-9444105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/469533/Juan-Ponce-de-Leon">"Juan Ponce de Leon – biography – Spanish explorer"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juan+Ponce+de+Leon+%E2%80%93+biography+%E2%80%93+Spanish+explorer&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F469533%2FJuan-Ponce-de-Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10534b.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Antonio Montesino"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-02777-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-02777-9"><bdi>0-520-02777-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 27,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sixteenth+Century+North+America%3A+The+Land+and+the+People+As+Seen+by+Europeans&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-520-02777-9&rft.aulast=Sauer&rft.aufirst=Carl+Ortwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWXU6sjN9ZUC%26pg%3DPA213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bushnell:2–3. In 1573 Menéndez de Avilés' territory was extended to the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nuco_River" title="Pánuco River">Pánuco River</a>, in <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nhl-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nhl_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1028&ResourceType=District">National Historic Landmarks Program – St. Augustine Town Plan Historic District</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090502192215/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1028&ResourceType=District">Archived</a> 2009-05-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marley2008-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marley2008_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarley2008" class="citation book cs1">Marley, David (2008). <i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (2 Volumes)</i>. 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Harvard University Press. p. 97<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Florida&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Brevard&rft.aufirst=Caroline+Mays&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqXEAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManucy1961" class="citation book cs1">Manucy, Albert C. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/47216/47216-h/47216-h.htm"><i>The Building of Castello de San Marcos</i></a>. 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University of Minnesota Press, 1984.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burk1990-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burk1990_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burk1990_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Burkholder, Mark; L. Johnson, Lyman <i>Colonial Latin America</i>. Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT364">[1]</a> Middleton, Richard; Lombard, Anne <i>Colonial America: A History to 1763</i>. Wiley-Blackwell 4th Edition, 2007. Chap 15, sec 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TuckerArnold2011-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerArnold2011_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TuckerArnold2011_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._TuckerJames_R._ArnoldRoberta_Wiener2011" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker; James R. Arnold; Roberta Wiener (30 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JsM4A0GSO34C"><i>The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars, 1607–1890: A Political, Social, and Military History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-697-8"><bdi>978-1-85109-697-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+North+American+Indian+Wars%2C+1607%E2%80%931890%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-697-8&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft.au=James+R.+Arnold&rft.au=Roberta+Wiener&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJsM4A0GSO34C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Young99-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Young99_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Young99_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EIt0uRRwPPMC">[2]</a> M. A. Young, Gloria <i>The Expedition of Hernando De Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543</i>. University of Arkansas Press, 1999. p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RiverArchaeology-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RiverArchaeology_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRouse1981" class="citation book cs1">Rouse, Irving (1981). <i>Survey of Indian River Archaeology</i>. Yale University Publications in Anthropology 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-404-15668-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-404-15668-8"><bdi>978-0-404-15668-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Survey+of+Indian+River+Archaeology&rft.series=Yale+University+Publications+in+Anthropology+45&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-404-15668-8&rft.aulast=Rouse&rft.aufirst=Irving&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McEwan01-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McEwan01_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEwan" class="citation web cs1">McEwan, Bonnie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131116064548/http://teachingflorida.org/article/san-luis-de-talimali-or-mission-san-luis">"San Luis de Talimali (or Mission San Luis)"</a>. Florida Humanities Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://teachingflorida.org/article/san-luis-de-talimali-or-mission-san-luis">the original</a> on November 16, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=San+Luis+de+Talimali+%28or+Mission+San+Luis%29&rft.pub=Florida+Humanities+Council&rft.aulast=McEwan&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fteachingflorida.org%2Farticle%2Fsan-luis-de-talimali-or-mission-san-luis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnade1961" class="citation journal cs1">Arnade, Charles W. (1961). 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"The Presidio System in Spanish Florida 1565–1763". <i>Historical Archaeology</i>. <b>38</b> (3): 24, 27–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF03376651">10.1007/BF03376651</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25617178">25617178</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160809833">160809833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Presidio+System+in+Spanish+Florida+1565%E2%80%931763&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=24%2C+27-32&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A160809833%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25617178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF03376651&rft.aulast=Childers&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Wayne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2012" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Bruce (March 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321073827/https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g?docId=b67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97">"For a century, Underground Railroad ran south"</a>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g?docId=b67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97">the original</a> on March 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=For+a+century%2C+Underground+Railroad+ran+south&rft.date=2012-03-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5jiODwWs22MG9qBGQ_ZI9U-6W3s9g%3FdocId%3Db67287f0636841dfbad57fb14222cd97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGene_Allen_Smith,_Texas_Christian_University" class="citation cs2">Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/articles/sanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm"><i>Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida</i></a>, National Park Service</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctuary+in+the+Spanish+Empire%3A+An+African+American+officer+earns+freedom+in+Florida&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.au=Gene+Allen+Smith%2C+Texas+Christian+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farticles%2Fsanctuary-in-the-spanish-empire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/foma/learn/historyculture/the-british-period.htm">"The British Period (1763–1784) – Fort Matanzas National Monument"</a>. <i>U.S. National Park Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-01-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+National+Park+Service&rft.atitle=The+British+Period+%281763%E2%80%931784%29+%E2%80%93+Fort+Matanzas+National+Monument&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffoma%2Flearn%2Fhistoryculture%2Fthe-british-period.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers1898" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Henry E. (May 1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfloridaitsre00cham"><i>West Florida and its relation to the historical cartography of the United States</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=West+Florida+and+its+relation+to+the+historical+cartography+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1898-05&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Henry+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestfloridaitsre00cham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cox_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox,_Isaac_Joslin1918" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Joslin_Cox" title="Isaac Joslin Cox">Cox, Isaac Joslin</a> (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westfloridacont00coxgoog"><i>The West Florida Controversy, 1798–1813 – a Study in American Diplomacy</i></a>. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Florida+Controversy%2C+1798%E2%80%931813+%E2%80%93+a+Study+in+American+Diplomacy&rft.place=Baltimore%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+Press&rft.date=1918&rft.au=Cox%2C+Isaac+Joslin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwestfloridacont00coxgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1972" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, J. Leitch (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100041340">"Research Opportunities in the Spanish Borderlands: West Florida, 1781–1821"</a>. <i>Latin American Research Review</i>. <b>7</b> (2). Latin American Studies Association: 24–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0023879100041340">10.1017/S0023879100041340</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2502623">2502623</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253149047">253149047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Research+Review&rft.atitle=Research+Opportunities+in+the+Spanish+Borderlands%3A+West+Florida%2C+1781%E2%80%931821&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=24-34&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253149047%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2502623%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0023879100041340&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=J.+Leitch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0023879100041340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation book cs1">Weber, David J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC&pg=PA458"><i>The Spanish Frontier in North America</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5"><bdi>978-0-300-05917-5</bdi></a>. <q>Spain never drew a clear line to separate the two Floridas, but West Florida extended easterly to include Apalachee Bay, which Spain shifted from the jurisdiction of St. Augustine to more accessible Pensacola.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Frontier+in+North+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05917-5&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOPdX2qaVrkC%26pg%3DPA458&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160203162813/http://www.jud10.flcourts.org/?q=content%2Fhistory-florida-maps">"The Evolution of a State, Map of Florida Counties – 1820"</a>. 10th Circuit Court of Florida. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-26</span></span>. <q>Under Spanish rule, Florida was divided by the natural separation of the Suwanee River into West Florida and East Florida.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+a+State%2C+Map+of+Florida+Counties+%E2%80%93+1820&rft.pub=10th+Circuit+Court+of+Florida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jud10.flcourts.org%2F%3Fq%3Dcontent%2Fhistory-florida-maps&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein" class="citation web cs1">Klein, Hank. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedestinlog.com/article/20150904/NEWS/150909574">"History Mystery: Was Destin Once in Walton County?"</a>. The Destin Log<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-26</span></span>. <q>On July 21, 1821 all of what had been West Florida was named Escambia County, after the Escambia River. It stretched from the Perdido River to the Suwanee River with its county seat at Pensacola.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Mystery%3A+Was+Destin+Once+in+Walton+County%3F&rft.pub=The+Destin+Log&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Hank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedestinlog.com%2Farticle%2F20150904%2FNEWS%2F150909574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 2, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" class="extiw" title="s:Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolton1925-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bolton1925_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Arredondo1925" class="citation book cs1">de Arredondo, Antonio (1925) [written in 1742]. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV&rft.btitle=Arredondo%27s+Historical+Proof+of+Spain%27s+Title+to+Georgia%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+One+of+the+Spanish+Borderlands&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=149-154&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=de+Arredondo&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24b68346%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weber1992-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1992_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weber1992_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber1992" class="citation book cs1">Weber, David J. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KOPdX2qaVrkC&pg=PA277"><i>The Spanish frontier in North America</i></a>. New Haven, Connecticut, USA: Yale University Press. pp. 277–279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-05917-5"><bdi>978-0-300-05917-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+frontier+in+North+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut%2C+USA&rft.pages=277-279&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-300-05917-5&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKOPdX2qaVrkC%26pg%3DPA277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northamericanforts.com/East/alnorth.html#tombecbe">Fort Tombécbe</a>, Alabama Forts</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=496s">"Fort San Fernando De Las Barrancas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303193914/http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/entry.php?rec=496s">Archived</a> 2016-03-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau1980103-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebeau1980103_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTebeau1980">Tebeau 1980</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20031-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20031_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMorris2003">Morris 2003</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeggus19979-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeggus19979_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeggus1997">Geggus 1997</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETebeau1980104-105-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETebeau1980104-105_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTebeau1980">Tebeau 1980</a>, p. 104-105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982279-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982279_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, p. 279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, pp. 822–832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023825-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023825_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 825.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023828-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023828_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 828.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marshall-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marshall_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1829">Marshall 1829</a>, p. 65, quoting a letter from Captain Percy to Admiral Cochrane dated 9 September 1814.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1937">Boyd 1937</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023866-868-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023866-868_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 866-868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023861-863-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023861-863_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 861-863.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023881-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023881_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 881.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 876-879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023870-875-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023870-875_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 870-875.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969122–123-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969122–123_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 122–123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gentleman's-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gentleman's_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015027525826;q1=nicolls;start=1;size=100;page=root;view=image;seq=668;num=644">"Obituary.—Gen. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=Events+at+Prospect+Bluff+on+the+Apalachicola+River%2C+1808-1818&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=55-96&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=Mark+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpalmm.digital.flvc.org%2Fislandora%2Fobject%2Fucf%253A22053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Conde1963" class="citation book cs1">De Conde, Alexander (1963). <i>A History of American Foreign Policy</i>. Scribner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-68-415280-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-68-415280-6"><bdi>978-0-68-415280-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-68-415280-6&rft.aulast=De+Conde&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes1979" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, John (1979). Coker, William S. (ed.). <i>John Forbes' Description of the Spanish Floridas. 1804</i>. Translated by Vicki D. Butt, Joyce Lee Durbin, Maria del Carmen McDonald, Mary Ellen West, and William S. Coker. Pensacola, Florida: Perdido Bay Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0933776020" title="Special:BookSources/0933776020"><bdi>0933776020</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4858053">4858053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Forbes%27+Description+of+the+Spanish+Floridas.+1804&rft.place=Pensacola%2C+Florida&rft.pub=Perdido+Bay+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4858053&rft.isbn=0933776020&rft.aulast=Forbes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeggus1997" class="citation book cs1">Geggus, David Patrick (1997). "Slavery, War, and Revolution in the Greater Caribbean, 1789–1815". In Gaspar, David Barry; Geggus, David Patrick (eds.). <i>A Turbulent Time. The French Revolution and the Greater Caribbean</i>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University_Press" title="Indiana University Press">Indiana University Press</a>. pp. 1–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-25-333247-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-25-333247-9"><bdi>978-0-25-333247-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slavery%2C+War%2C+and+Revolution+in+the+Greater+Caribbean%2C+1789%E2%80%931815&rft.btitle=A+Turbulent+Time.+The+French+Revolution+and+the+Greater+Caribbean&rft.pages=1-50&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-25-333247-9&rft.aulast=Geggus&rft.aufirst=David+Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesBrodine2023" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Christine F.; Brodine, Charles E., eds. (2023). <i>The Naval War of 1812: A Documentary History, Vol. 4</i>. Washington: Naval Historical Center (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Government Printing Office">GPO</a>). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-943604-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-943604-36-4"><bdi>978-1-943604-36-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+War+of+1812%3A+A+Documentary+History%2C+Vol.+4&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Naval+Historical+Center+%28GPO%29&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-1-943604-36-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanders2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jane_Landers" title="Jane Landers">Landers, Jane G.</a> (2010). <i>Atlantic Creoles in the Age of Revolutions</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-05416-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-05416-4"><bdi>0-674-05416-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlantic+Creoles+in+the+Age+of+Revolutions&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=0-674-05416-4&rft.aulast=Landers&rft.aufirst=Jane+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2013" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Nathaniel (2013). <i>The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World</i>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813044545" title="Special:BookSources/9780813044545"><bdi>9780813044545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maroons+of+Prospect+Bluff+and+Their+Quest+for+Freedom+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780813044545&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2003" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9956158&site=eds-live&scope=site">"Dreams of Glory, Schemes of Empire: The Plan to Liberate Spanish Florida"</a>. <i>Georgia Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>87</b> (1): 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Georgia+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Dreams+of+Glory%2C+Schemes+of+Empire%3A+The+Plan+to+Liberate+Spanish+Florida&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Da9h%26AN%3D9956158%26site%3Deds-live%26scope%3Dsite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick1954" class="citation book cs1">Patrick, Rembert W. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/do-pdf:ugp9780820335490"><i>Florida fiasco : rampant rebels on the Georgia-Florida border, 1810–1815</i></a>. Athens: University of Georgia Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780820335490" title="Special:BookSources/9780820335490"><bdi>9780820335490</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Florida+fiasco+%3A+rampant+rebels+on+the+Georgia-Florida+border%2C+1810%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Athens&rft.pub=University+of+Georgia+Press&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=9780820335490&rft.aulast=Patrick&rft.aufirst=Rembert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdlg.galileo.usg.edu%2Fugapressbks%2Fdo-pdf%3Augp9780820335490&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gene_A._Smith" title="Gene A. Smith">Smith, Gene Allen</a> (2013). <i>The Slaves' Gamble: Choosing Sides in the War of 1812</i>. Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-23-034208-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-23-034208-8"><bdi>978-0-23-034208-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Slaves%27+Gamble%3A+Choosing+Sides+in+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-23-034208-8&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Gene+Allen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sugden, John (January 1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146793">"The Southern Indians in the War of 1812: The Closing Phase"</a></span>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146793">30146793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Indians+in+the+War+of+1812%3A+The+Closing+Phase&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=300&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30146793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30146793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTebeau1980" class="citation book cs1">Tebeau, Charlton (1980). <i>A History of Florida. Rev. Ed</i>. University of Miami Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87024-303-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87024-303-9"><bdi>0-87024-303-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Florida.+Rev.+Ed.&rft.pub=University+of+Miami+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-87024-303-9&rft.aulast=Tebeau&rft.aufirst=Charlton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_State_Papers:_Foreign_Relations_1815–18221834" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/americanstatepap_n04unit"><i>American State Papers: Foreign Relations 1815–1822</i></a>. Vol. 4. Washington: Gales & Seaton. 1834.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+State+Papers%3A+Foreign+Relations+1815%E2%80%931822&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=Gales+%26+Seaton&rft.date=1834&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanstatepap_n04unit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Greenslade_Papers1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1555&context=fhq">"Documents Relating to Colonel Edward Nicholls and Captain George Woodbine in Pensacola, 1814"</a>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. The Greenslade Papers: 51-54}. July 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Documents+Relating+to+Colonel+Edward+Nicholls+and+Captain+George+Woodbine+in+Pensacola%2C+1814&rft.pages=51-54%7D&rft.date=1931-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1555%26context%3Dfhq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Spanish Florida</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Spanish+Florida&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Spanish+Florida">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Spanish+Florida&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Brevard, Caroline Mays. <i>A History of Florida</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Burkholder, Mark A.; Johnson, Lyman L. <i>Colonial Latin America</i>. Oxford University Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504542-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-504542-4">0-19-504542-4</a></li> <li>Bushnell, Amy Turner. (1981). "Chapter 1: The Florida Provinces and Their Treasury." <i>The King's Coffer: Proprietors of the Spanish Florida Treasury 1565–1702.</i> University of Florida Press. Reprinted in David Hurst Thomas. (1991). <i>Spanish Borderlands Sourcebooks 23: The missions of Spanish Florida.</i> Garland Publishing.</li> <li>Clark, Larry Richard. (2017) <i>Spain's Failure to Colonize Southeast North America 1513–1587</i>. TimeSpan Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1542923118" title="Special:BookSources/978-1542923118">978-1542923118</a></li> <li>McAlister, Lyle M. <i>Spain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700</i>. University of Minnesota Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1216-1">0-8166-1216-1</a></li> <li>Marley, David. <i>Wars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (2 Volumes)</i>. ABC-CLIO.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1829" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(biographer)" title="John Marshall (biographer)">Marshall, John</a> (1829). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Royal Naval Biography/Percy, William Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Biography/Percy,_William_Henry">"Percy, William Henry" </a></span>. <i>Royal Naval Biography</i>. Vol. sup, part 3. London: Longman and company. pp. 64–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Percy%2C+William+Henry&rft.btitle=Royal+Naval+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-70&rft.pub=Longman+and+company&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpanish+Florida" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Milanich, Jerald T. (1995) <i>Florida Indians and the Invasion from Europe</i>. University Press of Florida. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1360-7">0-8130-1360-7</a></li> <li>Young, Gloria A. <i>The Expedition of Hernando De Soto West of the Mississippi, 1541–1543</i>. University of Arkansas Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-580-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55728-580-5">978-1-55728-580-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Spanish Florida</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Spanish Florida">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Spanish_Florida" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Spanish Florida">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090409093314/http://www.uwf.edu/jworth/spanfla.htm">Uwf.edu: Spanish Florida: Evolution of a Colonial Society, 1513–1763</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Spain" title="Template:New Spain"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Spain" title="Template talk:New Spain"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Spain" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Spain"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Spain_(1521–1821)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (1521–1821)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conflicts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Spanish conquest of Guatemala</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Spanish conquest of Yucatán</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1625%E2%80%931630)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)">Anglo-Spanish War (1625–1630)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Revolt">Dutch Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1654%E2%80%931660)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)">Anglo-Spanish War (1654–1660)</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1762%E2%80%931763)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1762–1763)">Seven Years' War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_and_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Spain and the American Revolutionary War">Spain and the American Revolutionary War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts with indigenous<br />peoples during colonial rule</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixt%C3%B3n_War" title="Mixtón War">Mixtón War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_Wars" title="Yaqui Wars">Yaqui Wars</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_War" title="Chichimeca War">Chichimeca War</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolts_against_Spain" title="Philippine revolts against Spain">Philippine revolts against Spain</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee_Rebellion" title="Acaxee Rebellion">Acaxee Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoma Massacre">Acoma Massacre</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n_Revolt" title="Tepehuán Revolt">Tepehuán Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_Rebellion_of_1712" title="Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712">Tzeltal Rebellion</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_Revolt" title="Pueblo Revolt">Pueblo Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima Revolt">Pima Revolt</a> →</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Spanish American wars of independence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central<br />government<br />and<br /> administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburg Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_of_Castile" title="Joanna of Castile">Joanna of Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Spain" title="Philip III of Spain">Philp III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Spain" title="Philip IV of Spain">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Spain" title="Charles II of Spain">Charles II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbon Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Spain" title="Philip V of Spain">Philip V</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after Louis I</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Spain" title="Louis I of Spain">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VI_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VI of Spain">Ferdinand VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_Spain" title="Charles III of Spain">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_Spain" title="Charles IV of Spain">Charles IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand VII of Spain">Ferdinand VII of Spain</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;">also reigned after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph I</a></span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Viceroys of New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_viceroys_of_New_Spain" title="List of viceroys of New Spain">List of viceroys of New Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Mexico" title="Real Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General">Captancies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indendancies_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Indendancies of New Spain">Intendancy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Mexico" title="State of Mexico">State of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comayagua" title="Comayagua">Comayagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Nicaragua" title="León, Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camag%C3%BCey" title="Camagüey">Camagüey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Valladolid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas" title="Zacatecas">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango" title="Durango">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonora" title="Sonora">Sonora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida, Yucatán</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate" title="Governorate">Gobernaciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelantado" title="Adelantado">Adelantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor (position)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Zaragoza" title="Treaty of Zaragoza">Treaty of Zaragoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Breda" title="Congress of Breda">Congress of Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fontainebleau_(1762)" title="Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)">Treaty of Fontainebleau (1762)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" title="Treaty of Córdoba">Treaty of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />cities,<br />provinces,<br />and territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mexico_City" title="History of Mexico City">Mexico City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Veracruz_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Veracruz (city)">Veracruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xalapa" title="Xalapa">Xalapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebla_(city)" title="Puebla (city)">Puebla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuernavaca" title="Cuernavaca">Cuernavaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oaxaca_City" title="Oaxaca City">Oaxaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morelia" title="Morelia">Morelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acapulco" title="Acapulco">Acapulco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campeche_(city)" title="Campeche (city)">Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Mérida, Yucatán">Mérida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalajara" title="Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durango_(city)" title="Durango (city)">Durango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterrey" title="Monterrey">Monterrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Guanajuato" title="León, Guanajuato">León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanajuato_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Guanajuato City">Guanajuato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacatecas_(city)" title="Zacatecas (city)">Zacatecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pachuca" title="Pachuca">Pachuca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_(city)" title="Querétaro (city)">Querétaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltillo" title="Saltillo">Saltillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_(city)" title="San Luis Potosí (city)">San Luis Potosí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_de_Los_%C3%81ngeles" title="Pueblo de Los Ángeles">Los Ángeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerba_Buena,_California" title="Yerba Buena, California">Yerba Buena (San Francisco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Jose,_California#First_Spanish_pueblo_in_California" title="History of San Jose, California">San José</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidio_of_San_Diego" title="Presidio of San Diego">San Diego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico" title="Santa Fe, New Mexico">Santa Fe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico" title="Albuquerque, New Mexico">Albuquerque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Paso,_Texas" title="El Paso, Texas">El Paso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Los_Adaes" title="Los Adaes">Los Adaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Antonio" title="History of San Antonio">San Antonio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucson,_Arizona" title="Tucson, Arizona">Tucson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine,_Florida" title="St. Augustine, Florida">St. Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Havana" title="History of Havana">Havana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Santo_Domingo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_Guatemala" title="Antigua Guatemala">Antigua Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Manila" title="History of Manila">Manila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Provinces and<br />territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Florida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a> (<a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_California_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Baja California Province">Baja California</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Galicia" title="Nueva Galicia">Nueva Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Vizcaya" title="Nueva Vizcaya">Nueva Vizcaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nueva_Extremadura" title="Nueva Extremadura">Nueva Extremadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Le%C3%B3n" title="New Kingdom of León">New Kingdom of León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu" title="Cebu">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulacan" title="Bulacan">Bulacan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pampanga" title="Pampanga">Pampanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers,<br />adventurers and<br />conquistadors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-New Spain<br />explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Explorers and<br /><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu%C3%B1o_de_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Nuño de Guzmán">Nuño de Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81ngel_de_Villafa%C3%B1e" title="Ángel de Villafañe">Ángel de Villafañe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_de_la_Cueva" title="Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A1" title="Gaspar de Portolá">Gaspar de Portolá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Quimper" title="Manuel Quimper">Manuel Quimper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Cristóbal de Oñate">Cristóbal de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(Yucat%C3%A1n_conquistador)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (Yucatán conquistador)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Hern%C3%A1ndez_de_C%C3%B3rdoba_(founder_of_Nicaragua)" title="Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)">Francisco Hernández de Córdoba (founder of Nicaragua)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Gonz%C3%A1lez_D%C3%A1vila" title="Gil González Dávila">Gil González Dávila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ulloa" title="Francisco de Ulloa">Francisco de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_P%C3%A9rez_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="Juan José Pérez Hernández">Juan José Pérez Hernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Alcal%C3%A1_Galiano" title="Dionisio Alcalá Galiano">Dionisio Alcalá Galiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_de_Heceta" title="Bruno de Heceta">Bruno de Heceta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Francisco_de_la_Bodega_y_Quadra" title="Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra">Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Alonso de León">Alonso de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_de_Arteaga_y_Baz%C3%A1n" title="Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán">Ignacio de Arteaga y Bazán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Bustamante_y_Guerra" class="mw-redirect" title="José de Bustamante y Guerra">José de Bustamante y Guerra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="José María Narváez">José María Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Sarmiento_de_Gamboa" title="Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa">Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gil_Y%27Barbo" title="Antonio Gil Y'Barbo">Antonio Gil Y'Barbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage_(priest)" title="Thomas Gage (priest)">Thomas Gage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a><br />in New Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions<br />in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Arizona" title="Spanish missions in Arizona">Spanish missions in Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Baja_California" title="Spanish missions in Baja California">Spanish missions in Baja California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Carolinas" title="Spanish missions in the Carolinas">Spanish missions in the Carolinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish missions in Florida">Spanish missions in Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Georgia" title="Spanish missions in Georgia">Spanish missions in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Louisiana" title="Spanish missions in Louisiana">Spanish missions in Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in Mexico">Spanish missions in Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Sonoran_Desert" title="Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert">Spanish missions in the Sonoran Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Texas" title="Spanish missions in Texas">Spanish missions in Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajac%C3%A1n_Mission" title="Ajacán Mission">Spanish missions in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_Trinidad" title="Spanish missions in Trinidad">Spanish missions in Trinidad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Friars, fathers,<br />priests, and bishops</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Gante" title="Pedro de Gante">Pedro de Gante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Aguilar" title="Gerónimo de Aguilar">Gerónimo de Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Zum%C3%A1rraga" title="Juan de Zumárraga">Juan de Zumárraga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Mont%C3%BAfar" title="Alonso de Montúfar">Alonso de Montúfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_de_Quiroga" title="Vasco de Quiroga">Vasco de Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Diego Durán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B3nimo_de_Mendieta" title="Gerónimo de Mendieta">Gerónimo de Mendieta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Palafox_y_Mendoza" title="Juan de Palafox y Mendoza">Juan de Palafox y Mendoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_de_Sig%C3%BCenza_y_G%C3%B3ngora" title="Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora">Carlos de Sigüenza y Góngora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Javier_Clavijero" title="Francisco Javier Clavijero">Francisco Javier Clavijero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pal%C3%B3u" title="Francisco Palóu">Francisco Palóu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_T%C3%A1pis" title="Esteban Tápis">Esteban Tápis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Francisco_de_Paula_Se%C3%B1an" title="José Francisco de Paula Señan">José Francisco de Paula Señan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari%C3%A0_Paieres_i_Borr%C3%A0s" title="Marià Paieres i Borràs">Mariano Payeras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Montero" title="Sebastián Montero">Sebastián Montero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marcos de Niza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Ayeta" title="Francisco de Ayeta">Francisco de Ayeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Margil" title="Antonio Margil">Antonio Margil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Marroqu%C3%ADn" title="Francisco Marroquín">Francisco Marroquín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Abad_y_Queipo" title="Manuel Abad y Queipo">Manuel Abad y Queipo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Morelos" title="José María Morelos">José María Morelos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guadalupe" title="Our Lady of Guadalupe">Our Lady of Guadalupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_mission_clash_of_cultures" title="California mission clash of cultures">California mission clash of cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cargo_system" title="Cargo system">Cargo system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society<br />and culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous<br />peoples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesoamerican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarascan_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarascan state">P'urhépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipil_people" title="Pipil people">Pipil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowoj" title="Kowoj">Kowoj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poqomam_people" title="Poqomam people">Poqomam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arawak" title="Arawak">Arawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciboney" title="Ciboney">Ciboney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanahatabey" title="Guanahatabey">Guanahatabey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_California" title="Indigenous peoples of California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumeyaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o" title="Luiseño">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone" title="Ohlone">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva" title="Tongva">Tongva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oasisamerica" title="Oasisamerica">Oasisamerica (Southwest US)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akimel_O%27odham" title="Akimel O'odham">Akimel O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi" title="Hopi">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualapai" title="Hualapai">Hualapai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solano_people" title="Solano people">Solano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%27odham" class="mw-redirect" title="Tohono O'odham">Tohono O'odham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Aridoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acaxee" title="Acaxee">Acaxee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuiltecan" title="Coahuiltecan">Coahuiltecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocopah" title="Cocopah">Cocopah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Junta_Indians" title="La Junta Indians">La Junta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Plains">Southern Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipan Apache">Lipan Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Plains Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Southeastern_Woodlands" title="Indigenous peoples of the Southeastern Woodlands">Southeastern Woodlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sites_and_peoples_visited_by_the_Hernando_de_Soto_Expedition" title="List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition">Indigenous people during De Soto's travels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalachee" title="Apalachee">Apalachee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusa" title="Calusa">Calusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jororo" class="mw-redirect" title="Jororo">Jororo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pensacola_people" title="Pensacola people">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timucua" title="Timucua">Timucua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yustaga" title="Yustaga">Yustaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangyan" title="Mangyan">Mangyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_Palawan" title="Peoples of Palawan">Peoples of Palawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati_people" title="Ati people">Ati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panay" title="Panay">Panay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajau people">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Spanish Colonial style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Colonial_architecture_by_country" title="Category:Spanish Colonial architecture by country">by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baroque_architecture_in_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Category:Baroque architecture in the Spanish Empire">Colonial Baroque style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_colonial_fortifications" title="Category:Spanish colonial fortifications">Forts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Category:Spanish missions in the Americas">Missions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade and economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">Columbian exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">Triangular trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and classes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Casta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peninsulares" title="Peninsulares">Peninsulares</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people" title="Criollo people">Criollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">Mestizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castizo" title="Castizo">Castizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholo" title="Cholo">Coyotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">Pardos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">Zambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negros</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_de_Anza" title="Juan Bautista de Anza">Juan Bautista de Anza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Cabrillo" title="Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo">Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Hidalgo_y_Costilla" title="Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla">Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Malinche" title="La Malinche">La Malinche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferm%C3%ADn_de_Lasu%C3%A9n" title="Fermín de Lasuén">Fermín de Lasuén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limahong" title="Limahong">Limahong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moctezuma_II" title="Moctezuma II">Moctezuma II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun%C3%ADpero_Serra" title="Junípero Serra">Junípero Serra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasekura_Tsunenaga" title="Hasekura Tsunenaga">Hasekura Tsunenaga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:New_Spain" title="Category:New Spain">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_Empire" title="Template talk:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Timeline–immersed" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Timeline–immersed</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Monarchs">Catholic Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Conquest of the Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Asia and the Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Spain" title="Habsburg Spain">Habsburgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Golden_Age" title="Spanish Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cognac" title="War of the League of Cognac">War of the League of Cognac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomiendas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Laws" title="New Laws">New Laws in favour of the indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castilian_War" title="Castilian War">Bruneian–Spanish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1585%E2%80%931604)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)">Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piracy_in_the_Caribbean" title="Piracy in the Caribbean">Piracy in the Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93Moro_conflict" title="Spanish–Moro conflict">Spanish–Moro conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Spanish_War_(1635%E2%80%931659)" title="Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)">Franco-Spanish War (1635–1659)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Restoration_War" title="Portuguese Restoration War">Portuguese Restoration War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Spain" title="Enlightenment in Spain">Bourbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Reforms" title="Bourbon Reforms">Bourbon Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Jenkins%27_Ear" title="War of Jenkins' Ear">War of Jenkins' Ear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(13_January_1750)" title="Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750)">Treaty of Madrid (1750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootka_Convention" title="Nootka Convention">Nootka Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Napoleonic invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Treaty_of_San_Ildefonso" title="Third Treaty of San Ildefonso">Third Treaty of San Ildefonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_American_wars_of_independence" title="Spanish American wars of independence">Independence of Spanish continental Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adams%E2%80%93On%C3%ADs_Treaty" title="Adams–Onís Treaty">Adams–Onís Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812" title="Spanish Constitution of 1812">Liberal constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlist_Wars" title="Carlist Wars">Carlist Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Spanish_Treaty_(1899)" title="German–Spanish Treaty (1899)">German–Spanish Treaty (1899)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Independence of Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Independence of Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Castille" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown of Castille">Crown of Castille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Union with Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li>Southern Italy (Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples#Aragonese_dynasty" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily#The_insular_kingdom_of_Sicily_under_the_Crown_of_Aragon_and_Spain" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia#Aragonese_period" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Union with Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Netherlands" title="Spanish Netherlands">Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franche-Comt%C3%A9" title="Franche-Comté">Franche-Comté</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Catalonia" title="Northern Catalonia">Pyrénées-Orientales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Coastal Alaska</a>, Central United States (<a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>), Western United States (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>), <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Mexico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom of Mexico (page does not exist)">Mexico</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_M%C3%A9xico" class="extiw" title="es:Reino de México">es</a>]</span>, Central America (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Captaincy General of Yucatan">Captaincy General of Yucatan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish Caribbean</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Central_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Captaincy General of Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Indies" title="Spanish West Indies">Spanish West Indies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Spanish_period" title="History of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Santiago" title="Colony of Santiago">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Haiti#Spanish_history_(1492–1625)" title="History of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruba#History" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao#History" title="Curaçao">Curazao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire#History" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belize_(1506%E2%80%931862)" title="History of Belize (1506–1862)">Belize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">South America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Colombia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela, part of Guyana</a>, a northernmost portion of Brazilian Amazon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Peru</a> (Peru, <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a> (Bolivia), <a href="/wiki/Banda_Oriental" title="Banda Oriental">Banda Oriental</a> (Uruguay), <a href="/wiki/Misiones_Orientales" title="Misiones Orientales">Misiones Orientales</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Falkland_Islands" title="History of the Falkland Islands">Malvinas</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Asia_and_Oceania_(Spanish_East_Indies)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Asia and Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_East_Indies" title="Spanish East Indies">Spanish East Indies</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Mariana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Northern Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidore" title="Tidore">Tidore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Africa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Guinea" title="Spanish Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li>Northern Africa (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sahara" title="Spanish Sahara">Western Sahara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Tripoli" title="Spanish Tripoli">Tripoli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis#Spanish_occupation_and_Ottoman_control" title="Tunis">Tunis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1%C3%B3n_of_Algiers" title="Peñón of Algiers">Peñón of Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oran#Spanish_period_(1509–1708,_1732–1792)" title="Oran">Oran</a>, <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ja%C3%AFa#Muslim_and_feudal_rulers" title="Béjaïa">Béjaïa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifni" title="Ifni">Ifni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Juby" title="Cape Juby">Cape Juby</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Antarctica" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Antarctica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra Australis, Spain">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administration" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administration</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayuntamiento" title="Ayuntamiento">Ayuntamiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">Cabildo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Indies" title="Council of the Indies">Council of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(guild)" title="Germania (guild)">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Hermandad" title="Santa Hermandad">Santa Hermandad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exequatur" title="Exequatur">Exequatur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Indies" title="Laws of the Indies">Laws of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">Papal bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Decree_of_Graces_of_1815" title="Royal Decree of Graces of 1815">Royal Decree of Graces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Salamanca" title="School of Salamanca">School of Salamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_residence" title="Trial of residence">Trial of residence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Titles and positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcalde" title="Alcalde">Alcalde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corregidor_(position)" title="Corregidor (position)">Corregidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_president" title="Municipal president">Municipal president</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regidor" title="Regidor">Regidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">Syndic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vecino" title="Vecino">Vecino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Administrative_subdivisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative subdivisions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy#In_the_Americas" title="Viceroy">Viceroyalties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada" title="Viceroyalty of New Granada">New Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru" title="Viceroyalty of Peru">Perú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Captaincies General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Chile" title="Captaincy General of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Guatemala" title="Captaincy General of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Captaincy General of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Captaincy General of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Governorates_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Governorates of the Spanish Empire">Governorates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castilla_de_Oro" title="Castilla de Oro">Castilla de Oro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Cuba" title="Governorate of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">La Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia_(1501%E2%80%931513)" title="Governorate of New Andalusia (1501–1513)">New Andalusia (1501–1513)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Andalusia" title="Governorate of New Andalusia">New Andalusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Castile" title="Governorate of New Castile">New Castile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_New_Toledo" title="Governorate of New Toledo">New Toledo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Paraguay" title="Governorate of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_the_R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata" title="Governorate of the Río de la Plata">Río de la Plata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Terra_Australis" title="Governorate of Terra Australis">Terra Australis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia" title="Real Audiencia">Audiencias</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada" title="New Kingdom of Granada">Bogotá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Buenos_Aires" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Venezuela" title="Captaincy General of Venezuela">Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Charcas" title="Real Audiencia of Charcas">Charcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Concepci%C3%B3n" title="Real Audiencia of Concepción">Concepción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Cusco" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Audiencia of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Guadalajara" title="Royal Audiencia of Guadalajara">Guadalajara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Guatemala" title="Real Audiencia of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Lima" title="Real Audiencia of Lima">Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Manila" title="Real Audiencia of Manila">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Audiencia_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Audiencia of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Panama" title="Real Audiencia of Panama">Panamá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Quito" title="Real Audiencia of Quito">Quito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santiago" title="Real Audiencia of Santiago">Santiago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Audiencia_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Real Audiencia of Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Currency_of_Spanish_America" title="Currency of Spanish America">Currencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_dollar" title="Spanish dollar">Dollar (Peso)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonial_real" title="Spanish colonial real">Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraved%C3%AD" title="Maravedí">Maravedí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_escudo" title="Spanish escudo">Escudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columnarios" class="mw-redirect" title="Columnarios">Columnario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubloon" title="Doubloon">Doubloon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Trade</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manila_galleon" title="Manila galleon">Manila galleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_treasure_fleet" title="Spanish treasure fleet">Spanish treasure fleet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guipuzcoan_Company_of_Caracas" title="Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas">Guipuzcoan Company of Caracas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona_Trading_Company" title="Barcelona Trading Company">Barcelona Trading Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_of_the_Sea" title="Consulate of the Sea">Consulate of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camino_Real_de_Tierra_Adentro" title="Camino Real de Tierra Adentro">Camino Real de Tierra Adentro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commerce_Consulate_of_Buenos_Aires" title="Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires">Commerce Consulate of Buenos Aires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Military" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Armies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tercio" title="Tercio">Tercio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Flanders" title="Army of Flanders">Army of Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Company_of_Volunteers_of_Catalonia" title="Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia">Free Company of Volunteers of Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Spain" title="List of ships of the line of Spain">Ships of the line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_(Spanish_American_independence)" title="Royalist (Spanish American independence)">Royalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Legion" title="Spanish Legion">Legión</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(Spain)" title="Army of Africa (Spain)">Army of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Strategists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_%C3%81lvarez_de_Toledo,_3rd_Duke_of_Alba" title="Fernando Álvarez de Toledo, 3rd Duke of Alba">Duke of Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Leyva,_Duke_of_Terranova" title="Antonio de Leyva, Duke of Terranova">Antonio de Leyva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Goiti" title="Martín de Goiti">Martín de Goiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_d%27Avalos" title="Alfonso d'Avalos">Alfonso d'Avalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_de_Toledo_Osorio,_4th_Marquis_of_Villafranca" class="mw-redirect" title="García de Toledo Osorio, 4th Marquis of Villafranca">García de Toledo Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Philibert,_Duke_of_Savoy" title="Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy">Duke of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_de_Baz%C3%A1n_the_Elder" title="Álvaro de Bazán the Elder">Álvaro de Bazán the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Austria" title="John of Austria">John of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bonaventure_de_Longueval,_Count_of_Bucquoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy">Charles Bonaventure de Longueval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Zubiaur" title="Pedro de Zubiaur">Pedro de Zubiaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrogio_Spinola,_1st_Marquis_of_the_Balbases" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambrogio Spinola, 1st Marquis of the Balbases">Ambrosio Spinola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blas_de_Lezo" title="Blas de Lezo">Blas de Lezo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernardo_de_G%C3%A1lvez" title="Bernardo de Gálvez">Bernardo de Gálvez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Mariners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinz%C3%B3n_brothers" title="Pinzón brothers">Pinzón brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Sebasti%C3%A1n_Elcano" title="Juan Sebastián Elcano">Juan Sebastián Elcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_L%C3%B3pez_de_Legazpi" title="Miguel López de Legazpi">Miguel López de Legazpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Men%C3%A9ndez_de_Avil%C3%A9s" title="Pedro Menéndez de Avilés">Pedro Menéndez de Avilés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Ocampo" title="Sebastián de Ocampo">Sebastián de Ocampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Salazar" title="Alonso de Salazar">Alonso de Salazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Urdaneta" title="Andrés de Urdaneta">Andrés de Urdaneta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Ulloa" title="Antonio de Ulloa">Antonio de Ulloa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Columbus" title="Diego Columbus">Diego Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ercilla" title="Alonso de Ercilla">Alonso de Ercilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_de_Ovando" title="Nicolás de Ovando">Nicolás de Ovando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Ayala" title="Juan de Ayala">Juan de Ayala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Vizca%C3%ADno" title="Sebastián Vizcaíno">Sebastián Vizcaíno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Fern%C3%A1ndez_(explorer)" title="Juan Fernández (explorer)">Juan Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Fajardo_y_Ru%C3%ADz_de_Avenda%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Fajardo y Ruíz de Avendaño">Luis Fajardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felipe_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Ahedo" title="Felipe González de Ahedo">Felipe González de Ahedo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;"><a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">Conquistadors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Portol%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaspar de Portolà">Gaspar de Portolà</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_Fages_i_Beleta" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere Fages i Beleta">Pere Fages i Beleta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Orp%C3%AD" title="Joan Orpí">Joan Orpí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Urs%C3%BAa" title="Martín de Ursúa">Martín de Ursúa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Mazariegos" title="Diego de Mazariegos">Diego de Mazariegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jer%C3%B3nimo_Luis_de_Cabrera" title="Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera">Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pere_d%27Albern%C3%AD_i_Teixidor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor">Pere d'Alberní i Teixidor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_L%C3%B3pez_de_C%C3%A1rdenas" title="García López de Cárdenas">García López de Cárdenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: nowrap; text-align: right;">Notable battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: white; text-align: left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros" title="Revolt of the Comuneros">Comuneros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bicocca" title="Battle of Bicocca">Bicocca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1527)" title="Sack of Rome (1527)">Rome (1527)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Landriano" title="Battle of Landriano">Landriano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pavia" title="Battle of Pavia">Pavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1535)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1535)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_M%C3%BChlberg" title="Battle of Mühlberg">Mühlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Quentin_(1557)" title="Battle of St. Quentin (1557)">St. Quentin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gravelines_(1558)" title="Battle of Gravelines (1558)">Gravelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Malta" title="Great Siege of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto" title="Battle of Lepanto">Lepanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ponta_Delgada" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ponta Delgada">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mons_(1572)" title="Siege of Mons (1572)">Mons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1578)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1578)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ostend" title="Siege of Ostend">Ostend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Armada" title="English Armada">English Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Celidonia" title="Battle of Cape Celidonia">Cape Celidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valenciennes_(1656)" title="Battle of Valenciennes (1656)">Valenciennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieges_of_Ceuta_(1694%E2%80%931727)" title="Sieges of Ceuta (1694–1727)">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bitonto" title="Battle of Bitonto">Bitonto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bail%C3%A9n" title="Battle of Bailén">Bailén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vitoria" title="Battle of Vitoria">Vitoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_T%C3%A9touan" title="Battle of Tétouan">Tetouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Capo_d%27Orso" title="Battle of Capo d'Orso">Capo d'Orso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Vienna_(1529)" title="Siege of Vienna (1529)">Vienna (1529)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza" title="Battle of Preveza">Preveza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Castelnuovo" title="Siege of Castelnuovo">Siege of Castelnuovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algiers_expedition_(1541)" title="Algiers expedition (1541)">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ceresole" title="Battle of Ceresole">Ceresole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_invasion_of_the_Balearic_Islands_(1558)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman invasion of the Balearic Islands (1558)">Balearic Islands (1558)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Djerba" title="Battle of Djerba">Djerba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Tunis_(1574)" title="Conquest of Tunis (1574)">Tunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Armada" title="Spanish Armada">Spanish Armada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leiden" title="Siege of Leiden">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montes_Claros" title="Battle of Montes Claros">Montes Claros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passaro" title="Battle of Cape Passaro">Passaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_Bay" title="Battle of Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Trafalgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Somosierra" title="Battle of Somosierra">Somosierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Annual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mactan" title="Battle of Mactan">Mactan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Won</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cajamarca" title="Battle of Cajamarca">Cajamarca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cusco" title="Siege of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Bogotá savanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penco" title="Battle of Penco">Penco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mataquito" title="Battle of Mataquito">Mataquito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guadalupe_Island_(1595)" title="Battle of Guadalupe Island (1595)">Guadalupe Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Recife_(1595)" title="Capture of Recife (1595)">Recife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1595)" title="Battle of San Juan (1595)">San Juan (1595)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recapture_of_Bahia" title="Recapture of Bahia">Bahia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Colonia_del_Sacramento" title="Siege of Colonia del Sacramento">Colonia del Sacramento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(Paraguay)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (Paraguay)">Comuneros (Paraguay)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cartagena_de_Indias" title="Battle of Cartagena de Indias">Cartagena de Indias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuerno_Verde" title="Cuerno Verde">Cuerno Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_T%C3%BApac_Amaru_II" title="Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II">Túpac Amaru II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Katari" title="Túpac Katari">Túpac Katari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_expedition" title="Newfoundland expedition">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Juan_(1797)" title="Battle of San Juan (1797)">San Juan (1797)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lost</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Noche_Triste" title="La Noche Triste">La Noche Triste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iguape_War" title="Iguape War">Iguape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tucapel" title="Battle of Tucapel">Tucapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raleigh%27s_El_Dorado_Expedition" class="mw-redirect" title="Raleigh's El Dorado Expedition">Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Curalaba" title="Battle of Curalaba">Curalaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Comuneros_(New_Granada)" title="Revolt of the Comuneros (New Granada)">Comuneros (New Granada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Trinidad_(1797)" title="Invasion of Trinidad (1797)">Trinidad (1797)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chacabuco" title="Battle of Chacabuco">Chacabuco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1" title="Battle of Boyacá">Boyacá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carabobo" title="Battle of Carabobo">Carabobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pichincha" title="Battle of Pichincha">Pichincha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ayacucho" title="Battle of Ayacucho">Ayacucho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Guam" title="Capture of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Santiago_de_Cuba" title="Battle of Santiago de Cuba">Santiago de Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Campaign#Battle_of_Asomante" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Campaign">Asomante</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Spanish_conquests" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Spanish conquests</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">The Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibchan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)#Spanish_expeditions_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div id="Other_civil_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other civil topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Colonial_architecture" title="Spanish Colonial architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_Codices" title="Mesoamerican Codices">Mesoamerican Codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusco School">Cusco painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochristian_art" title="Indochristian art">Indochristian painting in New Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quito_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Quito School">Quito painting tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapada_lime%C3%B1a" title="Tapada limeña">Tapada limeña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academia_Ant%C3%A1rtica" title="Academia Antártica">Academia Antártica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_universities_in_Hispanic_America" title="List of colonial universities in Hispanic America">Colonial universities in Hispanic America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_oldest_schools_in_the_Philippines" title="List of the oldest schools in the Philippines">Colonial universities in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Archive_of_the_Indies" title="General Archive of the Indies">General Archive of the Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Spanish_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Spanish Horse">Colonial Spanish Horse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustang" title="Mustang">Mustang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casta" title="Casta">Castas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criollo_people#Spanish_colonial_caste_system" title="Criollo people">Criollos in the colonial society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Old inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_Spanish_New_World_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies">Slavery in Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiento" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiento">Asiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans#Colonial_era" title="African Americans">Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Potos%C3%AD_Mint_Fraud_of_1649" title="Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649">Great Potosí Mint Fraud of 1649</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:sky blue"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spanish colonization of the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inter_caetera" title="Inter caetera">Inter caetera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_expeditions_to_the_Pacific_Northwest" title="Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_attempt_of_the_Strait_of_Magellan" title="Spanish colonization attempt of the Strait of Magellan">Strait of Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Chile" title="Conquest of Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conquistadors_in_Colombia" title="List of conquistadors in Colombia">Colombia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Chibchan_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquest of the Chibchan Nations">Chibcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Muisca" title="Spanish conquest of the Muisca">Muisca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Aztec_Empire" title="Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire">Aztec Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Maya" title="Spanish conquest of the Maya">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Chiapas" title="Spanish conquest of Chiapas">Chiapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Guatemala" title="Spanish conquest of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Pet%C3%A9n" title="Spanish conquest of Petén">Petén</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Spanish conquest of Yucatán">Yucatán</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_El_Salvador" title="Spanish conquest of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Honduras" title="Spanish conquest of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_Nicaragua" title="Spanish conquest of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CartedAmerique.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Antique map of the Americas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/135px-CartedAmerique.jpeg" decoding="async" width="135" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/203px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/CartedAmerique.jpeg/270px-CartedAmerique.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Ojeda" title="Alonso de Ojeda">Alonso de Ojeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Almagro" title="Diego de Almagro">Diego de Almagro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Alvarado" title="Pedro de Alvarado">Pedro de Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernal_D%C3%ADaz_del_Castillo" title="Bernal Díaz del Castillo">Bernal Díaz del Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Vel%C3%A1zquez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar">Diego Velázquez de Cuéllar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada" title="Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada">Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_de_Belalc%C3%A1zar" title="Sebastián de Belalcázar">Sebastián de Belalcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Coronado" title="Francisco Vázquez de Coronado">Francisco Vázquez de Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_de_Carvajal_y_Cueva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis de Carvajal y Cueva">Luis de Carvajal y Cueva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartolom%C3%A9_de_las_Casas" title="Bartolomé de las Casas">Bartolomé de las Casas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_P%C3%A9rez_de_Quesada" title="Hernán Pérez de Quesada">Hernán Pérez de Quesada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Ponce_de_Le%C3%B3n" title="Juan Ponce de León">Juan Ponce de León</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Montejo" title="Francisco de Montejo">Francisco de Montejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1nfilo_de_Narv%C3%A1ez" title="Pánfilo de Narváez">Pánfilo de Narváez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_O%C3%B1ate" title="Juan de Oñate">Juan de Oñate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Orellana" title="Francisco de Orellana">Francisco de Orellana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Portocarrero_(conquistador)" title="Pedro de Portocarrero (conquistador)">Pedro de Portocarrero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro" title="Francisco Pizarro">Francisco Pizarro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto" title="Hernando de Soto">Hernando de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Valdivia" title="Pedro de Valdivia">Pedro de Valdivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Federmann" title="Nikolaus Federmann">Nikolaus Federmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In%C3%A9s_de_Su%C3%A1rez" class="mw-redirect" title="Inés de Suárez">Inés de Suárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Candia" title="Pedro de Candia">Pedro de Candia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pardo_(explorer)" title="Juan Pardo (explorer)">Juan Pardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trist%C3%A1n_de_Luna_y_Arellano" title="Tristán de Luna y Arellano">Tristán de Luna y Arellano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasco_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_de_Balboa" title="Vasco Núñez de Balboa">Vasco Núñez de Balboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvar_N%C3%BA%C3%B1ez_Cabeza_de_Vaca" title="Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca">Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#A0522D; color:white;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">Encomienda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_auxiliaries" title="Indian auxiliaries">Indian auxiliaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_the_Americas" title="Spanish missions in the Americas">Spanish missions in the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_of_Florida" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Florida" title="Template:Florida"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#000033">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Florida" title="Template talk:Florida"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#000033">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Florida" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Florida"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#000033">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_of_Florida" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee,_Florida" title="Tallahassee, Florida">Tallahassee</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Florida_history" title="Timeline of Florida history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples of Florida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Florida</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_Spanish_Florida" title="Missions in Spanish Florida">missions</a></li></ul></li> <li>British Rule <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Territory" title="Florida Territory">Florida Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars" title="Seminole Wars">Seminole Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Florida" title="History of slavery in Florida">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Leon_County,_Florida" title="Plantations of Leon County, Florida">Plantations of Leon County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_County,_Florida" title="Mosquito County, Florida">Mosquito County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Occupation_Act" title="Armed Occupation Act">Armed Occupation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)" title="Great Migration (African American)">Great Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_ranchos" title="Fishing ranchos">Fishing ranchos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_East_Coast_Railway" title="Florida East Coast Railway">Florida East Coast Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draining_and_development_of_the_Everglades" title="Draining and development of the Everglades">Draining and development of the Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_land_boom_of_the_1920s" title="Florida land boom of the 1920s">Florida land boom of the 1920s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_World" title="Walt Disney World">Disney World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Florida" title="Geography of Florida">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beaches_of_Florida" title="Category:Beaches of Florida">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_Florida" title="List of bays of Florida">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of caves in the United States">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_Florida" title="List of counties in Florida">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everglades" title="Everglades">Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys" title="Florida Keys">Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Lakes_of_Florida" title="Category:Lakes of Florida">Lakes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Okeechobee" title="Lake Okeechobee">Lake Okeechobee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_of_Florida" title="List of metropolitan areas of Florida">Metro areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_in_Florida" title="List of municipalities in Florida">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#Florida" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Florida" title="List of rivers of Florida">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinkhole" title="Sinkhole">Sinkholes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_springs_in_Florida" title="List of major springs in Florida">Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_state_forests" title="Florida state forests">State forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_parks" title="List of Florida state parks">State parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_of_Florida" title="Straits of Florida">Straits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_swamps" title="Florida swamps">Swamps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_hurricanes" title="List of Florida hurricanes">Major<br /> hurricanes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1919_Florida_Keys_hurricane" title="1919 Florida Keys hurricane">Florida Keys (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Tampa_Bay_hurricane" title="1921 Tampa Bay hurricane">Tampa Bay (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1926_Miami_hurricane" title="1926 Miami hurricane">Miami (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Okeechobee_hurricane" title="1928 Okeechobee hurricane">Okeechobee (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1929_Bahamas_hurricane" title="1929 Bahamas hurricane">Florida Keys (1929)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1933_Treasure_Coast_hurricane" title="1933 Treasure Coast hurricane">Treasure Coast (1933)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Labor_Day_hurricane" title="1935 Labor Day hurricane">Labor Day (1935)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Cuba%E2%80%93Florida_hurricane" title="1944 Cuba–Florida hurricane">Dry Tortugas (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1945_Homestead_hurricane" title="1945 Homestead hurricane">Homestead (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Fort_Lauderdale_hurricane" title="1947 Fort Lauderdale hurricane">Fort Lauderdale (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_1948_Florida_hurricane" title="September 1948 Florida hurricane">South Florida (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Florida_hurricane" title="1949 Florida hurricane">1949 Florida hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Easy_(1950)" title="Hurricane Easy (1950)">Easy (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_King" title="Hurricane King">King (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Donna" title="Hurricane Donna">Donna (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Betsy" title="Hurricane Betsy">Betsy (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Eloise" title="Hurricane Eloise">Eloise (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Elena" title="Hurricane Elena">Elena (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Andrew" title="Hurricane Andrew">Andrew (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Opal" title="Hurricane Opal">Opal (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Charley" title="Hurricane Charley">Charley (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Frances" title="Hurricane Frances">Frances (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ivan" title="Hurricane Ivan">Ivan (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Jeanne" title="Hurricane Jeanne">Jeanne (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dennis" title="Hurricane Dennis">Dennis (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Wilma" title="Hurricane Wilma">Wilma (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Matthew" title="Hurricane Matthew">Matthew (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Irma" title="Hurricane Irma">Irma (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Michael" title="Hurricane Michael">Michael (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Dorian" title="Hurricane Dorian">Dorian (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Ian" title="Hurricane Ian">Ian (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Idalia" title="Hurricane Idalia">Idalia (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Helene" title="Hurricane Helene">Helene (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Milton" title="Hurricane Milton">Milton (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_history_of_Florida" title="Category:African-American history of Florida">African-American</a></li> <li>Brazilian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans#Brazilian_American_communities" title="Brazilian Americans">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida#Demographics" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Florida" title="Crime in Florida">Crime</a></li> <li>Cuban-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_migration_to_Miami" title="Cuban migration to Miami">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cuban-American_culture_in_Tampa,_Florida" title="Category:Cuban-American culture in Tampa, Florida">Tampa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Florida" title="Demographics of Florida">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Florida" title="Economy of Florida">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Florida" title="Agriculture in Florida">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_tourism_industry" title="Florida tourism industry">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Florida" title="Education in Florida">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_cracker" title="Florida cracker">Florida cracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Florida" title="List of people from Florida">Floridians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Florida" title="Government of Florida">Government</a></li> <li>Haitian-American culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Delray_Beach" title="Haitian diaspora">Delray Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_diaspora#Miami" title="Haitian diaspora">Miami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Florida" title="Homelessness in Florida">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Florida" title="Human trafficking in Florida">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Florida" title="Indigenous peoples of Florida">Indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Everglades_region" title="Indigenous people of the Everglades region">Everglades</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Florida">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_ballot_measures" title="List of Florida ballot measures">Ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Florida" title="United States congressional delegations from Florida">Congressional delegations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida%27s_congressional_districts" title="Florida's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li></ul></li> <li>Puerto Rican culture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans#Orlando" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Orlando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissimmee,_Florida#Demographics" title="Kissimmee, Florida">Kissimmee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Florida" title="Politics of Florida">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Seminoles" title="Black Seminoles">Black Seminoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Florida" title="Sports in Florida">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Florida" title="Culture of Florida">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_casinos_in_Florida" title="List of casinos in Florida">Casinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry_in_Florida" title="Film industry in Florida">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Man" title="Florida Man">Florida Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Heritage_Trails" title="Florida Heritage Trails">Florida Heritage Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floridiana" title="Floridiana">Floridiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_literature" title="Florida literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_accent" title="Miami accent">Miami accent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Florida" title="Music of Florida">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_Florida" title="Category:Mass media in Florida">Mass media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Florida" title="List of newspapers in Florida">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Florida" title="List of radio stations in Florida">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Florida" title="List of television stations in Florida">TV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Florida_state_symbols" title="List of Florida state symbols">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Florida" title="Flag of Florida">flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_God_We_Trust" title="In God We Trust">motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Florida" title="Seal of Florida">seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skunk_ape" title="Skunk ape">Skunk ape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-Toed_Tom" title="Two-Toed Tom">Two-Toed Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visit_Florida" title="Visit Florida">Visit Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Florida" title="Environment of Florida">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Florida" title="Environmental issues in Florida">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Florida" title="Fauna of Florida">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Flora_of_Florida" title="Category:Flora of Florida">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Reef" title="Florida Reef">Florida Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Florida" title="Geology of Florida">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Florida" title="Climate of Florida">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Florida" title="Climate change in Florida">climate change</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Florida-related_articles" title="Index of Florida-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Florida" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Florida">Tourist attractions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Florida" title="Transportation in Florida">Transportation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#FF9C1A; color:#000033; padding:0.2em 0.5em;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/32px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/48px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/64px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Florida" title="Portal:Florida">Florida portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Thirteen_Colonies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Template talk:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Thirteen Colonies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirteen_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Colonies" title="New England Colonies">New England Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Colonies" title="Middle Colonies">Middle Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Colonies" title="Chesapeake Colonies">Chesapeake Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_colonies" title="Tobacco colonies">Tobacco Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Colonies" title="Southern Colonies">Southern Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-bottom:1px #ccc solid"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> (1607–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Hampshire" title="Province of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> (1629–1641; 1679–1686; 1689–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maryland" title="Province of Maryland">Maryland</a> (1632–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Colony" title="Connecticut Colony">Connecticut</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Rhode Island</a> (1636–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Colony" title="Delaware Colony">Delaware</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_Jersey" title="Province of New Jersey">New Jersey</a> (1664–1673; 1702–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a> (1664–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Pennsylvania" title="Province of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> (1681–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Massachusetts_Bay" title="Province of Massachusetts Bay">Massachusetts Bay</a> (1691–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_North_Carolina" title="Province of North Carolina">North Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_South_Carolina" title="Province of South Carolina">South Carolina</a> (1712–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Georgia" title="Province of Georgia">Georgia</a> (1732–1776)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Other British colonial entities in the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roanoke_Colony" title="Roanoke Colony">Roanoke</a> (1585–1590)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popham_Colony" title="Popham Colony">Popham</a> (1607–1608)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> (1607–1699)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Hundred" title="Berkeley Hundred">Berkeley Hundred</a> (1619)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Colony" title="Plymouth Colony">Plymouth</a> (1620–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Maine" title="Province of Maine">Maine</a> (1622–1658)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Saint Croix</a> (1625–1650)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolana" title="Carolana">Carolana</a> (1629–1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> (1629–1686; 1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Colony" title="Saybrook Colony">Saybrook</a> (1635–1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Colony" title="New Haven Colony">New Haven</a> (1638–1664)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Confederation" title="New England Confederation">New England Confederation</a> (1643–1654; 1675–<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1680</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Carolina" title="Province of Carolina">Carolina</a> (1663–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land" title="Rupert's Land">Rupert's Land</a> (1670–1811)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North-Western_Territory" title="North-Western Territory">North-Western Territory</a> (1670–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Jersey" title="East Jersey">East Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Jersey" title="West Jersey">West Jersey</a> (1674–1702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_New_England" title="Dominion of New England">Dominion of New England</a> (1686–1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reserve_(1763)" title="Indian Reserve (1763)">Indian Reserve</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a> (1763–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Ireland_(Maine)" title="New Ireland (Maine)">New Ireland</a> (1779–1783; 1814–1815)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_District" title="Columbia District">Columbia District</a> (1810–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Colony" title="Red River Colony">Red River Colony</a> (1811–1818)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickeen_Territories" title="Stickeen Territories">Stickeen Territories</a> (1862–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1858%E2%80%931866)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1858–1866)">Colony of British Columbia</a> (1863–1866)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_British_Columbia_(1866%E2%80%931871)" title="Colony of British Columbia (1866–1871)">Colony of British Columbia and Vancouver Island</a> (1866–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">Province of British Columbia</a> (1871–1903)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Non-British colonial entities in the contemporary United States</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbian_Viceroyalty" title="Columbian Viceroyalty">Columbian Viceroyalty</a> (1492–1535)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> <ul><li>1521–1821; <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Spanish Florida</a>, 1565–1763</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_the_Philippines" title="Captaincy General of the Philippines">Captaincy General of the Philippines</a>, 1565–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Captaincy General of Puerto Rico">Captaincy General of Puerto Rico</a>, 1580–1898</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba" title="Captaincy General of Cuba">Captaincy General of Cuba</a>, 1607–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Croix#History" title="Saint Croix">Spanish Saint Croix</a>, 1650–1651</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Spanish Texas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1767–1804</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">Spanish Louisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Spanish East Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Spanish West Florida</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> <ul><li>1534–1763; <a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a>, 1562–1565</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospitaller_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Hospitaller colonization of the Americas">Hospitaller Saint Croix</a>, 1651–1665</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies#Former_French_West_Indian_islands" title="French West Indies">French Saint Croix</a>, 1665–1733</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, 1682–1763 and 1801–1803</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> (1614–1667)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Virgin_Islands" title="Dutch Virgin Islands">Dutch Virgin Islands</a> (1625–1672)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Sweden" title="New Sweden">New Sweden</a> (1638–1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_West_Indies" title="Danish West Indies">Danish West Indies</a> (1672–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Thomas_(Brandenburg_colony)" title="Saint Thomas (Brandenburg colony)">Brandenburger Saint Thomas</a> (1685–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Krabbeninsel</a> (1689–1693)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques,_Puerto_Rico#History" title="Vieques, Puerto Rico">Scottish Darien Company</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a> (1799–1867)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Related Documents</b></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_Concerning_Western_Planting" title="Discourse Concerning Western Planting">Discourse Concerning Western Planting</a> <small>(1584)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayflower_Compact" title="Mayflower Compact">Mayflower Compact</a> <small>(1620)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mourt%27s_Relation" title="Mourt's Relation">Mourt's Relation</a> <small>(1622)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Of_Plymouth_Plantation" title="Of Plymouth Plantation">Of Plymouth Plantation</a> <small>(1630–1651)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Orders_of_Connecticut" title="Fundamental Orders of Connecticut">Fundamental Orders of Connecticut</a> <small>(1638)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintipartite_Deed" title="Quintipartite Deed">Quintipartite Deed</a> <small>(1676)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Thirteen_Colonies" title="Category:Thirteen Colonies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former sovereign or unrecognized states within the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_sovereign_or_unrecognized_states_within_the_contemporary_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Former <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">sovereign</a> or <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_unrecognized_states" title="List of historical unrecognized states">unrecognized states</a> within the contemporary <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">Kingdoms and Provinces of New Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Navarre" title="New Navarre">New Navarre</a>, 1565–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1598–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Texas" title="Spanish Texas">Tejas</a>, 1690–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincias_Internas" title="Provincias Internas">Provincias Internas</a>, 1776–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">Florida Oriental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_West_Florida" title="Spanish West Florida">Florida Occidental</a>, 1783–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">La Luisiana</a>, 1769–1801</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1804–1821</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watauga_Association" title="Watauga Association">Republic of Watauga</a> (1772–1777)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a> (1775–1776)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">United States of America</a> (1776–1783)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a> (1777–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Franklin" title="State of Franklin">State of Franklin</a> (1784–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Oconee_Republic" title="Trans-Oconee Republic">Trans-Oconee Republic</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaiian Kingdom</a> (1795–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Muskogee" title="State of Muskogee">State of Muskogee</a> (1799–1803)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_West_Florida" title="Republic of West Florida">Republic of West Florida</a> (1810)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_East_Florida" title="Republic of East Florida">Republic of East Florida</a> (1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guti%C3%A9rrez%E2%80%93Magee_Expedition" title="Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition">First Republic of Texas</a> (1812–1813)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Floridas" title="Republic of the Floridas">Republic of the Floridas</a> (1817)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Expedition" title="Long Expedition">Second Republic of Texas</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Mexico" title="Provisional Government of Mexico">Provisional Government of Mexico</a> (1823–1824) <ul><li>1835–1846; <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Texas" title="Mexican Texas">Mexican Texas</a>, 1821–1824</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_California" title="Alta California">Alta California</a>, 1821–1836</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_de_Nuevo_M%C3%A9xico" title="Santa Fe de Nuevo México">Santa Fe de Nuevo México</a>, 1821–1846</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estado_de_Occidente" title="Estado de Occidente">Sonora y Sinaloa</a>, 1824–1830</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coahuila_y_Tejas" title="Coahuila y Tejas">Coahuila y Tejas</a>, 1824–1835</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Las_Californias" title="Province of Las Californias">Las Californias</a>, 1836–1846</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fredonian_Rebellion" title="Fredonian Rebellion">Republic of Fredonia</a> (1826–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Madawaska" title="Republic of Madawaska">Republic of Madawaska</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Indian_Stream" title="Republic of Indian Stream">Republic of Indian Stream</a> (1832–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (1834–1907)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Texas" title="Republic of Texas">Republic of Texas</a> (1836–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Rio_Grande" title="Republic of the Rio Grande">Republic of the Rio Grande</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Oregon" title="Provisional Government of Oregon">Provisional Government of Oregon</a> (1841–1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republic" title="California Republic">California Republic</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Deseret" title="State of Deseret">State of Deseret</a> (1849–1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough_and_Ready,_California" title="Rough and Ready, California">The Great Republic of Rough and Ready</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaver_Island_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)">The Kingdom of Beaver Island</a> (1850–1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a> <ul><li>1861–1865; <a href="/wiki/Alabama_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Alabama in the American Civil War">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_Arizona" title="Confederate Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Arkansas in the American Civil War">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Florida in the American Civil War">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Georgia in the American Civil War">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Kentucky" title="Confederate government of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Louisiana in the American Civil War">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Mississippi in the American Civil War">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_Missouri" title="Confederate government of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="North Carolina in the American Civil War">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="South Carolina in the American Civil War">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Tennessee in the American Civil War">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Texas in the American Civil War">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_government_of_West_Virginia" title="Confederate government of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_County,_Mississippi" title="Jones County, Mississippi">Free State of Jones</a> (1863–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_Hawaii" title="Provisional Government of Hawaii">Provisional Government of Hawaii</a> (1893–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Hawaii" title="Republic of Hawaii">Republic of Hawaii</a> (1894–1898)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="mw-valign-text-bottom noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/24px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/32px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Territories of the United States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555528#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85049226">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007535912505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&oldid=1256346269">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_Florida&oldid=1256346269</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spanish_Florida" title="Category:Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Colonial_United_States_(Spanish)" title="Category:Colonial United States (Spanish)">Colonial 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