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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Povijest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povijest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Povijest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povijest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Podjela_optike" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Podjela_optike"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Podjela optike</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Podjela_optike-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Sadržaj cjeline Podjela optike</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Podjela_optike-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geometrijska_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometrijska_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Geometrijska optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometrijska_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Valna_optika_ili_fizikalna_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Valna_optika_ili_fizikalna_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Valna optika ili fizikalna optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Valna_optika_ili_fizikalna_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nelinearna_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nelinearna_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nelinearna optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nelinearna_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neslikovna_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neslikovna_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Neslikovna optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neslikovna_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elektronska_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elektronska_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Elektronska optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elektronska_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optika_atmosfere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optika_atmosfere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Optika atmosfere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optika_atmosfere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kvantna_optika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kvantna_optika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Kvantna optika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kvantna_optika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_poveznice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Vanjske poveznice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_poveznice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaz sadržaja stranice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaz sadržaja stranice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Optika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Idi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupan je na 110 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – azerbajdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – bjeloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bjeloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান – bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ – tibetski" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica – katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک – soranski kurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="soranski kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg – velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – njemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="njemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική – grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – španjolski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španjolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی – perzijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka – finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique – francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – sjevernofrizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="sjevernofrizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche – furlanski" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="furlanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic – irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – galicijski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה – hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी – hindski" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա – armenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði – islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica – talijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="talijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა – gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – kazaški" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – karnatački" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="karnatački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 – korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk – kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – litavski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litavski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – latvijski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="izabrani članak"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം – malajalamski" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик – mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – mirandski" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – nizozemski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – norveški nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norveški nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – okcitanski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="okcitanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – pandžapski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka – poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک – paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică – rumunjski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumunjski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – santalski" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica – sicilijski" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – sindski" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – srpsko-hrvatski" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srpsko-hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව – sinhaleški" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhaleški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) – slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – slovenski" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga – somalski" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் – tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం – teluški" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="teluški" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – tadžički" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžički" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ – tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobri članak"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات – urdski" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quang học – vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiste" title="Ngiste – volof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngiste" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="volof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפטיק – jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ – standardni marokanski tamašek" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standardni marokanski tamašek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學 – kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomkhanyizo" title="Ezomkhanyizo – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomkhanyizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Poveznice na druge jezike" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi poveznice</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Optika" title="Pogledaj sadržaj [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Optika&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovorna stranica (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">hrvatski</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Pogledi"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Optika"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=history" title="Ranije izmjene na ovoj stranici [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pomagala" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pomagala</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Pomagala</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Optika"><span>Čitaj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Uredi</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kôd ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Uredi kôd</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=history"><span>Vidi povijest</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Razno </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovamo/Optika" title="Popis svih stranica koje sadrže poveznice na ovu stranicu [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Što vodi ovamo</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_promjene/Optika" rel="nofollow" title="Nedavne promjene na stranicama koje su povezane s navedenom stranicom [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Povezane promjene</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedija:Upload" title="Postavi datoteke [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Postavi datoteku</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Popis svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Posebne stranice</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6212697" title="Trajna poveznica na ovu verziju stranice"><span>Trajna poveznica</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=info" title="Više informacija o ovoj stranici"><span>Podatci o stranici</span></a></li><li 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/250px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/375px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg/500px-Double-alaskan-rainbow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1919" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Dvostruka <a href="/wiki/Duga" title="Duga">duga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/250px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/375px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg/500px-Light_dispersion_of_a_mercury-vapor_lamp_with_a_flint_glass_prism_IPNr%C2%B00125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="2818" /></a><figcaption>Optika proučava i <a href="/wiki/Disperzija_(optika)" title="Disperzija (optika)">disperziju svjetlosti</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/250px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/375px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg/500px-F%C3%A9nyvisszaver%C5%91d%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">Refleksija</a>: zraka <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a> koja pada na neku <a href="/wiki/Ravnina" title="Ravnina">ravninu</a> reflektira se tako da je upadni kut <i>α</i> jednak kutu refleksije <i>β</i>, a upadna i reflektirana (odbijena) zraka leže u istoj ravnini.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/250px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/375px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg/500px-F%C3%A9nyt%C3%B6r%C3%A9s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="1368" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">Refrakcija</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Lom_svjetlosti" class="mw-redirect" title="Lom svjetlosti">lom svjetlosti</a> je skretanje svjetlosnih zraka pri prijelazu iz jednoga sredstva u drugo zbog razlike u brzini širenja valova u različitim sredstvima.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif/250px-Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/46/Wavelength%3Dslitwidthspectrum.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Prikaz <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogiba</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakcija">difrakcije</a> kada je otvor na zapreci jednak <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnoj duljini</a> <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">vala</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Interferenz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/250px-Interferenz.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/375px-Interferenz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Interferenz.jpg/500px-Interferenz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">Interferencija</a> dvaju kružnih <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">valova</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:LASER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LASER.jpg/250px-LASER.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LASER.jpg/375px-LASER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/LASER.jpg/500px-LASER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pokus" title="Pokus">Pokus</a> s <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserskom</a> zrakom.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:SDIM0241b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SDIM0241b.jpg/250px-SDIM0241b.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SDIM0241b.jpg/375px-SDIM0241b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/SDIM0241b.jpg/500px-SDIM0241b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1320" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rayleighovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rayleighovo raspršenje">Rayleighovo raspršenje</a> jače je nakon zalaska Sunca. Ono uzrokuje plavu nijansu neba u toku dana i crvenu boju Sunca kod zalaska.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Misc_pollen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/250px-Misc_pollen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/375px-Misc_pollen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Misc_pollen.jpg/500px-Misc_pollen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pelud" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelud">Peludi</a> snimljeni skenirajućim <a href="/wiki/Elektronski_mikroskop" title="Elektronski mikroskop">elektronskim mikroskopom</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Optika</b> (prema <a href="/wiki/Gr%C4%8Dki_jezik" title="Grčki jezik">grč</a>. <i>ὀπτιϰὴ [τέχνη]</i>: [znanost] o vidu) je grana <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a> koja se bavi svojstvima i širenjem <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>, te međudjelovanjem svjetlosti i <a href="/wiki/Tvar" title="Tvar">tvari</a>. Svjetlošću se naziva <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetsko zračenje</a> koje se sastoji od vidljivoga dijela <a href="/wiki/Spektar_(fizika)" title="Spektar (fizika)">spektra</a> elektromagnetskih valova s rasponom <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnih duljina</a> od 380 do 780 <a href="/wiki/Metar" title="Metar">nm</a>, koje ljudsko oko razlikuje kao <a href="/wiki/Boja" title="Boja">boje</a>, od ljubičaste s najmanjom do crvene s najvećom valnom duljinom. U širem smislu, optika se bavi i <a href="/wiki/Infracrveno_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Infracrveno zračenje">infracrvenim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultraljubi%C4%8Dasto_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Ultraljubičasto zračenje">ultraljubičastim</a>, a djelomice i <a href="/wiki/Rendgenske_zrake" title="Rendgenske zrake">rendgenskim zračenjem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_fizika" title="Klasična fizika">Klasična se optika</a> dijeli na geometrijsku i valnu (fizikalnu) optiku, dok su novije grane nelinearna, neslikovna i kvantna optika.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neke pojave u optici ovise o kvantnoj prirodi svjetlosti što optiki povezuje i s <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnom mehanikom</a>. U praksi se ipak većina pojava može objasniti elektromagnetskom prirodom svjetlosti koja je opisana <a href="/wiki/Maxwellove_jednad%C5%BEbe" title="Maxwellove jednadžbe">Maxwellovim jednadžbama</a>. Primijenjena optika se bavi konstrukcijom i optimizacijom optičkih elemenata, sustava i naprava kao što su <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%87a_(optika)" title="Leća (optika)">leće</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zrcalo" title="Zrcalo">zrcala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prizma_(optika)" title="Prizma (optika)">prizme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Objektiv" title="Objektiv">objektivi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okular" title="Okular">okulari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskopi</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povijest">Povijest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odlomak: Povijest" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povijest"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Optika se proučavala već u starom vijeku. O njoj je pisao <a href="/wiki/Euklid" title="Euklid">Euklid</a>, a značajno djelo objavio je <a href="/wiki/Klaudije_Ptolemej" title="Klaudije Ptolemej">Ptolemej</a> u 2. stoljeću. Nakon 1500. godine njome su se bavili <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">G. Galilei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">J. Kepler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">C. Huygens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">R. Hooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">I. Newton</a> i drugi. Newton je eksperimentirao s rastavljanjem svjetlosti na boje, te izložio teoriju po kojoj je svjetlost sastavljena od čestica (<a href="/wiki/Korpuskularna_teorija" title="Korpuskularna teorija">korpuskularna teorija</a>). Djelomičan razlog za sporo prihvaćanje <a href="/wiki/Valna_teorija" title="Valna teorija">valne teorije svjetlosti</a>, koju su zastupali Huygens i Hooke, bio je i Newtonov autoritet. Hrvatski <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dar" title="Fizičar">fizičari</a> <a href="/wiki/Markantun_de_Dominis" title="Markantun de Dominis">M. de Dominis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marin_Getaldi%C4%87" title="Marin Getaldić">M. Getaldić</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ru%C4%91er_Bo%C5%A1kovi%C4%87" title="Ruđer Bošković">R. Bošković</a> dali su mnoštvo izvornih doprinosa optici svojega doba. U 19. stoljeću valna je teorija potpuno prevladala, okrunjena egzaktnom teorijom <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">elektromagnetizma</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">J. C. Maxwella</a> 1864. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">A. Einstein</a> je 1905. postavio hipotezu o <a href="/wiki/Dualizam_(fizika)" title="Dualizam (fizika)">dvojnoj prirodi svjetlosti</a>. Ta dva suprotstavljena gledišta, valni i čestični, usklađena u jedinstvenu sliku, dovela su do razvoja <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_fizika" title="Kvantna fizika">kvantne fizike</a>. Godine 1917. Einstein je protumačio stimuliranu emisiju svjetlosti i otvorio put razvoju <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">lasera</a> i nelinearne optike. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Podjela_optike">Podjela optike</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odlomak: Podjela optike" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Podjela optike"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geometrijska_optika">Geometrijska optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odlomak: Geometrijska optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geometrijska optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>U geometrijskoj optici zanemaruje se valna priroda svjetlosti, a temeljni je pojam svjetlosna zraka. U nekom sredstvu <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a> može biti djelomično ili potpuno <a href="/wiki/Apsorpcija_(razdvojba)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Apsorpcija (razdvojba)">apsorbirana</a> (upijena) ili transmitirana (propuštena), a na granici sredstava <a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">reflektirana</a> (odbijena) ili pak podliježe refrakciji (lomu). Osnovni su zakoni geometrijske optike zakon pravocrtnoga širenja svjetlosti, zakon neovisnosti svjetlosnih zraka, <a href="/wiki/Zakon_refleksije" class="mw-redirect" title="Zakon refleksije">zakon refleksije</a> i zakon loma (<a href="/wiki/Snelliusov_zakon" title="Snelliusov zakon">Snelliusov zakon</a>). <a href="/wiki/Osvijetljenost" title="Osvijetljenost">Osvijetljenost</a> plohe povećava se ako na nju pada svjetlost iz dvaju ili više izvora. Pri refleksiji (odbijanju) svjetlosti upadni je kut jednak kutu refleksije, a upadna i reflektirana zraka leže u istoj ravnini, okomitoj na plohu refleksije. Lom (<a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">refrakcija</a>) svjetlosti zbiva se pri prijelazu iz jednog optičkoga sredstva u drugo, a upadni kut <i>α<sub>1</sub></i> i kut loma <i>α<sub>2</sub></i> povezani su <a href="/wiki/Snelliusov_zakon" title="Snelliusov zakon">Snellovim zakonom loma</a>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot \sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\cdot \sin \theta _{2}\ }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mtext> </mtext> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot \sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\cdot \sin \theta _{2}\ }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b0916bf6a7117ef4ddf528a1345416da3814b3f4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:22.71ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n_{1}\cdot \sin \theta _{1}=n_{2}\cdot \sin \theta _{2}\ }"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>n</i> - <a href="/wiki/Indeks_loma" title="Indeks loma">indeks loma</a> (refrakcija). Pri prijelazu iz optički rjeđeg u optički gušće sredstvo zraka se istodobno i lomi i reflektira. Zakon loma očituje se kod planparalelne ploče (pomaknuta slika), <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dka_prizma" class="mw-redirect" title="Optička prizma">optičke prizme</a> (na primjer otklon upadne zrake) i leće (na primjer kod <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop" title="Mikroskop">mikroskopa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Dalekozor" title="Dalekozor">dalekozora</a>). Svojstva <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%87a_(optika)" title="Leća (optika)">leće</a> iskazuje jednadžba: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <msub> <mi>S</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>f</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3d5471b983b47c062376f96c793d2a5fb8b04761" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:14.684ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{S_{1}}}+{\frac {1}{S_{2}}}={\frac {1}{f}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>S<sub>1</sub></i> - udaljenost predmeta od leće, <i>S<sub>2</sub></i> - udaljenost slike od leće, a <i>f</i> - <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDari%C5%A1na_duljina" title="Žarišna duljina">žarišna duljina</a>, pozitivna za sabirne, a negativna za rastresne leće. Slika predmeta koju stvara leća može biti uvećana ili umanjena, realna ili virtualna, te uspravna ili obrnuta. Zraka koja iz optički gušćega sredstva indeksa loma <i>n<sub>2</sub></i> pada na granicu s optički rjeđim sredstvom indeksa loma <i>n<sub>1</sub></i>, pod kutom većim od graničnoga: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{g}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>sin</mi> <mo>⁡</mo> <msub> <mi>θ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>g</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{g}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7e3b7f2724205b846c4e8fa27515119763ad8a64" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:11.738ex; height:5.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \theta _{g}={\frac {n_{2}}{n_{1}}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>u potpunosti se reflektira. To je <b>totalna refleksija</b>. Ona omogućuje obrtanje slike u različitim optičkim sustavima, a čini i osnovni mehanizam širenja svjetlosti kroz <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dko_vlakno" title="Optičko vlakno">optička vlakna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Svjetlovod" title="Svjetlovod">svjetlovode</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Valna_optika_ili_fizikalna_optika">Valna optika ili fizikalna optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odlomak: Valna optika ili fizikalna optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Valna optika ili fizikalna optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Valna optika</b> ili <b>fizikalna optika</b> tretira <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlost</a> kao <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetsko_zra%C4%8Denje" title="Elektromagnetsko zračenje">elektromagnetski val</a>, koji se u <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumu</a> širi <a href="/wiki/Brzina_svjetlosti" title="Brzina svjetlosti">brzinom svjetlosti</a> (<i>c</i> = 3 · 10<sup>8</sup> <a href="/wiki/Metar_u_sekundi" title="Metar u sekundi">m/s</a>), a u optičkom sredstvu <a href="/wiki/Indeks_loma" title="Indeks loma">indeksa loma</a> <i>n</i> <a href="/wiki/Brzina" title="Brzina">brzinom</a> <i>v</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle v={\frac {c}{n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>v</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>c</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle v={\frac {c}{n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6d5004b06289deee6cb0c0b7d310ed0f7b192ac4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.457ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle v={\frac {c}{n}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>U <a href="/wiki/Vakuum" title="Vakuum">vakuumu</a>, za <a href="/wiki/Valna_duljina" title="Valna duljina">valnu duljinu</a> <i>λ</i> i <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvenciju</a> <a href="/wiki/Val" title="Val">vala</a> <i>f</i> vrijedi: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=\lambda \cdot f}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>λ</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>f</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=\lambda \cdot f}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b967af420db843eae25cd9d02bc57997709eb1e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.418ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=\lambda \cdot f}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Valna duljina u nekom sredstvu je: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {\lambda }{n}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>λ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>λ</mi> <mi>n</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {\lambda }{n}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/df292be3ceba432e23b40f14c07a249a85da6c88" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:7.739ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{1}={\frac {\lambda }{n}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Širenje svjetlosti prikazuje se s pomoću valne fronte. Prema <a href="/wiki/Huygensovo_na%C4%8Delo" title="Huygensovo načelo">Huygensovu načelu</a>, svaka točka na valnoj fronti izvor je novoga vala. U području vrlo malih valnih duljina valna se optika svodi na geometrijsku, a zrake svjetlosti okomite su na valnu frontu. </p><p>Svjetlost je <a href="/wiki/Monokromator" title="Monokromator">monokromatska</a> ako je zastupljena samo jedna valna duljina, a polikromatska ako sadrži diskretni niz valnih duljina (na primjer svjetiljke s razrijeđenim plinom) ili kontinuirani spektar (<a href="/wiki/Sun%C4%8Deva_svjetlost" title="Sunčeva svjetlost">Sunčeva svjetlost</a> ili <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDarulja" class="mw-redirect" title="Žarulja">žarulja</a> s užarenom niti). </p><p>Valna priroda svjetlosti dokazuje se pokusima s <a href="/wiki/Interferencija_valova" title="Interferencija valova">interferencijom</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogibom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" class="mw-redirect" title="Difrakcija">difrakcija</a>). Interferencija nastaje kada u istu točku pada svjetlost iz dvaju izvora. Ako se postigne stojni val (samo s pomoću <a href="/wiki/Koherencija" class="mw-disambig" title="Koherencija">koherentnih</a> izvora svjetlosti), dva snopa svjetlosti mogu se poništiti ili pojačati, što se na <a href="/wiki/Zaslon" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaslon">zaslonu</a> vidi kao svijetla ili tamna pruga. Ogib ili difrakcija pojava je skretanja svjetlosti iza zapreke, tako da predmeti obasjani svjetlošću ne bacaju oštru sjenu. Niz bliskih uskih pukotina tvori <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dka_re%C5%A1etka" title="Optička rešetka">optičku rešetku</a>. <a href="/wiki/Disperzija_(optika)" title="Disperzija (optika)">Optička disperzija</a> razlaganje je svjetlosti na <a href="/wiki/Boja" title="Boja">boje</a>. Bijela se svjetlost može rastaviti lomom na optičkoj prizmi. Za manje valne duljine indeks loma je veći, pa se ljubičasta svjetlost otklanja najjače, a crvena najmanje. Pojava <a href="/wiki/Duga" title="Duga">dúge</a> primjer je disperzije svjetlosti prouzročene <a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">lomom</a> i totalnom <a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">refleksijom</a> na kapljicama vode u <a href="/wiki/Zrak" title="Zrak">zraku</a>. Preciznije razdvajanje različitih valnih duljina omogućuje <a href="/wiki/Opti%C4%8Dka_re%C5%A1etka" title="Optička rešetka">optička rešetka</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nelinearna_optika">Nelinearna optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odlomak: Nelinearna optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nelinearna optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Nelinearna optika</b> bavi se izvorima visoko <a href="/wiki/Koherencija" class="mw-disambig" title="Koherencija">koherentne</a> <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laserske</a> svjetlosti koji proizvode usmjerene svjetlosne snopove velike <a href="/wiki/Snaga" title="Snaga">snage</a>, što uzrokuje nelinearne učinke. Obična svjetlost na putu kroz optičko sredstvo mijenja stazu, ali ne i frekvenciju, dok nelinearnost pri međudjelovanju svjetlosti s tvari može prouzročiti i promjenu <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencije</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neslikovna_optika">Neslikovna optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odlomak: Neslikovna optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Neslikovna optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Neslikovna optika</b> proučava svjetlost u prijenosu. Ona se ne bavi složenim pojavama nastanka svjetlosti i međudjelovanja s tvari, već se usredotočuje na sprječavanje rasapa snopa te gubitaka <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> tijekom prijenosa pa, primjerice, istražuje kakvi oblici <a href="/wiki/Svjetlovod" title="Svjetlovod">svjetlovoda</a> dovode do kaotičnih <a href="/wiki/Refleksija" title="Refleksija">refleksija</a> i gubitaka snage u prijenosu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elektronska_optika">Elektronska optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odlomak: Elektronska optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Elektronska optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7016135">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Elektronska_optika" title="Elektronska optika">Elektronska optika</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Elektronska optika</b> je grana <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizike</a> koja se bavi upravljanjem snopom <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a> s pomoću <a href="/wiki/Elektri%C4%8Dno_polje" title="Električno polje">električnoga</a> i <a href="/wiki/Magnetsko_polje" title="Magnetsko polje">magnetskoga polja</a> te konstrukcijom <a href="/wiki/Elektronika" title="Elektronika">elektroničkih uređaja</a> poput optičkih. Djelovanje tih polja na elektronski snop na maloj udaljenosti od njihovih <a href="/wiki/Os" title="Os">osi</a> slično je djelovanju <a href="/wiki/Le%C4%87a_(optika)" title="Leća (optika)">optičkih leća</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zrcalo" title="Zrcalo">zrcala</a> i <a href="/wiki/Prizma_(optika)" title="Prizma (optika)">prizmi</a> na snop <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optika_atmosfere">Optika atmosfere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odlomak: Optika atmosfere" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Optika atmosfere"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="margin-left:0.3rem"><i><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r7016135"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Vista-xmag.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/18px-Vista-xmag.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/27px-Vista-xmag.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vista-xmag.png/36px-Vista-xmag.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> Podrobniji članak o temi: <a href="/wiki/Optika_atmosfere" title="Optika atmosfere">Optika atmosfere</a></div></i></div> <p><b>Optika atmosfere</b> jest grana <a href="/wiki/Meteorologija" title="Meteorologija">meteorologije</a> koja proučava pojave nastale <a href="/wiki/Refrakcija" title="Refrakcija">lomom svjetlosti</a>, odbijanjem (refleksijom), <a href="/wiki/Rayleighovo_raspr%C5%A1enje" title="Rayleighovo raspršenje">raspršivanjem</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ogib" title="Ogib">ogibom</a> (difrakcija) <a href="/wiki/Svjetlost" title="Svjetlost">svjetlosti</a> u <a href="/wiki/Zemljina_atmosfera" title="Zemljina atmosfera">Zemljinoj atmosferi</a> (boja neba, duga, vijenac ili korona oko Sunca i Mjeseca, halo, pasunce ili lažno Sunce, Sunčev stup, irizacija oblaka, glorija, zračno zrcaljenje, fatamorgana, miraž, pojava sumraka, alpskog žara, treperenja zvijezda, zelenog bljeska, astronomska i terestrička refrakcija, depresija <a href="/wiki/Obzor" title="Obzor">obzora</a> i dr.). Optika atmosfere proučava i pojave koje su posljedica perspektive: prividni oblik <a href="/wiki/Nebeska_sfera" title="Nebeska sfera">nebeskog svoda</a>, površine diska <a href="/wiki/Sunce" title="Sunce">Sunca</a> i <a href="/wiki/Mjesec" title="Mjesec">Mjeseca</a> pri njihovu izlaženju i zalaženju i dr.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kvantna_optika">Kvantna optika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odlomak: Kvantna optika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Kvantna optika"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Kvantna optika</b> istražuje <a href="/wiki/Kvant" title="Kvant">kvantne</a> i <a href="/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">relativističke</a> pojave povezane sa svjetlošću, posebno <a href="/wiki/Dualizam_(fizika)" title="Dualizam (fizika)">dvojnu (valnu i čestičnu) prirodu svjetlosti</a>. Osim kao val, svjetlost se može predočiti i kao snop čestica. To su kvanti svjetlosti ili <a href="/wiki/Foton" title="Foton">fotoni</a>, a svaki ima <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energiju</a> <i>E</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E=h\cdot \nu \,}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>E</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>h</mi> <mo>⋅</mo> <mi>ν</mi> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E=h\cdot \nu \,}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8bc479c27e34778d99929aa85ba2c9cfe1ea3454" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.511ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E=h\cdot \nu \,}"></span></dd></dl> <p>i <a href="/wiki/Koli%C4%8Dina_gibanja" title="Količina gibanja">količinu gibanja</a> <i>p</i>: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p={\frac {E}{c}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>E</mi> <mi>c</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p={\frac {E}{c}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/639a565140bc0f3895affeb689823187d4c235c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.969ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p={\frac {E}{c}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>gdje je: <i>h</i> - <a href="/wiki/Planckova_konstanta" title="Planckova konstanta">Planckova konstanta</a>. Posljedica je čestične prirode svjetlosti radijacijski <a href="/wiki/Tlak" title="Tlak">tlak</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tlak_elektromagnetskog_zra%C4%8Denja" title="Tlak elektromagnetskog zračenja">tlak elektromagnetskog zračenja</a>), koji u slučaju pulsnih laserskih snopova visoka intenziteta poprima znatne vrijednosti, pa se primjenjuje za promjene strukture tvari na <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomskoj</a> razini (na primjer hlađenje atoma). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odlomak: Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r6541845">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>optika</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr/Natuknica.aspx?ID=45342">[1]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <b>optika atmosfere</b>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.enciklopedija.hr//natuknica.aspx?ID=45343">[2]</a> "Hrvatska enciklopedija", Leksikografski zavod Miroslav Krleža, www.enciklopedija.hr, 2014.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_poveznice">Vanjske poveznice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odlomak: Vanjske poveznice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Optika&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske poveznice"><span>uredi kôd</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Web courseware Povijest fizike</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802174002/http://ahyco.ffri.hr/povijestfizike/">Arhivirana inačica izvorne stranice</a> od 2. kolovoza 2012. (<a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-naslov"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand navbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-variant:small-caps; ;;border:none;;"><a href="/wiki/Predlo%C5%BEak:Op%C4%87e_grane_u_fizici" title="Predložak:Opće grane u fizici"><span title="Vidi ovaj predložak." style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> • <a class="external text" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predlo%C5%BEak:Op%C4%87e_grane_u_fizici&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;;border:none;;" title="Možete urediti ovaj predložak. Prije spremanja provjerite kako će izgledati.">u</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">opće grane u <a href="/wiki/Fizika" title="Fizika">fizici</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-popis navbox-neparni"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akustika" title="Akustika">akustika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agrofizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agrofizika (stranica ne postoji)">agrofizika</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fizika_tla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fizika tla (stranica ne postoji)">fizika tla</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Astrofizika" title="Astrofizika">astrofizika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atmosferska_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atmosferska fizika (stranica ne postoji)">atmosferska fizika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomska,_nuklearna_i_opti%C4%8Dka_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atomska, nuklearna i optička fizika (stranica ne postoji)">atomska, nuklearna i optička fizika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Biofizika" title="Biofizika">biofizika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Medicinska_fizika" title="Medicinska fizika">medicinska fizika</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Neurofizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neurofizika (stranica ne postoji)">neurofizika</a>) • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemijska_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemijska fizika (stranica ne postoji)">kemijska fizika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fizika_kondenzirane_tvari" class="mw-redirect" title="Fizika kondenzirane tvari">fizika kondenzirane tvari</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ekonofizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ekonofizika (stranica ne postoji)">ekonofizika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetizam" title="Elektromagnetizam">elektromagnetizam</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehanika" title="Mehanika">mehanika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Klasi%C4%8Dna_mehanika" title="Klasična mehanika">klasična</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mehanika_fluida" title="Mehanika fluida">mehanika fluida</a> • <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optomehanika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optomehanika (stranica ne postoji)">optomehanika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamika" title="Termodinamika">termodinamika</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Nuklearna_fizika" title="Nuklearna fizika">nuklearna fizika</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">optika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fizika_elementarnih_%C4%8Destica" title="Fizika elementarnih čestica">fizika elementarnih čestica</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_teorija_polja" title="Kvantna teorija polja">kvantna teorija polja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teorija_relativnosti" title="Teorija relativnosti">teorija relativnosti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Posebna_teorija_relativnosti" title="Posebna teorija relativnosti">posebna</a> • <a href="/wiki/Op%C4%87a_teorija_relativnosti" title="Opća teorija relativnosti">opća</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Dobavljeno iz "<a dir="ltr" href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6212697">https://hr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Optika&oldid=6212697</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Optika" title="Kategorija:Optika">Optika</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica posljednji je put uređivana 31. prosinca 2021. u 06:39.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencijom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.hr">Creative Commons: Imenuj autora/Dijeli pod istim uvjetima</a>; mogu se primjenjivati i dodatni uvjeti. 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