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class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="فھرست" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">فھرست</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">سائڊبار ڏانھن چوريو</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">لڪايو</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">تعارف</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-تاريخ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#تاريخ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>تاريخ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-تاريخ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ڪلاسيڪل_بصريات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ڪلاسيڪل_بصريات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>ڪلاسيڪل بصريات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ڪلاسيڪل_بصريات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-جديد_بصريات" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#جديد_بصريات"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>جديد بصريات</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-جديد_بصريات-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ايپليڪيشن" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ايپليڪيشن"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>ايپليڪيشن</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ايپليڪيشن-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-پڻ_ڏسو" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#پڻ_ڏسو"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>پڻ ڏسو</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-پڻ_ڏسو-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-خارجي_لنڪس" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#خارجي_لنڪس"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>خارجي لنڪس</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-خارجي_لنڪس-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-حوالا" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#حوالا"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>حوالا</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-حوالا-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="فھرست" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">عنوانن جي فھرست کي ٽوگل ڪريو</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">بصريات</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ڪنھن مضمون ڏانھن ڪنھن ٻي ٻوليءَ ۾ وڃو. 110 ٻولين ۾ موجود آھي" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">110 ٻوليون</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – آفريڪي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="آفريڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصريات – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بصريات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – اسٽورين" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="اسٽورين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – آزربائيجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="آزربائيجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="اوپتیکا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوپتیکا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C4%97ka" title="Optėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Optėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – بيلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بيلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Оптыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – بلغاريائي" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান – بنگلا" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আলোকবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="بنگلا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8B" title="འོད་རིག་པ་ – تبيتائي" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འོད་རིག་པ་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="تبيتائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – بوسنيائي" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسنيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptica" title="Òptica – ڪيٽالان" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Òptica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="ڪيٽالان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ئۆپتیک – مرڪزي ڪردش" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆپتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="مرڪزي ڪردش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – چيڪ" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چيڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – چو واش" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="چو واش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opteg" title="Opteg – ويلش" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Opteg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – ڊينش" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ڊينش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – جرمن" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%80%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Οπτική – يوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Οπτική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="يوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – انگريزي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انگريزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – ايسپرانٽو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="ايسپرانٽو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – ايستونائي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="ايستونائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – باسق" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نورشناسی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نورشناسی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiikka" title="Optiikka – فنش" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Optiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فنش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgus%C3%B5oppus" title="Valgusõoppus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Valgusõoppus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optique" title="Optique – فرانسيسي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Optique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسيسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – اترين فريسين" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="اترين فريسين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otiche" title="Otiche – فرائي لئين" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Otiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="فرائي لئين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optaic" title="Optaic – آئرش" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Optaic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="آئرش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ptik" title="Òptik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Òptik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – گليشئين" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="گليشئين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="אופטיקה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="प्रकाशिकी – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रकाशिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – ڪروشيائي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="ڪروشيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – هنگري" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="هنگري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Օպտիկա – ارماني" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օպտիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="ارماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – انٽرلنگئا" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="انٽرلنگئا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – انڊونيشي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انڊونيشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optiko" title="Optiko – ادو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Optiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ادو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lj%C3%B3sfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Ljósfræði – آئيس لينڊڪ" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ljósfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="آئيس لينڊڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottica" title="Ottica – اطالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ottica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="اطالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – جاونيز" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="جاونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ოპტიკა – جارجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოპტიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جارجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – ڪناڊا" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದೃಗ್ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="ڪناڊا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%ED%95%99" title="광학 – ڪوريائي" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="ڪوريائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opt%C3%AEk" title="Optîk – ڪردي" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Optîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="ڪردي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – ڪرغيز" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="ڪرغيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – لاطيني" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="لاطيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – لگزمبرگ" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="لگزمبرگ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – ليٿونيائي" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="ليٿونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – لاتوين" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لاتوين" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="چونڊ مضمون"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – ميسي ڊونيائي" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="ميسي ڊونيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം – مليالم" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്രകാശശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="مليالم" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Оптик – منگولي" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оптик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="منگولي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – ملي" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93tica" title="Ótica – مرانڊيز" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ótica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="مرانڊيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="अप्तिक्स – نيواري" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="अप्तिक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="نيواري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – ڊچ" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="ڊچ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – نارويائي نيوناسڪ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="نارويائي نيوناسڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optikk" title="Optikk – نارويائي بوڪمال" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Optikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="نارويائي بوڪمال" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optica" title="Optica – آڪسيٽن" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Optica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="آڪسيٽن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪ੍ਰਕਾਸ਼ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optyka" title="Optyka – پولش" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Optyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92tica" title="Òtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Òtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%81%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="د نور فزیک – پشتو" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د نور فزیک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="پشتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93ptica" title="Óptica – پورٽگليز" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óptica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورٽگليز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optic%C4%83" title="Optică – روماني" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Optică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="روماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Оптіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A2%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ – سنتالي" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱢᱟᱨᱥᱟᱞ ᱥᱟᱬᱮᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="سنتالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92ttica" title="Òttica – سسلي" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Òttica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="سسلي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasni%E1%BA%93%E1%B9%9Bi" title="Tasniẓṛi – تيچل هاتي" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasniẓṛi" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="تيچل هاتي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව – سنهالا" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ප්‍රකාශ විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سنهالا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics" title="Optics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Optics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika_(odbor)" title="Optika (odbor) – سلواڪي" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Optika (odbor)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="سلواڪي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – سلوويني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوويني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araga" title="Araga – سومالي" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Araga" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="سومالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – سويڊش" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سويڊش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஒளியியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒளியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం – تلگو" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కాంతి శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="تلگو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – تاجڪ" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="تاجڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ทัศนศาสตร์ – ٿائي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทัศนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="ٿائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – ترڪش" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترڪش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="بهترين مضمون"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – تاتار" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="تاتار" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Оптика – يوڪراني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оптика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="يوڪراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بصریات – اردو" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بصریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="اردو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – ازبڪ" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ازبڪ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optik" title="Optik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Optik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Quang học – ويتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quang học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="ويتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optika" title="Optika – واري" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Optika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="واري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngiste" title="Ngiste – وولوف" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ngiste" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="وولوف" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – وو چيني" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="אפטיק – يدش" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אפטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="يدش" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%95%E2%B5%89" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ – معياري مراڪشي تامازائيٽ" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵉⵥⵕⵉ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="معياري مراڪشي تامازائيٽ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%A6" title="光学 – چيني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="光学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چيني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" title="光學 – ڪينٽونيز" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="光學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="ڪينٽونيز" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezomkhanyizo" title="Ezomkhanyizo – زولو" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ezomkhanyizo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="زولو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q14620#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="بين‌الزباني ڳنڍڻا سنواريو" class="wbc-editpage">ڳنڍڻن کي سنواريو</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">کليل ڄاڻ چيڪلي، وڪيپيڊيا مان</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="sd" dir="rtl"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Branch of physics that studies light<a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%86%D9%88:SHORTDESC:Branch_of_physics_that_studies_light&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="سانچو:SHORTDESC:Branch of physics that studies light (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">سانچو:SHORTDESC:Branch of physics that studies light</a></div> <div role="note" class="hatnote"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%AF:%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%BE" title="مدد:مسلجھائپ"><img alt="سلجھائپ صفحن جي لاءِ معاونت" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/List2_gray%26blue.svg/20px-List2_gray%26blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/List2_gray%26blue.svg/30px-List2_gray%26blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/List2_gray%26blue.svg/40px-List2_gray%26blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a></span> نظر ھيٺ مضمون the branch of physics تي آهي.  the book by Sir Isaac Newton جي لاءِ <a href="/w/index.php?title=Opticks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opticks (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)"><i>Opticks</i></a> ڏسو.   ٻين استعمالن لاءِ other uses <a href="/w/index.php?title=Optic_(disambiguation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Optic (disambiguation) (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Optic (disambiguation)</a> ڏسو.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84:ANDY7187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ANDY7187.jpg/300px-ANDY7187.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ANDY7187.jpg/450px-ANDY7187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/ANDY7187.jpg/600px-ANDY7187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4168" data-file-height="2779" /></a><figcaption>هڪ محقق هڪ بصري نظام تي ڪم ڪري رهيو آهي</figcaption></figure> <p><b>بصريات</b> (Optics) فزڪس جي شاخ آهي جيڪا روشني جي رويي ۽ خاصيتن جو مطالعو ڪري ٿي، جنهن ۾ مادي سان ان جي لاڳاپن ۽ اوزارن جي تعمير شامل آهي جيڪي ان کي استعمال ڪن ٿا.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrawHill2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrawHill2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> بصريات عام طور تي ظاهر، الٽراوائليٽ ۽ انفراريڊ روشني جي رويي کي بيان ڪري ٿي. روشني هڪ قسم جي برقي مقناطيسي تابڪاري آهي ۽ برقي مقناطيسي تابڪاري جا ٻيا روپ جهڙوڪ ايڪس ريز، مائڪرو ويو (Microwave) ۽ ريڊيائي لهرن کي ساڳيون خاصيتون ڏيکاري ٿو.<sup id="cite_ref-McGrawHill3_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGrawHill3-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>روشنيءَ جي ڪلاسيڪل برقي مقناطيسي تشريح کي استعمال ڪندي اڪثر نظرياتي واقعن جو حساب ڪري سگهجي ٿو، پر روشنيءَ جي مڪمل برقي مقناطيسي وضاحتن کي عملي طور لاڳو ڪرڻ اڪثر مشڪل هوندو آهي. عملي بصريات جو اطلاق عام طور تي سادي نموني استعمال ڪندي ڪيو ويندو آهي. انهن مان سڀ کان عام، بصريات جي جاميٽري، روشنيءَ کي شعاعن جو مجموعو سمجھي ٿي، جيڪي سڌي لڪيرن ۾ سفر ڪن ٿيون ۽ جھڪيون وڃن ٿيون، جڏهن اهي ٻئي سطحن مان گذرن ٿيون يا ظاهر ٿين ٿيون. طبيعي بصريات روشنيءَ جو هڪ وڌيڪ جامع نمونو آهي، جنهن ۾ لهرن جا اثر شامل آهن جهڙوڪ تفاوت ۽ مداخلت جنهن جو حساب جاميٽري آپٽڪس ۾ نه ٿو ڪري سگهجي. تاريخي طور تي، "روشنيءَ جو شعاعن تي ٻڌل ماڊل" پهريون پيش ڪيو ويو پوءِ "روشنيءَ جو موج ماڊل" پيش ڪيو ويو. 19هين صدي عيسويء ۾ برقي مقناطيسي نظريي ۾ پيش رفت ٿي ته روشني لڀڻ حقيقت ۾ برقي مقناطيسي تابڪاري آهي. </p><p>ڪجھ واقعا روشنيءَ تي ڀاڙين ٿا، جن ۾ موج جھڙي ۽ ذرڙي جھڙي ٻين خاصيتون آھن. انهن اثرن جي وضاحت لاءِ <a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%BD%D9%85_%D9%85%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%AA%D8%B3" title="ڪوانٽم مڪينڪس">ڪوانٽم ميڪانيات</a> (quantum mechanics) جي ضرورت آهي. جڏهن روشنيءَ جي ذرڙن جهڙين خاصيتن تي غور ڪيو وڃي ته، روشنيءَ کي ذرڙن جي مجموعن جي نموني سان ٺاهيو ويندو آهي، جنهن کي ”فوٽون“ (Photon) سڏيو ويندو آهي. ڪوانٽم آپٽڪس آپٽيڪل سسٽم ۾ ڪوانٽم ميڪنڪس جي ايپليڪيشن سان واسطو رکي ٿو. </p><p>بصري سائنس ڪيترن ئي لاڳاپيل شعبن ۾ اڀياس ڪيو ويو آهي جن ۾ فلڪيات، مختلف انجنيئرنگ جا شعبا، فوٽوگرافي ۽ طب (خاص طور تي آپٿالمولوجي، اکين جي بيمارين جو علم ۽ آپٽوميٽري، جنهن ۾ ان کي طبيعي بصريات سڏيو ويندو آهي) سان لاڳاپيل آهي. آپٽڪس جي عملي ايپليڪيشن مختلف ٽيڪنالاجيز ۽ روزمره جي شين، بشمول آئيني، لينس، دوربين، خوردبين، ليزر ۽ آپٽيڪل فائبر، ۾ ملي ٿي. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاريخ"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.AE"></span>تاريخ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=1" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: تاريخ"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ڪلاسيڪل_بصريات"><span id=".DA.AA.D9.84.D8.A7.D8.B3.D9.8A.DA.AA.D9.84_.D8.A8.D8.B5.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>ڪلاسيڪل بصريات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=2" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: ڪلاسيڪل بصريات"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="جديد_بصريات"><span id=".D8.AC.D8.AF.D9.8A.D8.AF_.D8.A8.D8.B5.D8.B1.D9.8A.D8.A7.D8.AA"></span>جديد بصريات</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=3" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: جديد بصريات"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ايپليڪيشن"><span id=".D8.A7.D9.8A.D9.BE.D9.84.D9.8A.DA.AA.D9.8A.D8.B4.D9.86"></span>ايپليڪيشن</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=4" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: ايپليڪيشن"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="پڻ_ڏسو"><span id=".D9.BE.DA.BB_.DA.8F.D8.B3.D9.88"></span>پڻ ڏسو</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=5" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: پڻ ڏسو"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%85" class="mw-redirect" title="ابن ھيثم">ابن الهيثم</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%DA%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B8%D8%B1" title="ڪتاب المناظر">ڪتاب المناظر</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="خارجي_لنڪس"><span id=".D8.AE.D8.A7.D8.B1.D8.AC.D9.8A_.D9.84.D9.86.DA.AA.D8.B3"></span>خارجي لنڪس</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=6" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: خارجي لنڪس"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="Search Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Search Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> <small>وڪيميڊيا العام ۾ <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Optics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Optics">بصريات </a></b></i> سان لاڳاپيل ابلاغي مواد ڏسو. </small> </td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//sd.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of <div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><b><a class="external text" href="https://sd.wikibooks.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA">بصريات</a></b></i> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); color:inherit;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//sd.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="Search Wikibooks"><img alt="Search Wikibooks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""> Wikibooks has a book on the topic of <div style="margin-left:10px;"><i><b><a class="external text" href="https://sd.wikibooks.org/wiki/Physics_Study_Guide/Optics">Physics Study Guide/Optics</a></b></i> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <dl><dt>Relevant discussions</dt></dl> <dl><dt>Textbooks and tutorials</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lightandmatter.com/lm/">Light and Matter</a> – an open-source textbook, containing a treatment of optics in ch. 28–32</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optics2001.com">Optics2001</a> – Optics library and community</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110224226/http://marketplace.idexop.com/store/SupportDocuments/Fundamental_Optics_OverviewWEB.pdf">Fundamental Optics</a> – Melles Griot Technical Guide</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://optics.byu.edu/textbook.aspx">Physics of Light and Optics</a> – <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brigham_Young_University&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brigham Young University (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">Brigham Young University</a> Undergraduate Book</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pvlighthouse.com.au/cms/lectures/altermatt/optics">Optics for PV</a> – a step-by-step introduction to classical optics</li></ul> <dl><dt>Further reading</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/publications/iop/2009/page_38205.html">Optics and photonics: Physics enhancing our lives</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iop.org/publications/iop/index.html">Institute of Physics publications</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>سوسائٽيون</dt></dl>   <table class="" style="background-color: transparent; color:inherit; width: 100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li>يورپين آپٽيڪل سوسائٽي – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myeos.org">link</a></li> <li>آپٽيڪل سوسائٽي (OSA) – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osa.org">link</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPIE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPIE (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">SPIE</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spie.org">link</a></li></ul> <p>  </p> </td> <td style="width: 50%;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;"> <ul><li>يورپين فوٽونڪس انڊسٽري ڪنسورشيم – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epic-assoc.com">link</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"></p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%86%D9%8A%DA%AA_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%86%D9%84_%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="جهموريا چيڪ جي نيشنل لائبريري (صفحو وجود نٿو رکي)">اين ڪي سي</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115599&CON_LNG=ENG">ph115599</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="حوالا"><span id=".D8.AD.D9.88.D8.A7.D9.84.D8.A7"></span>حوالا</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA&action=edit&section=7" title="هيءُ حصو ترميميو: حوالا"><span>سنواريو</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-McGrawHill2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrawHill2_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <i>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i> (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1993.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGrawHill3-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-McGrawHill3_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"> <i>McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i> (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill. 1993.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McGraw-Hill+Encyclopedia+of+Science+and+Technology&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:%D8%A8%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=بصريات&oldid=291785">https://sd.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=بصريات&oldid=291785</a>" تان ورتل</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B5:%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="خاص:زمرا">زمرا</a>: <ul><li><a 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