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id="toc-Old_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_ekklēsia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_ekklēsia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Jerusalem ekklēsia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_ekklēsia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Paul </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classic_paradigm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classic_paradigm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Classic paradigm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classic_paradigm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ransom_from_Satan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ransom_from_Satan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Ransom from Satan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ransom_from_Satan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recapitulation_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recapitulation_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.2 Recapitulation theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recapitulation_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objective_paradigm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objective_paradigm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Objective paradigm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Objective_paradigm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satisfaction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satisfaction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Satisfaction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satisfaction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Penal_substitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Penal_substitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Penal substitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Penal_substitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governmental_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governmental_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Governmental theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Governmental_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subjective_paradigm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subjective_paradigm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Subjective paradigm </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subjective_paradigm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moral_transformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_transformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Moral transformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_transformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moral_example_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moral_example_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.2 Moral example theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moral_example_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Other theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Embracement_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embracement_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Embracement theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embracement_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shared_atonement_theory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shared_atonement_theory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Shared atonement theory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shared_atonement_theory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_of_differing_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_of_differing_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Compatibility of differing theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_of_differing_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_of_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_of_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Confusion of terms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_of_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Eastern Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Catholicism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Catholicism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tridentine_definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tridentine_definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Tridentine definition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tridentine_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Co-operation_with_grace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Co-operation_with_grace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Co-operation with grace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Co-operation_with_grace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divinization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divinization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Divinization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divinization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_the_dead" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_the_dead"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Fate of the dead </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_the_dead-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fate_of_the_Universe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fate_of_the_Universe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Fate of the Universe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fate_of_the_Universe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Protestantism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Protestantism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lutheranism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheranism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Lutheranism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheranism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calvinism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calvinism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Calvinism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calvinism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arminianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arminianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Arminianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arminianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Methodism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Free_Grace_Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_Grace_Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Free Grace Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_Grace_Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anabaptism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anabaptism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Anabaptism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Universalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Universalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Universalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Universalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restorationism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restorationism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Restorationism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restorationism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches_of_Christ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches_of_Christ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7.1 Churches of Christ </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches_of_Christ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 The New Church (Swedenborgian) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jehovah's_Witnesses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Jehovah's Witnesses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jehovah's_Witnesses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oneness_Pentecostalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oneness_Pentecostalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Oneness Pentecostalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oneness_Pentecostalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Salvation in Christianity</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" > 27 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5_(%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="خلاص (مسيحية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خلاص (مسيحية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="খ্রিস্টধর্মে পরিত্রাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিস্টধর্মে পরিত্রাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaci%C3%B3_en_el_cristianisme" title="Salvació en el cristianisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Salvació en el cristianisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunastus_Uues_Testamendis" title="Lunastus Uues Testamendis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lunastus Uues Testamendis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%89%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Σωτηρία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σωτηρία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvaci%C3%B3n_en_el_cristianismo" title="Salvación en el cristianismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Salvación en el cristianismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="رستگاری در مسیحیت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رستگاری در مسیحیت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salut_(christianisme)" title="Salut (christianisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salut (christianisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%9B%90_(%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90)" title="구원 (기독교) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구원 (기독교)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceto_a_cikin_Kiristanci" title="Ceto a cikin Kiristanci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ceto a cikin Kiristanci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="ईसाई धर्म में उद्धार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईसाई धर्म में उद्धार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keselamatan_dalam_Kekristenan" title="Keselamatan dalam Kekristenan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keselamatan dalam Kekristenan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redenzione_(cristianesimo)" title="Redenzione (cristianesimo) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Redenzione (cristianesimo)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C5%A1ganymas" title="Išganymas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Išganymas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B5" title="الخلاص – 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:17.0em;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Salvation" title="Category:Salvation">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:none;padding-top:0;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salvation in Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ascension of Jesus Christ God"><img alt="The Ascension of Jesus Christ God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png/175px-Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png" decoding="async" width="175" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png/263px-Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png/350px-Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="750" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbb;"> General concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_judgment" title="Divine judgment">Divine judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particular_judgment" title="Particular judgment">Particular judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">Resurrection</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">universal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence_(religion)" title="Transcendence (religion)">Transcendence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">Universal reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synergism" title="Synergism">Synergism</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbb;"> Particular concepts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_conditionalism" title="Christian conditionalism">Conditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">Entering heaven alive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_state_(Christianity)" title="Intermediate state (Christianity)">Intermediate state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">One true faith</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbb;"> Punishment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">Hell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Christian views</a>, <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul death</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#bbb;"> Reward</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_to_come" title="World to come">World to come</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salvation" title="Template:Salvation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salvation" title="Template talk:Salvation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salvation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salvation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, salvation (also called deliverance or <a href="/wiki/Redemption_(theology)" title="Redemption (theology)">redemption</a>) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences<a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[a]</a>—which include death and separation from <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a>—by <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Christ's death</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrection</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRea2012-2">[1]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> entailed by this salvation. The idea of Jesus' death as an <a href="/wiki/Atonement" title="Atonement">atonement</a> for human <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a> was recorded in the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Bible">Christian Bible</a>, and was elaborated in <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Paul's epistles</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> saw the faithful redeemed by participation in Jesus' death and rising. <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">Early Christians</a> regarded themselves as partaking in a <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">new covenant with God</a>, open to both Jews and Gentiles, through the sacrificial death and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">exaltation</a> of Jesus Christ. Early Christian beliefs of the person and sacrificial role of Jesus in human salvation were further elaborated by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>, medieval writers and modern scholars in various atonement theories, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">recapitulation theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution theory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence theory</a>. Variant views on salvation (<a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>) are among the main fault lines dividing the various <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a>, including conflicting definitions of sin and <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">depravity</a> (the sinful nature of mankind), <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a> (God's means of removing the consequences of sin), and atonement (the <a href="/wiki/Forgiveness#Christianity" title="Forgiveness">forgiving</a> or pardoning of sin through the suffering, death and resurrection of Jesus). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_and_scope">Definition and scope</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition and scope">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg/250px-Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg/330px-Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg/500px-Jesus_Saves_Neon_Cross_Sign_Church_2011_Shankbone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>A 'Jesus Saves' <a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a> cross sign outside of a Protestant church in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></figcaption></figure> Salvation in Christianity, or deliverance or redemption, is the "saving [of] human beings from death and separation from God" by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Christ</a>'s death and resurrection.<a href="#cite_note-CDOS-3">[web 1]</a><a href="#cite_note-definition-1">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[c]</a> Christian salvation not only concerns the atonement itself, but also the question of how one partakes of this salvation, by faith, baptism, or obedience; and the question of whether this salvation is individual<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1982123-7">[3]</a> or <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">universal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2004-8">[4]</a> It further involves questions regarding the afterlife, e.g. "<a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">heaven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">soul sleep</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Annihilationism" title="Annihilationism">annihilation</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172-6">[2]</a> The fault lines between the various denominations include conflicting definitions of sin, justification, and atonement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sin">Sin</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sin">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Christian views on sin</a></div> In the West (differentiating from Eastern Orthodoxy) Christian <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">hamartiology</a> describes sin as an act of offence against God by despising his <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">persons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_law" title="Biblical law">Christian biblical law</a>, and by injuring others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabourin1993696-9">[5]</a> It is an <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> human act, which violates the <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rational</a> nature of man, as well as <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">God's nature</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Eternal_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal law">eternal law</a>. According to the classical definition of <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, sin is "a word, deed, or desire in opposition to the eternal law of God".<a href="#cite_note-10">[6]</a> Christian tradition has explained sin as a fundamental aspect of human existence, brought about by <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>—also called <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">ancestral sin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">fall of man</a> stemming from <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam's</a> rebellion in <a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Eden</a> by eating the <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">forbidden fruit</a> from the tree of knowledge of good and evil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005d1202Original_sin-12">[7]</a> Paul espouses it in Romans 5:12–19,<a href="#cite_note-13">[8]</a> and Augustine of Hippo popularized his interpretation of it in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, developing it into a notion of "hereditary sin," arguing that God holds all the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Adam_and_Eve" title="Adam and Eve">Adam and Eve</a> accountable for Adam's sin of rebellion, and as such all people deserve <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">God's wrath</a> and condemnation—apart from any actual sins they personally commit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBavinck200675–125-14">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a> (also called "radical corruption" or "pervasive depravity") is a Protestant <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theological doctrine</a> derived from the concept of original sin. It is the teaching that, as a consequence of the fall of man, every person born into the world is enslaved to the service of sin as a result of their inherent fallen nature and, apart from the <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient</a> <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace of God</a>, is utterly unable to choose to follow God, refrain from evil, or accept the gift of salvation as it is offered. It is advocated to various degrees by many Protestant confessions of faith and catechisms, including those of some <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> synods,<a href="#cite_note-15">[10]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, teaching irresistible grace.<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[14]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminians</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodists</a>, also believe and teach total depravity, but with the distinct difference of teaching prevenient grace.<a href="#cite_note-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-MQR-21">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Justification">Justification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Justification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification (theology)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">Righteousness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">Sanctification</a></div> In Christian theology, justification is God's act of removing the guilt and penalty of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a> while at the same time making a sinner <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteous</a> through Christ's atoning sacrifice. The means of justification is an area of significant difference among Catholicism, Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.<a href="#cite_note-Breck-22">[web 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[e]</a> Justification is often seen as being the theological fault line that divided the Catholic from the Lutheran and Reformed traditions of Protestantism during the <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAland198613–14-24">[17]</a> Broadly speaking, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> Christians distinguish between initial justification, which in their view ordinarily occurs at <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>; and final salvation, accomplished after a lifetime of striving to do <a href="/wiki/Divine_law" title="Divine law">God's will</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">theosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">divinization</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kelley201443-25">[18]</a> Theosis is a transformative process whose aim is likeness to or union with God, as taught by the Eastern Orthodox Church and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>. As a process of transformation, theosis is brought about by the effects of <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> (purification of mind and body) and <a href="/wiki/Theoria#Eastern_Orthodox_Catholic_and_Eastern_Catholic_Churches" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">theoria</a> ('illumination' with the 'vision' of God). According to Eastern Christian teaching, theosis is very much the purpose of human life. It is considered achievable only through a <a href="/wiki/Synergy" title="Synergy">synergy</a> (or cooperation) between human activity and God's uncreated energies (or operations).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartos1999253-26">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapsanis2006-27">[20]</a> The synonymous term divinization is the transforming effect of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005c700grace-28">[21]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Spirit of God</a>, or the atonement of Christ. Theosis and divinization are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>, "being made holy," which can also apply to objects;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2019224-29">[22]</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Apotheosis" title="Apotheosis">apotheosis</a>, also "divinization," <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'making divine'). Catholics believe faith which is active in charity and good works (fides caritate formata) can justify, or remove the burden of guilt in sin, from man. Forgiveness of sin exists and is natural, but justification can be lost by mortal sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohle1910-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-31">[web 3]</a> In the Protestant doctrine, sin is merely "covered" and righteousness imputed. In Lutheranism and Calvinism, righteousness from God is viewed as being credited to the sinner's account through <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a>, without <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">works</a>. Protestants believe faith without works can justify man because Christ died for sinners, but anyone who truly has faith will produce good works as a product of faith, as a good tree produces good fruit. For Lutherans, justification can be lost with the loss of faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohle1910-30">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-vatican.va-31">[web 3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atonement">Atonement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Atonement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:16.0em"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Atonement_in_Christianity" title="Category:Atonement in Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="paddeing-bottom:0.25em;">Atonement in Christianity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Atonement_(Trento).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG/120px-Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG/180px-Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG/240px-Atonement_%28Trento%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2637" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.35em 0.25em;"> Theories<hr /> <dl><dt>Classic paradigm</dt></dl></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristic</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">20th century</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation</a> (Patristic) <dl><dt>Objective paradigm</dt></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselmian</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">Penal substitution</a> (Scholastic / <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">Governmental</a> (Arminian) <dl><dt>Subjective paradigm</dt></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence</a> (Mixed)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral example</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian</a>)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.35em 0.25em;"> Types<hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">Limited</a> (Scholastic / Reformed)</td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.35em 0.25em;"> See also<hr /></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:105%;line-height:1.15em;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Atonement_in_Christianity" title="Template:Atonement in Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Atonement_in_Christianity" title="Template talk:Atonement in Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Atonement_in_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Atonement in Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Redeemer_(Christianity)" title="Redeemer (Christianity)">Redeemer (Christianity)</a></div> The word "atonement" often is used in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> to translate the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> words kippur (כיפור \ כִּפּוּר, kipúr, m.sg.) and kippurim (כיפורים \ כִּפּוּרִים, kipurím, m.pl.), which mean "propitiation" or "expiation";<a href="#cite_note-32">[web 4]</a> The English word atonement is derived from the original meaning of "at-one-ment" (i.e., being "at one" or in harmony, with someone).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreasen199075-33">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>, atonement is used to describe the saving work that God granted (through Christ) to reconcile the world to himself, and also of the state of a person having been reconciled to God.<a href="#cite_note-CED-34">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[26]</a> According to The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, atonement in Christian theology is "man's reconciliation with God through the sacrificial death of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> Many Christians believe in <a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">unlimited atonement</a>; however, some Christians teach <a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">limited atonement</a> to those who are <a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">predestined</a> unto salvation, as its primary benefits are not given to all of mankind but rather to believers only.<a href="#cite_note-37">[web 5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theories_of_atonement">Theories of atonement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Theories of atonement">edit</a>]</div> A number of metaphors (and Old Testament terms) and references have been used in New Testament writings to understand the person<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-38">[web 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19944-39">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[f]</a> and death of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200625-41">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20041-42">[30]</a> Starting in the 2nd century AD, various understandings of atonement have been put forth to explain the death and resurrection of Jesus, as well as the metaphors applied by the New Testament to understand his death. Over the centuries, Christians have held different ideas regarding how Jesus saves people, with different views still existing within various Christian denominations. According to the biblical scholar C. Marvin Pate, "...there are three aspects to Christ's atonement according to the early Church: vicarious atonement [<a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a>],<a href="#cite_note-44">[g]</a> the eschatological defeat of Satan [Christ the Victor], and the imitation of Christ [participation in Jesus' death and resurrection]."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-254-45">[32]</a> Pate further notes that these three aspects were intertwined in the earliest Christian writings but that this intertwining was lost since the Patristic times.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011261-46">[33]</a> Because of the influence of <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">Gustaf Aulén</a>'s 1931 Christus Victor study, the various theories or paradigms of atonement which developed after the New Testament writings are often grouped under the "classic paradigm," the "objective paradigm," and the "subjective paradigm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver20012-47">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200911-20-48">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAulén1931-49">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[h]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Old Testament">edit</a>]</div> In the Hebrew writings, God is absolutely righteous, and only pure and sinless persons can approach him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> Reconciliation is achieved by an act of God, namely by his appointment of the sacrificial system,<a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-52">[i]</a> or, in the prophetic view, "by the future Divine gift of a new covenant to replace the old covenant which sinful Israel has broken."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> The Old Testament describes three types of vicarious atonement which result in purity or sinlessness: the <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Paschal Lamb</a>;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-53">[38]</a> "the <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrificial system</a> as a whole," with the <a href="/wiki/Yom_Kippur" title="Yom Kippur">Day of Atonement</a> as the most essential element;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-53">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> and the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Servant_songs" title="Servant songs">suffering servant</a> (Isaiah 42:1–9, 49:1–6, 50:4–11, 52:13–53:12),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-53">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gandi-54">[web 7]</a> "the action of a Divinely sent <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_God" title="Servant of God">Servant of the Lord</a> who was 'wounded for our transgressions' and 'bear the sin of many'."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Biblical_apocrypha" title="Biblical apocrypha">Old Testament Apocrypha</a> adds a fourth idea, namely the righteous martyr (2 Maccabees, 4 Maccabees, Wisdom 2–5).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-53">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> These traditions of atonement offer only temporary forgiveness,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPate2011250-53">[38]</a> and korbanot (offerings) could only be used as a means of atoning for the lightest type of sin, that is sins committed in ignorance that the thing was a sin.<a href="#cite_note-grades_of_sin-56">[j]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-52">[i]</a> In addition, korbanot have no expiating effect unless the person making the offering sincerely repents of their actions before making the offering, and makes restitution to any person who was harmed by the violation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Borg" title="Marcus Borg">Marcus Borg</a> notes that animal sacrifice in <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> was not a "payment for sin", but had a basic meaning as "making something sacred by giving it as a gift to God," and included a shared meal with God. Sacrifices had numerous purposes, namely thanksgiving, petition, purification, and reconciliation. None of them was a "payment or substitution or satisfaction", and even "sacrifices of reconciliation were about restoring the relationship."<a href="#cite_note-Borg-57">[web 9]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_F._McGrath" title="James F. McGrath">James F. McGrath</a> refers to 4 Maccabees 6,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-58">[39]</a> "which presents a martyr praying “Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them. Make my blood their purification, and take my life in exchange for theirs” (4 Macc. 6:28-29). Clearly there were ideas that existed in the Judaism of the time that helped make sense of the death of the righteous in terms of atonement."<a href="#cite_note-McGrath.2007-59">[web 10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem_ekklēsia">Jerusalem ekklēsia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Jerusalem ekklēsia">edit</a>]</div> 1 Corinthians 15:3–8<a href="#cite_note-60">[40]</a> contains the <a href="/wiki/Kerygma" title="Kerygma">kerygma</a> of the early Christians:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199785-61">[41]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">[3] For I handed on to you as of first importance what I in turn had received: that Christ died for our sins in accordance with the scriptures, [4] and that he was buried, and that he was <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">raised on the third day</a> in accordance with the scriptures, [5] and that he <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus#Biblical_accounts" title="Resurrection of Jesus">appeared</a> to Cephas, then to the twelve. [6] Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers and sisters at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have died. [7] Then he appeared to James, then to all the apostles. [8] Last of all, as to one untimely born, he appeared also to me.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:3–41&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:3–41</a></cite></div></blockquote> In the Jerusalem ekklēsia, from which Paul received this creed, the phrase "died for our sins" probably was an apologetic rationale for the death of Jesus as being part of God's plan and purpose, as evidenced in the scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131-62">[42]</a> The phrase "died for our sins" was derived from <a href="/wiki/Isaiah" title="Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, especially Isaiah 53:1–11,<a href="#cite_note-63">[43]</a> and 4 Maccabees, especially 4 Maccabees 6:28–29.<a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-died_for-66">[k]</a> "Raised on the third day" is derived from Hosea 6:1–2:<a href="#cite_note-67">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen73-68">[47]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Come, let us return to the Lord; for he has torn us, that he may heal us; he has struck us down, and he will bind us up. After two days he will revive us; on the third day he will raise us up, that we may live before him."<a href="#cite_note-third_day-71">[l]</a> </div></blockquote> Soon after his death, Jesus' followers believed he was raised from death by God and exalted to divine status as Lord (<a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a>) "at God's 'right hand',"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181-72">[50]</a> which "associates him in astonishing ways with God."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005179-73">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[m]</a> According to Hurtado, powerful <a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">religious experiences</a> were an indispensable factor in the emergence of this Christ-devotion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200564–65,_181,_184–185-76">[53]</a> Those experiences "seem to have included visions of (and/or ascents to) God's heaven, in which the glorified Christ was seen in an exalted position."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73-77">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[n]</a> Those experiences were interpreted in the framework of God's redemptive purposes, as reflected in the scriptures, in a "dynamic interaction between devout, prayerful searching for, and pondering over, scriptural texts and continuing powerful religious experiences."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005184-81">[57]</a> This initiated a "new devotional pattern unprecedented in Jewish monotheism," that is, the worship of Jesus next to God,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553-82">[58]</a> giving a central place to Jesus because his ministry, and its consequences, had a strong impact on his early followers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553–54-83">[59]</a> Revelations, including those visions, but also inspired and spontaneous utterances, and "charismatic exegesis" of the Jewish scriptures, convinced them that this devotion was commanded by God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73,_185-84">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paul">Paul</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Paul">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Paul">Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korban#Purpose" title="Korban">Sacrificial lamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">Passover sacrifice</a></div> The meaning of the kerygma of 1 Corinthians 15:3–8 for Paul is a matter of debate, and open to multiple interpretations. For Paul, "dying for our sins" gained a deeper significance, providing "a basis for the salvation of sinful Gentiles apart from the Torah."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131-62">[42]</a> Traditionally, this kerygma is interpreted as meaning that Jesus' death was an "atonement" for sin, or a ransom, or a means of propitiating God or expiating God's wrath against humanity because of their sins. With Jesus' death, humanity was freed from this wrath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoeOgilvie2003-85">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson-86">[web 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-atonement.Paul-88">[o]</a> In the classical Protestant understanding humans partake in this salvation by faith in Jesus Christ; this faith is a grace given by God, and people are justified by God through Jesus Christ and faith in him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubs2008142-143-89">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">A predecessor researcher for the New Perspective on Paul (in 1963)</a> raised several concerns regarding these interpretations. The traditional interpretation sees Paul's understanding of salvation as involving "an exposition of the individual's relation to God." According to <a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Krister Stendahl</a>, the main concern of Paul's writings on Jesus' role, and salvation by faith, is not the individual conscience of human sinners, and their doubts about being chosen by God or not, but the problem of the inclusion of Gentile (Greek) Torah observers into God's covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-90">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-91">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-92">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005130-131-93">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15-94">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[p]</a> Paul draws on several interpretative frames to solve this problem, but most importantly, his own experience and understanding.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarkkainen201630-96">[68]</a> The kerygma from 1 Cor.15:3-5 refers to two mythologies: the Greek myth of the noble dead, to which the Maccabean notion of martyrdom and dying for ones people is related;<a href="#cite_note-died_for-66">[k]</a> and the Jewish myth of the persecuted sage or <a href="/wiki/Righteousness" title="Righteousness">righteous</a> man, in particular the "story of the child of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom_(personification)" title="Wisdom (personification)">wisdom</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199586-87-97">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20044-98">[70]</a> For Paul, the notion of 'dying for' refers to this martyrdom and persecution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788-99">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-52">[i]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Burton_Mack" class="mw-redirect" title="Burton Mack">Burton Mack</a>, 'Dying for our sins' refers to the problem of Gentile Torah-observers, who, despite their faithfulness, cannot fully observe commandments, including circumcision, and are therefore 'sinners', excluded from God's covenant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788-89,_92-100">[72]</a> Jesus' death and resurrection solved this problem of the exclusion of the Gentiles from God's covenant, as indicated by Romans 3:21–26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92-101">[73]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/E.P._Sanders" class="mw-redirect" title="E.P. Sanders">E.P. Sanders</a>, who initiated the <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a>, Paul saw the faithful redeemed by participation in Jesus' death and rising. But "Jesus' death substituted for that of others and thereby freed believers from sin and guilt," a metaphor derived from "ancient <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrificial</a> theology,"<a href="#cite_note-EB.Paul-102">[web 13]</a><a href="#cite_note-sacrifice-52">[i]</a> the essence of Paul's writing is not in the "legal terms" regarding the expiation of sin, but the act of "participation in Christ through <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">dying and rising with him</a>."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharry199935-105">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[q]</a> According to Sanders, "those who are baptized into Christ are baptized into his death, and thus they escape the power of sin [...] he died so that the believers may die with him and consequently live with him."<a href="#cite_note-EB.Paul-102">[web 13]</a> James F. McGrath notes that Paul "prefers to use the language of participation. One died for all, so that all died (2 Corinthians 5:14).<a href="#cite_note-108">[75]</a> This is not only different from <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">substitution</a>, it is the opposite of it."<a href="#cite_note-McGrath.2007-59">[web 10]</a> By this participation in Christ's death and rising, "one receives forgiveness for past offences, is liberated from the powers of sin, and receives the Spirit."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharry199935-36-109">[76]</a> Paul insists that salvation is received by the grace of God; according to Sanders, this insistence is in line with Judaism of <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 200 BCE until 200 CE, which saw God's covenant with Israel as an act of grace of God. Observance of the Law is needed to maintain the covenant, but the covenant is not earned by observing the Law, but by the grace of God.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper.2014-106">[web 16]</a> Several passages from Paul, such as Romans 3:25,<a href="#cite_note-112">[r]</a> are traditionally interpreted as meaning that humanity is saved by faith in Christ. According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Hays" title="Richard B. Hays">Richard B. Hays</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3-113">[79]</a> who initiated the "<a href="/wiki/Pistis_Christou" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistis Christou">Pistis Christou</a> debate,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011624-114">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[s]</a> a different reading of these passages is also possible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays2002-116">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92-101">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3:_"Pistis_Christou:_Faith_in_or_of_Christ?"-117">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a> The phrase pistis Christou can be translated as 'faith in Christ', that is, salvation by believing in Christ, the traditional interpretation; or as 'faithfulness of Christ', that is, belief "through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillLongenecker2014-118">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a> In this view, according to Cobb, Jesus' life and death was not seen by Paul as an atonement, but as a means to participate in faithfulness.<a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a> In this interpretation, Romans 3:21–26 states that Jesus was faithful, even to the cost of death, and justified by God for this faithfulness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92-101">[73]</a> Those who participate in this faithfulness are equally justified by God, both Jews and Gentiles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92-101">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[u]</a> While this view has found support by a range of scholars, it has also been questioned and criticized.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011624-114">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gospels">Gospels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gospels">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospels">Gospels</a></div> In the Gospels, Jesus is portrayed as calling for repentance from sin, and saying that God wants mercy rather than sacrifices (Matthew 9:13). Yet, he is also portrayed as "giving His life [as] a ransom for many" and applying the "suffering servant" passage of <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_53" title="Isaiah 53">Isaiah 53</a> to himself (Luke 22:37). The Gospel of John portrays him as the sacrificial <a href="/wiki/Lamb_of_God" title="Lamb of God">Lamb of God</a>, and compares his death to the sacrifice of the <a href="/wiki/Passover_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Passover Lamb">Passover Lamb</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pesach" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesach">Pesach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> Christians assert that Jesus was predicted by Isaiah, as attested in Luke 4:16–22,<a href="#cite_note-121">[84]</a> where Jesus is portrayed as saying that the prophecies in Isaiah were about him.<a href="#cite_note-122">[v]</a> The New Testament explicitly quotes from Isaiah 53<a href="#cite_note-123">[85]</a> in Matthew 8:16–18<a href="#cite_note-124">[86]</a> to indicate that Jesus is the fulfillment of these prophecies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classic_paradigm">Classic paradigm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Classic paradigm">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine of Hippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Caesarea" title="Basil of Caesarea">Basil of Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">Gustaf Aulén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus_of_Lyons" class="mw-redirect" title="Irenaeus of Lyons">Irenaeus of Lyons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Origen_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Origen of Alexandria">Origen of Alexandria</a></div> The classic paradigm entails the traditional understandings of the early <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver20012-47">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200911-20-48">[35]</a> who developed the themes found in the New Testament.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005a124Atonement-36">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ransom_from_Satan">Ransom from Satan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ransom from Satan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">Ransom theory of atonement</a></div> The ransom theory of atonement says that Christ liberated humanity from slavery to sin and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, and thus death, by giving his own life as a <a href="/wiki/Ransom" title="Ransom">ransom</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice#Christianity" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> to Satan, swapping the life of the perfect (Jesus), for the lives of the imperfect (other humans). It entails the idea that God deceived the devil,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-125">[87]</a> and that Satan, or death, had "legitimate rights"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-125">[87]</a> over sinful <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">afterlife</a>, due to the fall of man and <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">inherited sin</a>. During the first millennium AD, the ransom theory of atonement was the dominant metaphor for atonement, both in eastern and western Christianity, until it was replaced in the west by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>'s satisfaction theory of atonement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114-126">[88]</a> In one version of the idea of deception, Satan attempted to take Jesus' soul after he had died, but in doing so over-extended his authority, as Jesus had never sinned. As a consequence, Satan lost his authority completely, and all humanity gained freedom. In another version, God entered into a deal with Satan, offering to trade Jesus' soul in exchange for the souls of all people, but after the trade, God raised Jesus from the dead and left Satan with nothing. Other versions held that Jesus' <a href="/wiki/Divinity" title="Divinity">divinity</a> was masked by his human form, so Satan tried to take Jesus' soul without realizing that his divinity would destroy Satan's power. Another idea is that Jesus came to teach how not to sin and Satan, in anger with this, tried to take his soul.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The ransom theory was first clearly enunciated by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 130 – c. 202),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865xliv,114-127">[89]</a> who was an outspoken critic of <a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a>, but borrowed ideas from their dualistic worldview.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20154-128">[90]</a> In this worldview, mankind is under the power of the <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>, a lesser god who created the world. Yet, humans have a spark of the true divine nature within them, which can be liberated by <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">gnosis</a> (knowledge) of this divine spark. This knowledge is revealed by the <a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos">Logos</a>, "the very mind of the supreme God," who entered the world in the person of Jesus. Nevertheless, the Logos could not simply undo the power of the Demiurge, and had to hide his real identity, appearing in a physical form, thereby misleading the Demiurge, and liberating mankind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20154-128">[90]</a> In Irenaeus' writings, the Demiurge is replaced by the devil.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20154-128">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> (184–253) introduced the idea that the devil held legitimate rights over humans, who were bought free by the blood of Christ.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-6-129">[91]</a> He also introduced the notion that the Devil was deceived in thinking that he could master the human soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20156-130">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">Gustaf Aulén</a> reinterpreted the ransom theory in his study <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> (1931),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20158-131">[93]</a> calling it the <a href="/wiki/Christus_Victor" title="Christus Victor">Christus Victor</a> doctrine, arguing that Christ's death was not a payment to the Devil, but defeated the powers of evil, particularly <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, which had held mankind in their dominion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20011191-132">[94]</a> According to Pugh, "Ever since [Aulén's] time, we call these patristic ideas the Christus Victor way of seeing the cross."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151-133">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recapitulation_theory">Recapitulation theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recapitulation theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_theory_of_atonement" title="Recapitulation theory of atonement">Recapitulation theory of atonement</a></div> The recapitulation view, first comprehensively expressed by <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114-118-134">[96]</a> went "hand-in-hand" with the ransom theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151-133">[95]</a> It says that Christ succeeds where <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">failed</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune-Baker1903334-135">[97]</a> undoing the wrong that Adam did and, because of his union with humanity, leads humanity on to <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">eternal life</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">moral perfection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksn.d.37–38-136">[98]</a> <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a> ("divinisation") is a "corollary" of the recapitulation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh201531-137">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objective_paradigm">Objective paradigm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Objective paradigm">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Satisfaction">Satisfaction</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Satisfaction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">Satisfaction theory of atonement</a></div> In the 11th century, <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm of Canterbury</a> rejected the ransom view and proposed the <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction theory of atonement</a>. He allegedly depicted God as a <a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">feudal lord</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2015146–166-138">[100]</a> whose honor had been offended by the sins of mankind. In this view, people needed salvation from the <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine punishment</a> that these offences would bring, since nothing they could do could repay the honor debt. Anselm held that Christ had infinitely honored God through his life and death and that Christ could repay what humanity owed God, thus satisfying the offence to God's honor and doing away with the need for punishment. When Anselm proposed the satisfaction view, it was immediately criticized by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Penal_substitution">Penal substitution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Penal substitution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">Penal substitution</a></div> In the 16th century, the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformers</a> reinterpreted Anselm's satisfaction theory of salvation within a legal paradigm. In the legal system, offences required punishment, and no satisfaction could be given to avert this need. They proposed a theory known as <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a>, in which Christ takes the penalty of people's sin as their substitute, thus saving people from <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">God's wrath</a> against sin. Penal substitution thus presents Jesus saving people from the divine punishment of their past wrongdoings. However, this salvation is not presented as automatic. Rather, a person must have <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in order to receive this free gift of salvation. In the penal substitution view, salvation is not dependent upon human effort or deeds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015-139">[101]</a> The penal substitution paradigm of salvation is widely held among Protestants, who often consider it central to Christianity. However, it has also been widely critiqued,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011-140">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrondos2006-141">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan2005-142">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenBaker2000-143">[105]</a> and is rejected by liberal Christians as un-Biblical, and an offense to the love of God.<a href="#cite_note-Borg.divided-144">[web 17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grider-145">[web 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rohr.2017-146">[web 19]</a> According to Richard Rohr, "[t]hese theories are based on retributive justice rather than the restorative justice that the prophets and Jesus taught."<a href="#cite_note-Rohr.2018-147">[web 20]</a> Advocates of the <a href="/wiki/New_Perspective_on_Paul" title="New Perspective on Paul">New Perspective on Paul</a> also argue that many New Testament epistles of <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, which used to support the theory of penal substitution, should be interpreted differently. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governmental_theory">Governmental theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Governmental theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governmental_theory_of_atonement" title="Governmental theory of atonement">Governmental theory of atonement</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Miley" title="John Miley">John Miley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(the_younger)" title="Jonathan Edwards (the younger)">Jonathan Edwards (the younger)</a></div> The "governmental theory of atonement" teaches that Christ suffered for humanity so that God could forgive humans without punishing them while still maintaining divine justice. It is traditionally taught in <a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminian</a> circles that draw primarily from the works of <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subjective_paradigm">Subjective paradigm</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Subjective paradigm">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moral_transformation">Moral transformation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Moral transformation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">Moral influence theory of atonement</a></div> The "moral influence theory of atonement" was developed, or most notably propagated, by <a href="/wiki/Abelard" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelard">Abelard</a> (1079–1142),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-dating-152">[w]</a> as an alternative to Anselm's satisfaction theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a> Abelard not only "rejected the idea of Jesus' death as a ransom paid to the devil",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">[107]</a> which turned the Devil into a rival god,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">[107]</a> but also objected to the idea that Jesus' death was a "debt paid to God's honor".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a> He also objected to the emphasis on God's judgment, and the idea that God changed his mind after the sinner accepted Jesus' sacrificial death, which was not easily reconcilable with the idea of "the perfect, impassible God [who] does not change".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-19-153">[110]</a> Abelard focused on changing man's perception of God – not to be seen as offended, harsh, and judgemental, but as loving.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a> According to Abelard, "Jesus died as the demonstration of God's love", a demonstration which can change the hearts and minds of the sinners, turning back to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-154">[111]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christianity</a>, the majority of the Reformers strongly rejected the moral influence view of the atonement in favor of <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">penal substitution</a>, a highly forensic modification of the honor-oriented Anselmian <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfaction model</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fausto_Sozzini" title="Fausto Sozzini">Fausto Sozzini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinian</a> arm of the Reformation maintained a belief in the moral influence view of the atonement. Socinianism was an early form of <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, and the Unitarian Church today maintains a moral influence view of the atonement, as do many <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Christianity" title="Liberal Christianity">liberal Protestant</a> theologians of the modern age.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-20-155">[112]</a> During the 18th century, versions of the moral influence view found overwhelming support among German theologians, most notably the Enlightenment philosopher <a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Immanuel Kant</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1985205–220-156">[113]</a> In the 19th and 20th century, it has been popular among <a href="/wiki/Mainline_Protestant" title="Mainline Protestant">liberal Protestant</a> thinkers in the Anglican, Methodist, Lutheran, and Presbyterian churches, including the Anglican theologian <a href="/wiki/Hastings_Rashdall" title="Hastings Rashdall">Hastings Rashdall</a>. A number of English theological works in the last hundred years have advocated and popularized the moral influence theory of atonement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashdall1919-157">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrondos2006-141">[103]</a> A strong division has remained since the Reformation between liberal Protestants (who typically adopt a moral influence view) and conservative Protestants (who typically adopt a penal substitutionary view). Both sides believe that their position is taught by the Bible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERashdall1919-157">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanLandingham2006-158">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Placher.note-159">[x]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moral_example_theory">Moral example theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Moral example theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Socinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus Socinus">Faustus Socinus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socinianism" title="Socinianism">Socinianism</a></div> A related theory, the "moral example theory", was developed by <a href="/wiki/Faustus_Socinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Faustus Socinus">Faustus Socinus</a> (1539–1604) in his work De Jesu Christo servatore (1578). He rejected the idea of "vicarious satisfaction".<a href="#cite_note-160">[y]</a> According to Socinus, Jesus' death offers us a perfect example of self-sacrificial dedication to God."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-154">[111]</a> A number of theologians see "example" (or "exemplar") theories of the atonement as variations of the moral influence theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppedge2009345-161">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Grudem" title="Wayne Grudem">Wayne Grudem</a>, however, argues that "Whereas the moral influence theory says that Christ's death teaches us how much God loves us, the example theory says that Christ's death teaches us how we should live."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem2009539-162">[117]</a> Grudem identifies the <a href="/wiki/Socinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Socinians">Socinians</a> as supporters of the example theory. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_theories">Other theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other theories">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Embracement_theory">Embracement theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Embracement theory">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theothanatology" class="mw-redirect" title="Theothanatology">Theothanatology</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Baptist_University" title="Hong Kong Baptist University">Hong Kong Baptist University</a> Department of Religion and Philosophy lecturer Domenic Marbaniang,<a href="#cite_note-163">[118]</a> drawing on <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Friedrich Nietzsche</a>, sees the Divine voluntary self-giving as the ultimate embracement of humanity in its ultimate act of sin, viz, <a href="/wiki/Deicide" title="Deicide">deicide</a>, or the murder of God, thus canceling sin on the cross.<a href="#cite_note-164">[z]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shared_atonement_theory">Shared atonement theory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Shared atonement theory">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Baptist">Southern Baptist</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/David_Jeremiah" title="David Jeremiah">David Jeremiah</a> writes that in the "shared atonement" theory the atonement is spoken of as shared by all. To wit, God sustains the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a>. Therefore, if <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnation of Christ">Jesus was God in human form</a>, when he died, the entirety of humanity died with him, and when he rose from the dead, the entirety of humanity rose with him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeremiah201096,_124-165">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility_of_differing_theories">Compatibility of differing theories</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Compatibility of differing theories">edit</a>]</div> Some theologians maintain that "various biblical understandings of the atonement need not conflict".<a href="#cite_note-madison-166">[web 21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a>, for example, although he maintains that "penal substitution is the mainstream, historic view of the church and the essential meaning of the Atonement... Yet with penal substitution at the center", he also maintains that "Christus Victor and other Scriptural views of atonement can work together to present a fully orbed picture of Christ's work".<a href="#cite_note-madison-166">[web 21]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Kenneth_Grider" title="J. Kenneth Grider">J. Kenneth Grider</a>, speaking from a governmental theory perspective, says that the governmental theory can incorporate within itself "numerous understandings promoted in the other major Atonement theories", including ransom theory, elements of the "Abelardian 'moral influence' theory", vicarious aspects of the atonement, etc.<a href="#cite_note-Grider-145">[web 18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Church">Anglican</a> theologian <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Chase_Quick" title="Oliver Chase Quick">Oliver Chase Quick</a> described differing theories as being of value, but also denied that any particular theory was fully true, saying, "if we start from the fundamental and cardinal thought of God's act of love in Jesus Christ [...] I think we can reach a reconciling point of view, from which each type of theory is seen to make its essential contribution to the truth, although no one theory, no any number of theories, can be sufficient to express its fullness."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuick1938222-167">[120]</a> Others say that some models of the atonement naturally exclude each other. James F. McGrath, for example, talking about the atonement, says that "Paul [...] prefers to use the language of participation. One died for all, so that all died (2 Corinthians 5:14). This is not only different from substitution, it is the opposite of it."<a href="#cite_note-168">[web 22]</a> Similarly, Mark M. Mattison, in his article The Meaning of the Atonement says, "Substitution implies an "either/or"; participation implies a "both/and.""<a href="#cite_note-169">[web 23]</a> J. Kenneth Grider, quoted above showing the compatibility of various atonement models with the governmental theory, nevertheless also says that both penal substitution and satisfaction atonement theories are incompatible with the governmental theory.<a href="#cite_note-Grider-145">[web 18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confusion_of_terms">Confusion of terms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Confusion of terms">edit</a>]</div> Some confusion can occur when discussing the atonement because the terms used sometimes have differing meanings depending on the contexts in which they are used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMozley191694–95-170">[121]</a> For example: <ul><li>Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> is used to refer to penal substitution alone,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeverLawrence201015-171">[122]</a> when the term also has a broader sense including other atonement models that are not penal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200618-172">[123]</a></li> <li>Penal substitution is also sometimes described as a type of satisfaction atonement,<a href="#cite_note-PSvsCV-173">[web 24]</a> but the term 'satisfaction atonement' functions primarily as a technical term to refer particularly to Anselm's theory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELaunchbury20097-174">[124]</a></li> <li>Substitutionary and penal themes are found within the <a href="/wiki/Patristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Patristic">Patristic</a> (and later) literature, but they are not used in a penal substitutionary sense until the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2010141,_143,_153-175">[125]</a></li> <li>'Substitution', as well as potentially referring to specific theories of the atonement (e.g. penal substitution), is also sometimes used in a less technical way—for example, when used in 'the sense that [Jesus, through his death,] did for us that which we can never do for ourselves'.<a href="#cite_note-176">[126]</a></li> <li>The phrase 'vicarious atonement' is sometimes used as a synonym for penal substitution, and is also sometimes used to describe other, non-penal substitutionary, theories of atonement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelousek201196n.2-177">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993238-178">[128]</a> Care needs to be taken to understand what is being referred to by the various terms used in different contexts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMozley1916-179">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2010144-180">[130]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_Christianity">Eastern Christianity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Eastern Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Christian">Eastern Christian</a> theology, based upon their understanding of the atonement as put forward by Irenaeus <a href="/wiki/Recapitulation_(Irenaeus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Recapitulation (Irenaeus)">recapitulation theory</a>, Jesus' death is a <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom</a>. This restores the relation with God, who is loving and reaches out to humanity, and offers the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">divinization</a>, becoming the kind of humans God wants us to be. In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholicism</a> salvation is seen as participation in the renewal of human nature itself by way of the eternal <a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Word of God</a> assuming the human nature in its fullness. In contrast to <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western branches</a> of theology, Eastern Orthodox Christians tend to use the word "expiation" with regard to what is accomplished in the sacrificial act. In Orthodox theology, expiation is an act of offering that seeks to change the one making the offering. The <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Biblical Greek</a> word which is translated both as "<a href="/wiki/Propitiation" title="Propitiation">propitiation</a>" and as "expiation" is hilasmos (I John 2:2, 4:10), which means "to make acceptable and enable one to draw close to God". Thus the Orthodox emphasis would be that Christ died, not to appease an angry and vindictive Father or to avert the <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">wrath of God</a> upon sinners, but to defeat and secure the destruction of sin and death, so that those who are <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_sin" title="Ancestral sin">fallen</a> and in spiritual bondage may become divinely <a href="/wiki/Transfiguration_(religion)" title="Transfiguration (religion)">transfigured</a>, and therefore fully human, as their Creator intended; that is to say, human creatures become God in his <a href="/wiki/Essence-Energies_distinction_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Essence-Energies distinction (Eastern Orthodox theology)">energies or operations but not in his essence or identity</a>, conforming to the image of Christ and reacquiring the divine likeness (see <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein2008-181">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1997139–146-182">[132]</a> The Orthodox Church further teaches that a person abides in Christ and makes his salvation sure not only by works of love, but also by his patient suffering of various griefs, illnesses, misfortunes and failures.<a href="#cite_note-struggler-183">[web 25]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[aa]</a><a href="#cite_note-struggler-183">[web 25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Catholicism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic theology</a></div> The Catholic Church teaches that the death of Jesus on the Cross is a sacrifice that redeems man and reconciles man to God.<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p122a4p2-185">[web 26]</a> The sacrifice of Jesus is both a "gift from God the Father himself, for the Father handed his Son over to sinners in order to reconcile us with himself" and "the offering of the Son of God made man, who in freedom and love offered his life to his Father through the Holy Spirit in reparation for our disobedience."<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p122a4p2-185">[web 26]</a> Catholic theologians often explain salvation by dividing it into <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)#Catholic_Church" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>—which relates to <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues#Moral_theology" title="Theological virtues">infused faith</a> and how justice is satisfied—and <a href="/wiki/Sanctification_in_Christianity" title="Sanctification in Christianity">sanctification</a>—which relates to <a href="/wiki/Theological_virtues#Moral_theology" title="Theological virtues">infused charity</a> and our capacity for happiness at the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>,<a href="#cite_note-186">[133]</a> some emphasizing their intertwinedness more than others.<a href="#cite_note-187">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[135]</a> Catholic theology also affirms that salvation is communal: the salvation of any one individual is "inseparable from the salvation of others".<a href="#cite_note-189">[136]</a> A separate usage is "salvation from <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a>" (i.e., related to sanctification) rather than salvation from sin and punishment (i.e., related to justification):<a href="#cite_note-190">[137]</a> this usage is rarer but examples are found by Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-191">[138]</a> Protestants,<a href="#cite_note-192">[139]</a>: 304  and academics.<a href="#cite_note-193">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tridentine_definition">Tridentine definition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Tridentine definition">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic view of Christ's redemptive work was set forth formally at the Sixth Session of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaff1919Sixth_Session-194">[141]</a> The council stated that Jesus merited the grace of justification, which is not only the remission of sin but the infusion of the virtues of faith, hope, and charity into the Christian. A justified Christian is then said to be in the state of grace, which state can be lost by committing a <a href="/wiki/Mortal_sin" title="Mortal sin">mortal sin</a>, entering a state of sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohle1909-195">[142]</a> The view which prevailed at the Council of Trent has been described as a "combination of the opinions of Anselm and Abelard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1907-196">[143]</a> Catholic scholars have noted that Abelard did not teach that Jesus was merely a good moral example, but that Christians are truly saved by His sacrifice on the Cross.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKent1907-196">[143]</a> The moral transformation of the Christian is not the result of merely following Christ's example and teachings, but a supernatural gift merited by the sacrifice of Jesus, for "by one man's obedience many will be made righteous".<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p122a4p2-185">[web 26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Co-operation_with_grace">Co-operation with grace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Co-operation with grace">edit</a>]</div> While the initial grace of justification is merited solely by the sacrifice of Jesus, the Catholic Church teaches that a justified Christian can merit an "increase" in justification and the attainment of eternal life by cooperating with God's grace.<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p122a4p2-185">[web 26]</a> The grace of final perseverance preserves a justified Christian in the state of grace until his or her death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESollier1911-197">[144]</a> The practical manner of salvation is expounded on by St. <a href="/wiki/Alphonsus_Liguori" title="Alphonsus Liguori">Alphonsus Liguori</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctor of the Church</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">"... to gain Heaven, it is necessary to walk in the straight road that leads to eternal bliss. This road is the observance of the divine commands. Hence, in his preaching, the Baptist exclaimed: "Make straight the way of the Lord." In order to be able to walk always in the way of the Lord, without turning to the right or to the left, it is necessary to adopt the proper means. These means are, first, diffidence in ourselves; secondly, confidence in God; thirdly, resistance to temptations."<a href="#cite_note-198">[145]</a><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Sermons for all the Sundays in the year, Sermon III. Third Sunday of Advent: On the means necessary for salvation</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divinization">Divinization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Divinization">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic Church shares the Eastern Christian belief in <a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)#Catholic_theology_(including_Latin_and_Eastern_Churches)" title="Divinization (Christian)">divinization</a>, teaching that "the Son of God became man so that we might become God."<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p122a3p1-199">[web 27]</a> However, in contrast with the Eastern Orthodox notion of theosis in which the divinized Christian becomes God in his energies or operations, the Catholic Church teaches that the ultimate end of divinization is the <a href="/wiki/Beatific_vision" title="Beatific vision">beatific vision</a>, in which the divinized Christian will see God's essence.<a href="#cite_note-Cat_p123a12-200">[web 28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_the_dead">Fate of the dead</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fate of the dead">edit</a>]</div> The Catholic Church does not believe in Christian universalism (i.e., all or most people go to heaven), in double predestination (i.e., some, most, or all people are destined to sin and hell), in <a href="/wiki/Feeneyism" title="Feeneyism">Feeneyism</a> (i.e., non-Catholics and excommunicated Catholics cannot be saved), or in how many people will go to heaven or hell (either most or few or some people).<a href="#cite_note-auto3-201">[146]</a> But the Church does say that dying in the state of final impenitence - which is refusing to repent of sin at the moment of death, the consequence of which is eternal punishment - leads to hell.<a href="#cite_note-auto3-201">[146]</a> The church also says that dying in the state of perfection (being without sin and punishment) leads to heaven,<a href="#cite_note-202">[147]</a> while dying in the state of either original sin (which is not a sin but the lack of <a href="/wiki/Sanctifying_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctifying grace">sanctifying grace</a>) or repentant sin (whether mortal or venial sin) lead to purgatory<a href="#cite_note-203">[148]</a> - unless the unbaptized sinful soul receives baptism or the baptized sinful soul receives <a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">anointing of the sick</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Pardon" title="Apostolic Pardon">Apostolic Pardon</a>, in which case, the soul goes to heaven.<a href="#cite_note-204">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[150]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Fate of the dead in Catholicism </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>If one dies in</th> <th>Then one goes to</th> <th>For a duration of </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. Final impenitence, with or without original sin</td> <td>Hell</td> <td>Eternity </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. Original sin only</td> <td>Hell</td> <td>Limbo </td></tr> <tr> <td>3. No original sin, but repentant sin</td> <td>Purgatory</td> <td>Temporary before going to heaven (see #6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>4. No sin at all, but temporary punishment</td> <td>Purgatory</td> <td>Temporary before going to heaven (see #6) </td></tr> <tr> <td>5. No sin at all and no punishment at all</td> <td>Heaven</td> <td>Eternity </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fate_of_the_Universe">Fate of the Universe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Fate of the Universe">edit</a>]</div> Salvation in Catholic theology is intended for the whole of creation, not just for angels and people.<a href="#cite_note-206">[151]</a> The Universe's salvation - i.e., being freed from evil and filled with all good things - will come at the end of time, as the Universe is unconditionally predestined for deification at the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-207">[152]</a> Only humans and angels' predestination for deification is conditioned, and that on moral behavior, because of their freewill.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-208">[153]</a> By deification, all of creation (save for the demons and the damned) will be perfect and happy beyond comprehension<a href="#cite_note-209">[154]</a> because everything will share in God's own perfection and happiness.<a href="#cite_note-auto4-207">[152]</a> This deification cannot be obtained, experienced, or foretasted before the Last Judgment because there is nothing in the Universe that is infinitely and supernaturally perfect and happy - only finitely and naturally perfect or happy.<a href="#cite_note-210">[155]</a> Nonetheless, baptism grants a foretaste of eternal life, which is the beginning of deification and a pledge of the Universe's future salvation, via <a href="/wiki/Sanctifying_grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctifying grace">sanctifying grace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[156]</a> Eternal life in heaven entails the deification of the soul and, via the <a href="/wiki/Universal_resurrection" title="Universal resurrection">universal resurrection</a> at the Last Judgment, the deified soul will be permanently reunited with its body, which itself will be deified.<a href="#cite_note-212">[157]</a> While the deified soul in heaven experiences the beatific vision with its whole self (personality, imagination, intellect, will, conscience, reason, virtue, self-image, relationship with others, etc.),<a href="#cite_note-213">[158]</a> the deified body will also experience the beatific vision with its whole self (all five senses, life, activity, presence, movement, appearance, talents, attire, needs, etc.), so that the whole person - body and soul - will be saved, i.e., deified and experience the beatific vision.<a href="#cite_note-214">[159]</a> As part of its deification, the deified body will be like Jesus' own deified resurrected body, which means being endowed with impassibility (immunity to evil, including temptation, sin, demons, inconvenience, error, boredom, fear, suffering, and death), subtility (freedom from the restraint of spacetime, meaning the saint can shapeshift, time travel, control nature, teleport, and have superhuman senses and prowess), agility (obedience to the soul, just as the soul is obedient to God), and clarity (resplendent beauty and the <a href="/wiki/Five_crowns" title="Five crowns">five crowns</a>).<a href="#cite_note-215">[160]</a> With the Last Judgment, the demons will no longer be allowed to act outside of hell (such as temptation and possession), the Universe will be made immune to evil, evil will no longer be possible, and the Universe will be infinitely greater than the most idyllic paradise conceivable.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-208">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Protestantism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Salvation_in_Protestantism" title="Category:Salvation in Protestantism">Category:Salvation in Protestantism</a></div> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible floatright" style="text-align:left; border:1px solid #444;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CEDFF9; text-align:center"> <td colspan="4">Protestant beliefs about salvation </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" align="center">This table summarizes the classical views of three <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Protestantism">Protestant beliefs about salvation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[161]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Topic</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a> </th></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Human will </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a>:<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-217">[162]</a> Humanity possesses "free will",<a href="#cite_note-218">[163]</a> but it is in bondage to sin,<a href="#cite_note-219">[164]</a> until it is "transformed".<a href="#cite_note-220">[165]</a> </td> <td><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_II:_Of_Original_Sin." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">Total depravity</a>:<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-217">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[167]</a> Humanity possesses free will in regard to "goods and possessions", but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to its own salvation.<a href="#cite_note-223">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[170]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a>: Humanity possesses freedom from <a href="/wiki/Necessitarianism" title="Necessitarianism">necessity</a>, but not "freedom from sin" unless enabled by "<a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a>".<a href="#cite_note-226">[171]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Election </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional election</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Predestination#Lutheranism" title="Predestination">Unconditional election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Compare-217">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-227">[172]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a> in view of foreseen faith or unbelief.<a href="#cite_note-228">[173]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Justification and atonement</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">Justification by faith</a> alone. Various views regarding the extent of the atonement.<a href="#cite_note-229">[174]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Justification for all men</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-ROM-230">[175]</a> completed at Christ's death and effective through <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Augsburg_Confession#Article_IV:_Of_Justification." class="extiw" title="s:Augsburg Confession">faith alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-TWB-231">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-WELS-Justification-232">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-WELS-UnivJus-233">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-234">[179]</a> </td> <td>Justification made <a href="/wiki/Atonement_(unlimited_view)#The_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement (unlimited view)">possible for all</a> through Christ's death, but only completed upon <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)#Arminian" title="Regeneration (theology)">choosing faith</a> in Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-235">[180]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Conversion </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[181]</a> through the means of grace, <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">irresistible</a>. </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergistic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Diehl-237">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[183]</a> through the <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace#Lutheran" title="Irresistible grace">resistible</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-TULIP-239">[184]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Synergism_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Synergism (theology)">Synergistic</a>, resistible due to the common grace of free will.<a href="#cite_note-240">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[186]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#eee;"> <td>Perseverance and apostasy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance of the saints</a>: the eternally elect in Christ will certainly persevere in faith.<a href="#cite_note-242">[187]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity#Martin_Luther_(1483–1546)" title="Apostasy in Christianity">Falling away</a> is possible,<a href="#cite_note-WELS-OSAS-243">[188]</a> but God gives gospel <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)#Lutheranism" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WELS-Pers-244">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[190]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Preservation is conditional</a> upon continued faith in Christ; with the possibility of a final <a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">apostasy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[191]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, grace is the result of God's initiative without any regard whatsoever to the one initiating the works, and no one can merit the grace of God by performing <a href="/wiki/Rituals" class="mw-redirect" title="Rituals">rituals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">asceticism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>. Broadly speaking, <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> hold to the <a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">five solae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, which declare that salvation is attained by <a href="/wiki/Grace_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Grace alone">grace alone</a> in <a href="/wiki/Christ_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Christ alone">Christ alone</a> through <a href="/wiki/Faith_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith alone">faith alone</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Glory of God alone</a> as told in <a href="/wiki/Scripture_alone" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture alone">Scripture alone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2008233-247">[192]</a> Most Protestants believe that salvation is achieved through God's grace alone, and once salvation is secured in the person, good works will be a result of this, allowing good works to often operate as a signifier for salvation. Some Protestants, such as <a href="/wiki/Lutherans" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutherans">Lutherans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a>, understand this to mean that God saves solely by grace, and that works follow as a necessary consequence of saving grace. Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Methodists" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodists">Methodists</a> (and other Arminians), believe that salvation is by faith alone, but that salvation can be forfeited if it is not accompanied by continued faith, and the works that naturally follow from it. Others firmly believe that salvation is accomplished by <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">faith alone</a> without any reference to works whatsoever, including the works that may follow salvation (see below under Other and also <a href="/wiki/Free_Grace_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Grace theology">Free Grace theology</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Lutheranism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> believe that Christ, through His death and resurrection, has obtained justification and atonement for all sinners. Lutheran churches believe that this is the central message in the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> upon which the very existence of the churches depends. In Lutheranism, it is a message relevant to people of all races and social levels, of all times and places, for "the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men" (Romans 5:18). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for "the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men" (Romans 5:18).<a href="#cite_note-248">[web 29]</a> Lutheranism teaches that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness and salvation not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (<a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a>):<a href="#cite_note-249">[web 30]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">For it is by grace you have been saved, through faith—and this is not from yourselves, it is the gift of God—not by works, so that no one can boast.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:8&version=nrsv">Ephesians 2:8,9</a></cite></div></blockquote> Saving faith is the knowledge of,<a href="#cite_note-250">[193]</a> acceptance of,<a href="#cite_note-251">[194]</a> and trust<a href="#cite_note-252">[195]</a> in the promise of the Gospel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193454–5Part_XIV._"Sin"-253">[196]</a> Even faith itself is seen as a gift of God, created in the hearts of Christians<a href="#cite_note-254">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193457Part_XV._"Conversion",_paragraph_78-255">[198]</a> by the work of the Holy Spirit through the Word<a href="#cite_note-256">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder1934101_Part_XXV._"The_Church",_paragraph_141-257">[200]</a> and Baptism.<a href="#cite_note-258">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193487Part_XXIII._"Baptism",_paragraph_118-259">[202]</a> Faith is seen as an instrument that receives the gift of salvation, not something that causes salvation.<a href="#cite_note-260">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193457Part_XV._"Conversion",_paragraph_78-255">[198]</a> Thus, Lutherans reject the "<a href="/wiki/Decision_theology" title="Decision theology">decision theology</a>" which is common among modern <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelicals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-261">[web 31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calvinism">Calvinism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Calvinism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a> believe in the <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a> of the elect before the foundation of the world. All of the elect necessarily <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">persevere in faith</a> because God keeps them from falling away. Calvinists understand the doctrines of salvation to include the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism#Five_Points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">five points of Calvinism</a>, typically arranged in English to form the <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> "TULIP".<a href="#cite_note-262">[ab]</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a>", also called "total inability", asserts that as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">fall of man into sin</a>, every person born into the world is enslaved to the service of <a href="/wiki/Sin" title="Sin">sin</a>. People are not by nature inclined to love God with their whole heart, mind, or strength, but rather all are inclined to serve their own interests over those of their neighbor and to reject the rule of God. Thus, all people by their own faculties are morally unable to choose to follow God and be saved because they are unwilling to do so out of the necessity of their own natures. (The term "total" in this context refers to sin affecting every part of a person, not that every person is as evil as possible.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteeleThomas196325-263">[204]</a> This doctrine is derived from <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a>'s explanation of <a href="/wiki/Original_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Original Sin">Original Sin</a>.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">Unconditional election</a>" asserts that God has chosen from <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> those whom he will bring to himself not based on foreseen virtue, merit, or faith in those people; rather, it is unconditionally grounded in God's mercy alone. God has chosen from <a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">eternity</a> to extend mercy to those he has chosen and to withhold mercy from those not chosen. Those chosen receive salvation through Christ alone. <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">Those not chosen</a> receive the just wrath that is warranted for their sins against God<a href="#cite_note-264">[web 32]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Limited_atonement" title="Limited atonement">Limited atonement</a>", also called "particular redemption" or "definite atonement", asserts that Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> was definite and certain in its purpose and in what it accomplished. This implies that only the sins of <a href="/wiki/The_elect" class="mw-redirect" title="The elect">the elect</a> were <a href="/wiki/Penal_substitution" title="Penal substitution">atoned</a> for by Jesus's death. Calvinists do not believe, however, that the atonement is limited in its value or power, but rather that the atonement is limited in the sense that it is designed for some and not all. Hence, Calvinists hold that the atonement is sufficient for all and efficient for the elect.<a href="#cite_note-265">[web 33]</a> The doctrine is driven by the Calvinistic concept of the sovereignty of God in salvation and their understanding of the nature of the atonement.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible grace</a>", also called "efficacious grace", asserts that the saving grace of God is effectually applied to those whom he has determined to save (that is, <a href="/wiki/The_elect" class="mw-redirect" title="The elect">the elect</a>) and, in God's timing, overcomes their resistance to obeying the call of the gospel, bringing them to a saving faith. This means that when God sovereignly purposes to save someone, that individual certainly will be saved. The doctrine holds that this purposeful influence of God's <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a> cannot be resisted, but that the Holy Spirit, "graciously causes the elect sinner to cooperate, to believe, to repent, to come freely and willingly to Christ."<a href="#cite_note-266">[web 34]</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance of the saints</a>", or "preservation of the saints", asserts that since God is sovereign and his will cannot be frustrated by humans or anything else, those whom God has called into communion with himself will continue in faith until the end. Those who apparently fall away either never had true faith to begin with or will return. The word "saints" is used to refer to all who are set apart by God, and not only those who are exceptionally <a href="/wiki/Holy" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy">holy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">canonized</a>, or in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932Ch_XIV-267">[205]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arminianism">Arminianism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Arminianism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Arminian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arminian">Arminian</a> soteriology—held by Christian denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a>—is based on the theological ideas of the Dutch Reformed theologian <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Arminius" title="Jacobus Arminius">Jacobus Arminius</a> (1560–1609). Like Calvinists, Arminians agree that all people are born sinful and are in need of salvation. Classical Arminians emphasize that God's free grace (or <a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">prevenient grace</a>) enables humans to freely respond to or to reject the salvation offered through Christ. Classical Arminians believe that a person's saving relationship with Christ is <a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">conditional upon faith</a>, and thus, a person can sever his or her saving relationship with Christ through persistent unbelief. The relationship of "the believer to Christ is never a static relationship existing as the irrevocable consequence of a past decision, act, or experience."<a href="#cite_note-268">[ac]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Remonstrance" title="Five Articles of Remonstrance">Five Articles of Remonstrance</a> that Arminius's followers formulated in 1610 state the beliefs regarding (I) conditional election, (II) unlimited atonement, (III) total depravity, (IV) total depravity and resistible grace, and (V) possibility of apostasy. However, the fifth article did not completely deny the perseverance of the saints; Arminius said that "I never taught that a true believer can… fall away from the faith… yet I will not conceal, that there are passages of Scripture which seem to me to wear this aspect; and those answers to them which I have been permitted to see, are not of such a kind as to approve themselves on all points to my understanding."<a href="#cite_note-269">[206]</a> Further, the text of the Articles of Remonstrance says that no believer can be plucked from Christ's hand, and the matter of falling away, "loss of salvation", required further study before it could be taught with any certainty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Methodism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology#Salvation" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology § Salvation</a></div> Methodism falls squarely in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a>, though it is linked with Christus Victor and <a href="/wiki/Moral_influence_theory_of_atonement" title="Moral influence theory of atonement">moral influence</a> theories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200755–70-270">[207]</a> Methodism also emphasizes a participatory nature in atonement, in which the Methodist believer spiritually dies with Christ as He dies for humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200755–70-270">[207]</a> Methodism affirms the doctrine of justification by faith, but in <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan theology</a>, justification refers to "pardon, the forgiveness of sins", rather than "being made actually just and righteous", which Methodists believe is accomplished through <a href="/wiki/Sanctification#Methodism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[ad]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[web 35]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a>, the founder of the Methodist Churches, taught that the keeping of the moral law contained in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201140,_68–69-273">[208]</a> as well as engaging in the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_piety" title="Works of piety">works of piety</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Works_of_mercy" title="Works of mercy">works of mercy</a>, were "indispensable for our sanctification".<a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-274">[web 36]</a> Methodist soteriology emphasizes the importance of the pursuit of holiness in salvation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner200780-275">[209]</a> a concept best summarized in a quote by Methodist evangelist <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_Palmer" title="Phoebe Palmer">Phoebe Palmer</a> who stated that "justification would have ended with me had I refused to be holy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer2016363-276">[210]</a> Thus, for Methodists, "true faith...cannot subsist without works".<a href="#cite_note-Knight2013-274">[web 36]</a> While "faith is essential for a meaningful relationship with God, our relationship with God also takes shape through our care for people, the community, and creation itself."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELangfordLangford201145-277">[211]</a> Methodism, inclusive of the <a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">holiness movement</a>, thus teaches that "justification [is made] conditional on obedience and progress in sanctification",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer2016363-276">[210]</a> emphasizing "a deep reliance upon Christ not only in coming to faith, but in remaining in the faith."<a href="#cite_note-278">[web 37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_Grace_Theology">Free Grace Theology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Free Grace Theology">edit</a>]</div> There are some who believe in the <a href="/wiki/Free_Grace_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Grace Theology">Free Grace Theology</a>. They believe people use their free will to receive imputed righteousness and eternal life in Heaven, simply by Grace through faith alone on The Lord Jesus Christ. Once saved, the individual will always be saved as they believe God promised them eternal life the moment they believe on Him. It's important to note they don't believe a person is saved by good works, neither do they teach good works would automatically follow salvation as any kind of evidence. After salvation, a Christian is instructed to preach the gospel of Jesus Christ to the lost and live a good life as a good testimony for Jesus Christ and to please God the Father. The belief here is that doing good works will earn a believer Heavenly treasures and Earthly blessings, whereas committing sins and bad works will cause earthly punishments from God, chastisement from a loving Father, towards his children in the faith. It's worth a note they believe a person cannot lose their salvation at any time.<a href="#cite_note-279">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Anabaptism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a> teach:<a href="#cite_note-Ahlgrim-280">[213]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">...that we are saved by grace through faith. But we go on to say that true faith must lead to repentance and the beginning of a transformed life. Salvation has not become a full reality until our genuine faith expresses itself in a Christ-centered life. Mennonites tend to agree that salvation is not merely a personal relationship with God, but a communal relationship with each other. We experience salvation by living it out together.<a href="#cite_note-Ahlgrim-280">[213]</a></blockquote> Obedience to <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and a careful keeping of the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, in addition to loving one another and being at peace with others, are seen as "earmarks of the saved".<a href="#cite_note-281">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Universalism">Universalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Universalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_universalism" title="History of Christian universalism">History of Christian universalism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a> is the doctrine or belief that all people will ultimately be reconciled to God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172-6">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2004-8">[4]</a> The appeal of the idea of universal salvation may be related to the perception of a <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">problem of Hell</a>, standing opposed to ideas such as endless conscious torment in Hell, but may also include a period of finite punishment similar to a state of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham197847–54-282">[215]</a> Believers in universal reconciliation may support the view that while there may be a real "Hell" of some kind, it is neither a place of endless suffering nor a place where the spirits of human beings are ultimately 'annihilated' after enduring the just amount of <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham197847–54-282">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restorationism">Restorationism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Restorationism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Churches_of_Christ">Churches of Christ</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Churches of Christ">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> are strongly anti-Calvinist in their understanding of salvation, and generally present conversion as "obedience to the proclaimed facts of the gospel rather than as the result of an emotional, Spirit-initiated conversion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Churches_of_Christ-283">[216]</a> Some churches of Christ hold the view that humans of accountable age are lost because of their sins.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2005-284">[217]</a> These lost souls can be redeemed because Jesus Christ, the Son of God, offered himself as the atoning sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2005-284">[217]</a> Children too young to understand right from wrong, and make a conscious choice between the two, are believed to be innocent of sin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2005-284">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlinsMagida1999103--285">[218]</a> The age when this occurs is generally believed to be around 13.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlinsMagida1999103--285">[218]</a> Beginning in the 1960s, many preachers began placing more emphasis on the role of grace in salvation, instead of focusing exclusively implementing all of the New Testament commands and examples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesRoberts2001-286">[219]</a> The Churches of Christ argue that since faith and repentance are necessary, and that the cleansing of sins is by the blood of Christ through the grace of God, baptism is not an inherently redeeming ritual.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200179–94-287">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlesArmstrongPrattKolb2007-288">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Regeneration-289">[222]</a> One author describes the relationship between faith and baptism this way, "Faith is the reason why a person is a child of God; baptism is the time at which one is incorporated into Christ and so becomes a child of God" (italics are in the source).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996-290">[223]</a> Baptism is understood as a confessional expression of faith and repentance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996-290">[223]</a> rather than a "work" that earns salvation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996-290">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other">Other</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: The New Church (Swedenborgian)">edit</a>]</div> According to the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/The_New_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The New Church">The New Church</a>, as explained by <a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a> (1688–1772), there is no such thing as <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> as is generally understood. Swedenborg's account of atonement has much in common with the Christus Victor doctrine, which refers to a Christian understanding of the Atonement which views Christ's death as the means by which the powers of evil, which held humanity under their dominion, were defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20011191-132">[94]</a> It is a model of the atonement that is dated to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865-291">[224]</a> and it, along with the related <a href="/wiki/Ransom_theory_of_atonement" title="Ransom theory of atonement">ransom theory</a>, was the dominant theory of the atonement for a thousand years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jehovah's_Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Jehovah's Witnesses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_and_salvation" title="Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation">Jehovah's Witnesses and salvation</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, atonement for sins comes only through the life, ministry, and death of Jesus Christ. They believe Jesus was the "<a href="/wiki/Second_Adam" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Adam">second Adam</a>", being the pre-existent and sinless <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a> who became the human <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a> of Israel, and that he came to undo Adamic sin.<a href="#cite_note-WT_1973-292">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199736–39-293">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[web 38]</a> Witnesses believe that the sentence of death given to Adam and subsequently his offspring by God required an equal substitute or <a href="/wiki/Ransom_sacrifice" class="mw-redirect" title="Ransom sacrifice">ransom sacrifice</a> of a perfect man. They believe that salvation is possible only through Jesus' ransom sacrifice,<a href="#cite_note-296">[228]</a> and that individuals cannot be reconciled to God until they repent of their sins, and then call on the name of God through Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-297">[229]</a> Salvation is described as a free gift from God, but is said to be unattainable without obedience to <a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King" title="Christ the King">Christ as King</a> and <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Conversion" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession of sins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelizing">evangelizing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="God's Kingdom">promoting God's Kingdom</a>, that are prompted by faith. According to their teaching, the works prove faith is genuine.<a href="#cite_note-298">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[231]</a> "Preaching the good news" is said to be one of the works necessary for salvation, both of those who preach and those to whom they preach.<a href="#cite_note-300">[232]</a> They believe that people in the "last days" can be "saved" by identifying Jehovah's Witnesses as <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_beliefs#Organization" title="Jehovah's Witnesses beliefs">God's theocratic organization</a>, and by serving God as a part of it.<a href="#cite_note-301">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Plan_of_salvation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)">Plan of salvation (Latter Day Saints)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> teaches that the atonement of Jesus Christ is infinite and the central principle that enables the "plan of redemption" which is often also called the "plan of salvation". In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a> the prophet <a href="/wiki/Amulek" title="Amulek">Amulek</a> teaches that the "great and last sacrifice will be the Son of God, yea, infinite and eternal. And thus he shall bring salvation to all those who shall believe on his name"<a href="#cite_note-302">[web 39]</a> There are two parts of salvation, conditional and unconditional. Unconditional salvation means that the atonement of Jesus Christ redeems all humanity from the chains of death and they are resurrected to their perfect frames.<a href="#cite_note-303">[web 40]</a> Conditional salvation of the righteous comes by grace coupled with strict obedience to Gospel principles, in which those who have upheld the highest standards and are committed to the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(Latter_Day_Saints)" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenant (Latter Day Saints)">covenants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ordinance_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Ordinance (Latter Day Saints)">ordinances</a> of God, will inherit the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial kingdom">highest heaven</a>. There is no need for infant baptism. Christ's atonement completely resolved the consequence from the fall of Adam of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_death" title="Spiritual death">spiritual death</a> for infants, young children and those of innocent mental capacity who die before an age of self-accountability, hence all these are resurrected to eternal life in the resurrection. However, baptism is required of those who are deemed by God to be accountable for their actions (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/moro/8.10-22?lang=eng">Moroni 8:10–22</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oneness_Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Oneness Pentecostalism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostals</a> believe that salvation is attained through faith in Jesus Christ. According to their theology, this saving faith is more than just mental assent, intellectual acceptance, or verbal profession, but must include obedience, demonstrated by repentance, <a href="/wiki/Baptism_in_the_name_of_Jesus" title="Baptism in the name of Jesus">water baptism in Jesus' name</a>, and the baptism of the Holy Spirit with the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Speaking_in_tongues" title="Speaking in tongues">speaking in tongues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Birth-304">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/60px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/120px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/18px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/27px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/37px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life (Christianity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-1">b</a> Definition of salvation in Christianity: <a href="/wiki/OED" class="mw-redirect" title="OED">Oxford English Dictionary</a>, 2nd ed. 1989: "The saving of the soul; the deliverance from sin and its consequences" </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> "Traditional Christianity maintains that human beings are subject to death and eternal separation from God as a result of their sinfulness, but that they can be saved from this condition somehow as a result of what we might refer to as "the work of Jesus", which work includes at least his suffering and death on the cross, and perhaps also his sinless life, resurrection, and ascension. We have used the term 'theories of the atonement' here because that is the term most commonly used in the philosophical literature on this topic, and it is a term often enough used in theology as well. But it is not a neutral term. Rather, it already embodies a partial theory about what human salvation involves and about what the work of Christ accomplishes. In particular, it presupposes that saving human beings from death and separation from God primarily involves atoning for sin rather than (say) delivering human beings from some kind of bondage, repairing human nature, or something else. In the New Testament we find various terms and phrases (in addition to 'salvation') used to characterize or describe what the work of Jesus accomplished on behalf of humanity—e.g., justification, redemption or ransom, reconciliation, deliverance from sin, re-creation or rebirth, the offering of an atoning sacrifice, abundant life, and eternal life. Obviously these terms are not all synonymous; so part of the task of an overall theology of salvation—a soteriology—is to sort out the relations among these various terms and phrases (is salvation simply to be identified with eternal life, for example?), to determine which are to be taken literally and which are mere metaphors, and to explain which effects have been brought about by Jesus' life, which by his death, which by his resurrection, and so on. In light of all this, some theologians and philosophers deliberately avoid talking about 'theories of the atonement' and talk instead about (e.g.) 'the theology of reconciliation' or theories about 'the redemption', etc."<a href="#CITEREFMurrayRea2012">Murray & Rea 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> "At the heart of Christian faith is the reality and hope of salvation in Jesus Christ. Christian faith is faith in the God of salvation revealed in Jesus of Nazareth. The Christian tradition has always equated this salvation with the transcendent, eschatological fulfillment of human existence in a life freed from sin, finitude, and mortality and united with the triune God. This is perhaps the non-negotiable item of Christian faith. What has been a matter of debate is the relation between salvation and our activities in the world."<a href="#CITEREFMin1989">Min 1989</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Examples: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFGolitzin1995">Golitzin 1995</a>, p. 119</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFTate2005">Tate 2005</a>, p. 190</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFBartolo-Abela2011">Bartolo-Abela 2011</a>, p. 32</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHassan2012">Hassan 2012</a>, p. 62</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Breck: "In the West, at least in the popular mind, the debate was long polarized between Catholic emphasis on salvation through "works-righteousness," and Protestant insistence on "justification by faith (alone!)." Protestantism believes salvation is accomplished by grace in response to faith. But that faith cannot be passive; it must express itself, not merely by confessing Jesus as "personal Lord and Savior," but by feeding, clothing, visiting and otherwise caring for the "least" of Jesus' brethren (Mt 25).<a href="#cite_note-Breck-22">[web 2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> The earliest Christian writings give several titles to Jesus, such as <a href="/wiki/Son_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Son of Man">Son of Man</a>, <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrios" title="Kyrios">Kyrios</a>, which were all derived from the Hebrew scriptures.<a href="#cite_note-EB_Christology-38">[web 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown19944-39">[28]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> In Christianity, vicarious atonement, also called substitutionary atonement, is the idea that Jesus died "for us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood201253-43">[31]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a> notes a range of alternative themes: forensic (humanity is guilty of a crime, and Christ takes the punishment), financial (humanity is indebted to God, and Christ pays humanity's debt) and cultic (Christ makes a sacrifice on humanity's behalf). For various cultural reasons, the oldest themes (honor and sacrifice) prove to have more depth than the more modern ones (payment of a debt, punishment for a crime). But in all these alternatives, the understanding of atonement has the same structure, in that humanoty owes something to God that cannot paid by human means, and that Christ pays it on humanity's behalf. Thus God remains both perfectly just (insisting on a penalty) and perfectly loving (paying the penalty himself). A great many Christians would define such a substitutionary view of the atonement as simply part of what orthodox Christians believe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlacher2009-50">[37]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacrifice-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sacrifice_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacrifice_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacrifice_52-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sacrifice_52-3">d</a> According to the Jewish Encyclopedia (1906), "The Mishnah says that sins are expiated (1) by sacrifice, (2) by repentance at death or on Yom Kippur, (3) in the case of the lighter transgressions of the positive or negative precepts, by repentance at any time [...] The graver sins, according to Rabbi, are apostasy, heretical interpretation of the Torah, and non-circumcision (Yoma 86a). The atonement for sins between a man and his neighbor is an ample apology (Yoma 85b)."<a href="#cite_note-JE.SIN-55">[web 8]</a> The Jewish Virtual Library writes: "Another important concept [of sacrifices] is the element of substitution. The idea is that the thing being offered is a substitute for the person making the offering, and the things that are done to the offering are things that should have been done to the person offering. The offering is in some sense "punished" in place of the offerer. It is interesting to note that whenever the subject of Karbanot is addressed in the Torah, the name of G-d used is the four-letter name indicating G-d's mercy."<a href="#cite_note-103">[web 14]</a> The Jewish Encyclopedia further writes: "Most efficacious seemed to be the atoning power of suffering experienced by the righteous during the Exile. This is the idea underlying the description of the suffering servant of God in Isa. liii. 4, 12, Hebr. [...] of greater atoning power than all the Temple sacrifices was the suffering of the elect ones who were to be servants and witnesses of the Lord (Isa. xlii. 1–4, xlix. 1–7, l. 6). This idea of the atoning power of the suffering and death of the righteous finds expression also in IV Macc. vi. 27, xvii. 21–23; M. Ḳ. 28a; Pesiḳ. xxvii. 174b; Lev. R. xx.; and formed the basis of Paul's doctrine of the atoning blood of Christ (Rom. iii. 25)."<a href="#cite_note-JE.ATONEMENT-104">[web 15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-grades_of_sin-56"><a href="#cite_ref-grades_of_sin_56-0">^</a> Sins in <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> consist of different grades of severity:<a href="#cite_note-JE.SIN-55">[web 8]</a> <ul><li>The lightest is the ḥeṭ, ḥaṭṭa'ah, or ḥaṭṭat (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'fault, shortcoming, misstep'), an infraction of a commandment committed in ignorance of the existence or meaning of that command.</li> <li>The second kind is the awon, a breach of a minor commandment committed with a full knowledge of the existence and nature of that commandment (bemezid).</li> <li>The gravest kind is the pesha or mered, a presumptuous and rebellious act against God. Its worst form is the resha, such an act committed with a wicked intention.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-died_for-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-died_for_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-died_for_66-1">b</a> James F. McGrath refers to 4 Maccabees 6,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-58">[39]</a> "which presents a martyr praying "Be merciful to your people, and let our punishment suffice for them. Make my blood their purification, and take my life in exchange for theirs" (4 Maccabees 6:28–29).<a href="#cite_note-auto-64">[44]</a> Clearly there were ideas that existed in the Judaism of the time that helped make sense of the death of the righteous in terms of atonement."<a href="#cite_note-McGrath.2007-59">[web 10]</a> See also Herald Gandi (2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tms.edu/blog/resurrection-according-to-scriptures/">The Resurrection: "According to the Scriptures"?</a>, referring to Isaiah 53,<a href="#cite_note-65">[45]</a> among others: "[4] Surely he has borne our infirmities and carried our diseases; yet we accounted him stricken, struck down by God, and afflicted. [5] But he was wounded for our transgressions, crushed for our iniquities; upon him was the punishment that made us whole, and by his bruises we are healed [...] [10] Yet it was the will of the Lord to crush him with pain. When you make his life an offering for sin, he shall see his offspring, and shall prolong his days; through him the will of the Lord shall prosper. [11] Out of his anguish he shall see light; he shall find satisfaction through his knowledge. The righteous one, my servant, shall make many righteous, and he shall bear their iniquities." </li> <li id="cite_note-third_day-71"><a href="#cite_ref-third_day_71-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ourrabbijesus.com/articles/resurrection-on-the-third-day/">Why was Resurrection on "the Third Day"? Two Insights</a> for explanations on the phrase "third day." See also 2 Kings 20:8:<a href="#cite_note-69">[48]</a> "Hezekiah said to Isaiah, "What shall be the sign that the Lord will heal me, and that I shall go up to the house of the Lord on the third day?*" According to Sheehan, Paul's reference to Jesus having risen "on the third day [...] simply expresses the belief that Jesus was rescued from the fate of utter absence from God (death) and was admitted to the saving presence of God (the eschatological future)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1986112-70">[49]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The worship of God as expressed in the phrase "call upon the name of the Lord [Yahweh]" was also applied to Jesus, invoking his name "in corporate worship and in the wider devotional pattern of Christian believers (e.g., baptism, exorcism, healing)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181-182-74">[52]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> These visions may mostly have appeared during corporate worship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200573-78">[55]</a> Johan Leman contends that the communal meals provided a context in which participants entered a state of mind in which the presence of Jesus was felt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeman2015168–169-79">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-atonement.Paul-88"><a href="#cite_ref-atonement.Paul_88-0">^</a> Atonement: <ul><li>Briscoe and Ogilvie (2003): "Paul says that Christ's ransom price is his blood."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoeOgilvie2003-85">[61]</a></li> <li>Cobb: "The question is whether Paul thought that God sacrificed Jesus to atone for human sins. During the past thousand years, this idea has often been viewed in the Western church as at the heart of Christianity, and many of those who uphold it have appealed to Paul as its basis [...] In fact, the word "atonement" is lacking in many standard translations. The King James Translation uses "propitiation", and the Revised Standard Version uses "expiation." The American Translation reads: "For God showed him publicly dying as a sacrifice of reconciliation to be taken advantage of through faith." The Good News Bible renders the meaning as: "God offered him, so that by his sacrificial death he should become the means by which people's sins are forgiven through their faith in him." Despite this variety, and the common avoidance of the word "atonement," all these translations agree with the New Revised Standard Version in suggesting that God sacrificed Jesus so that people could be reconciled to God through faith. All thereby support the idea that is most directly formulated by the use of the word "atonement."<a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a> (Cobb himself disagrees with this view.)</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49 quotes <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1976">Stendahl 1976</a>, p. 2 "... a doctrine of faith was hammered out by Paul for the very specific and limited purpose of defending the rights of Gentile converts to be full and genuine heirs to the promise of God to Israel" <a href="#CITEREFWesterholm2015">Westerholm 2015</a>, pp. 4–15: "For Paul, the question that "justification by faith" was intended to answer was, "On what terms can Gentiles gain entrance to the people of God?" Bent on denying any suggestion that Gentiles must become Jews and keep the Jewish law, he answered, "By faith—and not by works of the (Jewish) law."" Westerholm refers to: <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a>, pp. 199–215 reprinted in <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1976">Stendahl 1976</a>, pp. 78–96 <a href="#CITEREFWesterholm2015">Westerholm 2015</a>, p. 496 quotes Sanders: "Sanders noted that "the salvation of the Gentiles is essential to Paul's preaching; and with it falls the law; for, as Paul says simply, Gentiles cannot live by the law (Gal. 2.14)". On a similar note, Sanders suggested that the only Jewish "boasting" to which Paul objected was that which exulted over the divine privileges granted to Israel and failed to acknowledge that God, in Christ, had opened the door of salvation to Gentiles." </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Jordan Cooper: "Sanders sees Paul's motifs of salvation as more participationist than juristic. The reformation overemphasized the judicial categories of forgiveness and escape from condemnation, while ignoring the real heart of salvation, which is a mystical participation in Christ. Paul shows this in his argument in his first epistle to the Corinthians when arguing against sexual immorality. It is wrong because it affects one's union with Christ by uniting himself to a prostitute. Sin is not merely the violation of an abstract law. This participationist language is also used in Corinthians in the discussion of the Lord's Supper wherein one participates in the body and blood of Christ."<a href="#cite_note-Cooper.2014-106">[web 16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Stubs: Rom 3:22, 26; Gal. 2:16, 20; 3:22, 26; Phil. 3:9; Eph. 3:12, 4:13;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubs2008137-110">[77]</a> Tonstad: Rom 1:17; 3:21, 22, 25; Gal 3:23, 25<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETonstad2016309-111">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> See also: <ul><li>Arland J. Hultgren, Paul's Letter to the Romans: A Commentary, Appendix 3: "Pistis Christou: Faith in or of Christ?"</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://andygoodliff.typepad.com/my_weblog/pistis-christou-debate-timeline.html">Pistis Christou Debate Timeline</a></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Still & Longenecker (2014): "For many interpreters, certain passages within Paul's letters take on a much fuller theological dimension when they are seen to include a reference to the faith(fulnes) of Jesus Christ. In a passage like Rom 3:21–26, for instance, the inbreaking of God's faithful righteousness is not simply "to all who believe," but is to all who believe "through the faithfulness of Jesus Christ"."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillLongenecker2014-118">[83]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Cobb notes that, in this view, Paul did not propagate a moral influence theory, but something more: "Jesus saves us by being radically faithful. This faithfulness shows us the true character of God's justice. This whole passage emphasizes God's disclosing and demonstrating this paradoxical justice that would more typically be called mercy. The disclosure transforms the relation of God and the world from one of wrath of one of love. Human participation is this new transformed situation is by faithfulness. This faithfulness is a participation in the faithfulness of Jesus. God views those who participate in Jesus' faithfulness in terms of the justice to which they thereby attain rather than in terms of their continuing sinfulness. This participation in Jesus' faithfulness entails readiness to suffer with Jesus. In baptism we participate in Jesus' death and burial. By thus being united with Jesus, the faithful live in confidence that they will rise with him and share in his glory."<a href="#cite_note-Cobb-87">[web 12]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:16–22&version=nrsv">Luke 4:16–22</a>: "And He came to Nazareth, where He had been brought up; and as was His custom, He entered the synagogue on the Sabbath, and stood up to read. And the book of the prophet Isaiah was handed to Him. And He opened the book and found the place where it was written, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>'THE SPIRIT OF THE LORD IS UPON ME, BECAUSE HE ANOINTED ME TO PREACH THE GOSPEL TO THE POOR. HE HAS SENT ME TO PROCLAIM RELEASE TO THE CAPTIVES, AND RECOVERY OF SIGHT TO THE BLIND, TO SET FREE THOSE WHO ARE OPPRESSED, TO PROCLAIM THE FAVORABLE YEAR OF THE LORD.' And He closed the book, gave it back to the attendant and sat down; and the eyes of all in the synagogue were fixed on Him. And He began to say to them, 'Today this Scripture has been fulfilled in your hearing.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-dating-152"><a href="#cite_ref-dating_152-0">^</a> Pugh notes that "the very earliest Patristic writings [...] lean towards a moralistic interpretation of the cross",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015126-150">[108]</a> but rejects the idea that this constituted a full-fledged theory of moral influence atonement. He mentions A. J. Wallace and R. D. Rusk (2011), Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation as a "recent attempt to prove at length that 'moral transformation' was 'the original Christian paradigm of salvation.' This work consists of a totally one-sided presentation of biblical and historical data."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015127-151">[109]</a> According to Beilby and Eddy, subjective theories, of which Abelard's is one, emphasize God's love for humanity, and focus on changing man's attitude.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">[107]</a> According to Beilby and Eddy, "[a]ny New Testament text that proclaim's God's love for humanity and consequent desire to save sinners can be brought forth as evidence for this interpretation of the atonement."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">[107]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Placher.note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-Placher.note_159-0">^</a> William C. Placher: "Debates about how Christ saves us have tended to divide Protestants into conservatives who defended some form of substitutionary atonement theory and liberals who were more apt to accept a kind of moral influence theory. Both those approaches were about 900 years old. Recently, new accounts of Christ's salvific work have been introduced or reintroduced, and the debates have generally grown angrier, at least from the liberal side. Those who defended substitutionary atonement were always ready to dismiss their opponents as heretics; now some of their opponents complain that a focus on substitutionary atonement leads to violence against women and to child abuse." </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Christ suffering for, or punished for, the sinners. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarbaniang2018">Marbaniang 2018</a>, p. 12: "The depth of estrangement and contortion was manifest in the kind of death administered: the death of the cross. Yet, the real story is not that the world rejected Him; the real story is that He was willing to let the world reject Him. Divine self-emptying, divine servanthood, and divine crucifixion are powerful themes that shock the philosophy of religion. Nietzsche called the greatest of all sins to be the murder of God (deicide). There was nothing more sinful than that. On the reverse, the greatest of all righteousness fulfilled was in the self-giving of the Son of God. This self-giving brought an end to the history of hostility between man and God. It cancelled all debts. Man had committed the greatest of all crimes, and God had allowed it to be done to Him in the ultimate divine sacrifice. The Cross was where Justice and Love met vis-à-vis. It was where man affirmed his estrangement and God affirmed His belongedness. It was where God accepted man as he was. The one act of righteousness by the Son of God nullified forever the writ of accusation against all humanity." </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2016:19&version=nrsv">Luke 16:19</a>-31, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%208:31&version=nrsv">Mark 8:31</a>-38, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%206:3&version=nrsv">Romans 6:3</a>-11, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%2012:1&version=nrsv">Hebrews 12:1</a>-3, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%206:14&version=nrsv">Galatians 6:14</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> The TULIP acrostic first appeared in Loraine Boettner's The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination. The names appearing in parentheses, while not forming an acrostic, are offered by theologian Roger Nicole in <a href="#CITEREFSteeleThomas1963">Steele & Thomas 1963</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShank1989">Shank 1989</a>, p. 116 cf. <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1996">Williams 1996</a>, pp. 127, 134–135, Volume 2. <a href="#CITEREFColijn2010">Colijn 2010</a>, pp. 140–141 writes: "Salvation is not a transaction but an ongoing relationship between the Rescuer and the rescued, between the Healer and the healed. The best way to ensure faithfulness is to nurture that relationship. Final salvation, like initial salvation, is appropriated by grace through faith(fulness) (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Ephesians#2:8" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Ephesians">Ephesians 2:8–10</a>; <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/1_Peter#1:5" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/1 Peter">1 Peter 1:5</a>)... Salvation is not a one-time event completed at conversion. It involves a growth in relationship ... that is not optional or secondary but is essential to what salvation means" </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFElwell2001">Elwell 2001</a>, p. 1268 states: "This balance is most evident in Wesley's understanding of faith and works, justification and sanctification [...] Wesley himself in a sermon entitled "Justification by Faith" makes an attempt to define the term accurately. First, he states what justification is not. It is not being made actually just and righteous (that is sanctification). It is not being cleared of the accusations of Satan, nor of the law, nor even of God. We have sinned, so the accusation stands. Justification implies pardon, the forgiveness of sins. ... Ultimately for the true Wesleyan salvation is completed by our return to original righteousness. This is done by the work of the Holy Spirit. ... The Wesleyan tradition insists that grace is not contrasted with law but with the works of the law. Wesleyans remind us that Jesus came to fulfill, not destroy the law. God made us in his perfect image, and he wants that image restored. He wants to return us to a full and perfect obedience through the process of sanctification [...] Good works follow after justification as its inevitable fruit. Wesley insisted that Methodists who did not fulfill all righteousness deserved the hottest place in the lake of fire </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurrayRea2012-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurrayRea2012_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMurrayRea2012">Murray & Rea 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHolcomb20172_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHolcomb2017">Holcomb 2017</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewman1982123-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewman1982123_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNewman1982">Newman 1982</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParry2004-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry2004_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParry2004_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFParry2004">Parry 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabourin1993696-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabourin1993696_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabourin1993">Sabourin 1993</a>, p. 696. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Contra Faustum Manichaeum, 22,27; <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">PL</a> 42,418; cf. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summa_Theologica" title="Summa Theologica">STh</a> I–II q71 a6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005d1202Original_sin-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005d1202Original_sin_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingston2005d">Cross & Livingston 2005d</a>, p. 1202, Original sin. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%205:12–19&version=nrsv">Romans 5:12–19</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBavinck200675–125-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBavinck200675–125_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBavinck2006">Bavinck 2006</a>, pp. 75–125: detail the historical development of hamartiology, including Pelagius's position and the mediating positions </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAndreäChemnitzSelneckerChytraeus1577" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Andre%C3%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Andreä">Andreä, Jakob</a>; 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Retrieved May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformed.org&rft.atitle=The+Heidelberg+Catechism&rft.pages=Question+8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fheidelberg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Arminius, James The Writings of James Arminius (three vols.), tr. <a href="/wiki/James_Nichols_(printer)" title="James Nichols (printer)">James Nichols</a> and W. R. Bagnall (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Baker, 1956), I:252. </li> <li id="cite_note-MQR-21"><a href="#cite_ref-MQR_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1847" class="citation journal cs1">Peck, George, ed. (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00319899e&view=1up&seq=450">"Chalmers' Natural Theology"</a>. The Methodist Quarterly Review. XXIX. New York: Lane & Tippett: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=umn.31951d00319899e&view=1up&seq=460">444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Methodist+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Chalmers%27+Natural+Theology&rft.volume=XXIX&rft.pages=444&rft.date=1847&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dumn.31951d00319899e%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D450&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAland198613–14-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAland198613–14_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAland1986">Aland 1986</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEO'Kelley201443-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEO'Kelley201443_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFO'Kelley2014">O'Kelley 2014</a>, p. 43: Fourth, justification is connected to the sacramental system, particularly the sacraments of baptism and penance. The former is the instrumental cause of initiaul justification, and the latter restores justification once it has been lost through mortall sin [...] Final salvation, therefore, is the result of an inherent, though imperfect, righteousness. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartos1999253-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBartos1999253_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBartos1999">Bartos 1999</a>, p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKapsanis2006-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKapsanis2006_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKapsanis2006">Kapsanis 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005c700grace-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrossLivingston2005c700grace_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrossLivingston2005c">Cross & Livingston 2005c</a>, p. 700, grace. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbraham2019224-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbraham2019224_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAbraham2019">Abraham 2019</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPohle1910-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohle1910_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPohle1910_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPohle1910">Pohle 1910</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndreasen199075-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndreasen199075_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAndreasen1990">Andreasen 1990</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-CED-34"><a href="#cite_ref-CED_34-0">^</a> Collins English Dictionary, Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/atonement">atonement</a>, retrieved October 3, 2012: "2. (often capital) Christian theol a. the reconciliation of man with God through the life, sufferings, and sacrificial death of Christ b. the sufferings and death of Christ" </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Matthew George Easton, 'Atonement' in Illustrated Bible Dictionary (T. 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href="#cite_ref-auto1_58-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=4%20Maccabees%206&version=nrsvae">4 Maccabees 6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2015:3–8&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 15:3–8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199785-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199785_61-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005131_62-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2053:4–11&version=nrsv">Isaiah 53:4–11</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_64-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=4%20Maccabees%206:28–29&version=nrsvae">4 Maccabees 6:28–29</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2053&version=nrsv">Isaiah 53</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hosea%206:1–2&version=nrsv">Hosea 6:1–2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen73-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüdemannÖzen73_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüdemannÖzen">Lüdemann & Özen</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Kings%2020:8&version=nrsv">2 Kings 20:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESheehan1986112-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESheehan1986112_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSheehan1986">Sheehan 1986</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005179-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005179_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181-182-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005181-182_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 181-182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200564–65,_181,_184–185-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200564–65,_181,_184–185_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 64–65, 181, 184–185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200573-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200573_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeman2015168–169-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeman2015168–169_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeman2015">Leman 2015</a>, pp. 168–169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005184-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005184_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553–54-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200553–54_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73,_185-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado200572–73,_185_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, pp. 72–73, 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBriscoeOgilvie2003-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoeOgilvie2003_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBriscoeOgilvie2003_85-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBriscoeOgilvie2003">Briscoe & Ogilvie 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubs2008142-143-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubs2008142-143_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStubs2008">Stubs 2008</a>, p. 142-143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStendahl1963_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStendahl1963">Stendahl 1963</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDunn1982n.49_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDunn1982">Dunn 1982</a>, p. n.49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20042_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2004">Finlan 2004</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005130-131-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHurtado2005130-131_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHurtado2005">Hurtado 2005</a>, p. 130-131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWesterholm20154–15_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWesterholm2015">Westerholm 2015</a>, pp. 4–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarkkainen201630-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarkkainen201630_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarkkainen2016">Karkkainen 2016</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199586-87-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199586-87_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1995">Mack 1995</a>, p. 86-87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan20044-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan20044_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2004">Finlan 2004</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199788_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199788-89,_92-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199788-89,_92_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 88-89, 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92_101-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMack199791-92_101-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMack1997">Mack 1997</a>, p. 91-92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharry199935-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharry199935_105-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharry1999">Charry 1999</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Corinthians%205:14&version=nrsv">2 Corinthians 5:14</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharry199935-36-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharry199935-36_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharry1999">Charry 1999</a>, p. 35-36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStubs2008137-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStubs2008137_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStubs2008">Stubs 2008</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETonstad2016309-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETonstad2016309_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTonstad2016">Tonstad 2016</a>, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgren2011">Hultgren 2011</a>, p. Appendix 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011624-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011624_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011624_114-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgren2011">Hultgren 2011</a>, p. 624. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHays2002-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHays2002_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHays2002">Hays 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3:_"Pistis_Christou:_Faith_in_or_of_Christ?"-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHultgren2011Appendix_3:_"Pistis_Christou:_Faith_in_or_of_Christ?"_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHultgren2011">Hultgren 2011</a>, p. Appendix 3: "Pistis Christou: Faith in or of Christ?". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStillLongenecker2014-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStillLongenecker2014_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStillLongenecker2014_118-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStillLongenecker2014">Still & Longenecker 2014</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%204:16–22&version=nrsv">Luke 4:16–22</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Isaiah%2053&version=nrsv">Isaiah 53</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%208:16–18&version=nrsv">Matthew 8:16–18</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-125">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20155_125-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20155_125-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOxenham1865">Oxenham 1865</a>, p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865xliv,114-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865xliv,114_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOxenham1865">Oxenham 1865</a>, p. xliv,114. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20154-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20154_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20154_128-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20154_128-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-6-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20155-6_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 5-6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20156-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20156_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20158-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20158_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris20011191-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20011191_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorris20011191_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorris2001">Morris 2001</a>, p. 1191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20151-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20151_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh20151_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114-118-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865114-118_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOxenham1865">Oxenham 1865</a>, p. 114-118. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBethune-Baker1903334-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBethune-Baker1903334_135-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBethune-Baker1903">Bethune-Baker 1903</a>, p. 334: Just as mankind in Adam lost its birthright, so in Christ mankind recovers its original condition </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranksn.d.37–38-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranksn.d.37–38_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFranksn.d.">Franks n.d.</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh201531-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh201531_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutledge2015146–166-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutledge2015146–166_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutledge2015">Rutledge 2015</a>, pp. 146–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh2015_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallaceRusk2011_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallaceRusk2011">Wallace & Rusk 2011</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrondos2006-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrondos2006_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrondos2006_141-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrondos2006">Brondos 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinlan2005-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinlan2005_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFinlan2005">Finlan 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenBaker2000-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenBaker2000_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenBaker2000">Green & Baker 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeaver200118_148-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeaver2001">Weaver 2001</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-149">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_149-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_149-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_149-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_149-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918_149-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015126-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh2015126_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2015127-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPugh2015127_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPugh2015">Pugh 2015</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-19-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200918-19_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 18-19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919_154-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-20-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeilbyEddy200919-20_155-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009">Beilby & Eddy 2009</a>, p. 19-20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1985205–220-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGrath1985205–220_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGrath1985">McGrath 1985</a>, pp. 205–220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERashdall1919-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashdall1919_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERashdall1919_157-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRashdall1919">Rashdall 1919</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanLandingham2006-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanLandingham2006_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVanLandingham2006">VanLandingham 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppedge2009345-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoppedge2009345_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCoppedge2009">Coppedge 2009</a>, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrudem2009539-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrudem2009539_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrudem2009">Grudem 2009</a>, p. 539. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/people/domenic-marbaniang">"Domenic Marbaniang"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Domenic+Marbaniang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fpeople%2Fdomenic-marbaniang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJeremiah201096,_124-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJeremiah201096,_124_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJeremiah2010">Jeremiah 2010</a>, pp. 96, 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQuick1938222-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQuick1938222_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQuick1938">Quick 1938</a>, p. 222. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMozley191694–95-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMozley191694–95_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMozley1916">Mozley 1916</a>, pp. 94–95: The same or similar words may point to the same or similar ideas; but not necessarily so, since a word which has been at one time the expression of one idea, may, to a less or greater extent, alter its meaning under the influence of another idea. Hence it follows that the preservation of a word does not, as a matter of course, involve the preservation of the idea which the word was originally intended to convey. In such respects no doctrine demands more careful treatment than that of the Atonement. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeverLawrence201015-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDeverLawrence201015_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDeverLawrence2010">Dever & Lawrence 2010</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaker200618-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBaker200618_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaker2006">Baker 2006</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELaunchbury20097-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELaunchbury20097_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLaunchbury2009">Launchbury 2009</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2010141,_143,_153-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2010141,_143,_153_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2010">Flood 2010</a>, pp. 141, 143, 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1956">Taylor 1956</a> Compare <a href="#CITEREFPacker1973">Packer 1973</a>: 'It would ... clarify discussion if all who hold that Jesus by dying did something for us which we needed to do but could not, would agree that they are regarding Christ's death as substitutionary, and differing only on the nature of the action which Jesus performed in our place and also, perhaps, on the way we enter into the benefit that flows from it.' </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBelousek201196n.2-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBelousek201196n.2_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBelousek2011">Belousek 2011</a>, p. 96, n.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrei1993238-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrei1993238_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrei1993">Frei 1993</a>, p. 238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMozley1916-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMozley1916_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMozley1916">Mozley 1916</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlood2010144-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlood2010144_180-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlood2010">Flood 2010</a>, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBernstein2008-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBernstein2008_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBernstein2008">Bernstein 2008</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECarlton1997139–146-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECarlton1997139–146_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCarlton1997">Carlton 1997</a>, p. 139–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06701a.htm">"CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sanctifying Grace"</a>. www.newadvent.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=CATHOLIC+ENCYCLOPEDIA%3A+Sanctifying+Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06701a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAkin" class="citation web cs1">Akin, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/justification-in-catholic-teaching-1063">"Justification in Catholic Teaching"</a>. 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PART 3 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 2 ARTICLE 10"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+PART+3+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+2+ARTICLE+10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp3s2c2a0.htm%232548&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p2s2c1a1.htm#1265">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 2 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 1 ARTICLE 1"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+PART+2+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+1+ARTICLE+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp2s2c1a1.htm%231265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a11.htm#999">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 11"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+PART+1+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+3+ARTICLE+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp123a11.htm%23999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a12.htm#1023">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 12"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+PART+1+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+3+ARTICLE+12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp123a12.htm%231023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/p123a11.htm#997">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - PART 1 SECTION 2 CHAPTER 3 ARTICLE 11"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+PART+1+SECTION+2+CHAPTER+3+ARTICLE+11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fp123a11.htm%23997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scborromeo.org/ccc/para/999.htm">"Catechism of the Catholic Church - Paragraph # 999"</a>. www.scborromeo.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.scborromeo.org&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+-+Paragraph+%23+999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scborromeo.org%2Fccc%2Fpara%2F999.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Table drawn from, though not copied, from Lange, Lyle W. God So Loved the World: A Study of Christian Doctrine. Milwaukee: Northwestern Publishing House, 2006. p. 448. </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Compare-217">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_217-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_217-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Compare_217-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073128/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved January 26, 2015. <q>"Total Depravity – Lutherans and Calvinists agree." Yes this is correct. Both agree on the devastating nature of the fall and that man by nature has no power to aid in his conversions...and that election to salvation is by grace. In Lutheranism the German term for election is Gnadenwahl, election by grace--there is no other kind.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+Lutheranism+Compared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D15094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.23.2. </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, II.3.5. </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion, trans. Henry Beveridge, III.3.6. </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> Morris, J.W., The Historic Church: An Orthodox View of Christian History, p267, "The Book of Concord became the official statement of doctrine for most of the world's Lutherans. The Formula of Concord reaffirmed the traditional Lutheran doctrine of total depravity in very clear terms" </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> Melton, J.G., Encyclopedia of Protestantism, p229, on Formula of Concord, "the 12 articles of the formula focused on a number of newer issues such as original sin (in which total depravity is affirmed)" </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714213942/http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl@1518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm">"WELS vs Assembly of God"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arkiv.lbk.cc/faq/site.pl@1518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm">the original</a> on July 14, 2014. <q>[P]eople by nature are dead in their transgressions and sin and therefore have no ability to decide of Christ (Ephesians 2:1, 5). We do not choose Christ, rather he chose us (John 15:16) We believe that human beings are purely passive in conversion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=WELS+vs+Assembly+of+God&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farkiv.lbk.cc%2Ffaq%2Fsite.pl%401518cutopic_topicid257cuitem_itemid7092.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/augsburgconfession.php#article18.1">Augsburg Confessional, Article XVIII, Of Free Will</a>, saying: "(M)an's will has some liberty to choose civil righteousness, and to work things subject to reason. But it has no power, without the Holy Ghost, to work the righteousness of God, that is, spiritual righteousness; since the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit of God (1 Cor. 2:14); but this righteousness is wrought in the heart when the Holy Ghost is received through the Word." </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Henry Cole, trans., Martin Luther on the Bondage of the Will (London, T. Bensley, 1823), 66. The controversial term liberum arbitrium was translated "free-will" by Cole. However <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gordon_Rupp" title="Ernest Gordon Rupp">Ernest Gordon Rupp</a> and Philip Saville Watson, Luther and Erasmus: Free Will and Salvation (Westminster, 1969) chose "free choice" as their translation. </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (November 15, 2012). Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press USA. pp. 157–158.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E157-%3C%2Fspan%3E158&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Concord" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Concord">The Book of Concord</a>: The Confessions of the Lutheran Church, XI. Election. "Predestination" means "God's ordination to salvation". </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 63. <q>Arminians accepts divine election, [but] they believe it is conditional.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> The Westminster Confession, III:6, says that only the "elect" are "effectually called, justified, adopted, sanctified, and saved." However in his Calvin and the Reformed Tradition (Baker, 2012), 45, Richard A. Muller observes that "a sizeable body of literature has interpreted Calvin as teaching "limited atonement", but "an equally sizeable body . . . [interprets] Calvin as teaching "unlimited atonement". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-ROM-230"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-ROM_230-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073134/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954">"Justification / Salvation"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=2954">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved January 29, 2015. <q>Romans 3:23-24, 5:9, 18 are other passages that lead us to say that it is most appropriate and accurate to say that universal justification is a finished fact. God has forgiven the sins of the whole world whether people believe it or not. He has done more than "made forgiveness possible." All this is for the sake of the perfect substitutionary work of Jesus Christ.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Justification+%2F+Salvation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D45%26cuItem_itemID%3D2954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-TWB-231"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-TWB_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/what-we-believe/statements-beliefs/this-we-believe/justification">"IV. Justification by Grace through Faith"</a>. This We Believe. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Retrieved February 5, 2015. <q>We believe that God has justified all sinners, that is, he has declared them righteous for the sake of Christ. This is the central message of Scripture upon which the very existence of the church depends. It is a message relevant to people of all times and places, of all races and social levels, for "the result of one trespass was condemnation for all men" (Romans 5:18]). All need forgiveness of sins before God, and Scripture proclaims that all have been justified, for "the result of one act of righteousness was justification that brings life for all men" (Romans 5:18). We believe that individuals receive this free gift of forgiveness not on the basis of their own works, but only through faith (Ephesians 2:8–9). ... On the other hand, although Jesus died for all, Scripture says that "whoever does not believe will be condemned" (Mark 16:16). Unbelievers forfeit the forgiveness won for them by Christ (John 8:24).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=This+We+Believe&rft.atitle=IV.+Justification+by+Grace+through+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fstatements-beliefs%2Fthis-we-believe%2Fjustification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Justification-232"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Justification_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBecker" class="citation web cs1">Becker, Siegbert W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/files/BeckerJustification.pdf">"Objective Justification"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Lutheran_Seminary" title="Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary">Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary</a>. p. 1. Retrieved January 26, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Objective+Justification&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Siegbert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlsessays.net%2Ffiles%2FBeckerJustification.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-UnivJus-233"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-UnivJus_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927133257/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624">"Universal Justification"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=45&cuItem_itemID=16624">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved February 5, 2015. <q>Christ paid for all our sins. God the Father has therefore forgiven them. But to benefit from this verdict we need to hear about it and trust in it. If I deposit money in the bank for you, to benefit from it you need to hear about it and use it. Christ has paid for your sins, but to benefit from it you need to hear about it and believe in it. We need to have faith but we should not think of faith as our contribution. It is a gift of God which the Holy Spirit works in us.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Universal+Justification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D45%26cuItem_itemID%3D16624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> Augsburg Confession, Article V, Of Justification. People "cannot be justified before God by their own strength, merits, or works, but are freely justified for Christ's sake, through faith, when they believe that they are received into favor, and that their sins are forgiven for Christ's sake. ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStanglinMcCall2012" class="citation book cs1">Stanglin, Keith D.; McCall, Thomas H. (November 15, 2012). Jacob Arminius: Theologian of Grace. New York: Oxford University Press USA. p. 136. <q>Faith is a condition of justification</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jacob+Arminius%3A+Theologian+of+Grace&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+USA&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.aulast=Stanglin&rft.aufirst=Keith+D.&rft.au=McCall%2C+Thomas+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Paul ChulHong Kang, Justification: The Imputation of Christ's Righteousness from Reformation Theology to the American Great Awakening and the Korean Revivals (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publisher)" title="Peter Lang (publisher)">Peter Lang</a>, 2006), 70, note 171. Calvin generally defends Augustine's "monergistic view". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Diehl-237"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Diehl_237-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDiehl" class="citation web cs1">Diehl, Walter A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=58&cuItem_itemID=11345">"The Age of Accountability"</a>. Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary. Retrieved February 10, 2015. <q>In full accord with Scripture the Lutheran Confessions teach monergism. "In this manner, too, the Holy Scriptures ascribe conversion, faith in Christ, regeneration, renewal and all the belongs to their efficacious beginning and completion, not to the human powers of the natural free will, neither entirely, nor half, nor in any, even the least or most inconsiderable part, but in solidum, that is, entirely, solely, to the divine working and the Holy Ghost" (Trigl. 891, F.C., Sol. Decl., II, 25).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Accountability&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Walter+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D58%26cuItem_itemID%3D11345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Monergism">Monergism</a>; thefreedictionary.com </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-TULIP-239"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-TULIP_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073128/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">"Calvinism and Lutheranism Compared"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=15094">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Calvinism+and+Lutheranism+Compared&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D15094&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 18. <q>Arminian synergism" refers to "evangelical synergism, which affirms the prevenience of grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2009" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Roger E. (2009). Arminian Theology: Myths and Realities. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. p. 165. <q>[Arminius]' evangelical synergism reserves all the power, ability and efficacy in salvation to grace, but allows humans the God-granted ability to resist or not resist it. The only "contribution" humans make is nonresistance to grace.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arminian+Theology%3A+Myths+and+Realities&rft.place=Downers+Grove&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, Ch XVII, "Of the Perseverance of the Saints". </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-OSAS-243"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-OSAS_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927165641/https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=9372">"Once saved always saved"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=9372">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2015. <q>People can fall from faith. The Bible warns, "If you think you are standing firm, be careful that you don't fall" (1 Corinthians 10:12). Some among the Galatians had believed for a while, but had fallen into soul-destroying error. Paul warned them, "You who are trying to be justified by law have been alienated from Christ; you have fallen away from grace" (Galatians 5:4). In his explanation of the parable of the sower, Jesus says, "Those on the rock are the ones who receive the word with joy when they hear it, but they have no root. They believe for a while, but in time of testing they fall away" (Luke 8:13). According to Jesus a person can believe for a while and then fall away. While they believed they possessed eternal salvation, but when they fell from faith they lost God's gracious gift.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Once+saved+always+saved&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D9372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WELS-Pers-244"><a href="#cite_ref-WELS-Pers_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090927073121/http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=17945">"Perseverence of the Saints (Once Saved Always Saved)"</a>. WELS Topical Q&A. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Evangelical_Lutheran_Synod" title="Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod">Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wels.net/cgi-bin/site.pl?1518&cuTopic_topicID=10&cuItem_itemID=17945">the original</a> on September 27, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2015. <q>We cannot contribute one speck to our salvation, but by our own arrogance or carelessness we can throw it away. Therefore, Scripture urges us repeatedly to fight the good fight of faith (Ephesians 6 and 2 Timothy 4 for example). My sins threaten and weaken my faith, but the Spirit through the gospel in word and sacraments strengthens and preserves my faith. That's why Lutherans typically speak of God's preservation of faith and not the perseverance of the saints. The key is not our perseverance but the Spirit's preservation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WELS+Topical+Q%26A&rft.atitle=Perseverence+of+the+Saints+%28Once+Saved+Always+Saved%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wels.net%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsite.pl%3F1518%26cuTopic_topicID%3D10%26cuItem_itemID%3D17945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemarest1997" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Bruce A. (1997). The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation. Crossway Books. pp. 437–438.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+Salvation%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Salvation&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E437-%3C%2Fspan%3E438&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDemarest1997" class="citation book cs1">Demarest, Bruce A. (1997). The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation. Crossway Books. p. 35. <q>Many Arminians deny the doctrine of the perseverance of the saints.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cross+and+Salvation%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Salvation&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Crossway+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Demarest&rft.aufirst=Bruce+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarber2008233-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarber2008233_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarber2008">Barber 2008</a>, p. 233:The message of the Lutheran and Reformed theologians has been codified into a simple set of five Latin phrases: Sola Scriptura (Scripture alone), Solus Christus (Christ alone), Sola Fide (faith alone), Sola Gratia (by grace alone) and Soli Deo Gloria (to the glory of God alone). </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%2017:3">John 17:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Luke%201:77">Luke 1:77</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%204:9">Galatians 4:9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Philippians%203:8">Philippians 3:8</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Timothy%202:4">1 Timothy 2:4</a> refer to faith in terms of knowledge. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%205:46">John 5:46</a> refers to acceptance of the truth of Christ's teaching, while <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:36">John 3:36</a> notes the rejection of his teaching. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+3:16&version=50">John 3:16,36</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Galatians%202:16">Galatians 2:16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%204:20–25">Romans 4:20–25</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%201:12">2 Timothy 1:12</a> speak of trust, confidence, and belief in Christ. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:John%203:18">John 3:18</a> notes belief in the name of Christ, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:15&version=nrsv">Mark 1:15</a> notes belief in the gospel. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193454–5Part_XIV._"Sin"-253"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelder193454–5Part_XIV._"Sin"_253-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngelder1934">Engelder 1934</a>, p. 54–5, Part XIV. "Sin". </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Psalms%2051:10&version=nrsv">Ps 51:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193457Part_XV._"Conversion",_paragraph_78-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelder193457Part_XV._"Conversion",_paragraph_78_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelder193457Part_XV._"Conversion",_paragraph_78_255-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngelder1934">Engelder 1934</a>, p. 57, Part XV. "Conversion", paragraph 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2017:20&version=nrsv">John 17:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2010:17&version=nrsv">Rom 10:17</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder1934101_Part_XXV._"The_Church",_paragraph_141-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelder1934101_Part_XXV._"The_Church",_paragraph_141_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngelder1934">Engelder 1934</a>, p. 101 Part XXV. "The Church", paragraph 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Titus%203:5&version=nrsv">Titus 3:5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEngelder193487Part_XXIII._"Baptism",_paragraph_118-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEngelder193487Part_XXIII._"Baptism",_paragraph_118_259-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngelder1934">Engelder 1934</a>, p. 87, Part XXIII. "Baptism", paragraph 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ephesians%202:8&version=nrsv">Eph 2:8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteeleThomas196325-263"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteeleThomas196325_263-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteeleThomas1963">Steele & Thomas 1963</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932Ch_XIV-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoettner1932Ch_XIV_267-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBoettner1932">Boettner 1932</a>, Ch XIV. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Arminius Writings, I:254 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood200755–70-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200755–70_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood200755–70_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFWood2007">Wood 2007</a>, pp. 55–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell201140,_68–69-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell201140,_68–69_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2011">Campbell 2011</a>, pp. 40, 68–69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoyner200780-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoyner200780_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJoyner2007">Joyner 2007</a>, p. 80: Jacob Albright, founder of the movement that led to the Evangelical Church flow in The United Methodist Church, got into trouble with some of his Lutheran, Reformed, and Mennonite neighbors because he insisted that salvation not only involved ritual but meant a change of heart, a different way of living. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESawyer2016363-276">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyer2016363_276-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESawyer2016363_276-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSawyer2016">Sawyer 2016</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELangfordLangford201145-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELangfordLangford201145_277-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLangfordLangford2011">Langford & Langford 2011</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBing" class="citation web cs1">Bing, Charlie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gracelife.org/resources/gracenotes/?lang=eng&id=67">"What is 'Free Grace theology'"</a>. www.gracelife.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230318074715/https://www.gracelife.org/resources/gracenotes/?lang=eng&id=67">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2023. Retrieved July 26, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gracelife.org&rft.atitle=What+is+%27Free+Grace+theology%27&rft.aulast=Bing&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracelife.org%2Fresources%2Fgracenotes%2F%3Flang%3Deng%26id%3D67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahlgrim-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ahlgrim_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ahlgrim_280-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAhlgrim" class="citation web cs1">Ahlgrim, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indymenno.org/about/mennonites/">"Mennonites: A Church for Today"</a>. First Mennonite Church, Indianapolis. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mennonites%3A+A+Church+for+Today&rft.pub=First+Mennonite+Church%2C+Indianapolis&rft.aulast=Ahlgrim&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indymenno.org%2Fabout%2Fmennonites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFretz" class="citation web cs1">Fretz, Clarence Y. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anabaptists.org/tracts/saved.html">"How To Make SURE You Are Saved"</a>. Anabaptists. Retrieved May 22, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Make+SURE+You+Are+Saved&rft.pub=Anabaptists&rft.aulast=Fretz&rft.aufirst=Clarence+Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anabaptists.org%2Ftracts%2Fsaved.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham197847–54-282">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham197847–54_282-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham197847–54_282-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauckham1978">Bauckham 1978</a>, pp. 47–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Churches_of_Christ-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Churches_of_Christ_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFosterDunnavant2004">Foster & Dunnavant 2004</a>, Churches of Christ. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERhodes2005-284">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2005_284-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2005_284-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERhodes2005_284-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRhodes2005">Rhodes 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatlinsMagida1999103--285">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlinsMagida1999103-_285-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatlinsMagida1999103-_285-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatlinsMagida1999">Matlins & Magida 1999</a>, pp. 103-. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesRoberts2001-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesRoberts2001_286-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHughesRoberts2001">Hughes & Roberts 2001</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster200179–94-287"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster200179–94_287-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFoster2001">Foster 2001</a>, pp. 79–94. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENettlesArmstrongPrattKolb2007-288"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENettlesArmstrongPrattKolb2007_288-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNettlesArmstrongPrattKolb2007">Nettles et al. 2007</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Regeneration-289"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFosterDunnavant2004Regeneration_289-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFosterDunnavant2004">Foster & Dunnavant 2004</a>, Regeneration. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerguson1996_290-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerguson1996">Ferguson 1996</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865-291"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOxenham1865_291-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOxenham1865">Oxenham 1865</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-WT_1973-292"><a href="#cite_ref-WT_1973_292-0">^</a> "The Watchtower 1973, page 724" – "Declaration and resolution", The Watchtower, December 1, 1973, page 724. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPenton199736–39-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPenton199736–39_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPenton1997">Penton 1997</a>, pp. 36–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Angels—How They Affect Us". The Watchtower: 7. January 15, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Watchtower&rft.atitle=Angels%E2%80%94How+They+Affect+Us&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006-01-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> The Watchtower 6/1/00 p. 11 par. 6 Keep Your “Hope of Salvation” Bright! </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> The Watchtower, March 15, 1989, p. 31 Call on Jehovah’s Name and Get Away Safe! “The Way of Salvation” </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> "James Urges Clean and Active Worship", The Watchtower 3/1/83 p. 13, "Faith that does not prompt us to do good works is not genuine and will not result in our salvation." </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> "Meetings to Help Us Make Disciples", Our Kingdom Ministry, January 1979, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> The Watchtower, May 15, 2006 pp. 28–29 par. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> The Watchtower 2/15/83 p. 12 You Can Live Forever in Paradise on Earth—But How? </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Birth-304"><a href="#cite_ref-New_Birth_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernard1998" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, David K. (1998). The New Birth. Hazelwood, MO: Word Aflame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1567222382" title="Special:BookSources/1567222382"><bdi>1567222382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Birth&rft.place=Hazelwood%2C+MO&rft.pub=Word+Aflame+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1567222382&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernard1987" class="citation book cs1">Bernard, David K. (1987). Essentials of the New Birth. Hazelwood, MO: Word Aflame Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932581218" title="Special:BookSources/0932581218"><bdi>0932581218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+the+New+Birth&rft.place=Hazelwood%2C+MO&rft.pub=Word+Aflame+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0932581218&rft.aulast=Bernard&rft.aufirst=David+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Printed sources</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham2019" class="citation cs2">Abraham, William J. (2019), Divine Agency and Divine Action, Volume III: Systematic Theology, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divine+Agency+and+Divine+Action%2C+Volume+III%3A+Systematic+Theology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAland1986" class="citation book cs1">Aland (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjsqzQEACAAJ">A History of Christianity</a>. Vol. 2. Philadelphia: Fortress Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.au=Aland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjsqzQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAndreasen1990" class="citation book cs1">Andreasen, Niels-erik A. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA75">"Atonement/Expiation in the Old Testament"</a>. In Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard; Edgar V. McKnight (eds.). Mercer Dictionary of the Bible. Mercer University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86554-373-7"><bdi>978-0-86554-373-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atonement%2FExpiation+in+the+Old+Testament&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-86554-373-7&rft.aulast=Andreasen&rft.aufirst=Niels-erik+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAulén1931" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Aul%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Aulén">Aulén, Gustaf</a> (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s10bvwEACAAJ">Christus Victor: An Historical Study of the Three Main Types of the Idea of Atonement</a>. London and New York: SPCK and Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christus+Victor%3A+An+Historical+Study+of+the+Three+Main+Types+of+the+Idea+of+Atonement&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=SPCK+and+Macmillan&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Aul%C3%A9n&rft.aufirst=Gustaf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds10bvwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaker2006" class="citation book cs1">Baker, Mark D. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AXont-aAtfoC&pg=PT18">Proclaiming the Scandal of the Cross: Contemporary Images of the Atonement</a>. Baker Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0627-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0627-5"><bdi>978-1-4412-0627-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proclaiming+the+Scandal+of+the+Cross%3A+Contemporary+Images+of+the+Atonement&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0627-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Mark+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAXont-aAtfoC%26pg%3DPT18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBarber2008" class="citation book cs1">Barber, John (2008). The Road from Eden: Studies in Christianity and Culture. Academica Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781933146348" title="Special:BookSources/9781933146348"><bdi>9781933146348</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+from+Eden%3A+Studies+in+Christianity+and+Culture&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781933146348&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartolo-Abela2011" class="citation book cs1">Bartolo-Abela, Marcelle (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ePZFD9BOB4C&pg=PA32">God's Gift to Humanity: The Relationship Between Phinehas and Consecration to God the Father</a>. Apostolate-The Divine Heart. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9833480-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9833480-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9833480-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+Gift+to+Humanity%3A+The+Relationship+Between+Phinehas+and+Consecration+to+God+the+Father&rft.pub=Apostolate-The+Divine+Heart&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9833480-1-6&rft.aulast=Bartolo-Abela&rft.aufirst=Marcelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6ePZFD9BOB4C%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartos1999" class="citation cs2">Bartos, Emil (1999), Deification in Eastern Orthodox Theology: An Evaluation and Critique of the Theology of Dumitru Stăniloae, Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs, Paternoster Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85364-956-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85364-956-4"><bdi>978-0-85364-956-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deification+in+Eastern+Orthodox+Theology%3A+An+Evaluation+and+Critique+of+the+Theology+of+Dumitru+St%C4%83niloae&rft.series=Paternoster+Biblical+and+Theological+Monographs&rft.pub=Paternoster+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-85364-956-4&rft.aulast=Bartos&rft.aufirst=Emil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1978" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (September 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theologicalstudies.org.uk/article_universalism_bauckham.html">"Universalism: a historical survey"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Themelios" title="Themelios">Themelios</a>. 4 (2): 47–54.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Themelios&rft.atitle=Universalism%3A+a+historical+survey&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1978-09&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theologicalstudies.org.uk%2Farticle_universalism_bauckham.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBavinck2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bavinck, Herman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u9nKCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA75">Reformed Dogmatics</a>. Vol. 3: Sin and Salvation in Christ. Baker. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0595-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4412-0595-7"><bdi>978-1-4412-0595-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reformed+Dogmatics&rft.pub=Baker&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4412-0595-7&rft.aulast=Bavinck&rft.aufirst=Herman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du9nKCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009" class="citation cs2">Beilby, James K.; Eddy, Paul R. (2009), The Nature of the Atonement: Four Views, InterVarsity Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Atonement%3A+Four+Views&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Beilby&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rft.au=Eddy%2C+Paul+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBelousek2011" class="citation book cs1">Belousek, Darrin W. Snyder (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Iavr0e-NiYC">Atonement, Justice, and Peace: The Message of the Cross and the Mission of the Church</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6642-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-6642-4"><bdi>978-0-8028-6642-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atonement%2C+Justice%2C+and+Peace%3A+The+Message+of+the+Cross+and+the+Mission+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-6642-4&rft.aulast=Belousek&rft.aufirst=Darrin+W.+Snyder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Iavr0e-NiYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBernstein2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, A. 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Conciliar Press Ministries. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888212-95-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888212-95-2"><bdi>978-1-888212-95-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surprised+by+Christ%3A+My+Journey+from+Judaism+to+Orthodox+Christianity&rft.pub=Conciliar+Press+Ministries&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-888212-95-2&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=A.+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG-QjNAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBethune-Baker1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Bethune-Baker" title="James Bethune-Baker">Bethune-Baker, James</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/anintroductionto00bethuoft">An introduction to the early history of Christian doctrine to the time of the Council of Chalcedon</a>. London: Methuen & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+the+early+history+of+Christian+doctrine+to+the+time+of+the+Council+of+Chalcedon&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen+%26+Co&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Bethune-Baker&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fanintroductionto00bethuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBoettner1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Loraine_Boettner" title="Loraine Boettner">Boettner, Loraine</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/boettner/predest.iv.vi.html">"The Perseverance of the Saints"</a>. The Reformed Doctrine of Predestination.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Perseverance+of+the+Saints&rft.btitle=The+Reformed+Doctrine+of+Predestination&rft.date=1932&rft.aulast=Boettner&rft.aufirst=Loraine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fboettner%2Fpredest.iv.vi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriscoeOgilvie2003" class="citation cs2">Briscoe, D. Stuatt; Ogilvie, Lloyd J. 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Minneapolis: Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0600-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-0600-9"><bdi>978-1-4514-0600-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+on+the+Cross%3A+Reconstructing+the+Apostle%27s+Story+of+Redemption&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-0600-9&rft.aulast=Brondos&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMfqvaaSXkYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown1994" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Raymond Edward (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9N73EmFbgHQC">An Introduction to New Testament Christology</a>. Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3516-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-3516-5"><bdi>978-0-8091-3516-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+New+Testament+Christology&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-3516-5&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Raymond+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9N73EmFbgHQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Ted A. (October 1, 2011). Methodist Doctrine: The Essentials, 2nd Edition. Abingdon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5347-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4267-5347-3"><bdi>978-1-4267-5347-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methodist+Doctrine%3A+The+Essentials%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2011-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4267-5347-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Ted+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlton1997" class="citation book cs1">Carlton, Clark (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WakqAQAAMAAJ">The Faith: Understanding Orthodox Christianity : an Orthodox Catechism</a>. Regina Orthodox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9649141-1-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9649141-1-7"><bdi>978-0-9649141-1-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Faith%3A+Understanding+Orthodox+Christianity+%3A+an+Orthodox+Catechism&rft.pub=Regina+Orthodox+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-9649141-1-7&rft.aulast=Carlton&rft.aufirst=Clark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWakqAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCharry1999" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Charry" title="Ellen Charry">Charry, Ellen T.</a> (1999), By the Renewing of Your Minds: The Pastoral Function of Christian Doctrine, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=By+the+Renewing+of+Your+Minds%3A+The+Pastoral+Function+of+Christian+Doctrine&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Charry&rft.aufirst=Ellen+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFColijn2010" class="citation book cs1">Colijn, Brenda B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWj__iL0czgC">Images of Salvation in the New Testament</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3872-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-3872-1"><bdi>978-0-8308-3872-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Salvation+in+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-3872-1&rft.aulast=Colijn&rft.aufirst=Brenda+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWj__iL0czgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCoppedge2009" class="citation book cs1">Coppedge, Allan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fOo8w3GzQmAC&pg=PA345">Portraits of God: A Biblical Theology of Holiness</a>. InterVarsity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7655-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8308-7655-6"><bdi>978-0-8308-7655-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+God%3A+A+Biblical+Theology+of+Holiness&rft.pub=InterVarsity+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8308-7655-6&rft.aulast=Coppedge&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfOo8w3GzQmAC%26pg%3DPA345&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingston2005a" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F. L.; Livingston, E.A., eds. (2005a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA124">"Atonement"</a>. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Atonement&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingston2005b" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L.; Livingston, E.A., eds. (2005b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA467">"Deification"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Deification&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingston2005c" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L.; Livingston, E.A., eds. 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New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=grace&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrossLivingston2005d" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L.; Livingston, E.A., eds. (2005d). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1202">"Original sin"</a>. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280290-3"><bdi>978-0-19-280290-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Original+sin&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280290-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1202&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDeverLawrence2010" class="citation book cs1">Dever, Mark; Lawrence, Michael (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kXNXaTyViUcC">It Is Well: Expositions on Substitutionary Atonement</a>. 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Society of Biblical Literature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-152-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58983-152-0"><bdi>978-1-58983-152-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Background+and+Content+of+Paul%27s+Cultic+Atonement+Metaphors&rft.pub=Society+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-58983-152-0&rft.aulast=Finlan&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dta-5Gp-KNREC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFinlan2005" class="citation book cs1">Finlan, Stephen (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uXCbocpSOxwC">Problems with Atonement: The Origins Of, and Controversy About, the Atonement Doctrine</a>. 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Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-421-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62189-421-6"><bdi>978-1-62189-421-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+the+Gospel%3A+A+Radical+Vision+for+Grace%2C+Justice%2C+and+the+Cross&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-62189-421-6&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx0lJAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2001" class="citation journal cs1">Foster, Douglas A. 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P&R. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-444-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-444-3"><bdi>978-0-87552-444-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Five+Points+of+Calvinism%3A+Defined%2C+Defended%2C+Documented&rft.pub=P%26R&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-444-3&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=David+N.&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Curtis+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhMomIlivjPEC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1963" class="citation cs2">Stendahl, Krister (1963), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotthahn.com/s/01Stendahl.pdf">"The Apostle Paul and the Introspective Conscience of the West"</a> (PDF), The Harvard Theological Review, 56 (3): 199–215, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000024779">10.1017/S0017816000024779</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508631">1508631</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170331485">170331485</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+Apostle+Paul+and+the+Introspective+Conscience+of+the+West&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E199-%3C%2Fspan%3E215&rft.date=1963&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170331485%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000024779&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotthahn.com%2Fs%2F01Stendahl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStendahl1976" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Krister_Stendahl" title="Krister Stendahl">Stendahl, Krister</a> (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bi_Ag6yfvyoC">Paul Among Jews and Gentiles, and Other Essays</a>. Fortress Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1224-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-1224-5"><bdi>978-0-8006-1224-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Among+Jews+and+Gentiles%2C+and+Other+Essays&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8006-1224-5&rft.aulast=Stendahl&rft.aufirst=Krister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBi_Ag6yfvyoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStillLongenecker2014" class="citation cs2">Still, Todd D.; Longenecker, Bruce W. (2014), Thinking through Paul: A Survey of His Life, Letters, and Theology, Zondervan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+through+Paul%3A+A+Survey+of+His+Life%2C+Letters%2C+and+Theology&rft.pub=Zondervan&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Still&rft.aufirst=Todd+D.&rft.au=Longenecker%2C+Bruce+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStubs2008" class="citation cs2">Stubs, David L. (2008), "The shape of soteriology and the pistis Christou debate", Scottish Journal of Theology, 61 (2): 137–157, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003693060800392X">10.1017/S003693060800392X</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170575588">170575588</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+shape+of+soteriology+and+the+pistis+Christou+debate&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003693060800392X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170575588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Stubs&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTate2005" class="citation book cs1">Tate, Adam L. 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University of Missouri Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1567-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8262-1567-3"><bdi>978-0-8262-1567-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservatism+and+Southern+Intellectuals%2C+1789%E2%80%931861&rft.pub=University+of+Missouri+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8262-1567-3&rft.aulast=Tate&rft.aufirst=Adam+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconservatismsout00tate_0%2Fpage%2F190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Taylor_(theologian)" title="Vincent Taylor (theologian)">Taylor, Vincent</a> (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfkWAAAAIAAJ">The Cross of Christ: Eight Public Lectures</a>. 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(2016), God of Sense and Traditions of Non-Sense, Wipf and Stock Publishers</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+of+Sense+and+Traditions+of+Non-Sense&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Tonstad&rft.aufirst=Sigve+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVanLandingham2006" class="citation book cs1">VanLandingham, Chris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GCQRAQAAIAAJ">Judgment & Justification in Early Judaism and the Apostle Paul</a>. Hendrickson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-398-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56563-398-8"><bdi>978-1-56563-398-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judgment+%26+Justification+in+Early+Judaism+and+the+Apostle+Paul&rft.pub=Hendrickson&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-56563-398-8&rft.aulast=VanLandingham&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGCQRAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWallaceRusk2011" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, A. J.; Rusk, R. D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YnaOhF_3_ScC">Moral Transformation: The Original Christian Paradigm of Salvation</a>. New Zealand: Bridgehead. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4563-8980-2"><bdi>978-1-4563-8980-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moral+Transformation%3A+The+Original+Christian+Paradigm+of+Salvation&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Bridgehead&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4563-8980-2&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=A.+J.&rft.au=Rusk%2C+R.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYnaOhF_3_ScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeaver2001" class="citation book cs1">Weaver, J. Denny (August 28, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mi_lEryXSEC">The Nonviolent Atonement</a>. Wm. B. 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Direction. 44 (1): 4–15. Retrieved November 20, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Direction&rft.atitle=Direction%3A+The+New+Perspective+on+Paul+in+Review&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Westerholm&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdirectionjournal.org%2F44%2F1%2Fnew-perspective-on-paul-in-review.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1996" class="citation book cs1">Williams, John Rodman (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQWkXnpx2XkC">Renewal Theology: Systematic Theology from a Charismatic Perspective</a>. 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Retrieved June 7, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvinistcorner.com/tulip.htm">The Five Points of Calvinism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200303171743/https://www.calvinistcorner.com/tulip.htm">Archived</a> March 3, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The Calvinist Corner. 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Retrieved July 19, 2017. <q>Reformed Arminianism's understanding of apostasy veers from the Wesleyan notion that individuals may repeatedly fall from grace by committing individual sins and may be repeatedly restored to a state of grace through penitence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Meet+a+Reformed+Arminian&rft.pub=TGC&rft.date=2015-08-25&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegospelcoalition.org%2Farticle%2Fmeet-a-reformed-arminian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2013-274">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_274-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knight2013_274-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKnight_III2013" class="citation web cs1">Knight III, Henry H. (July 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520072447/http://www.catalystresources.org/wesley-on-faith-and-good-works/">"Wesley on Faith and Good Works"</a>. AFTE. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catalystresources.org/wesley-on-faith-and-good-works/">the original</a> on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 21, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wesley+on+Faith+and+Good+Works&rft.pub=AFTE&rft.date=2013-07-09&rft.aulast=Knight+III&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catalystresources.org%2Fwesley-on-faith-and-good-works%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTennent2011" class="citation web cs1">Tennent, Timothy (July 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timothytennent.com/2011/07/09/means-of-grace-why-i-am-a-methodist-and-an-evangelical-part-3/">"Means of Grace: Why I am a Methodist and an Evangelical"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asbury_Theological_Seminary" title="Asbury Theological Seminary">Asbury Theological Seminary</a>. 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Retrieved January 10, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/34?lang=eng&id=14-16">"Alma 34"</a>. www.churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Alma+34&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Falma%2F34%3Flang%3Deng%26id%3D14-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/scriptures/bofm/alma/40?lang=eng&id=23">"Alma 40"</a>. www.churchofjesuschrist.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.atitle=Alma+40&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fscriptures%2Fbofm%2Falma%2F40%3Flang%3Deng%26id%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316" /><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Janowski, Bernd. "Atonement." In The Encyclopedia of Christianity, edited by Erwin Fahlbusch and Geoffrey William Bromiley, 152–154. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-2413-7">0-8028-2413-7</a></li> <li>Thomas, G. Michael. The Extent of the Atonement: a Dilemma for Reformed Theology, from Calvin to the Consensus, in series, Paternoster Biblical and Theological Monographs (Carlisle, Scotland: Paternoster Publishing, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85364-828-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-85364-828-X">0-85364-828-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Maas, Anthony John (1912). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Salvation">"Salvation" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 13. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Salvation&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Maas&rft.aufirst=Anthony+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Pohle, Joseph (1909). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Controversies_on_Grace">"Controversies on Grace" </a>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 6. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Controversies+on+Grace&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASalvation+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Salvation_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Devil in Christianity">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Soteriology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atonement_in_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Atonement in Christianity">Atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Christianity" title="Conversion to Christianity">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Divinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_in_Christianity" title="Election in Christianity">Election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">Eternal life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra_Ecclesiam_nulla_salus" title="Extra Ecclesiam nulla salus">extra Ecclesiam nulla salus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irresistible_grace" title="Irresistible grace">Irresistible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">Imputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">Justification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">Means of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monergism" title="Monergism">Monergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">Perseverance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" 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(Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">Union with Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hamartiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamartiology">Hamartiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam#The_New_Testament" title="Adam">Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anthropology" title="Christian anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">The Fall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incurvatus_in_se" title="Incurvatus in se">Incurvatus in se</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occasion_of_sin" title="Occasion of sin">Occasion of sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">Theodicy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_theology" title="Eucharistic theology">Eucharist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist_polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist polity">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_polity" title="Episcopal polity">Episcopal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_episcopate" title="Historical episcopate">Historical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_(Christianity)" title="Minister (Christianity)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">Synod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarity" title="Conciliarity">Conciliarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinonia" title="Koinonia">Koinonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_communion" title="Full communion">Full communion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">Church discipline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunning" title="Shunning">Shunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Eschatology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicism_(Christianity)" title="Historicism (Christianity)">Historicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idealism_(Christian_eschatology)" title="Idealism (Christian eschatology)">Idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism_(Christianity)" title="Futurism (Christianity)">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preterism" title="Preterism">Preterism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">Millenarianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Premillennialism" title="Premillennialism">Pre-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Postmillennialism" title="Postmillennialism">Post-</a> / <a href="/wiki/Amillennialism" title="Amillennialism">A-millennialism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse" title="Apocalypse">Apocalypse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypticism" title="Apocalypticism">Apocalypticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_Covenant_theology" title="New Covenant theology">New Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">End times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_last_things" title="Four last things">Four last things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_Hell" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian views on Hell">Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennialism" title="Millennialism">Millennialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem" title="New Jerusalem">New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">Rapture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mortalism" title="Christian mortalism">Soul sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Tribulation" title="Great Tribulation">Tribulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">War in Heaven</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Historical_theology" title="Historical theology">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of Christian theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Calvinist%E2%80%93Arminian_debate" title="History of the Calvinist–Arminian debate">Calvinist–Arminian debate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_of_the_New_Testament_canon" title="Development of the New Testament canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patristics" title="Patristics">Patristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semipelagianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Semipelagianism">Semipelagianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Iconoclasm" title="Byzantine Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliarism" title="Conciliarism">Conciliarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Great Awakenings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Practical_theology" title="Practical theology">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Biblical law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homiletics" title="Homiletics">Homiletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgics" title="Liturgics">Liturgics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missiology" title="Missiology">Missiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion" title="Ethics in religion">Moral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastoral_theology" title="Pastoral theology">Pastoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemic" title="Polemic">Polemics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_theology" title="Public theology">Public</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christian_theology_by_tradition" title="Template:Christian theology by tradition">By tradition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Catholic_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">Absolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_dogmatic_theology" title="Catholic dogmatic theology">Dogmatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filioque" title="Filioque">Filioque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indulgence" title="Indulgence">Indulgences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">Infant baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariology of the Catholic Church">Mariology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernism_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Modernism in the Catholic Church">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_infallibility" title="Papal infallibility">Papal infallibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priesthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">Purgatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartodecimanism" title="Quartodecimanism">Quartodecimanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_presence_of_Christ_in_the_Eucharist" title="Real presence of Christ in the Eucharist">Real presence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacerdotalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacerdotalism">Sacerdotalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotism" title="Scotism">Scotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomism" title="Thomism">Thomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">Transubstantiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration#Roman_Catholic,_Orthodox" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Eastern_Orthodox_Church0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_theology" title="Eastern Orthodox theology">Eastern Orthodox Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophatic_theology" title="Apophatic theology">Apophatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataphatic_theology" title="Cataphatic theology">Cataphatic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_(religion)" title="Economy (religion)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essence%E2%80%93energies_distinction" title="Essence–energies distinction">Essence–energies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnomic_will" title="Gnomic will">Gnomic will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metousiosis" title="Metousiosis">Metousiosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronema" title="Phronema">Phronema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyletism" title="Phyletism">Phyletism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proskynesis" title="Proskynesis">Proskynesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobornost" title="Sobornost">Sobornost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabor_Light" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabor Light">Tabor Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoria">Theoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Christian_theology)" title="Theosis (Eastern Christian theology)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Oriental_Orthodoxy0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miaphysitism" title="Miaphysitism">Miaphysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monophysitism" title="Monophysitism">Monophysitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoenergism" title="Monoenergism">Monoenergism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monothelitism" title="Monothelitism">Monothelitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphthartodocetae" title="Aphthartodocetae">Aphthartodocetism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: left; font-size: 90%;"><div id="Protestantism0" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theologian">Protestantism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Protestant_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant theology">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adiaphora#Adiaphora_in_Christianity" title="Adiaphora">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Christian views on the Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispensationalism" title="Dispensationalism">Dispensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supersessionism" title="Supersessionism">Supersessionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_theology" title="Evangelical theology">Evangelical theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_solae" title="Five solae">Five solae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">Sola fide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_gratia" title="Sola gratia">Sola gratia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">Sola scriptura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soli_Deo_gloria" title="Soli Deo gloria">Soli Deo gloria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solus_Christus" title="Solus Christus">Solus Christus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_ecclesiology" title="Protestant ecclesiology">Protestant ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_of_all_believers" title="Priesthood of all believers">Priesthood of all believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_covenant" title="Church covenant">Church covenant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Protestantism">Protestant Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_election" title="Conditional election">Conditional election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conditional_preservation_of_the_saints" title="Conditional preservation of the saints">Conditional preservation of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prevenient_grace" title="Prevenient grace">Prevenient grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">Total depravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anglican_doctrine" title="Anglican doctrine">Anglican</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_theory" title="Branch theory">Branch theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_church" title="Broad church">Broad church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_churchmanship" title="Central churchmanship">Center church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_church" title="High church">High church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_church" title="Low church">Low church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">Believer's baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">Immersion baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Martin_Luther" title="Theology of Martin Luther">Lutheran</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_Lutheranism" title="Confessional Lutheranism">Confessional Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Catholic" title="Evangelical Catholic">Evangelical Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haugean_movement" title="Haugean movement">Haugean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loci_Theologici" class="mw-redirect" title="Loci Theologici">Loci Theologici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_orthodoxy" title="Lutheran orthodoxy">Lutheran orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran scholasticism">Lutheran scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Lutheranism" title="Neo-Lutheranism">Neo-Lutheranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_the_Cross" title="Theology of the Cross">Theology of the Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostalist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">Baptism with the Holy Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity theology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed (Calvinist)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_points_of_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Five points of Calvinism">TULIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lordship_salvation_controversy" title="Lordship salvation controversy">Lordship salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_theology" title="Wesleyan theology">Wesleyan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_perfection" title="Christian perfection">Christian perfection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imparted_righteousness" title="Imparted righteousness">Imparted righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_work_of_grace" title="Second work of grace">Second work of grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wesleyan_Quadrilateral" title="Wesleyan Quadrilateral">Wesleyan Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_theology" title="Seventh-day Adventist theology">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Anabaptism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminianism" title="Arminianism">Arminianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_grace_theology" title="Free grace theology">Free Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messianic_Jewish_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Messianic Jewish theology">Messianic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">Attributes of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_mercy" title="Divine mercy">Divine mercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">Grace in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Love of God in Christianity">Love of God in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">Love of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">Omnibenevolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">Omnipotence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omnipresence" title="Omnipresence">Omnipresence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">Omniscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">Problem of evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_of_Hell" title="Problem of Hell">Problem of Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries" title="Sacred mysteries">Sacred mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christian_theologians" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Christian theologians">Lists of Christian theologians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christian_theology" title="Outline of Christian theology">Outline of Christian theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity965" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity965" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Jesus" title="Chronology of Jesus">Chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto-da-f%C3%A9" title="Auto-da-fé">Auto-da-fé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Catholic_Church" title="Palmarian Catholic Church">Palmarian</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_apathy" title="Divine apathy">Divine apathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_man" title="Fall of man">Fall of man</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_fruit" title="Forbidden fruit">Forbidden fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_of_Eden" title="Garden of Eden">Garden of Eden</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Last Judgement">Final Judgement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">Good works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven_in_Christianity" title="Heaven in Christianity">Heaven</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hell_in_Christianity" title="Hell in Christianity">Hell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_water" title="Holy water">Holy water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">Kingdom of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">Love</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_Christ" title="Love of Christ">of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_of_God" title="Love of God">of God</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_(theology)" title="Mortification (theology)">Mortification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_in_Catholic_theology" title="Mortification in Catholic theology">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortification_of_the_flesh" title="Mortification of the flesh">Of the flesh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic_covenant" title="Mosaic covenant">Old Covenant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">Views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" 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title="Crucifix">Crucifix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupio_dissolvi" title="Cupio dissolvi">Cupio dissolvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Catechesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Catholic priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk Christianity">Folk Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_preaching" title="Open-air preaching">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastor" title="Pastor">Pastor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_woman" title="Fallen woman">Fallen woman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magdalene_asylum" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdalene asylum">Magdalene asylum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_supremacy" title="Christian supremacy">Supremacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">... and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity 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class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-65585cc8dc-zrtqq","wgBackendResponseTime":343,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.788","walltime":"3.075","ppvisitednodes":{"value":27178,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":591676,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":49136,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":745497,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2624.226 1 -total"," 21.14% 554.804 3 Template:Reflist"," 19.15% 502.616 190 Template:Sfn"," 14.61% 383.411 76 Template:Cite_book"," 9.94% 260.920 67 Template:Cite_web"," 8.79% 230.756 30 Template:Citation"," 4.67% 122.492 35 Template:Efn"," 4.13% 108.389 7 Template:Lang"," 4.10% 107.527 2 Template:Sidebar"," 3.64% 95.641 1 Template:Salvation"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.732","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21593952,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbraham2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAhlgrim\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkin\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAland1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreasen1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAndreäChemnitzSelneckerChytraeus1577\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAulén1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartolo-Abela2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartos1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBauckham1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBavinck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeilbyEddy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBelousek2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernard1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBernstein2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethune-Baker1903\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBing\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoettner1932\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorg2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBreck2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriscoeOgilvie2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrondos2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrown1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarlton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharry1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCobb\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColijn2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoppedge2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingston2005a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingston2005b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingston2005c\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrossLivingston2005d\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerek\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeverLawrence2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDunn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElliot1841\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElwell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngelder1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFinlan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlanagan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFlood2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoster2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFosterDunnavant2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranksn.d.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrei1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFretz\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolitzin1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenBaker2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrudem2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHassan2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHays2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolcomb2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughesRoberts2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHultgren2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHurtado2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremiah2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyner2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapsanis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarkkainen2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeller\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKent1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight_III2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangfordLangford2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunchbury2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeman2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiguori1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLüdemannÖzen\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMack1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarbaniang2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartyn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatlinsMagida1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGrath2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMin1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMozley1916\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurrayRea2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNettlesArmstrongPrattKolb2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Kelley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOFM2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOFM2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOxenham1865\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPacker1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParry2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPate2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck1847\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenton1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlacher2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohle1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohle1910\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPugh2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuick1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRashdall1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRhodes2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRutledge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSabourin1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSawyer2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaff1919\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShank1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheehan1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSollier1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteeleThomas1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStefonHillerbrand\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStendahl1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStendahl1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStillLongenecker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStubs2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTate2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennent2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTonstad2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVanLandingham2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWallaceRusk2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeaver2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWesterholm2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestminster_Assembly1646\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYang2021\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Atonement in Christianity\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bibleref2\"] = 8,\n [\"Bibleverse\"] = 32,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 3,\n [\"C.\"] = 2,\n [\"Christian Soteriology\"] = 1,\n [\"Christian theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Christianity footer\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 30,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CE1913\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 69,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 57,\n [\"Comparison among Protestants\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Christian Soteriology\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 35,\n [\"Em\"] = 2,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 21,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Lit\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Needs expansion\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Poemquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Quotation\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Related\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"Salvation\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 190,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Smallcaps\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 20,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Salvation in Christianity","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salvation_in_Christianity","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8451511","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8451511","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-05T04:10:10Z","dateModified":"2025-03-19T16:20:00Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/b\/b8\/Jesus_Christ_on_the_throne_by_Cima_da_Conegliano.png","headline":"term in Christianity, that means saving of the soul from sin and its consequences"}</script> </body> </html>