Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia

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A key barrier to the resolution of these questions has been the lack of substantial and accurately dated African hominid fossils from between 100,000 and 300,000 years ago5. Here we describe fossilized hominid crania from Herto, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, that fill this gap and provide crucial evidence on the location, timing and contextual circumstances of the emergence of Homo sapiens. Radioisotopically dated to between 160,000 and 154,000 years ago6, these new fossils predate classic Neanderthals and lack their derived features. The Herto hominids are morphologically and chronologically intermediate between archaic African fossils and later anatomically modern Late Pleistocene humans. They therefore represent the probable immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans. Their anatomy and antiquity constitute strong evidence of modern-human emergence in Africa.","datePublished":"","dateModified":"","pageStart":"742","pageEnd":"747","sameAs":"https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01669","keywords":["Science","Humanities and Social Sciences","multidisciplinary"],"image":["https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01669/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01669_Fig1_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01669/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01669_Fig2_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01669/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01669_Fig3_HTML.jpg","https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fnature01669/MediaObjects/41586_2003_Article_BFnature01669_Fig4_HTML.jpg"],"isPartOf":{"name":"Nature","issn":["1476-4687","0028-0836"],"volumeNumber":"423","@type":["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]},"publisher":{"name":"Nature Publishing Group UK","logo":{"url":"https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png","@type":"ImageObject"},"@type":"Organization"},"author":[{"name":"Tim D. 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itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ListItem"> <span itemprop="name">article</span><meta itemprop="position" content="3"></li> </ol> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="u-container u-mt-32 u-mb-32 u-clearfix" id="content" data-component="article-container" data-container-type="article"> <main class="c-article-main-column u-float-left js-main-column" data-track-component="article body"> <article lang="en"> <div class="c-article-header"> <header> <ul class="c-article-identifiers" data-test="article-identifier"> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item" data-test="article-category">Letter</li> <li class="c-article-identifiers__item">Published: <time datetime="2003-06-12">12 June 2003</time></li> </ul> <h1 class="c-article-title" data-test="article-title" data-article-title="">Pleistocene <i>Homo sapiens</i> from Middle Awash, Ethiopia</h1> <ul class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Tim_D_-White-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Tim_D_-White-Aff1" data-author-search="White, Tim D." data-corresp-id="c1">Tim D. White<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Berhane-Asfaw-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Berhane-Asfaw-Aff2" data-author-search="Asfaw, Berhane">Berhane Asfaw</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-David-DeGusta-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-David-DeGusta-Aff1" data-author-search="DeGusta, David">David DeGusta</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Henry-Gilbert-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Henry-Gilbert-Aff1" data-author-search="Gilbert, Henry">Henry Gilbert</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gary_D_-Richards-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Gary_D_-Richards-Aff3" data-author-search="Richards, Gary D.">Gary D. Richards</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Gen-Suwa-Aff4" data-author-popup="auth-Gen-Suwa-Aff4" data-author-search="Suwa, Gen">Gen Suwa</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff4">4</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 7 authors for this article" title="Show all 7 authors for this article">…</li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-F_-Clark_Howell-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-F_-Clark_Howell-Aff3" data-author-search="Clark Howell, F.">F. Clark Howell</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup> </li></ul><button aria-expanded="false" class="c-article-author-list__button"><svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-chevron-down-medium"></use></svg><span>Show authors</span></button> <p class="c-article-info-details" data-container-section="info"> <a data-test="journal-link" href="/" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 423</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>742–747 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2003</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">9253 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">164 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nature01669/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs1" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs1">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs1-content"><p>The origin of anatomically modern <i>Homo sapiens</i> and the fate of Neanderthals have been fundamental questions in human evolutionary studies for over a century<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 1" title="Mbua, E. N. Patterns of Middle Pleistocene Hominid Evolution in Africa Dissertation, Univ. Hamburg, (2001)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR1" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e416">1</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 2" title="Stringer, C. B. Modern human origins: progress and prospects. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 357, 563–579 (2002)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR2" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e419">2</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 3" title="Howell, F. C. Paleo-demes, species clades, and extinctions in the Pleistocene hominin record. J. Anthropol. Res. 55, 191–243 (1999)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR3" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e422">3</a>,<a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 4" title="Stringer, C. B. in The Age of the Earth: From 4004 BC to AD 2002 (eds Lewis, C. L. E. & Knell, S. J.) 265–274, Geological Society of London, Spec. Publ. 190 (2001)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR4" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e425">4</a></sup>. A key barrier to the resolution of these questions has been the lack of substantial and accurately dated African hominid fossils from between 100,000 and 300,000 years ago<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 5" title="Rightmire, G. P. in Humanity from African Naissance to Coming Millennia (eds Tobias, P. V., Raath, M. A., Moggi-Cecci, J. & Doyle, G. A.) 231–236 (Firenze Univ. Press, 2001)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR5" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e429">5</a></sup>. Here we describe fossilized hominid crania from Herto, Middle Awash, Ethiopia, that fill this gap and provide crucial evidence on the location, timing and contextual circumstances of the emergence of <i>Homo sapiens</i>. Radioisotopically dated to between 160,000 and 154,000 years ago<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 6" title="Clark, J. D. et al. Stratigraphic, chronological and behavioural contexts of Pleistocene Homo sapiens from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. Nature 423, 747–752 (2003)" href="/articles/nature01669#ref-CR6" id="ref-link-section-d2646626e436">6</a></sup>, these new fossils predate classic Neanderthals and lack their derived features. The Herto hominids are morphologically and chronologically intermediate between archaic African fossils and later anatomically modern Late Pleistocene humans. They therefore represent the probable immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans. Their anatomy and antiquity constitute strong evidence of modern-human emergence in Africa.</p></div></div></section> <noscript> <div class="c-nature-box c-nature-box--side " data-component="entitlement-box"> <div class="js-access-button"> <a href="https://wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fnature01669" class="c-article__button" data-test="ra21"> <svg class="u-icon" width="18" height="18" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false"><use href="#icon-institution"></use></svg> <span class="c-article__button-text">Access through your institution</span> </a> </div> <div class="js-buy-button"> <a href="#access-options" class="c-article__button c-article__button--inverted" data-test="ra21"> <span>Buy or subscribe</span> </a> </div> </div> </noscript> <div class="js-context-bar-sticky-point-mobile" data-track-context="article body"> </div> <div class="c-article-access-provider u-mb-32 u-mt-0"> <p class="c-article-access-provider__text u-sans-serif">This is 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Almquist, A. Asfaw, M. Asnake, T. Assebework, D. Brill, J. D. Clark, J. DeHeinzelin, A. Getty, Y. Haile-Selassie, B. Latimer, C. Pehlevan, K. Schick, S. Simpson, P. Snow and Y. Zeleka for fieldwork and analytical studies; J. L. Arsuaga, A. Gracia and N. Garcia for comparative metric data; C. O. Lovejoy for review; and F. Bibi, D. Brill, R. Cann, Y. Haile-Selassie, L. Hlusko, L. Jellema, R. Klein, J. Matternes and R. Paul for assistance. We thank the Ministry of Youth, Sports and Culture, the Authority for Research and Conservation of the Cultural Heritage, and the National Museum of Ethiopia for permissions; the Afar Regional Government and the Afar people of the Middle Awash, particularly the Bouri–Modaitu community and H. Elema; and many other individuals for contributing to our efforts. This research was supported by the NSF (US) and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Department of Integrative Biology and Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3160, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Tim D. White, David DeGusta & Henry Gilbert</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Rift Valley Research Service, P.O. Box 5717, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Berhane Asfaw</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Laboratory for Human Evolutionary Studies, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720-3160, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gary D. Richards & F. Clark Howell</p></li><li id="Aff4"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, 113-0033, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Gen Suwa</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Tim_D_-White-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Tim D. 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White</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec3-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec3">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec3-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM1"><h3 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from Middle Awash, Ethiopia. <i>Nature</i> <b>423</b>, 742–747 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature01669</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nature01669?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2002-11-21">21 November 2002</time></span></p></li><li 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