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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Training and qualifications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Training_and_qualifications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Training and qualifications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Training_and_qualifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>New Testament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_titles_and_types_of_Christian_ministries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_titles_and_types_of_Christian_ministries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Related titles and types of Christian ministries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_titles_and_types_of_Christian_ministries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related titles and types of Christian ministries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_titles_and_types_of_Christian_ministries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bishops,_priests,_and_deacons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bishops,_priests,_and_deacons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Bishops, priests, and deacons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bishops,_priests,_and_deacons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pastors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pastors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pastors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pastors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clergy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clergy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Clergy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clergy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dominie,_Dominee,_Dom,_Don" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dominie,_Dominee,_Dom,_Don"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Dominie, Dominee, Dom, Don</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dominie,_Dominee,_Dom,_Don-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chaplains_and_padres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chaplains_and_padres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Chaplains and padres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chaplains_and_padres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Elder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_ministries_in_non-denominational_church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_ministries_in_non-denominational_church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Types of ministries in non-denominational church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_ministries_in_non-denominational_church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leaders_and_pastoral_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leaders_and_pastoral_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Leaders and pastoral agents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leaders_and_pastoral_agents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leaders and pastoral agents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leaders_and_pastoral_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monsignor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsignor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Monsignor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsignor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Prelate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prelate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Father" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Father"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Father</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Father-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archbishop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archbishop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Archbishop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archbishop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Styles_and_forms_of_address" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_forms_of_address"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Styles and forms of address</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Styles_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Styles and forms of address subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_forms_of_address-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anglican" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Anglican</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Catholic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodox" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodox"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Orthodox</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodox-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Greek_and_other_Orthodox_churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greek_and_other_Orthodox_churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Greek and other Orthodox churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greek_and_other_Orthodox_churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_Apostolic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Armenian Apostolic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_Apostolic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minister (Christianity)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominee" title="Dominee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Dominee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86" title="كاهن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاهن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministre_(protestantisme)" title="Ministre (protestantisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ministre (protestantisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85_%D1%85%C4%95%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Сăваплăх хĕсметçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сăваплăх хĕсметçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchovn%C3%AD_(k%C5%99es%C5%A5anstv%C3%AD)" title="Duchovní (křesťanství) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Duchovní (křesťanství)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gweinidog_yr_Efengyl" title="Gweinidog yr Efengyl – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gweinidog yr Efengyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirchliches_Amt" title="Kirchliches Amt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kirchliches Amt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategooria:Kristlikud_ametid" title="Kategooria:Kristlikud ametid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kategooria:Kristlikud ametid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministro_(cristianismo)" title="Ministro (cristianismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ministro (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="کاهن (مسیحیت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاهن (مسیحیت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minist%C3%A8re_(christianisme)" title="Ministère (christianisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ministère (christianisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BBmny" title="Dûmny – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dûmny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Քահանա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քահանա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81c%C4%ABt%C4%81js" title="Mācītājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Mācītājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministera_(kristianisma)" title="Ministera (kristianisma) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ministera (kristianisma)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominee" title="Dominee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dominee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domie" title="Domie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Domie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%BD%B9%E8%80%85" title="教役者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="教役者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(duchowny)" title="Minister (duchowny) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minister (duchowny)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministro_(cristianismo)" title="Ministro (cristianismo) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ministro (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Священнослужитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Священнослужитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minister (Christianity)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%99" title="Свештенослужитељ – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свештенослужитељ" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyrkligt_%C3%A4mbete" title="Kyrkligt ämbete – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kyrkligt ämbete" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C" title="ศาสนาจารย์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ศาสนาจารย์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papaz_(Hristiyanl%C4%B1k)" title="Papaz (Hristiyanlık) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Papaz (Hristiyanlık)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Священнослужитель – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Священнослужитель" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="خادم دین (مسیحیت) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="خادم دین (مسیحیت)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Religious occupation in Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid 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ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Minister_(Christianity)" title="Talk:Minister (Christianity)">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Primary_sources plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Primary_sources" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies excessively on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">references</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please improve this article by adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">secondary or tertiary sources</a>. <br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity">"Minister" Christianity</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Minister%22+Christianity">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Minister%22+Christianity&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity">"Minister" Christianity</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Minister%22+Christianity+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Minister%22+Christianity">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Minister%22+Christianity&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LutheranClergy.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/LutheranClergy.JPG/220px-LutheranClergy.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="379" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/LutheranClergy.JPG/330px-LutheranClergy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/LutheranClergy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="709" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> minister wearing a <a href="/wiki/Geneva_gown" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva gown">Geneva gown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bands_(neckwear)" title="Bands (neckwear)">bands</a>. In many churches, ministers wear distinctive clothing, called <a href="/wiki/Vestments" class="mw-redirect" title="Vestments">vestments</a>, when presiding over <a href="/wiki/Church_service" title="Church service">services of worship</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, a <b>minister</b> is a person authorised by a <a href="/wiki/Church_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Church body">church</a> or other religious organization to perform functions such as teaching of beliefs; leading services such as <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">weddings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptisms</a> or <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerals</a>; or otherwise providing spiritual guidance to the community. The term is taken from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>minister</i> ("servant", "attendant").<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some church traditions the term is usually used for people who have been <a href="/wiki/Ordained" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordained">ordained</a>, but in other traditions it can also be used for non-ordained. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priesthood</a> is emphasized, though in the Church of England there are nearly as many non-ordained <a href="/wiki/Licensed_lay_minister" title="Licensed lay minister">licensed lay ministers</a> as there are paid clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> groups like <a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a>, the term "minister" usually refers to a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">clergy</a> who leads a congregation or participates in a role in a <a href="/wiki/Parachurch" class="mw-redirect" title="Parachurch">parachurch</a> ministry; such a person may serve as an <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a>), <a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>, preacher, <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">chaplain</a>. </p><p>Ministers are also described as being a <b>man of the cloth</b>. With respect to <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">ecclesiastical address</a>, many ministers are <a href="/wiki/Style_(form_of_address)" title="Style (form of address)">styled</a> as "<a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a>"; however, some use "Pastor" or "Father" as a title. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roles_and_duties">Roles and duties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roles and duties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> defines the ministry of priests as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Priests are called to be servants and shepherds among the people to whom they are sent. With their Bishop and fellow ministers, they are to proclaim the word of the Lord and to watch for the signs of God's new creation. They are to be messengers, watchmen and stewards of the Lord; they are to teach and to admonish, to feed and provide for his family, to search for his children in the wilderness of this world's temptations, and to guide them through its confusions, that they may be saved through Christ forever. Formed by the word, they are to call their hearers to repentance and to declare in Christ's name the absolution and forgiveness of their sins.<br />With all God's people, they are to tell the story of God's love. They are to baptize new disciples in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit, and to walk with them in the way of Christ, nurturing them in the faith. They are to unfold the Scriptures, to preach the word in season and out of season, and to declare the mighty acts of God. They are to preside at the Lord's table and lead his people in worship, offering with them a spiritual sacrifice of praise and thanksgiving. They are to bless the people in God's name. They are to resist evil, support the weak, defend the poor, and intercede for all in need. They are to minister to the sick and prepare the dying for their death. Guided by the Spirit, they are to discern and foster the gifts of all God's people, that the whole Church may be built up in unity and faith.<sup id="cite_ref-CommonWorship_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommonWorship-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Ministers may perform some or all of the following duties: </p> <ul><li>assist in co-ordinating volunteers and church community groups</li> <li>assist in any general administrative service</li> <li>conduct <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Funerals" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerals">funerals</a> and memorial services, participate in the <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordination</a> of other clergy, and confirming young people as members of a local church</li> <li>encourage local church endeavors</li> <li>engage in <a href="/wiki/Welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare">welfare</a> and community services activities of communities</li> <li>establish new local churches</li> <li>keep records as required by <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Church_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Church law">church law</a></li> <li>plan and conduct services of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">public worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Preaching">preach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">pray</a> and encourage others to be <a href="/wiki/Theocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocentric">theocentric</a> (that is, God-focused)</li> <li>preside over <a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">sacraments</a> (also called ordinances) of the church. Such as: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Lord's Supper</a> (a name derived from 1 Corinthians 11:20), also known as the Lord's Table (taken from 1 Corinthians 10:21), or <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>, and</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a> of adults or children (depending on the denomination)</li></ul></li> <li>provide leadership to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congregation">congregation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parish</a> or church community, this may be done as part of a team with lay people in roles such as elders</li> <li>refer people to community support services, <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologists</a> or <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">doctors</a></li> <li>research and study religion, <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">Scripture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a></li> <li>supervise prayer and discussion groups, retreats and seminars, and provide religious instruction</li> <li>teach on spiritual and theological subjects</li> <li>train leaders for church, community and youth leadership</li> <li>work on developing relationships and networks within the religious community</li> <li>provide <a href="/wiki/Pastoral_care" title="Pastoral care">pastoral care</a> in various contexts</li> <li>provide personal support to people in crises, such as illness, bereavement and family breakdown</li> <li>visit the sick and elderly to counsel and comfort them and their families</li> <li>administer <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)">Last Rites</a> when designated to do so<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>the first style of ministering is the player coach style. In this style, the pastor is a "participant in all the processes that the church uses to reach people and see them transformed</li> <li>the second style of ministering is the delegating style, in which the minister develops members of the church to point that they can be trusted</li> <li>the third style of ministering is the directing style where the minister gives specific instructions and then supervises the congregation closely</li> <li>the last and fourth style of ministering is the combination style, which a minister allows directional ministering from a pastoral staff member</li> <li>mention prayer of salvation to those interested in becoming a believer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Training_and_qualifications">Training and qualifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Training and qualifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Depending on the denomination, the requirements for ministry vary. All denominations require the minister to have a <a href="/wiki/Vocation" title="Vocation">vocation</a>, a sense of <a href="/wiki/Religious_calling" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious calling">calling</a>. In regards to training, denominations vary in their requirements, from those that emphasize natural gifts to those that also require advanced <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">tertiary education</a> qualifications; for example, from a <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theological_college" class="mw-redirect" title="Theological college">theological college</a> or <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">university</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the clearest references is found in <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Timothy#3:1" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Timothy">1 Timothy 3:1–16</a>, which outlines the requirements of a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a> (<i>episkopos</i>: <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἐπίσκοπος</span></span>, interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a> by some denominations): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This is a true saying, if a man desire the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work. A bishop then must be blameless, the husband of one wife, vigilant, sober, of good behaviour, given to hospitality, apt to teach; Not given to wine, no striker, not greedy of filthy lucre; but patient, not a brawler, not covetous; One that ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection with all gravity; (For if a man know not how to rule his own house, how shall he take care of the church of God?) Not a novice, lest being lifted up with pride he fall into the condemnation of the devil. Moreover he must have a good report of them which are without; lest he fall into reproach and the snare of the devil. Likewise must the <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> be grave, not doubletongued, not given to much wine, not greedy of filthy lucre; Holding the mystery of the faith in a pure conscience. And let these also first be proved; then let them use the office of a deacon, being found blameless. Even so must their wives be grave, not slanderers, sober, faithful in all things. Let the deacons be the husbands of one wife, ruling their children and their own houses well.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/King_James_Version" title="King James Version">King James Version</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_titles_and_types_of_Christian_ministries">Related titles and types of Christian ministries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Related titles and types of Christian ministries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bishops,_priests,_and_deacons"><span id="Bishops.2C_priests.2C_and_deacons"></span>Bishops, priests, and deacons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bishops, priests, and deacons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:San_Francesco.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/220px-San_Francesco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/330px-San_Francesco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/San_Francesco.jpg/440px-San_Francesco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> with the ecclesiastical <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a>. Francis was an ordained deacon.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gilbert_White.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Gilbert_White.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> priest and pioneering <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ornithologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithologist">ornithologist</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%28%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="383" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_(Bogoyavlensky)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vladimir (Bogoyavlensky)">Metropolitan Vladimir of Kiev</a>, the first bishop to be martyred at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> denominations have applied the formal, church-based leadership or an <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> clergy in matters of either the church or broader political and sociocultural import. The churches have three orders of ordained clergy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishops</a> are the primary clergy, administering all sacraments and governing the church.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priests</a> administer the sacraments and lead local congregations; they cannot ordain other clergy, however, nor consecrate buildings.</li> <li>In some denominations, <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a> play a non-sacramental and assisting role in the liturgy.</li></ul> <p>Until the Reformation, the clergy were the first estate but were relegated to the secular estate in Protestant <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>. After compulsory celibacy was abolished during the Reformation, the formation of a partly hereditary priestly class became possible, whereby wealth and clerical positions were frequently inheritable.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Higher positioned clergy formed this clerical educated upper class. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">High Church Anglicanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_Church_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church Lutheranism">High Church Lutheranism</a> tend to emphasise the role of the clergy in dispensing the Christian sacraments. The countries that were once a part of the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a>, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltics</a> have more markedly preserved Catholic traditions and introduced far less Reformed traditions, hence the role of bishops, priests and deacons are notably more visible. </p><p>Bishops, priests and deacons have traditionally officiated over of acts worship, reverence, rituals and ceremonies. Among these central traditions have been <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmation (Catholic Church)">confirmation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrament of Penance (Catholic Church)">penance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">anointing of the sick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>, marriage, the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Service_(Lutheran)" title="Divine Service (Lutheran)">divine service</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">coronations</a>. These so-called "social rituals" have formed a part of human <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> for tens of thousands of years. Anthropologists see social rituals as one of many <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universals" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural universals">cultural universals</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scene of baptism. Stained glass from the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris, last quarter of the 12th century."><img alt="Scene of baptism. Stained glass from the Sainte-Chapelle of Paris, last quarter of the 12th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/193px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/290px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg/387px-Baptism_Sainte-Chapelle_MNMA_Cl23717.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1450" data-file-height="1350" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Scene of baptism. <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Chapelle" title="Sainte-Chapelle">Sainte-Chapelle</a> of Paris, last quarter of the 12th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 112.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 110.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png" class="mw-file-description" title="A bishop administering Confirmation. Rogier van der Weyden, The Seven Sacraments (detail), c. 1445."><img alt="A bishop administering Confirmation. Rogier van der Weyden, The Seven Sacraments (detail), c. 1445." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png/166px-Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Confirmation_VanderWeyden.png 1.5x" data-file-width="239" data-file-height="259" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A bishop administering <a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rogier_van_der_Weyden" title="Rogier van der Weyden">Rogier van der Weyden</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">The Seven Sacraments</a></i> (detail), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1445</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 96px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 94px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_(1867,_Hermitage)_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wedding of Maria Feodorovna and Alexander III of Russia. Painting by Mihály Zichy, 1867."><img alt="Wedding of Maria Feodorovna and Alexander III of Russia. Painting by Mihály Zichy, 1867." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/141px-Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/212px-Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg/283px-Wedding_of_Grand_Duke_Alexandr_Alexandrovich_and_Maria_Feodorovna_by_M.Zichy_%281867%2C_Hermitage%29_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Wedding of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Maria Feodorovna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III of Russia</a>. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Zichy" title="Mihály Zichy">Mihály Zichy</a>, 1867.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Extreme Unction. Rogier van der Weyden, The Seven Sacraments (detail), c. 1445."><img alt="Extreme Unction. Rogier van der Weyden, The Seven Sacraments (detail), c. 1445." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg/171px-Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ae/Extreme_Unction_Rogier_Van_der_Weyden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Extreme Unction. Rogier van der Weyden, <i>The Seven Sacraments</i> (detail), <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1445</span>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 98px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 96px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consecration of William Evan Sanders as Episcopal Bishop Coadjutor of Tennessee, 1962"><img alt="Consecration of William Evan Sanders as Episcopal Bishop Coadjutor of Tennessee, 1962" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg/144px-1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg/216px-1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg/288px-1962_consecration_of_William_Evan_Sanders_-_Bishop_of_Tennessee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="841" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consecration of William Evan Sanders as <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> Bishop Coadjutor of <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, 1962</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 99.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 97.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A penitent confessing his sins in a Catholic church in Lviv, Ukraine"><img alt="A penitent confessing his sins in a Catholic church in Lviv, Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/146px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/219px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg/292px-%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1748" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A penitent confessing his sins in a Catholic church in <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lviv</a>, Ukraine</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 150px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 148px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Richthofen_funeral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Funeral of Manfred von Richthofen, Bertangles Cemetery, France, 22 April 1918"><img alt="Funeral of Manfred von Richthofen, Bertangles Cemetery, France, 22 April 1918" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Richthofen_funeral.jpg/222px-Richthofen_funeral.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Richthofen_funeral.jpg/332px-Richthofen_funeral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Richthofen_funeral.jpg/443px-Richthofen_funeral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1107" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Funeral of <a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen" title="Manfred von Richthofen">Manfred von Richthofen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bertangles" title="Bertangles">Bertangles</a> Cemetery, France, 22 April 1918</div> </li> </ul> <p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)" title="Rector (ecclesiastical)">rector</a></i> (from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for <i>ruler</i>) or <a href="/wiki/Vicar" title="Vicar">vicar</a> may be used for priests in certain settings, especially in the Catholic and Anglican traditions. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> in the United States, a parish, which is responsible for its own finances, is overseen by a rector. A bishop is nominally in control of a financially assisted parish but delegates authority to a vicar (related to the prefix "vice" meaning substitute or deputy). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pastors">Pastors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pastors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">pastor</a>" means "shepherd" and is used several times in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> to refer to church workers. Many Protestants use the term as a prenominal title (e.g., Pastor Smith) or as a job title (like Senior Pastor or Worship Pastor).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clergy">Clergy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Clergy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The English word <i>clergy</i> derives from the same root as <i>clerk</i> and can be traced to the Latin <i>clericus</i> which derives from the Greek word <i>kleros</i> meaning a "lot" or "portion" or "office". The term Clerk in Holy Orders is still the official title for certain Christian clergy and its usage is prevalent in <a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">canon law</a>. <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a> refer to any recipient of the sacrament of ordination, both the major orders (<a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>) and the now less known minor orders (<a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exorcist" title="Exorcist">exorcist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">porter</a>) who, save for certain reforms made at the Second Vatican Council in the Roman Catholic Church, were called clerics or <i>clerk</i>, which is simply a shorter form of <i>cleric</i>. Clerics were distinguished from the laity by having received, in a formal rite of introduction into the clerical state, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a></i> or <i>corona</i> (crown) which involved cutting hair from the top and side of the head leaving a circlet of hair which symbolised the <i>Crown of Thorns</i> worn by Christ at his crucifixion. </p><p>Though Christian in origin, the term can be applied by analogy to functions in other religious traditions. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> can be referred to as being a clergy member. </p><p><i>Parson</i> is a similar term often applied to ordained priests or ministers. The word is a variant on the English word <i>person</i> from the Latin <i>persona</i> ("mask") used as a legal term for one having jurisdiction. <span class="anchor" id="dominee"></span> <span class="anchor" id="dominie"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dominie,_Dominee,_Dom,_Don"><span id="Dominie.2C_Dominee.2C_Dom.2C_Don"></span>Dominie, Dominee, Dom, Don</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dominie, Dominee, Dom, Don"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The similar words "Dominie", "Dominee" and "Dom", all derived from the Latin <i>domine</i> (vocative case of Dominus "Lord, Master"), are used in related contexts. <a href="/wiki/Dominie" title="Dominie">Dominie</a>, derived directly from Dutch, is used in the United States, "Dominee", derived from Dutch via <a href="/wiki/Afrikaans_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrikaans language">Afrikaans</a> is used in South Africa as the title of a pastor of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a>. In Scottish English dominie is generally used to mean just schoolmaster. In various <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance languages</a>, shortened forms of Dominus (<i>Dom, Don</i>) are commonly used for Catholic priests (sometimes also for lay notables as well) for example <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monks</a> are titled <i>Dom</i>, as in the style <i>Dom Knight</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dom or Dominus, as well as the English equivalent, Sir were often used as titles for priests in England up to the 17th century who held Bachelor of Arts degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chaplains_and_padres">Chaplains and padres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Chaplains and padres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Chaplain" title="Chaplain">Chaplain</a> as in English or <a href="/wiki/Almoner" title="Almoner">almoner</a> (preferred in many other languages) or their equivalents refer to a minister who has another type of pastoral "target group" than a territorial parish congregation (or in addition to one), such as a military units, schools and hospitals. </p><p>The Spanish word <a href="/wiki/Military_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Chaplain">Padre</a> ("father") is often informally used to address military chaplains, also in English and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elder">Elder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Elder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Elder_(religious)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elder (religious)">Elders</a> (in Greek, πρεσβυτερος [presbuteros]; see <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a>) in Christianity are involved in the collective leadership of a local church or of a denomination. </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Presbyterianism"></span>Some Reformed/non-mainline Presbyterian denominations, Anglican and some Methodists call their ministers <a href="/wiki/Teaching_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Teaching elder">teaching elders</a> as well. In Reformed tradition, <a href="/wiki/Ruling_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruling elder">Ruling elders</a> are also ordained laymen who govern the church along with the teaching elders as the <a href="/wiki/Session_(Presbyterianism)" title="Session (Presbyterianism)">Church session</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Assemblies_of_God"></span><span class="anchor" id="Metropolitan_Community_Church"></span>In the <a href="/wiki/Assemblies_of_God" title="Assemblies of God">Assemblies of God</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Community_Church" title="Metropolitan Community Church">Metropolitan Community Church</a> Elders are the most senior leaders serving, leading, and supervising the worldwide denomination. In the Metropolitan Community Church an Elder can be a lay person or clergy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_ministries_in_non-denominational_church">Types of ministries in non-denominational church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of ministries in non-denominational church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Such as men's ministry, women's ministry, youth ministry, kids ministry, singles and campus ministries, married couples ministry, because it gives each congregation member of different backgrounds and age groups to have a chance to fellowship with people in a closer life group to them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leaders_and_pastoral_agents">Leaders and pastoral agents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Leaders and pastoral agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Lay</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Volunteering" title="Volunteering">volunteers</a>, pastoral agents, community <a href="/wiki/Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader">leaders</a> are responsible to bring teaching the gospel in the forefront helping the clergy to evangelize people. Agents ramify in many ways to act and be in touch with the people in daily life and developing religious projects, socio-political and infrastructural.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="anchor" id="Jehovah's_Witnesses"></span><span class="anchor" id="JW"></span><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> consider every baptized Witness to be a "minister"; the religion permits any qualified baptized adult male to perform a baptism, funeral, or wedding.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, however, each such service is performed by an <a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Elders" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">elder</a> or a "<a href="/wiki/Organizational_structure_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses#Ministerial_servants" title="Organizational structure of Jehovah's Witnesses">ministerial servant</a>" (that is, a <a href="/wiki/Ministerial_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministerial servant">deacon</a>), one of the men appointed to "take the lead" in local congregations. Witnesses do not use "elder" or any other term as a title, and do not capitalize the term.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not accept payment and are not salaried employees or considered "paid clergy". They support themselves financially. Appointments are made directly by Circuit Overseers under the authority of the local Branch, and Governing Body; appointment is said to be "by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit#Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Holy Spirit">holy spirit</a>" because "the qualifications [are] recorded in <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">spirit-inspired Word</a>" and because appointing committees "pray for holy spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Evangelical"></span><span class="anchor" id="Evangelicalism"></span>In many evangelical churches a group (multiple elders as opposed to a single elder)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of (non-staff) elders serve as the spiritual "shepherds" or caretakers of the congregation,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (October 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> usually giving <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_direction" title="Spiritual direction">spiritual direction</a> to the pastoral staff, enforcing church discipline, etc. In some denominations these elders are called by other names, i.e.; traditionally "Deacons" in many Baptist churches function as spiritual leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases these elders are elected and serve fixed terms. In other cases they are not elected but rather they are "recognized by the congregation as those appointed by the Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">Acts 20:28</a>) and meeting the qualifications of 1 Timothy 3:1-7."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monsignor">Monsignor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monsignor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monsignor is an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> title of honor bestowed on some <a href="/wiki/Priests" class="mw-redirect" title="Priests">priests</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prelate">Prelate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Prelate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Prelate" title="Prelate">prelate</a> is a member of the clergy having a special canonical jurisdiction over a territory or a group of people.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Usually, a prelate is a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. Prelate sometimes refers to the clergy of a state church with a formal hierarchy, and suggests that the prelate enjoys legal privileges and power as a result of clerical status.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Father">Father</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Father"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>"Father" is a term of address for priests and deacons in some churches, especially the <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> churches; it is also popular in some parts of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> tradition.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Military_Chaplain" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Chaplain">Padre</a>" (Spanish word for father, used in Brazil too) is frequently used in the military of English-speaking countries.</li> <li>A priest of the <a href="/wiki/Regular_clergy" title="Regular clergy">regular clergy</a>.</li> <li>A pre-Scholastic Christian writer accepted by the church as an authoritative witness to its teaching and practice (see <a href="/wiki/Fathers_of_the_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathers of the Church">Fathers of the Church</a>: those who were not completely orthodox but nonetheless had a major impact on Christianity, such as <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, are called "ecclesiastical writers" instead).</li> <li>"Mama" is the local native language term for English speaking Anglican priests in the Anglican <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Melanesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Melanesia">Church of Melanesia</a>. It means "father" in several local languages in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archbishop">Archbishop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archbishop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In Christianity, an <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">archbishop</a> is an elevated <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>, responsible for all churches belonging to a religious group of a particular district.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>A bishop at the head of an <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Province">ecclesiastical province</a> or one of equivalent honorary rank.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are contrasting views on the level of compensation given to ministers relative to the religious community. There is often an expectation that they and their families will shun ostentation. However, there are situations where they are well rewarded for successfully attracting people to their religious community or enhancing the status or power of the community. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_women" title="Ordination of women">ordination of women</a> has increasingly become accepted within many global religious faith groups, with some women now holding the most senior positions in these organizational hierarchies. There is disagreement between various global church denominations, and within membership of denominations, regarding whether women can be ministers. In 2021 excavations at the site of a <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine-era</a> Christian <a href="/wiki/Basilica" title="Basilica">basilica</a> revealed floor mosaics which provide evidence of women serving as ministers, including <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacons</a>, in the church.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was notable contention over the issue of <a href="/wiki/Ordination_of_LGBT_Christian_clergy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordination of LGBT Christian clergy">ordination of non-celibate gay people</a> in the 1980s within the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, and in the 1990s and early 21st century within the <a href="/wiki/PCUSA" class="mw-redirect" title="PCUSA">Presbyterian Church USA</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, the United States branch of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, was as of 2016<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> divided over the issue of ordination of non-celibate gay people. This conflict severely damaged relationships between Anglicans in North America and in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">third world</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and southeast <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and has <a href="/wiki/Continuing_Anglican_movement" title="Continuing Anglican movement">caused a schism in the American Anglican church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Styles_and_forms_of_address">Styles and forms of address</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Styles and forms of address"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical titles and styles</a></div> <p>In the majority of churches, ordained ministers are styled "<a href="/wiki/The_Reverend" title="The Reverend">The Reverend</a>". However, as stated above, some are styled "Pastor" and others do not use any religious style or form of address, and are addressed as any other person, e.g. as Mr, Ms, Miss, Mrs or by name.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican">Anglican</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anglican"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canterbury_Cap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Canterbury_Cap.jpg/220px-Canterbury_Cap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Canterbury_Cap.jpg/330px-Canterbury_Cap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Canterbury_Cap.jpg/440px-Canterbury_Cap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="5312" /></a><figcaption>An Anglican minister delivering a homily, dressed in choir habit with <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_cap" title="Canterbury cap">Canterbury cap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Anglican churches, the style for ordained ministers varies according to their office, as below.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Priests and deacons, from ordination onwards—<i>The Reverend</i></li> <li>Priests and deacons appointed as <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">canons</a>—<i>The Reverend Canon</i></li> <li>Deans (or Provosts) of a cathedral church—<i>The Very Reverend</i></li> <li>Archdeacons of a diocese or region—<i>The Venerable</i></li> <li>Bishops (diocesan, suffragan, or coadjutor)—<i>The Right Reverend</i></li> <li>Archbishops (and other <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primate bishops</a>)—<i>The Most Reverend</i></li></ul> <p>In all cases, the formal style should be followed by a Christian name or initial, e.g. the Reverend John Smith, or the Reverend J. Smith, but never just the Reverend Smith. </p><p>These are formal styles. In normal speech (either addressing the clergy or referring to them) other forms of address are often used. For all clergy, this may include the titles "Father" (male) or "Mother" (female), particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Catholic">Anglo-Catholic</a> tradition, or simply the appropriate secular title (Mister, Doctor, etc.) for that person, particularly in the Evangelical tradition; it is also increasingly common to dispense with formal addresses and titles in favour of verbal address simply by given name. Bishops may be addressed as "My Lord", and less formally as "Bishop". Similarly, archbishops may be addressed as "Your Grace", and less formally as "Archbishop". The titles "My Lord" and "Your Grace" refer to the places held by these <a href="/wiki/Prelates" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelates">prelates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_England_and_Wales" title="Order of precedence in England and Wales">order of precedence</a> of the state; however, the same titles are also extended to bishops and archbishops of other Anglican churches, outside England. As Anglicanism represents a broad range of theological opinion, its presbyterate includes priests who consider themselves no different in any respect from those of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, some parishes and dioceses in "<a href="/wiki/Low_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Church">Low Church</a>" or Evangelical circles prefer to use the title <i><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyter</a></i> or "minister" in order to distance themselves from the more sacrificial theological implications which they associate with the word "priest". While priest is the official term for a member of the presbyterate in every Anglican province worldwide, the ordination rite of certain provinces (including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>) recognizes the breadth of opinion by adopting the title <i>The Ordination of Priests (also called Presbyters)</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic">Catholic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Catholic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">Minister (Catholic Church)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Special:EditPage/Minister (Christianity)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the Catholic Church, the form of address depends on the office the person holds, and the country in which he is being addressed as they are usually identical to the titles used by their feudal or governmental equals. In most English-speaking countries, the forms of address are: </p> <ul><li>A priest is usually referred to as <i>Father</i>, and sometimes as <i>Your Reverence</i> or <i>Reverend Father</i>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Monsignor" title="Monsignor">monsignor</a> is addressed as "Monsignor."</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canon</a> is usually referred to as "Canon."</li> <li>A bishop is addressed as <i>Your Excellency</i> or, less formally, <i>Excellency</i>. In Britain and some other countries they are formally addressed as <i>My Lord</i> or <i>My Lord Bishop</i>.</li> <li>An archbishop is also addressed as <i>Your Excellency</i> or, less formally, <i>Excellency</i>. In Britain and some other countries they are formally addressed as <i>Your Grace</i>.</li> <li>A cardinal is addressed as <i>Your Eminence</i>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> of the Roman Catholic Church is often addressed as <i>Holy Father</i> or <i>Your Holiness</i>.</li></ul> <p>In France, secular priests (diocesan priests) are addressed "Monsieur l'Abbé" or, if a parish priest, as "Monsieur le Curé". In Germany and Austria priests are addressed as "Hochwürden" (meaning "very worthy") or with their title of office (Herr Pfarrer, i.e. Mr. Parson). in Italy as "Don" followed by his name (e.g. "Don Luigi Perrone"). </p><p>Religious priests (members of religious orders) are addressed "Father" in all countries (Père, Pater, Padre etc.). </p><p>Up until the 19th century, secular clergy in English-speaking countries were usually addressed as "Mister" (which was, in those days, a title reserved for gentleman, those outside the gentry being called by name and surname only), and only priests in religious orders were formally called "Father". In the early 19th century it became customary to call all priests "Father". </p><p>In the Middle Ages, before the Reformation, secular priests were entitled as knights, with the prefix "Sir". See examples in Shakespeare's plays like Sir Christopher Urswick in Richard III. This is closer to the Italian and Spanish "Don" which derives from the Latin "Dominus" meaning "Lord;" in English, the prefix "Dom" is used for priests who are <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a>, a prefix which was spelled "Dan" in Middle English. The French "Monsieur" (like the German "Mein Herr", the Italian "Signor" and the Spanish "Señor") also signifies "My Lord", a title commonly used in times past for any person of rank, clerical or lay. </p><p>The term "minister" is used by the Catholic Church in some cases, such as the head of the Franciscans being the Minister General.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Greek-Catholic Church, all clergy are called "Father", including deacons, who are titled "Father Deacon", "Deacon Father", or simply "Father". Depending on the institution, seminarians may be titled "Brother", "Brother Seminarian", "Father Seminarian" or simply "Father". Their wives are usually addressed as "presvytera", "matushka" or "khourriyye" as in the Orthodox world and also by their first names. Greek-Catholic Patriarchs are addressed as <i>Your Beatitude</i>. Eastern clergy are usually addressed by their Christian or ordination name, not their surname. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodox">Orthodox</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Orthodox"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek_and_other_Orthodox_churches">Greek and other Orthodox churches</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Greek and other Orthodox churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of address for Orthodox clergy varies according to order, rank and level of education. The most common forms are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Addressee's Title </th> <th>Form of Address </th> <th>Salutation </th></tr> <tr> <td>The Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople </td> <td>His All Holiness ... Archbishop of Constantinople and New Rome, Ecumenical Patriarch </td> <td>Your All Holiness </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other Patriarchs </td> <td>His Beatitude Patriarch ... of ... </td> <td>Your Beatitude </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archbishops of independent Churches, Greece, Cyprus, etc. </td> <td>His Beatitude Archbishop ... of ... </td> <td>Your Beatitude </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archbishops of Crete, America, Australia, England (under Ecumenical Patriarchate) </td> <td>His Eminence Archbishop ... of ... </td> <td>Your Eminence </td></tr> <tr> <td>Metropolitans </td> <td>His Eminence Metropolitan ... of ... </td> <td>Your Eminence </td></tr> <tr> <td>Titular Metropolitans </td> <td>His Excellency Metropolitan ... of ... </td> <td>Your Excellency </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bishop / Titular Bishop </td> <td>His Grace Bishop ... of ... </td> <td>Your Grace </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archimandrite </td> <td>The Very Reverend Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Priest (Married and Celibate) </td> <td>Reverend Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deacon </td> <td>Reverend Deacon </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abbot </td> <td>The Very Reverend Abbot </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Abbess </td> <td>The Reverend Mother Superior </td> <td>Reverend Mother </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monk </td> <td>Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nun </td> <td>Sister </td> <td>Dear Sister </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_Apostolic">Armenian Apostolic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Armenian Apostolic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The form of address to the clergy of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> (belongs to the family of Oriental Orthodox Churches<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is almost the same. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Addressee's Title </th> <th>Form of Address </th> <th>Salutation </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> of All Armenians<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>His Holiness, Supreme Patriarch and Catholicos of All Armenians<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Your Holiness </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Catholicos" title="Catholicos">Catholicos</a> of Cilicia<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>His Holiness, Catholicos of Cilicia<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Your Holiness </td></tr> <tr> <td>Patriarch<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>His Beatitude, the Armenian Patriarch of ... </td> <td>Your Beatitude </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archbishop </td> <td>His Eminence </td> <td>Your Eminence </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bishop </td> <td>His Grace </td> <td>Your Grace </td></tr> <tr> <td>Supreme Doctor Monk (Tsayraguyn <a href="/wiki/Vardapet" title="Vardapet">Vardapet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">ծայրագույն վարդապետ</span>) </td> <td>The Right Reverend Father </td> <td>Right Reverend Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Doctor Monk (<a href="/wiki/Vardapet" title="Vardapet">Vardapet</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">վարդապետ</span>) </td> <td>The Right Reverend Father </td> <td>Right Reverend Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Celibate priest (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">աբեղայ</span>) </td> <td>The Very Reverend Father </td> <td>Very Reverend Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Archpriest (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">ավագ քահանայ</span>) </td> <td>Archpriest Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Priest (Married; <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: <span lang="hy">քահանայ</span>) </td> <td>Reverend Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Deacon </td> <td>Reverend Father </td> <td>Dear Father </td></tr> <tr> <td>Monk </td> <td>Brother </td> <td>Dear Brother </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nun </td> <td>Sister </td> <td>Dear Sister </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_ministry" title="Anglican ministry">Anglican ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_titles_and_styles" title="Ecclesiastical titles and styles">Ecclesiastical titles and styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers_and_elders_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="Ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland">Ministers and elders of the Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> <a href="/wiki/Recorded_Minister" title="Recorded Minister">Recorded Minister</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minister_(Christianity)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The word goes back via Old French <i>ministre</i> to Latin <i>minister</i> 'servant, attendant'. Cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministerialis</a></i>, <i>administration</i> etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/ministry-statistics-2020-report-final.pdf">"Ministry Statistics 2020"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Church of England Research and Statistics</i>. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Church+of+England+Research+and+Statistics&rft.atitle=Ministry+Statistics+2020&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2021-07%2Fministry-statistics-2020-report-final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CommonWorship-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CommonWorship_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr7DBVTy550C&pg=PA37"><i>Common Worship Ordination Services Paperback</i></a>. Church House Publishing. 2007. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-2131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7151-2131-3"><bdi>978-0-7151-2131-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220901232559/https://books.google.com/books?id=Rr7DBVTy550C&pg=PA37">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Worship+Ordination+Services+Paperback&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Church+House+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7151-2131-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRr7DBVTy550C%26pg%3DPA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/Catholic/2005/04/What-Are-The-Last-Rites.aspx">"Last Rites explanation"</a>. Beliefnet.com. 17 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015132823/http://www.beliefnet.com/Faiths/Christianity/Catholic/2005/04/What-Are-The-Last-Rites.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+Rites+explanation&rft.pub=Beliefnet.com&rft.date=2011-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beliefnet.com%2FFaiths%2FChristianity%2FCatholic%2F2005%2F04%2FWhat-Are-The-Last-Rites.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Dominie" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Dominie">"Dominie"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dominie&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DDominie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Dom" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Dom">"Dom"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dom&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DDom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Sir" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Sir">"Sir"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DSir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Applying the General Priesthood Principle", <i>The Watchtower</i>, February 1, 1964, page 86, "Among the witnesses of Jehovah any adult, dedicated and baptized male Christian who is qualified may serve in such ministerial capacities as giving public Bible discourses and funeral talks, performing marriages and presiding at the Lord's evening meal or supper. There is no clergy class."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jehovah's Sheep Need Tender Care", <i>The Watchtower</i>, January 15, 1996, page 15, "Christian elders are appointed by the Governing Body of Jehovah's Witnesses, and care is exercised not to use such terms as "pastor," "elder," or "teacher" as titles."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Chapter 4: Why Respect Authority?", <i>"Keep Yourselves in God's Love"</i>, ©2008 Watch Tower, page 43, "Elders are appointed by holy spirit. (<a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">Acts 20:28</a>) How so? In that such men must first meet the qualifications recorded in God's spirit-inspired Word. (1 Timothy 3:1-7, 12; Titus 1:5-9) Further, the elders who evaluate a brother's qualifications pray earnestly for the guidance of Jehovah's holy spirit."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Acts 20:17; Titus 1:5; James 5:14; 1 Peter 5:1 for examples of a <a href="/wiki/Plurality_(church_governance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plurality (church governance)">plurality of elders</a> in a church</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Acts_20:28" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 20:28">Acts 20:28</a>; 1 Peter 5:2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though this is changing as many churches desire to become increasingly "influenced by a more biblically informed hermeneutic" <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.xpastor.org/cases/2006_deacons_mark_%20hudgins.pdf">http://www.xpastor.org/cases/2006_deacons_mark_%20hudgins.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090816054614/http://www.xpastor.org/cases/2006_deacons_mark_%20hudgins.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-08-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, see pg. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Biblical Eldership, A.Strauch, Littleton, CO: Lewis & Roth, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David, Ariel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-byzantine-basilica-with-female-ministers-and-baffling-burials-found-in-israel-1.10387014">Byzantine Basilica With Graves of Female Ministers and Baffling Mass Burials Found in Israel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211116073824/https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/MAGAZINE-byzantine-basilica-with-female-ministers-and-baffling-burials-found-in-israel-1.10387014">Archived</a> 16 November 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Haaretz, Nov. 15, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See "How to address the Clergy" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=116">Crockford Clerical Directory</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611054900/http://www.crockford.org.uk/standard.asp?id=116">Archived</a> 11 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, including the online version.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Forms of clerical address outlined at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.debretts.co.uk/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england.aspx">Debretts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120723194807/http://www.debretts.co.uk/forms-of-address/professions/religion/church-of-england.aspx">Archived</a> 2012-07-23 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> etiquette guide.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnglican_Church_of_Canada" class="citation web cs1">Anglican Church of Canada. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anglican.ca/help/faq/minister-or-priest/">"Minister or Priest?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510032646/http://www.anglican.ca/help/faq/minister-or-priest/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minister+or+Priest%3F&rft.au=Anglican+Church+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anglican.ca%2Fhelp%2Ffaq%2Fminister-or-priest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Minister"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Minister">"Minister" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minister&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612190208/http://www.goarch.org/special/usvisit2004/clergy/salutations">"Greetings & Salutations to Orthodox Clergy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/special/usvisit2004/clergy/salutations">the original</a> on 12 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greetings+%26+Salutations+to+Orthodox+Clergy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fspecial%2Fusvisit2004%2Fclergy%2Fsalutations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinister+%28Christianity%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/orthodox-churches-oriental.html">Orthodox Churches (Oriental)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080724025835/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/church-families/orthodox-churches-oriental.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/who/morges-14-e.html">A List of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox WCC Member Churches</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210171627/http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/who/morges-14-e.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_All_Armenians" title="Catholicos of All Armenians">Catholicos of All Armenians</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For official documents such as Encyclicals, the lengthened title is as follows: <i>..., Servant of Jesus Christ, By the Mercy of God and the Will of the Nation, Chief Bishop and Catholicos of All Armenians, Supreme Patriarch of the Pan-National Pre-Eminent Araratian See, the Apostolic Mother Church of Universal Holy Etchmiadzin</i>. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://66.208.37.78/index.jsp?sid=1&id=14&pid=3">Catholicos of All Armenians</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110705194639/http://66.208.37.78/index.jsp?sid=1&id=14&pid=3">Archived</a> 2011-07-05 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Catholicos_of_Cilicia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicos of Cilicia">Catholicos of Cilicia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v01/index.htm">Biographical sketch of H. H. Aram I Keshishian, Catholicos of Cilicia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611141633/http://www.armenianorthodoxchurch.org/v01/index.htm">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There are two patriarchal sees in the [Armenian Apostolic Church] - the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenian-patriarchate.org">Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080213071614/http://www.armenian-patriarchate.org/">Archived</a> 13 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Patriarch_of_Constantinople" title="Armenian Patriarch of Constantinople">Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian 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