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<span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eurasia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eurasia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Eurasia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eurasia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Far_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Far_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Far East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Far_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Pleistocene</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laat_Pleistoseen" title="Laat Pleistoseen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laat Pleistoseen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AE%D8%B1" title="البليستوسيني المتأخر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البليستوسيني المتأخر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoc%C3%A8_superior" title="Plistocè superior – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plistocè superior" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungpleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Jungpleistozän – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jungpleistozän" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantiense" title="Tarantiense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tarantiense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarantiar" title="Tarantiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tarantiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_%D9%BE%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پلیستوسن پسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلیستوسن پسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pl%C3%A9istoc%C3%A8ne_sup%C3%A9rieur" title="Pléistocène supérieur – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pléistocène supérieur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plistoceno_superior" title="Plistoceno superior – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plistoceno superior" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%84%B8_%ED%9B%84%EA%B8%B0" title="플라이스토세 후기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라이스토세 후기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistosen_Akhir" title="Pleistosen Akhir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pleistosen Akhir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene_superiore" title="Pleistocene superiore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pleistocene superiore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laat_Pleistoceen" title="Laat Pleistoceen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laat Pleistoceen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%9C%9F%E6%9B%B4%E6%96%B0%E4%B8%96" title="後期更新世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="後期更新世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongpleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Jongpleistozän – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Jongpleistozän" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sein_pleistocen" title="Sein pleistocen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sein pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungpleistoz%C3%A4n" title="Jungpleistozän – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Jungpleistozän" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarentiano" title="Tarentiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tarentiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocenul_t%C3%A2rziu" title="Pleistocenul târziu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pleistocenul târziu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тарантийский ярус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тарантийский ярус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gornji_pleistocen" title="Gornji pleistocen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gornji pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96vre_pleistocen" title="Övre pleistocen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Övre pleistocen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2" title="ช่วงอายุไพลสโตซีนตอนปลาย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ช่วงอายุไพลสโตซีนตอนปลาย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Пізній плейстоцен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пізній плейстоцен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocen_mu%E1%BB%99n" title="Pleistocen muộn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pleistocen muộn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(255,242,211);">Late/Upper Pleistocene</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">0.129 – 0.0117 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:219.95633846154px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:24.15em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:38em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:36.05em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:34.66em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:33.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:31.89em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.50em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.11em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.34em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.95em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1.8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.57em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:22.18em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.80em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:19.41em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.02em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:16.64em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.25em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:13.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−1 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.48em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.09em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−0.8 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−0.6 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.93em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.55em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−0.4 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:4.16em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.77em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−0.2 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:1.39em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.00em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">0 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:8em;height:38em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(242,249,29);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:0.000em;width:0.880em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a></span></b></div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(255,230,25);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:35.768em;height:2.232em;left:0.960em;width:0.880em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.116em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Neogene" 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none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.058em;height:0.055em;left:2.880em;width:5.120em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.028em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(253,237,236);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.058em;left:2.880em;width:5.120em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.029em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:38.000em;left:7.920em;width:0.080em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-19.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.148em;height:0.028em;left:1.840em;width:6.160em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.014em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:0.069em;left:0.000em;width:8.000em"><div style="font-size:100%;position:relative;top:0em;left:0em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:38em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:0.109em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:75%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:21em"><b>Subdivision of the Quaternary according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2021.</b><sup id="cite_ref-ICC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FRS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br />Vertical axis scale: millions of years ago.<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Informal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Proposed name(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Tarantian</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">Age</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">Stage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">Not formally defined</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition candidates</th><td class="infobox-data">Marine Isotope Substage 5e</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP candidate section(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">End of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> <a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">stadial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Greenland_Ice_Core_Project" title="North Greenland Ice Core Project">NGRIP2</a> ice core, <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Late_Pleistocene&params=75.1000_N_42.3200_W_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">75°06′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">42°19′12″W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">75.1000°N 42.3200°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">75.1000; -42.3200</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">14 June 2018 (as base of Greenlandian)<sup id="cite_ref-holocenestageratification_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holocenestageratification-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="max-width:100%; width: 400px"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#f0f0f0"> <th style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">Millennia</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/12th_millennium_BC" title="12th millennium BC">12th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_millennium_BC" title="11th millennium BC">11th millennium BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">10th millennium BC</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:right;"><small><a href="/wiki/Centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Centuries">Centuries</a>:</small> </th> <td style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>110th century BC</li> <li>109th century BC</li> <li>108th century BC</li> <li>107th century BC</li> <li>106th century BC</li> <li>105th century BC</li> <li>104th century BC</li> <li>103rd century BC</li> <li>102nd century BC</li> <li>101st century BC</li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png/220px-Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png/330px-Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png/440px-Map_of_Alpine_Glaciations.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="657" /></a><figcaption>Violet: Extent of the Alpine ice sheet in the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm glaciation</a>. Blue: Extent in earlier ice ages.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Late Pleistocene</b> is an unofficial <a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">age</a> in the international <a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">geologic timescale</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chronostratigraphy" title="Chronostratigraphy">chronostratigraphy</a>, also known as the <b>Upper Pleistocene</b> from a <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> perspective. It is intended to be the fourth division of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> Epoch within the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary</a> Period. It is currently defined as the time between c. 129,000 and c. 11,700 years ago. The late Pleistocene equates to the proposed <b>Tarantian</b> Age of the <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">geologic time scale</a>, preceded by the officially ratified <a href="/wiki/Chibanian" title="Chibanian">Chibanian</a> (commonly known as the Middle Pleistocene).<sup id="cite_ref-ICC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beginning of the Late Pleistocene is the transition between the end of the <a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a> and the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Interglacial" title="Last Interglacial">Last Interglacial</a> around 130,000 years ago (corresponding with the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Marine_Isotope_Stage_5" title="Marine Isotope Stage 5">Marine Isotope Stage 5</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eemian_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eemian-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Late Pleistocene ends with the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>, some <a href="/wiki/10th_millennium_BC" title="10th millennium BC">11,700 years ago</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Epoch began.<sup id="cite_ref-FRS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term Upper Pleistocene is currently in use as a provisional or "quasi-formal" designation by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Geological_Sciences" title="International Union of Geological Sciences">International Union of Geological Sciences</a> (IUGS). Although the three oldest ages of the Pleistocene (the <a href="/wiki/Gelasian" title="Gelasian">Gelasian</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Calabrian_(stage)" title="Calabrian (stage)">Calabrian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chibanian" title="Chibanian">Chibanian</a>) have been officially defined, the late Pleistocene has yet to be formally defined.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibbard_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibbard-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the brief Last Interglacial warm period (~130–115,000 years ago), where temperatures were comparable to or warmer than the Holocene, the Late Pleistocene was dominated by the cool <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a>, with temperatures gradually lowering throughout the period, reaching their lowest during the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> around 26-20,000 years ago. </p><p>Most of the world's large (<a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafaunal</a>) animals became extinct during the Late Pleistocene as part of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Pleistocene_extinctions" title="Late Pleistocene extinctions">Late Pleistocene extinctions</a>, a trend that continued into the Holocene. In <a href="/wiki/Palaeoanthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeoanthropology">palaeoanthropology</a>, the late Pleistocene contains the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Palaeolithic">Upper Palaeolithic</a> stage of human development, including the <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">early human migrations</a> of modern humans outside of Africa, and the extinction of all <a href="/wiki/Archaic_human" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaic human">archaic human</a> species. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_Ice_Age">Last Ice Age</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Last Ice Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Human_taxonomy#Hominina" title="Human taxonomy">before <i>Homo</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <p><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a><br />Early Stone Age <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Homo" title="Homo">Homo</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Control of fire</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tools</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Middle_Paleolithic" title="Middle Paleolithic">Middle Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Middle Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><i><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Homo neanderthalensis</a></i></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a></i></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Recent_African_origin_of_modern_humans" title="Recent African origin of modern humans">Recent African origin of modern humans</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Upper_Paleolithic" title="Upper Paleolithic">Upper Paleolithic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Later_Stone_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Later Stone Age">Later Stone Age</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">Atlatl</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_domestic_dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the domestic dog">Origin of the domestic dog</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Epipalaeolithic" title="Epipalaeolithic">Epipalaeolithic</a><br /> </p> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microliths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and Arrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">Canoes</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Periods_by_pottery_phase" title="Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></dd></dl></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stone_Age" title="Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stone_Age" title="Template talk:Stone Age"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stone_Age" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stone Age"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The proposed beginning of the late Pleistocene is the end of the <a href="/wiki/Penultimate_Glacial_Period" title="Penultimate Glacial Period">Penultimate Glacial Period</a> (PGP) 126 ka when the <a href="/wiki/Ri%C3%9F_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Riß glaciation">Riß glaciation</a> (Alpine) was being succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Eemian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eemian">Eemian</a> (Riß-Würm) <a href="/wiki/Interglacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Interglacial period">interglacial period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EIG_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIG-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Riß-Würm ended 115 ka with the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> (LGP) which is known in Europe as the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrm_glaciation" title="Würm glaciation">Würm</a> (Alpine) or <a href="/wiki/Devensian_glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Devensian glaciation">Devensian</a> (Great Britain) or <a href="/wiki/Weichselian_glaciation" title="Weichselian glaciation">Weichselian glaciation</a> (northern Europe); these are broadly equated with the <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_glaciation" title="Wisconsin glaciation">Wisconsin glaciation</a> (North America), though technically that began much later.<sup id="cite_ref-EIG_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIG-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum" title="Last Glacial Maximum">Last Glacial Maximum</a> was reached during the later millennia of the Würm/Weichselian, estimated between 26 ka and 19 ka when deglaciation began in the Northern Hemisphere. The Würm/Weichselian endured until 16 ka with Northern Europe, including most of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>, covered by an ice sheet. The glaciers reached the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in North America.<sup id="cite_ref-FRS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FRS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea levels fell and two <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> were temporarily in existence that had significance for <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a>: <a href="/wiki/Doggerland" title="Doggerland">Doggerland</a>, which connected Great Britain to mainland Europe; and the <a href="/wiki/Bering_land_bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Bering land bridge">Bering land bridge</a> which joined <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BLB_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The last Ice Age was followed by the <a href="/wiki/Late_Glacial_Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Glacial Interstadial">Late Glacial Interstadial</a>, a period of global warming to 12.9 ka, and the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a>, a return to glacial conditions until 11.7 ka. <a href="/wiki/Paleoclimatology" title="Paleoclimatology">Paleoclimatology</a> holds that there was a sequence of <a href="/wiki/Stadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadial">stadials</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstadial" class="mw-redirect" title="Interstadial">interstadials</a> from about 16 ka until the end of the Pleistocene. These were the <a href="/wiki/Oldest_Dryas" title="Oldest Dryas">Oldest Dryas</a> (stadial), the <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B8lling_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bølling oscillation">Bølling oscillation</a> (interstadial), the <a href="/wiki/Older_Dryas" title="Older Dryas">Older Dryas</a> (stadial), the <a href="/wiki/Aller%C3%B8d_oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allerød oscillation">Allerød oscillation</a> (interstadial) and finally the Younger Dryas.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The end of the Younger Dryas marks the boundary between the Pleistocene and Holocene Epochs. Hominids in all parts of the world were still culturally and technologically in the <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic (Old Stone) Age</a>. Tools and weapons were basic stone or wooden implements. <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">Nomadic tribes</a> followed moving herds. Non-nomadics acquired their food by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">gathering and hunting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359–60_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359–60-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Its present physical geography and climate have changed over time caused by the movement of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> and volcanoes but <a href="/wiki/Glacial_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial cycle">glacial cycles</a> and sea level variation have a more significant effect on the <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> communities during the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Late Pleistocene was the time when most animals evolved to resemble modern-day <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a> and they managed to live through the Late mid-Pleistocene since there were no extinction events of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> until the end of the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some species which went extinct at the end of the Late Pleistocene in Southern Africa are the <a href="/wiki/Metridiochoerus" title="Metridiochoerus">giant warthog</a>, long-horn buffalo, <a href="/wiki/Southern_springbok" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern springbok">Southern springbok</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These species were common because their distribution changed in response to climatic influences on vegetation. <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">Carnivores</a> were more widespread due to their varying habitat requirements. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg/220px-Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg/330px-Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg/440px-Nazlet_Khater_Skeleton_from_above.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2372" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>image of Nazlet Khater skeleton found in Upper Egypt showing early human culture dating back to approximately 30-40 Ka</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, the Late (or Upper) <a href="/wiki/Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeolithic">Palaeolithic</a> began sometime after 30,000 BC. People in North Africa had relocated to the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> was transformed from grassland to desert.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Nazlet_Khater" title="Nazlet Khater">Nazlet Khater</a> skeleton was found in 1980 and has been <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to between 30,360 and 35,100 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the knowledge of the Late Pleistocene is obtained from regions like <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, some coastal regions of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The only issue with interpreting the data from this region is due to the lack of chronological information.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resemblance of Late Pleistocene species in Northern Africa to modern animals is the same as in Southern Africa but it's extremely difficult to date when these fauna came into place because of the lack of reliable samples from the mid-Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of the significant fossil records are from the Maghreb because of its <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a> which helps to create deep caves which is conducive for preserving <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eurasia">Eurasia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Eurasia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neanderthal" title="Neanderthal">Neanderthal</a> hominins (<i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>) inhabited Eurasia until becoming extinct between 40 and 30 ka, towards the end of the Pleistocene and possibly into the early Holocene<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359–60_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronowski197359–60-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and were replaced with modern humans (<i><a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">Homo sapiens</a>)</i> who emerged from East Africa about 195,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neanderthals co-existed with the <i>Homo sapiens</i> until they died out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In Eurasia, extinction happened throughout the Pleistocene but those that happened during the Later Pleistocene were of megafauna and there were no replacements for the extinct species.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">Molluscan</a> species went extinct but not on the same scale as the mammals living during the time.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of species which extinct without replacements include the <a href="/wiki/Straight-tusked_elephant" title="Straight-tusked elephant">Straight-tusked elephant</a> (<i>Palaeoloxodon antiquus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Giant deer</a> (<i>Megaloceros giganteus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Cave_bear" title="Cave bear">cave bear</a> (<i>Ursus spelaeus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Woolly_rhinoceros" title="Woolly rhinoceros">woolly rhinoceros</a> (<i>Coelodonta antiquitatis</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several large mammalian species including the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irish_elk" title="Irish elk">Irish elk</a> became extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upper Paleolithic people also made paintings and engravings on walls. <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a> have been found at <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a> which may be more than 17,000 years old. These are mainly <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a>, and other animals hunted by humans. Later paintings occur in caves throughout the world, including <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Altamira</a>, Spain, and in India, Australia, and the Sahara.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian</a> hunter-gatherers were widespread in western Europe about 20 -12.500 <a href="/wiki/Cal_BP" class="mw-redirect" title="Cal BP">cal BP</a> years ago until the end of the Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example of this is the antler-working done by the human groups who lived in the <a href="/wiki/Santimami%C3%B1e" title="Santimamiñe">Santimamine</a> cave in the Magdalenian.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They invented the earliest known <a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoons</a> using <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> horn.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Climatic conditions during the Late Pleistocene in Eurasia were predominantly cold with <a href="/wiki/Glaciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciation">glaciation</a> events happening in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">the Alps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interglacial" title="Interglacial">interglacials</a> (temperate phase). The evidence of the changes in climatic conditions was from fragmentary sequences in formerly glaciated areas in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The only domesticated animal in the Pleistocene was the <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dog</a>, which evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">grey wolf</a> into its many modern <a href="/wiki/Dog_breeds" class="mw-redirect" title="Dog breeds">breeds</a>. It is believed that the grey wolf became associated with hunter-gatherer tribes around 15 Ka.<sup id="cite_ref-PAD_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAD-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest remains of a true domestic dog have been dated to 14,200 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication first happened in Eurasia but could have been anywhere from Western Europe to East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domestication of other animals such as cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep did not begin until the Holocene when settled farming communities became established in the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-PAD_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PAD-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cat</a> was probably not domesticated before <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7500 BC</span> at the earliest, again in the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A butchered <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> <a href="/wiki/Patella" title="Patella">patella</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Alice_and_Gwendoline_Cave" title="Alice and Gwendoline Cave">Alice and Gwendoline Cave</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Clare" title="County Clare">County Clare</a> and dated to 10,860 to 10,641 BC indicates the first known human activity in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Far_East">Far East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Far East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geography</a> of Asia were subject to frequent changes such as the creation of <a href="/wiki/Land_bridge" title="Land bridge">land bridges</a> when sea levels dropped which helped with the expansion and migration of <a href="/wiki/Human_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population">human populations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first human habitation in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese archipelago</a> has been traced to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">prehistoric times</a> between 40,000 BC and 30,000 BC. The earliest fossils are <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to c. 35,000 BC. An archeological record of Neanderthals has been found in Asia along with records of two other hominin populations, the <a href="/wiki/Denisovan" title="Denisovan">Denisovans</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_floresiensis" title="Homo floresiensis">Homo floresiensis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Japan was once linked to the Asian mainland by land bridges via <a href="/wiki/Hokkaido" title="Hokkaido">Hokkaido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakhalin" title="Sakhalin">Sakhalin</a> Island to the north but was unconnected at this time when the main islands of Hokkaido, <a href="/wiki/Honshu" title="Honshu">Honshu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> were all separate entities.<sup id="cite_ref-Fujita2016_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fujita2016-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Human migrations happened during this time with people coming in from <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. From about 28 ka, there were migrations across the <a href="/wiki/Beringia" title="Beringia">Bering land bridge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>. The people became the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a>. It is believed that the original tribes subsequently moved down to Central and South America under pressure from later migrations.<sup id="cite_ref-BLB_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BLB-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeple200212–13-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In the <a href="/wiki/North_American_land_mammal_age" title="North American land mammal age">North American land mammal age</a> scale, the <a href="/wiki/Rancholabrean" title="Rancholabrean">Rancholabrean</a> spans the time from c. 240,000 years ago to c. 11,000 years ago. It is named after the <a href="/wiki/Rancho_La_Brea" title="Rancho La Brea">Rancho La Brea</a> fossil site in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, characterized by extinct forms of <a href="/wiki/Bison" title="Bison">bison</a> in association with other Pleistocene species such as the <a href="/wiki/Mammoth" title="Mammoth">mammoth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg/220px-Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg/330px-Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg/440px-Skull_of_the_Bison_occidentalis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="569" /></a><figcaption><i>Bison occidentalis</i> skull at the <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Cleveland Museum of Natural History">Cleveland Museum of Natural History</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>During the Late Pleistocene about 35 genera of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> went extinct including species such as <a href="/wiki/Mastodon" title="Mastodon">mastodons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machairodontinae" title="Machairodontinae">saber-toothed cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">giant ground sloths</a>. Some other species went extinct in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> but not globally. it is still<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> heavily debated<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (April 2024)">according to whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> what caused the extinctions. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bison_occidentalis" title="Bison occidentalis">Bison occidentalis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Bison_antiquus" title="Bison antiquus">Bison antiquus</a></i>, an extinct subspecies of the smaller present-day bison, survived the late Pleistocene period, between about 12 and 11 <a href="/wiki/Kiloannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiloannum">ka</a> ago. <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis</a> people depended on these bison as their major food source. Earlier kills of camels, horses, and muskoxen found at <a href="/wiki/Wally%27s_beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Wally's beach">Wally's beach</a> were dated to 13.1–13.3 ka B.P.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Over 50 genera (~ 83%) of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> in South and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> went extinct during the Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most mega mammals (>1000kg) and large mammals (>40kg) went extinct by the end of the Late Pleistocene.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period there was a major cooling event called the <a href="/wiki/Younger_Dryas" title="Younger Dryas">Younger Dryas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a> of capturing game became more prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diverse factors such as climate change may have triggered this extinction but it's still in debate what the major factors were.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Late Pleistocene saw a change in the use of coastal resources and advancements in marine technology. The reasons for these changes have not been confirmed; various triggering mechanisms have been theorized such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, the arrival of new people, or the struggle for resources.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/South_American_land_mammal_age" title="South American land mammal age">South American land mammal age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Lujanian" title="Lujanian">Lujanian</a>, corresponds with the late Pleistocene. The <a href="/wiki/Lujanian" title="Lujanian">Lujanian</a> is a geologic period from 0.8 - 0.11Ma specifically for prehistoric <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> fauna.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence of human habitation in mainland <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a> from c. 45,000 BC. The finds include rock engravings, stone tools and evidence of cave habitation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeeple200213_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeeple200213-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Australia, there are sites which show evidence of pollen records from the Late Pleistocene and they are mostly found in more <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate</a> regions of the continent.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some megafauna decreased in size over time, while others remained the same; however, the fossil record is limited in the exact chronologies of the extinctions.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, various reasons have been stated to have caused the extinctions during the Late Pleistocene but the topic is still being debated.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ICC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ICC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCohenFinneyGibbardFan2020" class="citation web cs1">Cohen, K. M.; Finney, S. C.; Gibbard, P. L.; Fan, J.-X. (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stratigraphy.org/ICSchart/ChronostratChart2020-01.pdf">"International Chronostratigraphic Chart"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Commission on Stratigraphy<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1101476">"Assessing the Causes of Late Pleistocene Extinctions on the Continents"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>306</b> (5693): 70–75. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004Sci...306...70B">2004Sci...306...70B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1101476">10.1126/science.1101476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15459379">15459379</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Assessing+the+Causes+of+Late+Pleistocene+Extinctions+on+the+Continents&rft.volume=306&rft.issue=5693&rft.pages=70-75&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101476&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15459379&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004Sci...306...70B&rft.aulast=Barnosky&rft.aufirst=Anthony+D.&rft.au=Koch%2C+Paul+L.&rft.au=Feranec%2C+Robert+S.&rft.au=Wing%2C+Scott+L.&rft.au=Shabel%2C+Alan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1101476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Pleistocene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBronowski1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bronowski" title="Jacob Bronowski">Bronowski, Jacob</a> (1973). <i>The Ascent of Man</i>. London: BBC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-849-90115-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-849-90115-4"><bdi>978-1-849-90115-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ascent+of+Man&rft.place=London&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-1-849-90115-4&rft.aulast=Bronowski&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Pleistocene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Roberts (historian)">Roberts, J. M.</a> (1993). <i>Shorter Illustrated History of the World</i>. Abingdon: Helicon Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-1951-1504-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-1951-1504-X"><bdi>0-1951-1504-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shorter+Illustrated+History+of+the+World&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Helicon+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-1951-1504-X&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Pleistocene" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeeple2002" class="citation book cs1">Teeple, John B. (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780789489265"><i>Timelines of World History</i></a></span>. London: Dorling Kindersley Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75133-742-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-75133-742-0"><bdi>0-75133-742-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Timelines+of+World+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-75133-742-0&rft.aulast=Teeple&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780789489265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALate+Pleistocene" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Late_Pleistocene&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ehlers, J., and P.L. Gibbard, 2004a, <i>Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 2: Part II North America.</i> Elsevier, Amsterdam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-51462-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-51462-7">0-444-51462-7</a></li> <li>Ehlers, J., and P L. Gibbard, 2004b, <i>Quaternary Glaciations: Extent and Chronology 3: Part III: South America, Asia, Africa, Australia, Antarctica. </i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-51593-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-51593-3">0-444-51593-3</a></li> <li>Frison, George C., <i>Prehistoric Human and Bison Relationships on the Plains of North America</i>, August 2000, International Bison Conference, Edmonton, Alberta.</li> <li>Gillespie, A. R., S. C. Porter, and B. F. Atwater, 2004, <i>The Quaternary Period in the United States. </i> Developments in Quaternary Science no. 1. Elsevier, Amsterdam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51471-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-51471-4">978-0-444-51471-4</a></li> <li>Mangerud, J., J. Ehlers, and P. Gibbard, 2004, <i>Quaternary Glaciations : Extent and Chronology 1: Part I Europe.</i> Elsevier, Amsterdam. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-444-51462-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-444-51462-7">0-444-51462-7</a></li> <li>Sibrava, V., Bowen, D. Q., and Richmond, G. M., 1986, <i>Quaternary Glaciations in the Northern Hemisphere, Quaternary Science Reviews.</i> vol. 5, pp. 1–514.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Quaternary_footer" title="Template:Quaternary footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Quaternary_footer" title="Template talk:Quaternary footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Quaternary_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Quaternary footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Quaternary_Period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary Period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-off hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;border: none;;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;border-collapse: collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene Epoch</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 0 3px 3px 3px; border-color:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene Epoch</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Pleistocene" title="Early Pleistocene">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Pleistocene" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Pleistocene">Middle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Late</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 3px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(249,249,127); text-align:center;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan" title="Meghalayan">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northgrippian" title="Northgrippian">Northgrippian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandian" title="Greenlandian">Greenlandian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preboreal" title="Preboreal">Preboreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boreal_(age)" title="Boreal (age)">Boreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(period)" title="Atlantic (period)">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subboreal" title="Subboreal">Subboreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subatlantic" title="Subatlantic">Subatlantic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" 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