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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingium" title="Lopingium – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lopingium" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A" title="اللوبنجي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللوبنجي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingi%C3%A0" title="Lopingià – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lopingià" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingium" title="Lopingium – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lopingium" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingiense" title="Lopingiense – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lopingiense" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لوپینگین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوپینگین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingien" title="Lopingien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lopingien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%ED%95%91%EC%84%B8" title="러핑세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러핑세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loping" title="Loping – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Loping" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingium" title="Lopingium – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lopingium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingiano" title="Lopingiano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lopingiano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9s%C5%91_perm" title="Késő perm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Késő perm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Лопингиум – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лопингиум" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leping_(geologi)" title="Leping (geologi) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Leping (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingien" title="Lopingien – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lopingien" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loping" title="Loping – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Loping" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopinguiano" title="Lopinguiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lopinguiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopingian" title="Lopingian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lopingian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loping" title="Loping – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Loping" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loping_(geologi)" title="Loping (geologi) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Loping (geologi)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC" title="Пізня перм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пізня перм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_L%E1%BA%A1c_B%C3%ACnh" title="Thế Lạc Bình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế Lạc Bình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Third and final series of the Permian</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:23em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;background:rgb(251,167,148);">Lopingian</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">259.51 ± 0.21 – 251.902 ± 0.024 <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:132.16584615385px; width:2.5750153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:132.16584615385px; width:2.5750153846154px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:133.16584615385px; width:0.57501538461539px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth,_255_Ma_(Wuchiapingian_Age).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png/250px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png/375px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png/500px-Mollweide_Paleographic_Map_of_Earth%2C_255_Ma_%28Wuchiapingian_Age%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3610" data-file-height="1810" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A map of Earth as it appeared 255 million years ago during the Lopingian Epoch, Wuchiapingian Age</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Chronology</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="font-size:14px"><table id="Container" role="presentation" class="toccolours searchaux" style="text-align:left;padding:0 0.5em;border-style:none;margin:auto;overflow:hidden;min-width:26.65em"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td id="Scale" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;width:4.2em;position:relative;float:left;font-size:100%;height:32em;border-right:1px solid #242020"><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:30.89em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−300 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:29.38em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:27.86em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−295 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:26.35em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:24.84em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−290 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:23.32em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:21.81em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−285 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:20.30em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:18.78em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−280 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:17.27em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:15.76em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−275 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:14.24em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:12.73em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−270 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:11.22em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:9.70em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−265 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:8.19em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:6.68em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−260 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:5.17em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:3.65em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−255 —</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:2.14em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">–</span></div><div style="float:right;position:absolute;right:-1px;top:0.63em;transform:translateY(-50%)"><span style="font-size:90%">−250 —</span></div></td><td id="Timeline" class="toccolours notheme" style="padding:0px;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;position:relative;font-size:100%;width:10.5em;height:32em;float:left;border:none;background-color:#000000"><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(153,192,141);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:30.222em;left:0.000em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-15.111em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1231500821">@supports(writing-mode:vertical-lr){.mw-parser-output .ts-vertical-text{letter-spacing:-0.12em;line-height:1em;text-orientation:upright;writing-mode:vertical-lr;width:1em}}</style><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a></span></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,197,202);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:0.000em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:10px;display:block;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mz</a></span></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(103,165,153);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.283em;height:1.717em;left:1.260em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.859em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><b><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></b></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(240,64,40);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:28.345em;left:1.260em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-14.172em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a></span></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(129,43,146);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:1.260em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:16px;display:block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic"><span style="color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style="">Tr</span></span></a></b></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(126,188,198);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:30.222em;height:1.778em;left:2.520em;width:7.980em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian</a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(239,88,69);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.553em;height:15.570em;left:2.520em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-7.785em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="line-height:14px;display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a></span></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,116,92);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.382em;height:8.171em;left:2.520em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-4.085em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%;line-height:13px;display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalup</a></span></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,167,148);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:4.505em;left:2.520em;width:1.155em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-2.252em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%;line-height:10px;display:block;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1231500821"><span class="ts-vertical-text" style=""><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lopin</a></span></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(152,57,153);border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:1.778em;left:2.520em;width:7.980em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.889em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic"><span style="color:white;">Early Triassic</span></a></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,99,80);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:26.966em;height:3.156em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.578em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Asselian" title="Asselian">Asselian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,111,92);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.896em;height:2.070em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.035em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Sakmarian" title="Sakmarian">Sakmarian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,123,104);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:20.902em;height:3.995em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.997em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Artinskian" title="Artinskian">Artinskian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(227,135,118);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:14.553em;height:6.249em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-3.124em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Kungurian" title="Kungurian">Kungurian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,128,105);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:10.855em;height:3.698em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.849em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Roadian" title="Roadian">Roadian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,141,118);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:9.269em;height:1.486em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.743em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Wordian" title="Wordian">Wordian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(251,154,133);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:6.382em;height:2.887em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.443em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Capitanian" title="Capitanian">Capitanian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,180,162);border-width:0.05em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:3.132em;height:3.150em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-1.575em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:rgb(252,192,178);border-width:0em;border-style:solid none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:1.355em;left:3.780em;width:6.720em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.677em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"><span style="font-size:80%"><a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a></span></div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:24.836em;height:0.061em;left:3.675em;width:6.825em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.030em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:1.778em;height:0.061em;left:0.000em;width:10.500em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-0.030em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div><div class="notheme" style="font-size:100%;background-color:#000000;border-style:none none;position:absolute;text-align:center;margin:0;padding:0;top:0.000em;height:32.000em;left:10.395em;width:0.105em"><div class="notheme" style="position:relative;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;display:block;bottom:-16.000em;transform:translateY(-50%);z-index:5"> </div></div></td><td id="Annotations" style="padding:0;margin:0.7em 0 0.7em 0;float:left;position:relative;width:10.25em;height:32em"><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:1.778em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian-Triassic mass extinction event</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:6.679em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">end-Capitanian extinction event</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><table role="presentation" style="position:absolute;z-index:15;top:14.547em;left:0em;transform:translateY(-50%);padding:0;margin:0;font-size:100%"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><span style="color:var( --color-base, #000)">←</span></td><td style="padding:0;text-align:left;vertical-align:middle"><div style="z-index:10;font-size:90%;color:var( --color-base, #000);display:block;line-height:105%;bottom:0"><a href="/wiki/Olson%27s_Extinction" title="Olson's Extinction">Olson's Extinction</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td id="Caption" colspan="3" style="padding:0;margin:0 0.2em 0.7em 0.2em"><div id="Caption" class="toccolours" style="margin:0 auto;float:left;border-style:none;clear:both;text-align:center;width:23.5em"><b>Subdivision of the Permian according to the <a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>, as of 2023.</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Vertical axis scale: Millions of years ago<br /></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Etymology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Name formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Synonym(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Late/Upper Permian</b><br /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Usage information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Celestial body</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Earth</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Regional usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Global (<a href="/wiki/International_Commission_on_Stratigraphy" title="International Commission on Stratigraphy">ICS</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time scale(s) used</th><td class="infobox-data">ICS Time Scale</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ededed;">Definition</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Chronological unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Stratigraphic unit</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">Series</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Time span formality</th><td class="infobox-data">Formal</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/First_appearance_datum" title="First appearance datum">FAD</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conodont" title="Conodont">Conodont</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Clarkina" title="Clarkina">Clarkina</a> postbitteri postbitteri</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penglaitan_Section&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penglaitan Section (page does not exist)">Penglaitan Section</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laibin" title="Laibin">Laibin</a>, Guangxi, China<br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lopingian&params=23.6953_N_109.3211_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°41′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">109°19′16″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.6953°N 109.3211°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.6953; 109.3211</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Lower GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2004<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary definition</th><td class="infobox-data">FAD of the Conodont <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus</a> parvus</i>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper boundary GSSP</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Meishan" title="Meishan">Meishan</a>, Zhejiang, China<br /><span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lopingian&params=31.0798_N_119.7058_E_"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°04′47″N</span> <span class="longitude">119°42′21″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.0798°N 119.7058°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.0798; 119.7058</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:10em;">Upper GSSP ratified</th><td class="infobox-data">2001<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Lopingian</b> is the uppermost <a href="/wiki/Series_(stratigraphy)" title="Series (stratigraphy)">series</a>/last <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chart_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the last epoch of the <a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic</a>. The Lopingian was preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a> and followed by the <a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early Triassic</a>. </p><p>The Lopingian is often synonymous with the informal terms <b>late Permian</b> or <b>upper Permian</b>. </p><p>The name was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Amadeus_William_Grabau" title="Amadeus William Grabau">Amadeus William Grabau</a> in 1931 and derives from <a href="/wiki/Leping" title="Leping">Leping</a>, Jiangxi in China.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of two <a href="/wiki/Stage_(stratigraphy)" title="Stage (stratigraphy)">stages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Age_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age (geology)">ages</a>. The earlier is the <a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a> and the later is the <a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Chronostratigraphic_Chart" class="mw-redirect" title="International Chronostratigraphic Chart">International Chronostratigraphic Chart</a> (v2018/07)<sup id="cite_ref-Chart_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chart-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a <a href="/wiki/Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point" title="Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point">Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point</a> (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the earliest stage determines numerical age of an epoch. The GSSP for the <a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a> has a numerical age of 259.8 ± 0.4 Ma.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-a2004_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a2004-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Milankovitch_cycles" title="Milankovitch cycles">Milankovitch cycles</a> suggests that the length of an Earth day during this epoch was approximately 22 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-WuEtAl2013_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WuEtAl2013-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Lopingian, most of the earth was in the supercontinent <a href="/wiki/Pangaea" title="Pangaea">Pangaea</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zechstein" title="Zechstein">Zechstein sea</a>, would, at times, be connected to the Paleotethys; Other features of the earth during the time were the <a href="/wiki/Microcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Microcontinent">Microcontinent</a> <a href="/wiki/Cathaysia" title="Cathaysia">Cathaysia</a>; And the <a href="/wiki/Cimmeria_(continent)" title="Cimmeria (continent)">Cimmerian superterrane</a>, which divided the <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Tethys Ocean</a> realm into the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Tethys_Ocean" title="Paleo-Tethys Ocean">Paleo-Tethys Ocean</a> and the slowly expanding <a href="/wiki/Tethys_Ocean" title="Tethys Ocean">Neotethys Ocean</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Lopingian_life" title="Category:Lopingian life">Category:Lopingian life</a></div> <p>The Lopingian ended with the <a href="/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event" title="Permian–Triassic extinction event">Permian–Triassic extinction event</a>, where over 95% of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> went <a href="/wiki/Extinct" class="mw-redirect" title="Extinct">extinct</a>. </p><p>The series follows the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian</a>, which ended with the <a href="/wiki/Capitanian_mass_extinction_event" title="Capitanian mass extinction event">Capitanian mass extinction</a>, during which many species of <a href="/wiki/Brachiopod" title="Brachiopod">brachiopods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">ammonoids</a> and other groups went extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Conodonts" class="mw-redirect" title="Conodonts">Conodonts</a> would reach their all-time low during this period, despite this, they are recovered from most marine Permian localities.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common conodonts from the Lopingian include the genera <i><a href="/wiki/Clarkina" title="Clarkina">Clarkina</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hindeodus" title="Hindeodus">Hindeodus</a></i>. </p><p>The Lopingian would see the decline of the Paleozoic <a href="/wiki/Ammonoidea" title="Ammonoidea">ammonoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_(biology)" title="Order (biology)">orders</a> (<a href="/wiki/Goniatite" title="Goniatite">Goniatitida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prolecanitida" title="Prolecanitida">Prolecanitida</a>) and the rise of the order <a href="/wiki/Ceratitida" title="Ceratitida">Ceratitida</a>, especially within the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Xenodiscoidea" title="Xenodiscoidea">Xenodiscoidea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only seven <a href="/wiki/Trilobites" class="mw-redirect" title="Trilobites">trilobites</a> are known from the Lopingian, with only five by the end of the epoch. One of the last members of this clade was <i><a href="/wiki/Kathwaia" title="Kathwaia">Kathwaia capitorosa</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Eurypterid" title="Eurypterid">Eurypterids</a> were nearly extinct by this point, consisting of the possibly Lopingian <i><a href="/wiki/Campylocephalus" title="Campylocephalus">Campylocephalus permicus</a></i> of Russia; and the <a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Woodwardopterus" title="Woodwardopterus">Woodwardopterus? freemanorum</a></i> of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A member of the extant <a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_crab" title="Horseshoe crab">Horseshoe crab</a> family, <i><a href="/wiki/Limulidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Limulidae">Limulidae</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guangyuanolimulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guangyuanolimulus (page does not exist)">Guangyuanolimulus</a></i> appears at the end of the period.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On land, <a href="/wiki/Gorgonopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorgonopia">gorgonopsians</a> would become the apex predators after the extinction of the <a href="/wiki/Dinocephalia" title="Dinocephalia">Dinocephalians</a>, Other predators include the <a href="/wiki/Therocephalians" class="mw-redirect" title="Therocephalians">Therocephalians</a>. Herbivorous animals of the Lopingian include the <a href="/wiki/Pareiasaur" class="mw-redirect" title="Pareiasaur">pareiasaurs</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodonts</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fossil_gallery">Fossil gallery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Fossil gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Smilesaurus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Smilesaurus ferox, one of the most fearsome predators of the Lopingian"><img alt="Smilesaurus ferox, one of the most fearsome predators of the Lopingian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smilesaurus_skull.jpg/120px-Smilesaurus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smilesaurus_skull.jpg/180px-Smilesaurus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Smilesaurus_skull.jpg/240px-Smilesaurus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Smilesaurus" title="Smilesaurus">Smilesaurus</a> ferox</i>, one of the most fearsome <a href="/wiki/Predation" title="Predation">predators</a> of the Lopingian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dicynodon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skull of Dicynodon, a dicynodont."><img alt="Skull of Dicynodon, a dicynodont." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dicynodon.jpg/120px-Dicynodon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dicynodon.jpg/180px-Dicynodon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Dicynodon.jpg/240px-Dicynodon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1660" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Skull of <i><a href="/wiki/Dicynodon" title="Dicynodon">Dicynodon</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Dicynodont" class="mw-redirect" title="Dicynodont">dicynodont</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scutosaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Scutosaurus, a common herbivore during the late Permian"><img alt="Scutosaurus, a common herbivore during the late Permian" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/120px-Scutosaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/180px-Scutosaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scutosaurus.jpg/240px-Scutosaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="962" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Scutosaurus" title="Scutosaurus">Scutosaurus</a></i>, a common herbivore during the late Permian</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paratirolites_robustus_(10.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559)_Figure_26.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Paratirolites, an ammonoid from the latest Permian (Changhsingian)"><img alt="Paratirolites, an ammonoid from the latest Permian (Changhsingian)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png/73px-Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png/109px-Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png/146px-Paratirolites_robustus_%2810.5852-ejt.2021.776.1559%29_Figure_26.png 2x" data-file-width="1151" data-file-height="1895" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Paratirolites" title="Paratirolites">Paratirolites</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Ammonoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonoid">ammonoid</a> from the latest Permian (<a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a>)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a> – System that relates geologic strata to time</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian</a> – First series of the Permian</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trilobites.info/lasttrilos.htm">"The last Trilobites"</a>. <i>www.Trilobites.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.Trilobites.info&rft.atitle=The+last+Trilobites&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trilobites.info%2Flasttrilos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALopingian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoschmannRozefelds2022" class="citation journal cs1">Poschmann, Marjus J.; Rozefelds, Andrew (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033">"The last eurypterid – a southern high-latitude record of sweep-feeding sea scorpion from Australia constrains the timing of their extinction"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Historical_Biology" title="Historical Biology">Historical Biology</a></i>. <b>34</b> (10): 2020–2030. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022HBio...34.2020P">2022HBio...34.2020P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F08912963.2021.1998033">10.1080/08912963.2021.1998033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Biology&rft.atitle=The+last+eurypterid+%E2%80%93+a+southern+high-latitude+record+of+sweep-feeding+sea+scorpion+from+Australia+constrains+the+timing+of+their+extinction&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2020-2030&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2021.1998033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022HBio...34.2020P&rft.aulast=Poschmann&rft.aufirst=Marjus+J.&rft.au=Rozefelds%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F08912963.2021.1998033&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALopingian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuFeldmannSchweitzerBenton2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Shixue; Feldmann, Rodney M.; Schweitzer, Carrie E.; Benton, Michael J.; Huang, Jinyuan; Wen, Wen; Min, Xiao; Zhang, Qiyue; Zhou, Changyong; Ma, Zhixin (15 September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018222003480">"A new horseshoe crab from the Permian-Triassic transition of South China: Xiphosurids as key components of post-extinction trophic webs"</a>. <i>Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology</i>. <b>602</b>: 111178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111178">10.1016/j.palaeo.2022.111178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-0182">0031-0182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Palaeogeography%2C+Palaeoclimatology%2C+Palaeoecology&rft.atitle=A+new+horseshoe+crab+from+the+Permian-Triassic+transition+of+South+China%3A+Xiphosurids+as+key+components+of+post-extinction+trophic+webs&rft.volume=602&rft.pages=111178&rft.date=2022-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.palaeo.2022.111178&rft.issn=0031-0182&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Shixue&rft.au=Feldmann%2C+Rodney+M.&rft.au=Schweitzer%2C+Carrie+E.&rft.au=Benton%2C+Michael+J.&rft.au=Huang%2C+Jinyuan&rft.au=Wen%2C+Wen&rft.au=Min%2C+Xiao&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Qiyue&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Changyong&rft.au=Ma%2C+Zhixin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0031018222003480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALopingian" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lopingian</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asselian" title="Asselian">Asselian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakmarian" title="Sakmarian">Sakmarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artinskian" title="Artinskian">Artinskian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kungurian" title="Kungurian">Kungurian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roadian" title="Roadian">Roadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wordian" title="Wordian">Wordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitanian" title="Capitanian">Capitanian</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;background-color: #ffffff; border-style:solid; border-width: 2px 0 0 0; border-color:rgb(240,64,40); text-align:center;width:33%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuchiapingian" title="Wuchiapingian">Wuchiapingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changhsingian" title="Changhsingian">Changhsingian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Template talk:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Geological history of Earth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Geological_history_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(present–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Quaternary" title="Quaternary">Quaternary <span class="nobold">(present–2.58 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene (present–11.7 ka)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene (11.7 ka–2.58 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">Neogene <span class="nobold">(2.58–23.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pliocene" title="Pliocene">Pliocene (2.59–5.33 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">Miocene (5.33–23.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Paleogene <span class="nobold">(23.0–66.0 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene (23.0–33.9 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eocene" title="Eocene">Eocene (33.9–56.0 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocene" title="Paleocene">Paleocene (56.0–66.0 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(66.0–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous <span class="nobold">(66.0–145 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">Late (66.0–100 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cretaceous" title="Early Cretaceous">Early (100–145 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic <span class="nobold">(145–201 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Jurassic" title="Late Jurassic">Late (145–164 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">Middle (164–174 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early (174–201 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic <span class="nobold">(201–252 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Triassic" title="Late Triassic">Late (201–237 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle (237–247 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Triassic" title="Early Triassic">Early (247–252 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleozoic" title="Paleozoic">Paleozoic Era<br /><span class="nobold">(252–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian <span class="nobold">(252–299 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lopingian (252–260 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalupian" title="Guadalupian">Guadalupian (260–272 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisuralian" title="Cisuralian">Cisuralian (272–299 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous <span class="nobold">(299–359 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanian_(geology)" title="Pennsylvanian (geology)">Pennsylvanian (299–323 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippian_(geology)" title="Mississippian (geology)">Mississippian (323–359 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">Devonian <span class="nobold">(359–419 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Devonian">Late (359–383 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Devonian" title="Middle Devonian">Middle (383–393 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Devonian" title="Early Devonian">Early (393–419 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">Silurian <span class="nobold">(419–444 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pridoli_Epoch" title="Pridoli Epoch">Pridoli (419–423 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Epoch" title="Ludlow Epoch">Ludlow (423–427 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenlock_Epoch" title="Wenlock Epoch">Wenlock (427–433 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llandovery_Epoch" title="Llandovery Epoch">Llandovery (433–444 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">Ordovician <span class="nobold">(444–485 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Ordovician" title="Late Ordovician">Late (444–458 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ordovician" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Ordovician">Middle (458–470 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Ordovician" title="Early Ordovician">Early (470–485 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Cambrian <span class="nobold">(485–539 Ma)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Furongian" title="Furongian">Furongian (485–497 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaolingian" title="Miaolingian">Miaolingian (497–509 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambrian_Series_2" title="Cambrian Series 2">Series 2 (509–521 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terreneuvian" title="Terreneuvian">Terreneuvian (521–539 Ma)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic Eon<br /><span class="nobold">(539 Ma–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Neoproterozoic" title="Neoproterozoic">Neoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(539 Ma–1 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ediacaran" title="Ediacaran">Ediacaran (539–635 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryogenian" title="Cryogenian">Cryogenian (635–720 Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonian" title="Tonian">Tonian (720 Ma–1 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Mesoproterozoic" title="Mesoproterozoic">Mesoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1–1.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenian" title="Stenian">Stenian (1–1.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectasian" title="Ectasian">Ectasian (1.2–1.4 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calymmian" title="Calymmian">Calymmian (1.4–1.6 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:26ch"><a href="/wiki/Paleoproterozoic" title="Paleoproterozoic">Paleoproterozoic <span class="nobold">(1.6–2.5 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statherian" title="Statherian">Statherian (1.6–1.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orosirian" title="Orosirian">Orosirian (1.8–2.05 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhyacian" title="Rhyacian">Rhyacian (2.05–2.3 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siderian" title="Siderian">Siderian (2.3–2.5 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archean" title="Archean">Archean Eon <span class="nobold">(2.5–4 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neoarchean" title="Neoarchean">Neoarchean (2.5–2.8 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoarchean" title="Mesoarchean">Mesoarchean (2.8–3.2 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoarchean" title="Paleoarchean">Paleoarchean (3.2–3.6 Ga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoarchean" title="Eoarchean">Eoarchean (3.6–4 Ga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Hadean Eon <span class="nobold">(4–4.6 Ga)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">ka</a> = kiloannum (thousand years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ma</a> = megaannum (million years ago); <a href="/wiki/Year#SI_prefix_multipliers" title="Year">Ga</a> = gigaannum (billion years ago).<br /> <i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geologic time scale</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/32px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="327" data-file-height="328" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geology" title="Portal:Geology">Geology portal</a>  •  <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&oldid=1256816034">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lopingian&oldid=1256816034</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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