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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>1st & 2nd Bulgarian Empires</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1st_&_2nd_Bulgarian_Empires-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ottoman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ottoman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_World_War_II_and_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_World_War_II_and_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After World War II and diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_World_War_II_and_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_Jewish_population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_Jewish_population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Historical Jewish population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_Jewish_population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Bulgarian_Jews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Bulgarian_Jews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Bulgarian Jews</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_Bulgarian_Jews-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable Bulgarian Jews subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_Bulgarian_Jews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Knesset_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knesset_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Knesset members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knesset_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the Jews in Bulgaria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ اليهود في بلغاريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليهود في بلغاريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%82" title="بولغاریستان‌دا یهودی‌لیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بولغاریستان‌دا یهودی‌لیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="История на евреите по българските земи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="История на евреите по българските земи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9_v_Bulharsku" title="Židé v Bulharsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé v Bulharsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="تاریخ یهودیان در بلغارستان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاریخ یهودیان در بلغارستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Bulgarie" title="Histoire des Juifs en Bulgarie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Juifs en Bulgarie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88%EA%B0%80%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="불가리아 유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="불가리아 유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi-Bulgaria" title="Yahudi-Bulgaria – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi-Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="יהדות בולגריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות בולגריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djudios_de_Bulgaria" title="Djudios de Bulgaria – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Djudios de Bulgaria" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Joden_in_Bulgarije" title="Geschiedenis van de Joden in Bulgarije – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Joden in Bulgarije" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="История евреев в Болгарии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История евреев в Болгарии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidia_v_Bulharsku" title="Židia v Bulharsku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židia v Bulharsku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%88%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Историја Јевреја у Бугарској – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Историја Јевреја у Бугарској" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaristan%27daki_Yahudilerin_tarihi" title="Bulgaristan'daki Yahudilerin tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgaristan'daki Yahudilerin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> 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.navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Bulgarian Jews<br />יהודות בולגריה<br />Български Евреи</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Bulgaria.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/220px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/330px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/EU-Bulgaria.svg/440px-EU-Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The location of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> (dark green) in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (green).</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,153 (2021 census)<sup id="cite_ref-census_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 6,000 Bulgarian citizens of full or partial Jewish descent (according to <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="Organization of the Jews in Bulgaria">OJB</a> estimates)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">75,000<sup id="cite_ref-shalompr_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shalompr-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Spanish" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Spanish">Ladino</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg/220px-Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg/330px-Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg/440px-Burgas-art-gallery-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Burgas_Synagogue&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Burgas Synagogue (page does not exist)">Burgas Synagogue</a> (now an art gallery)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/220px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/330px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg/440px-Sofia-synagogue-from-Halite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> architect <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gr%C3%BCnanger" title="Friedrich Grünanger">Friedrich Grünanger</a>, established in 1909</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></b> goes back almost 2,000 years. Jews have had a continuous presence in historic <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_lands_across_the_Danube" title="Bulgarian lands across the Danube">Bulgarian lands</a> since before the 2nd century CE, and have often played an important part in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Bulgaria" title="History of Bulgaria">history of Bulgaria</a>. </p><p>Today, the majority of <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian Jews live in Israel</a>, while modern-day Bulgaria continues to host a modest Jewish population. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Roman era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synagogue2.jpg/220px-Synagogue2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synagogue2.jpg/330px-Synagogue2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Synagogue2.jpg/440px-Synagogue2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2445" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Mosaic fragment from the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue_of_Philippopolis" title="Synagogue of Philippopolis">ancient synagogue of Philippopolis</a> in the Regional Archeological Museum of Plovdiv</figcaption></figure> <p>Jews are believed to have settled in the region after the Roman conquest in 46 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2015)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Ruins of "sumptuous"<sup id="cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stefanov2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> second-century synagogues have been unearthed in <a href="/wiki/Philippopolis_(Thrace)" title="Philippopolis (Thrace)">Philipopolis</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kesiakova_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kesiakova-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (modern <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a>), <a href="/wiki/Nicopolis" title="Nicopolis">Nicopolis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oescus" title="Oescus">Ulpia Oescus</a><sup id="cite_ref-kochev_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kochev-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gigen" title="Gigen">Gigen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleven_Province" title="Pleven Province">Pleven Province</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Stobi" title="Stobi">Stobi</a><sup id="cite_ref-kraabel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kraabel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (now in <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stefanov2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest written artifact attesting to the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish community">Jewish community</a> in the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Moesia_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Inferior">Moesia Inferior</a> is a late 2nd-century CE <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> inscription found at Ulpia Oescus bearing a <a href="/wiki/Menorah_(Temple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Menorah (Temple)">menorah</a> and mentioning <i>archisynagogos</i>. <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> testifies to the presence of a Jewish population in the city. A decree of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a> from 379 regarding the persecution of Jews and destruction of <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a> in <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> is also proof of early Jewish settlement in Bulgaria. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1st_&_2nd_Bulgarian_Empires"><span id="1st_.26_2nd_Bulgarian_Empires"></span>1st & 2nd Bulgarian Empires</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1st & 2nd Bulgarian Empires"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a> and its recognition in 681, a number of Jews suffering persecution in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> may have settled in Bulgaria. At its maximum extent in the 9th century Bulgaria included 9th century sites associated with Jews such as <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vojvodina#Judaism" title="Religion in Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Menumorut#Menumorut_and_his_duchy" title="Menumorut">Crișana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Als%C3%B3szentmih%C3%A1ly_inscription" title="Alsószentmihály inscription">Mihai Viteazu, Cluj</a>. Jews also settled in <a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Bulgaria" title="Nikopol, Bulgaria">Nikopol</a> in 967. </p><p>Some arrived from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, when merchants from these lands were allowed to trade in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Asen_II" title="Ivan Asen II">Ivan Asen II</a>. Later, Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Alexander_of_Bulgaria" title="Ivan Alexander of Bulgaria">Ivan Alexander</a> married a Jewish woman, <a href="/wiki/Sarah_(Theodora)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah (Theodora)">Sarah (renamed Theodora)</a>, who had converted to Christianity and had considerable influence in the court. She influenced her spouse to create the <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Vidin" title="Tsardom of Vidin">Tsardom of Vidin</a> for her son <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Shishman" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan Shishman">Ivan Shishman</a>, who was also a Jew according to <a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Jewish law</a>, which determines religion <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality_in_Judaism" title="Matrilineality in Judaism">according to the mother</a>. Despite her Jewish past, she was fiercely pro-Church, which in those times was accompanied with anti-semitism. For example, in 1352, the church council ordered the expulsion of Jews from Bulgaria for "heretical activity", (though this decree was not rigorously implemented).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Physical attacks on Jews followed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one case, three Jews who had been sentenced to death were killed by a mob despite the sentences having been repealed by the tsar.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medieval Jewish population of Bulgaria was <a href="/wiki/Romaniotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaniotes">Romaniote</a> until the 14th to 15th centuries, when <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1376) and other parts of Europe began to arrive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ottoman_rule">Ottoman rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ottoman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">History of the Jews in Turkey</a></div> <p>By the completion of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> conquest of the Bulgarian Empire (1396), there were sizable Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Vidin" title="Vidin">Vidin</a>, Nikopol, <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pleven" title="Pleven">Pleven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yambol" title="Yambol">Yambol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> (Philippopolis) and <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora" title="Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a>. </p><p>In 1470, Ashkenazim banished from <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> arrived, and contemporary travellers remarked that <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> could often be heard in Sofia. An Ashkenazi prayer book was printed in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Saloniki</a> by the rabbi of Sofia in the middle of the 16th century. Beginning in 1494, <a href="/wiki/Sephardim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardim">Sephardic</a> exiles from Spain migrated to Bulgaria via Salonika, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>, Italy, Ragusa, and <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_(region)" title="Bosnia (region)">Bosnia</a>. They settled in pre-existing Jewish population-centres, which were also the major trade centres of Ottoman-ruled Bulgaria. At this point, Sofia was host to three separate Jewish communities: Romaniotes, Ashkenazim and Sephardim. This would continue until 1640, when a single rabbi was appointed for all three groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 17th century, the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> became popular in Bulgaria, and supporters of his movement, such as <a href="/wiki/Nathan_of_Gaza" title="Nathan of Gaza">Nathan of Gaza</a> and Samuel Primo, were active in Sofia. Jews continued to settle in various parts of the country (including in new trade centres such as <a href="/wiki/Pazardzhik" title="Pazardzhik">Pazardzhik</a>), and were able to expand their economic activities due to the privileges they were given and due to the banishment of many <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> merchants who had taken part in the <a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiprovtsi Uprising">Chiprovtsi Uprising</a> of 1688. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Bulgaria">Modern Bulgaria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">modern nation-state of Bulgaria</a> was formed under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%9378" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78</a>. Under the terms of that treaty, Bulgarian Jews of the new country were granted equal rights. In 1909, the massive and grand new <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Synagogue" title="Sofia Synagogue">Sofia Synagogue</a> was consecrated in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a> as well as ministers and other important guests, an important event for Bulgarian Jewry.<sup id="cite_ref-bh.org.il_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were drafted into the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian army">Bulgarian army</a> and fought in the <a href="/wiki/Serbo-Bulgarian_War" title="Serbo-Bulgarian War">Serbo-Bulgarian War</a> (1885), in the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> (1912–13), and in the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. 211 Jewish soldiers of the Bulgarian army were recorded as having died during World War I.<sup id="cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stefanov2002-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Neuilly">Treaty of Neuilly</a> after <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> emphasized Jews' equality with other Bulgarian citizens.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 1920s and 1930s, fascist and anti-Semitic organizations like <a href="/wiki/Rodna_Zashtita" title="Rodna Zashtita">Rodna Zashtita</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratnik</a> were established and grew in influence. </p><p>In the years preceding <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the population growth rate of the Jewish community lagged behind that of other ethnic groups. In 1920, there were 16,000 Jews, amounting to 0.9% of Bulgarians. By 1934, although the size of the Jewish community had grown to 48,565, with more than half living in Sofia, that only amounted to 0.8% of the general population. <a href="/wiki/Ladino_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladino language">Ladino</a> was the dominant language in most communities, but the young often preferred speaking <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Zionist_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Zionist movement">Zionist movement</a> was completely dominant among the local population ever since <a href="/wiki/Hovevei_Zion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hovevei Zion">Hovevei Zion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_the_Bulgarian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews">Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Bulgaria during World War II">Military history of Bulgaria during World War II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">The Holocaust in Bulgaria</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Kingdom of Bulgaria, 1941–1944." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png/220px-KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png/330px-KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png/440px-KingdomOfBulgaria1941-1944.png 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>Map of Bulgaria, 1941-44 showing wartime borders.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg/220px-Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg/330px-Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg/440px-Boris_III_de_Bulgarie_en_compagnie_d%27Hitler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Tsar Boris III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/220px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/330px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG/440px-Gan_Haam_Habulgari.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Monument in honour of the Bulgarian people who saved Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust, <a href="/wiki/Jaffa" title="Jaffa">Jaffa</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Bulgaria, as a potential beneficiary from the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> in August 1939, had competed with other such nations to curry favour with Nazi Germany by gestures of antisemitic legislation. Bulgaria was economically dependent on Germany, with 65% of Bulgaria's trade in 1939 accounted for by Germany, and militarily bound by an arms deal.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian extreme nationalists lobbied for a return to the enlarged borders of the 1878 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 September 1940, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dobruja" title="Southern Dobruja">Southern Dobruja</a>, lost to <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a> under the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bucharest_(1913)" title="Treaty of Bucharest (1913)">Treaty of Bucharest</a>, was returned to Bulgarian control by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Craiova" title="Treaty of Craiova">Treaty of Craiova</a>, formulated under German pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A citizenship law followed on 21 November 1940, which transferred Bulgarian citizenship to the inhabitants of the annexed territory, including around 500 Jews, alongside the territory's <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, Turks, and <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy was not replicated in the territories occupied by Bulgaria during the war. </p><p>In 1939 Jews who were foreign citizens were forced to leave Bulgaria.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanov,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Bulgaria#Anti-Jewish_propaganda_and_legislation" title="The Holocaust in Bulgaria">Anti-Jewish propaganda and legislation</a>. Starting in July 1940, Bulgarian authorities began to institute discriminatory policies against Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1940, 352 members of the Bulgarian Jewish community boarded the S.S. <i>Salvador</i> at Varna bound for <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">Palestine</a>. The ship sank after running aground 100 metres off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Silivri" title="Silivri">Silivri</a>, west of Istanbul. 223 passengers drowned or died of exposure to frigid waters. Half of the 123 survivors were sent back to Bulgaria, while the remainder were allowed to board the <i>Darien II</i> and continue to Palestine, where they were imprisoned at <a href="/wiki/Atlit_(modern_town)" title="Atlit (modern town)">Atlit</a> by the British Mandate authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-haaretz_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-haaretz-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Bulgarian_monarchs" title="List of Bulgarian monarchs">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Boris III</a> enacted the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a>, introduced to the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of Bulgaria">Bulgarian Parliament</a> the preceding October and passed by parliament on 24 December 1940, which imposed numerous legal restrictions on Jews in Bulgaria. The bill was proposed to parliament by <a href="/wiki/Petar_Gabrovski" title="Petar Gabrovski">Petar Gabrovski</a>, Interior Minister and former <a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks"><i>Ratnik</i></a> leader in October 1940. Come into force on January 24, 1941, it was written on the model of the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>. The law forbade <a href="/wiki/Interracial_marriage" title="Interracial marriage">mixed marriages</a>, the access to a set of professions and imposed a 20% additional tax of any Jewish property. Jews were obliged to "wear Davidic badges, to respect curfews, to buy food from particular shops, to avoid public areas and even to stop discussing political and social matters."<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanov,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were persecuted alongside secret societies like the Freemasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stefanov,_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ratniks' <i>protégé,</i> government lawyer and fellow <i>Ratnik</i>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Belev" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Belev">Alexander Belev</a>, had been sent to study the 1933 <i>Nuremberg Laws</i> in Germany and was closely involved in its drafting. Modelled on this precedent, the law targeted Jews, together with <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> and other intentional organizations deemed "threatening" to Bulgarian national security.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, the law prohibited Jews from voting, running for office, working in government positions, serving in the army, marrying or cohabitating with ethnic Bulgarians, using Bulgarian names, or owning rural land. Authorities began confiscating all radios and telephones owned by Jews, and Jews were forced to pay a one-time tax of 20 per cent of their <a href="/wiki/Net_worth" title="Net worth">net worth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-marushiakova_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marushiakova-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fischel_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fischel-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wyman96_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wyman96-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-benbassa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benbassa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The legislation also established quotas that limited the number of Jews in Bulgarian universities.<sup id="cite_ref-benbassa_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benbassa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-levin01_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levin01-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law was protested not only by Jewish leaders, but also by the Bulgarian Orthodox Church, some professional organizations, and twenty-one writers.<sup id="cite_ref-benbassa_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-benbassa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-levy05_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-levy05-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year in March 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Kingdom of Bulgaria</a> acceded to German demands and entered into a military alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a>. </p><p>The <i>Law for the Protection of the Nation</i> stipulated that Jews fulfil their <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_military_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory military service">compulsory military service</a> in the labour battalions and not the regular army. <a href="/wiki/Labour_battalion" title="Labour battalion">Forced labour battalions</a> were instituted in Bulgaria in 1920 as a way of circumventing the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Neuilly-sur-Seine" title="Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine">Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine</a>, which limited the size of the Bulgarian military and ended <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> into the regular military.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forced labour service (<i>trudova povinnost</i>) set up by the government of <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Stamboliyski" title="Aleksandar Stamboliyski">Aleksandar Stamboliyski</a> supplied cheap labour for government projects and employment for demobilised soldiers from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_I" title="Bulgaria during World War I">First World War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the first decade of its existence, more than 150,000 Bulgarian subjects, "primarily minorities (particularly Muslims) and other poor segments of society" had been drafted to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1930s, in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the <i>trudova povinnost</i> were militarised: attached to the War Ministry in 1934, they were given military ranks in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the start of war, in 1940 "labour soldiers" (<i>trudovi vojski</i>) were established as a separate corps "used to enforce anti-Jewish policies during World War Two" as part of an overall "deprivation" plan.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 1941, at the request of <a href="/wiki/Adolf-Heinz_Beckerle" title="Adolf-Heinz Beckerle">Adolf-Heinz Beckerle</a> – German Minister Plenipotentiary at Sofia – the War Ministry relinquished control of all Jewish forced labour to the Ministry of Buildings, Roads, and Public Works.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mandatory conscription applied from August 1941: initially men 20–44 were drafted, with the age limit rising to 45 in July 1942 and 50 a year later.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarians replaced Jews in the commands of the Jewish labour units, which were no longer entitled to uniforms.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 29 January 1942, new all-Jewish forced labour battalions were announced; their number was doubled to twenty-four by the end of 1942. Jewish units were separated from the other ethnicities – three quarters of the forced labour battalions were from minorities: Turks, Russians, and residents of the territories occupied by Bulgaria – the rest were drawn from the Bulgarian unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jews in forced labour were faced with discriminatory policies which became stricter as time went on; with increasing length of service and decreasing the allowance of food, rest, and days off.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 14 July 1942 a disciplinary unit was established to impose new punitive strictures: deprivation of mattresses or hot food, a "bread-and-water diet", and the barring of visitors for months at time.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war progressed, and round-ups of Jews began in 1943, Jews made more numerous efforts to escape and punishments became increasingly harsh.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 1938 and early 1939 Bulgarian police officials and the Interior Ministry were already increasingly opposed to the admittance of Jewish refugees from persecution in Central Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to a query by British diplomats in Sofia, the Foreign Ministry confirmed the policy that from April 1939, Jews from Germany, Romania, Poland, Italy, and what remained of Czechoslovakia (and later Hungary) would be required to obtain consent from the ministry to secure entry, transit, or passage visas.<sup id="cite_ref-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, at least 430 visas (and probably around 1,000) were issued by Bulgarian diplomats to foreign Jews, of which there were as many as 4,000 in Bulgaria in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 April 1941 the Police Directorate allowed the departure of 302 Jewish refugees, mostly underage, from Central Europe for the express purpose of Bulgaria "freeing itself from the foreign element".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bulgarian <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentist</a> seizure in 1941 of coveted territory from Greece and Yugoslavia and the formation of the new <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblasts</a> of Skopje, Bitola, and Belomora increased Bulgaria's Jewish population to around 60,000.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were forbidden to have Bulgarian citizenship under the <i>Law for the Protection of the Nation</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From early in the war, Bulgarian occupation authorities in Greece and Yugoslavia handed over Jewish refugees fleeing from Axis Europe to the <i><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></i>. In October 1941 Bulgarian authorities demanded the registration of 213 Serbian Jews detected by the <i>Gestapo</i> in Bulgarian-administered <a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>; they were arrested on 24 November and 47 of these were taken to <a href="/wiki/Banjica_concentration_camp" title="Banjica concentration camp">Banjica concentration camp</a> in Belgrade, Serbia and killed on 3 December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>, German diplomats requested, in the spring of 1942, that the Kingdom release into German custody all Jews residing in Bulgarian-administered territory. The Bulgarian side agreed and began to take steps for the planned deportations of Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Law</i> was followed by a decree-law (<i>naredbi</i>) on 26 August 1942, which tightened restrictions on Jews, widened the definition of Jewishness, and increased the burdens of proof required to prove non-Jewish status and exemptions (<i>privilegii</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews were thereafter required to wear <a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">yellow stars</a>, excepting only those baptized who practised the Christian <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">eucharist</a>. Bulgarian Jews married to non-Jews by Christian rite before 1 September 1940 and baptized before the 23 January 1941 enforcement of the <i>Law for the Protection of the Nation</i> had the exemptions allowed to such cases by the <i>Law</i> rescinded. Exemptions for war orphans, war widows, and the disabled veterans were henceforth applicable only "in the event of competition with other Jews", and all such <i>privilegii</i> could be revoked or denied if the individual was convicted of a crime or deemed "anti-government" or "communist".<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 22 February 1943, the Bulgarian authorities finalized arrangements with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a>'s office for the first wave of planned deportations, targeting total of 20,000 Jews, of which 8,000 in Bulgaria and about 12,000 in the Bulgarian-occupied territories of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 27 March 1943 U.S. President Roosevelt discussed "the question of the 60 or 70 thousand Jews that are in Bulgaria and are threatened with extermination..." with the British Foreign Secretary <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Eden" title="Anthony Eden">Anthony Eden</a>, who effectively refused such an effort, on the grounds that "if we do that then the Jews of the world will be wanting us to make a similar offer in Poland and Germany [...] there are simply not enough ships."<sup id="cite_ref-sachar07_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sachar07-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first days of March 1943, Bulgarian military and police carried out the deportation of all 11 343 Jews from the Bulgarian-occupied territories of Macedonia, Thrace and Pirot, transported them by train through Bulgaria via transit camps established for the purpose there, and embarked them on boats bound for <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Nazi Germany</a>. Twelve of them would survive.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in March 1943 Bulgarian military police, assisted by German soldiers, massacred deported Jews from <a href="/wiki/Komotini" title="Komotini">Komotini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavala" title="Kavala">Kavala</a>, who were on board passenger steamship <i>Karageorge</i>, and sank the vessel.<sup id="cite_ref-helsinki_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-helsinki-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the deportation moved from the occupied territories to the pre-1941 ones, news of the preparations for the deportations incited protest among opposition politicians, members of the clergy and intellectuals in Bulgaria. While <a href="/wiki/Boris_III_of_Bulgaria" title="Boris III of Bulgaria">Tsar Boris III</a> was initially inclined to continue with the planned deportations, on March 9 several members of the ruling party in the Parliament - Petar Mikhalev, Dimitar Ikonomov, the deputy speaker <a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Peshev" title="Dimitar Peshev">Dimitar Peshev</a> and others forced the interior minister Gabrovski to temporary halt the deportation of the rest of the Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On March 17, 1943, Peshev sent a letter, signed by 42 more members of the Parliament, to the prime-minister <a href="/wiki/Bogdan_Filov" title="Bogdan Filov">Bogdan Filov</a>, in which he wrote that "It is impossible for us to accept that plans have been made to deport these people, even though ill-minded rumours attribute this intention to the Bulgarian government."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his role in preparing the letter, Peshev was forced to resign. More protests took place, notably from <a href="/wiki/Stefan_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Stefan I of Bulgaria">Metropolitan Stefan I</a>, which pressured the tsar to suspend the deportations indefinitely in May 1943. Shortly thereafter, the Bulgarian government expelled 20,000 Jews from Sofia to the provinces. Special trains were arranged and the Jews were assigned specific departures, separating family members. A maximum of 30 kg of property per person was allowed;<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the rest they were forced to leave behind or to sell at "abusively low" prices, and part of it was otherwise pilfered or stolen.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian officials and neighbours benefited from this process.<sup id="cite_ref-:46_11-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:46-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bulgarian government cited labour shortages as the reason for refusing to transfer Bulgarian Jews into German custody. Expelled men were conscripted as forced labour within Bulgaria. Some of the property left behind was confiscated.<sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly after returning to Sofia from an August 14 meeting with Hitler, Boris died of apparent heart failure on 28 August 1943. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dimitar_Peshev" title="Dimitar Peshev">Dimitar Peshev</a>, opposition politicians, the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Church">Bulgarian Church</a>, prominent writers and artists, lawyers and former diplomats, have been variously credited with rescuing the Bulgarian Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-barzohar01_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barzohar01-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tzvetan03_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tzvetan03-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ushmm_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, Bulgarian Jews in the United States and a private organization, called Jewish National Fund, erected a monument in the Bulgarian Forest in Israel honouring Tsar Boris. However, in July 2003, a public committee headed by Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Bejski" title="Moshe Bejski">Moshe Bejski</a> decided to remove the memorial because Tsar Boris had consented to the deportation of the Jews from occupied territories of Macedonia, Thrace and Pirot to the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-alfassa_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alfassa-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_World_War_II_and_diaspora">After World War II and diaspora</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: After World War II and diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Bulgarian Jews in Israel">Bulgarian Jews in Israel</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg/220px-20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg/330px-20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg/440px-20230423.Ansichten_von_Vidin.-046.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9039" data-file-height="6779" /></a><figcaption>Newly renovated <a href="/wiki/Vidin_Synagogue" title="Vidin Synagogue">Vidin Synagogue</a> (2023)</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, most of the Jewish population <a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">left</a> for <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, leaving only about a thousand Jews living in Bulgaria today (1,162 according to the 2011 census). According to Israeli government statistics, 43,961 people from Bulgaria emigrated to Israel between 1948 and 2006, making Bulgarian Jews the fourth largest group to come from a European country, after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cbsi08_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbsi08-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The various migrations outside of Bulgaria has produced descendants of Bulgarian Jews mainly in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western European</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin American</a> countries. </p><p>Representatives of Bulgaria's Jewish community did not attend an official ceremony in March 2023 celebrating the 80th anniversary of Tsar Boris III's decision to save the country's Jews from the Holocaust. Alexander Oscar, president of the Shalom Bulgarian Jewish organization, cited Bulgaria being an ally of Nazi Germany and Bulgaria's facilitation of the murders of the Jews of adjacent regions it occupied during World War II as among the reasons for not attending.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_Jewish_population">Historical Jewish population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical Jewish population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Info from the Bulgarian censuses, with the exception of 2010:<sup id="cite_ref-wjp10_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wjp10-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top;"> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1880</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,519</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1887</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">23,571</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1892</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,531</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1900</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">33,661</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+22.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1905</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">37,663</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+11.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1910</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">40,133</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1920</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">43,209</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.7%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,558</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1934</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">48,565</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+4.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1946</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">44,209</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">6,027</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−86.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1965</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,108</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−15.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1992</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,461</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−32.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−42.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,153</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−42.4%</td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_nkjyel4axk3o41r7f1he0cmc3he4lke"></map><img usemap="#timeline_nkjyel4axk3o41r7f1he0cmc3he4lke" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/nkjyel4axk3o41r7f1he0cmc3he4lke.png" /></div> </td> <td> <table> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>% Jewish<br /> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1900 </td> <th>0.90% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1905 </td> <th>0.93% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1910 </td> <th>0.93% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1920 </td> <th>0.89% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <th>0.84% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <th>0.80% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1946 </td> <th>0.63% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1956 </td> <th>0.08% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <th>0.06% </th></tr> <tr> <td>1992 </td> <th>0.04% </th></tr> <tr> <td>2010 </td> <th>0.03% </th></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Bulgarian_Jews">Notable Bulgarian Jews</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notable Bulgarian Jews"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_South-East_European_Jews#Bulgaria" title="List of South-East European Jews">List of South-East European Jews § Bulgaria</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Aftalion" title="Albert Aftalion">Albert Aftalion</a> (1874–1956), economist, from Ruse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mira_Aroyo" title="Mira Aroyo">Mira Aroyo</a> (born 1977), musician and member of <a href="/wiki/Ladytron" title="Ladytron">Ladytron</a>, from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gredi_Assa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gredi Assa (page does not exist)">Gredi Assa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%90%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="bg:Греди Асса">bg</a>]</span> (born 1954 in Pleven), professor, Academy of Fine Arts, Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Behar" class="mw-redirect" title="Maksim Behar">Maksim Behar</a> (born 1955), businessman and public relations professional, from <a href="/wiki/Shumen" title="Shumen">Shumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avram_Benaroya" class="mw-redirect" title="Avram Benaroya">Avram Benaroya</a> (1887–1979), left-wing political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Calmi" title="Israel Calmi">Israel Calmi</a> (1885–1966), member of the Jewish Consistory of Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a> (1905–1994), Nobel Prize-winning writer, from Ruse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiah_ben_Eliezer" title="Tobiah ben Eliezer">Tobiah ben Eliezer</a> (11th century), talmudist and poet, from <a href="/wiki/Kostur,_Bulgaria" title="Kostur, Bulgaria">Kostur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itzhak_Fintzi" title="Itzhak Fintzi">Itzhak Fintzi</a> (born 1933), actor, from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Finzi" title="Samuel Finzi">Samuel Finzi</a> (born 1966), actor, from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Goldstein" title="Solomon Goldstein">Solomon Goldstein</a> (1884–1968–1969), communist politician, from Shumen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Gueron" title="Moshe Gueron">Moshe Gueron</a> (born 1926), cardiologist and researcher, from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Karo" title="Joseph Karo">Joseph Karo</a> (1488–1575), author of <a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a>, raised in Nikopol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Kaufman" title="Nikolay Kaufman">Nikolay Kaufman</a> (1925–2018), musicologist and composer, from Ruse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milcho_Leviev" title="Milcho Leviev">Milcho Leviev</a> (born 1937), composer and musician, from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Levi" title="Yehuda Levi">Yehuda Levi</a> (born 1979), Israeli actor and male model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Levy" title="Emanuel Levy">Emanuel Levy</a> (born 1949), professor of film and sociology, author of The Habima: Israel's National Theater</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Moreno" title="Jacob L. Moreno">Jacob L. Moreno</a> (1889–1974), founder of <a href="/wiki/Psychodrama" title="Psychodrama">psychodrama</a>, father from Pleven</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Leon_ben_Moses_Mosconi" title="Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi">Judah Leon ben Moses Mosconi</a> (1328–?), talmudist born at <a href="/wiki/Ohrid" title="Ohrid">Ohrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Papo" title="Eliezer Papo">Eliezer Papo</a> (1785–1828) writer on religious subjects, born in Sarajevo, became rabbi in <a href="/wiki/Silistra" title="Silistra">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascin" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascin">Jules Pascin</a> (1885–1930), modernist painter, from Vidin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Passy" title="Isaac Passy">Isaac Passy</a> (1928–2010), philosopher, from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Passy" title="Solomon Passy">Solomon Passy</a> (born 1956), politician and former Minister of Foreign Affairs, from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeri_Petrov" title="Valeri Petrov">Valeri Petrov</a> (1920–2014), writer, from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Rosanes" title="Salomon Rosanes">Solomon Abraham Rosanes</a> (1862–1938), historian, major contributor on the history of the Jews in the Balkans, from Ruschuk (Ruse)</li> <li><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" class="extiw" title="bg:Соломон Розанис">Solomon Rozanis</a> (1919–2004), supreme court judge and lawyer, from Ruse</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah-Theodora" title="Sarah-Theodora">Sarah-Theodora</a> (14th century), wife of Tsar Ivan Alexander</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Vladigerov" title="Pancho Vladigerov">Pancho Vladigerov</a> (1899–1978) composer, teacher. Mother was Jewish. Bulgaria's National Academy of Music in Sofia is named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angel_Wagenstein" title="Angel Wagenstein">Angel Wagenstein</a> (1922-2023), film director, from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Weissenberg" title="Alexis Weissenberg">Alexis Weissenberg</a> (1929–2012), pianist, from Plovdiv</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knesset_members">Knesset members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Knesset members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binyamin_Arditi" title="Binyamin Arditi">Binyamin Arditi</a> (1897–1981), from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bar-Zohar" title="Michael Bar-Zohar">Michael Bar-Zohar</a> (born 1938), from Sofia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shimon_Bejarano" title="Shimon Bejarano">Shimon Bejarano</a> (1910–1971), from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Nehoshtan" title="Ya'akov Nehoshtan">Ya'akov Nehoshtan</a> (1925–2019), from Kazanlak</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27akov_Nitzani" title="Ya'akov Nitzani">Ya'akov Nitzani</a> (1900–1962), from Plovdiv</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Shem-Tov" title="Victor Shem-Tov">Victor Shem-Tov</a> (1915–2014), from Samokov</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Zisman" title="Emanuel Zisman">Emanuel Zisman</a> (1935–2009), from Plovdiv</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/48px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-census_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://infostat.nsi.bg/infostat/pages/reports/result.jsf?x_2=2110">"Jewish population in Bulgaria per the 2021 census"</a>. <i>infostat.nsi.bg</i>. National Statistical Institute. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infostat.nsi.bg&rft.atitle=Jewish+population+in+Bulgaria+per+the+2021+census&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finfostat.nsi.bg%2Finfostat%2Fpages%2Freports%2Fresult.jsf%3Fx_2%3D2110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shalompr-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shalompr_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shalompr.org/about/history">"History"</a>. <i>shalompr.org</i> (in Bulgarian). Организация на евреите в България "Шалом" (Organization of Jews in Bulgaria "Shalom"). 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=shalompr.org&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshalompr.org%2Fabout%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stefanov2002-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stefanov2002_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanov, Pavel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol22/iss6/2/">"Bulgarians and Jews throughout History"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>22</b> (6). Newberg, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4781">1069-4781</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Bulgarians+and+Jews+throughout+History&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1069-4781&rft.aulast=Stefanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Free%2Fvol22%2Fiss6%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kesiakova-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kesiakova_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesiakova1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kesiakova, E. (1989). 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Vienna: 227–236.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=16th+Internationaler+Byzantinistenkongress&rft.atitle=The+Excavated+Synagogues+of+Late+Antiquity+from+Asia+Minor+to+Italy&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=227-236&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Kraabel&rft.aufirst=A.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChary1972" class="citation book cs1">Chary, Frederick B. (1972-11-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzci446GLakC&q=1352+bulgaria+jews&pg=PA28"><i>The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940–1944</i></a>. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822976011" title="Special:BookSources/9780822976011"><bdi>9780822976011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+Final+Solution%2C+1940%E2%80%931944&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1972-11-15&rft.isbn=9780822976011&rft.aulast=Chary&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzci446GLakC%26q%3D1352%2Bbulgaria%2Bjews%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRădvan2010" class="citation book cs1">Rădvan, Laurențiu (2010-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0xNYmFwyCdkC&q=1352+bulgaria+jews&pg=PA109"><i>At Europe's Borders: Medieval Towns in the Romanian Principalities</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.worldjewishcongress.org&rft.atitle=World+Jewish+Congress&rft.aulast=Congress&rft.aufirst=World+Jewish&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldjewishcongress.org%2Fen%2Fabout%2Fcommunities%2FBG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bh.org.il-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bh.org.il_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180619140406/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/sofia">"The Jewish Community of Sofia"</a>. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/sofia">the original</a> on 2018-06-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-06-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Sofia&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fsofia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:46-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:46_11-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRagaru2017" class="citation web cs1">Ragaru, Nadège (2017-03-19). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200603191618/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/contrasting-destinies-plight-bulgarian-jews-and-jews-bulgarian-occupied-greek-and-yugoslav-.html#title2">"Contrasting Destinies: The Plight of Bulgarian Jews and the Jews in Bulgarian-occupied Greek and Yugoslav Territories during World War Two"</a>. <i>Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/contrasting-destinies-plight-bulgarian-jews-and-jews-bulgarian-occupied-greek-and-yugoslav-.html#title2">the original</a> on 2020-06-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Encyclopedia+of+Mass+Violence&rft.atitle=Contrasting+Destinies%3A+The+Plight+of+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+Jews+in+Bulgarian-occupied+Greek+and+Yugoslav+Territories+during+World+War+Two&rft.date=2017-03-19&rft.aulast=Ragaru&rft.aufirst=Nad%C3%A8ge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencespo.fr%2Fmass-violence-war-massacre-resistance%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fcontrasting-destinies-plight-bulgarian-jews-and-jews-bulgarian-occupied-greek-and-yugoslav-.html%23title2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChary1972" class="citation book cs1">Chary, Frederick B. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzci446GLakC"><i>The Bulgarian Jews and the final solution, 1940-1944</i></a>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7601-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-7601-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878136358">878136358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+final+solution%2C+1940-1944&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878136358&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7601-1&rft.aulast=Chary&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzci446GLakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeton-Watson1945" class="citation book cs1">Seton-Watson, Hugh (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3A3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Eastern Europe Between the Wars, 1918-1941</i></a>. CUP Archive. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-001-28478-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-001-28478-1"><bdi>978-1-001-28478-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Europe+Between+the+Wars%2C+1918-1941&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1945&rft.isbn=978-1-001-28478-1&rft.aulast=Seton-Watson&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy3A3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zakon za ureždane na podanstvoto v Dobrudža,</i> D.V., n° 263, 21.11.1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stefanov,_2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stefanov,_2006_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanov2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanov, Pavel (May 1, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1386&context=ree">"The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust: Addressing Common Misconceptions"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4781">1069-4781</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8092177104">8092177104</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160429105809/https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1386&context=ree">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Bulgarian+Orthodox+Church+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Addressing+Common+Misconceptions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=11&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8092177104&rft.issn=1069-4781&rft.aulast=Stefanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1386%26context%3Dree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ushmm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ushmm_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005451">"Bulgaria"</a>. <i>United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-11-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Bulgaria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ushmm.org%2Fwlc%2Fen%2Farticle.php%3FModuleId%3D10005451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-haaretz-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-haaretz_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/features/this-day-in-jewish-history/.premium-1.631302">"Bulgarian Jews fleeing the Nazis drown in Sea of Marmara"</a>. <i>haaretz.com</i>. Haaretz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=haaretz.com&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Jews+fleeing+the+Nazis+drown+in+Sea+of+Marmara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2Fthis-day-in-jewish-history%2F.premium-1.631302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marushiakova-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-marushiakova_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarushiakovaVesselin_Popov2006" class="citation book cs1">Marushiakova, Elena; Vesselin Popov (2006). "Bulgarian Romanies: The Second World War". <i>The Gypsies during the Second World War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Univ_of_Hertfordshire_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Univ of Hertfordshire Press">Univ of Hertfordshire Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900458-85-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-900458-85-2"><bdi>0-900458-85-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Romanies%3A+The+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=The+Gypsies+during+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=Univ+of+Hertfordshire+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-900458-85-2&rft.aulast=Marushiakova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Vesselin+Popov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fischel-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fischel_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischel1998" class="citation book cs1">Fischel, Jack (1998). <i>The Holocaust</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-29879-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-29879-3"><bdi>0-313-29879-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-313-29879-3&rft.aulast=Fischel&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wyman96-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wyman96_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWymanCharles_H._Rosenzveig1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Wyman" title="David Wyman">Wyman, David S.</a>; Charles H. Rosenzveig (1996). <i>The world reacts to the Holocaust</i>. <a href="/wiki/JHU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="JHU Press">JHU Press</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8018-4969-1"><bdi>0-8018-4969-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+world+reacts+to+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8018-4969-1&rft.aulast=Wyman&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.au=Charles+H.+Rosenzveig&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-benbassa-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-benbassa_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benbassa_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-benbassa_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenbassaAron_Rodrigue2000" class="citation book cs1">Benbassa, Esther; Aron Rodrigue (2000). <i>Sephardi Jewry: a history of the Judeo-Spanish community, 14th-20th centuries</i>. University of California Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-21822-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-21822-1"><bdi>0-520-21822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sephardi+Jewry%3A+a+history+of+the+Judeo-Spanish+community%2C+14th-20th+centuries&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-520-21822-1&rft.aulast=Benbassa&rft.aufirst=Esther&rft.au=Aron+Rodrigue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levin01-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levin01_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinNatasha_DornbergJudith_Yalon-Fortus2001" class="citation book cs1">Levin, Itamar; Natasha Dornberg; Judith Yalon-Fortus (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hismajestysenemi00itam"><i>His majesty's enemies: Great Britain's war against Holocaust victims and survivors</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-96816-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-96816-2"><bdi>0-275-96816-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=His+majesty%27s+enemies%3A+Great+Britain%27s+war+against+Holocaust+victims+and+survivors&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-275-96816-2&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Itamar&rft.au=Natasha+Dornberg&rft.au=Judith+Yalon-Fortus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhismajestysenemi00itam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-levy05-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-levy05_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy2005" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Richard S (2005). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141"><i>Antisemitism: A Historical Encyclopedia of Prejudice and Persecution</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/antisemitismhist00levy_141/page/n151">90</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-439-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-439-3"><bdi>1-85109-439-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia+of+Prejudice+and+Persecution&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-85109-439-3&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Richard+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fantisemitismhist00levy_141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling n° 113</i>, Council of Ministers, protocol 132, 12.08.1941.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoppe2007" class="citation book cs1">Hoppe, Jens (2007). "Juden als Feinde Bulgarians? Zur Politik gengenüber den bulgarischen Juden in der Zwischenkriegszeit". In Dahlmann, Dittmar; Hilbrenner, Anke (eds.). <i>Zwischen grossen Erwartungen und bösem Erwachen: Juden, Politik und Antisemitismus in Ost- und Südosteuropa 1918-1945</i>. Paderborn: Schöningh. pp. 217–252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-506-75746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-506-75746-3"><bdi>978-3-506-75746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Juden+als+Feinde+Bulgarians%3F+Zur+Politik+gengen%C3%BCber+den+bulgarischen+Juden+in+der+Zwischenkriegszeit&rft.btitle=Zwischen+grossen+Erwartungen+und+b%C3%B6sem+Erwachen%3A+Juden%2C+Politik+und+Antisemitismus+in+Ost-+und+S%C3%BCdosteuropa+1918-1945&rft.place=Paderborn&rft.pages=217-252&rft.pub=Sch%C3%B6ningh&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-506-75746-3&rft.aulast=Hoppe&rft.aufirst=Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Dăržaven Voenno-Istoričeski Arhiv</i> [State Military-Historical Archives] DVIA, F 2000, o 1, ae 57, l.57–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling n° 125</i>, Council of Ministers, protocol 94, 14.07.1942.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Records of the 7th Chamber of the People’s Court, March 1945</i> - CDA, F 1449, o 1, ae 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroeva2012" class="citation book cs1">Troeva, Evgenija (2012). "Prinuditelnijat trud prez Vtorata svetovna vojna v spomenite na bălgarskite evrei [Forced Labor during World War Two in the Memory of the Bulgarian Jews]". In Luleva, Ana; Troeva, Evgenija; Petrov, Petăr (eds.). <i>Принудителният труд в България (1941-1962): спомени на свидетели [Prinuditelnijat trud v Bălgarija (1941-1962). Spomeni na svideteli] [Forced Labor in Bulgaria (1941-1962). Witnesses' Memories]</i>. Sofia: Академично издателство "Проф. Марин Дринов" [Akademično izdatelstvo “Marin Drinov”]. pp. 39–54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789543224876" title="Special:BookSources/9789543224876"><bdi>9789543224876</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Prinuditelnijat+trud+prez+Vtorata+svetovna+vojna+v+spomenite+na+b%C4%83lgarskite+evrei+%5BForced+Labor+during+World+War+Two+in+the+Memory+of+the+Bulgarian+Jews%5D&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82+%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%281941-1962%29%3A+%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8+%5BPrinuditelnijat+trud+v+B%C4%83lgarija+%281941-1962%29.+Spomeni+na+svideteli%5D+%5BForced+Labor+in+Bulgaria+%281941-1962%29.+Witnesses%27+Memories%5D&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=39-54&rft.pub=%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%22%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84.+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%22+%5BAkademi%C4%8Dno+izdatelstvo+%E2%80%9CMarin+Drinov%E2%80%9D%5D&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789543224876&rft.aulast=Troeva&rft.aufirst=Evgenija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CDA, F 370K, o 6, ae 928, l 75 r/v.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDA_F_176K,_o_11,_ae_1775,_l.10_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">CDA F 176K, o 11, ae 1775, l.10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CDA F 176K, o 11, ae 1775, l.9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChary1972" class="citation book cs1">Chary, Frederick B. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zzci446GLakC"><i>The Bulgarian Jews and the final solution, 1940-1944</i></a>. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7601-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-7601-1"><bdi>978-0-8229-7601-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/878136358">878136358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+final+solution%2C+1940-1944&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F878136358&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-7601-1&rft.aulast=Chary&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzci446GLakC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CDA, F 176 K, o 11, ae 2165, l. 10-25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CDA, F 176K,  o 11, ae 1779, l. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegargeeWhite2018" class="citation book cs1">Megargee, Geoffrey P.; White, Joseph R. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/chapter/2098065"><i>The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945, vol. III: Camps and Ghettos under European Regimes Aligned with Nazi Germany</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-02386-5"><bdi>978-0-253-02386-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum+Encyclopedia+of+Camps+and+Ghettos%2C+1933%E2%80%931945%2C+vol.+III%3A+Camps+and+Ghettos+under+European+Regimes+Aligned+with+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-253-02386-5&rft.aulast=Megargee&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey+P.&rft.au=White%2C+Joseph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fchapter%2F2098065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Centralen Dăržaven Arhiv</i> [Central State Archives], CDA, F 2123 K, o 1, ae 22 286, l. 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMickovićRadojčić2009" class="citation book cs1">Micković, Evica; Radojčić, Milena., eds. (2009). <i>Logor Banjica: Logoraši: Knjige zatočenika koncentracionog logora Beograd-Banjica (1941-1944), Vol. I</i>. Belgrade: Istorijski arhiv Beograda. pp. 163–166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788680481241" title="Special:BookSources/9788680481241"><bdi>9788680481241</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Logor+Banjica%3A+Logora%C5%A1i%3A+Knjige+zato%C4%8Denika+koncentracionog+logora+Beograd-Banjica+%281941-1944%29%2C+Vol.+I&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=163-166&rft.pub=Istorijski+arhiv+Beograda&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788680481241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling n° 70</i>, Council of Ministers, protocol 111, 26.08.1942 (DV, n°192, 29.08.1942).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/communities/monastir/pdf/bulgarian-doc.pdf">Agreement for the Deportation of the Jews signed by Belev and Dannecker</a>- Yad Vashem, retrieved 22 February 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sachar07-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sachar07_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time</i> by <a href="/wiki/Howard_M._Sachar" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard M. Sachar">Howard M. Sachar</a>, Alfred A. Knopf, N.Y., 2007, p. 238.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1943v03/d23">U.S. Department of State</a> a Memorandum of Conversation, by Mr. Harry L. Hopkins, Special Assistant to President Roosevelt</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorov, Tzvetan (2001). The Fragility of Goodness, p. 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-helsinki-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-helsinki_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://past.bghelsinki.org/past-bhc/uploads/2012/09/04_Facing_Our_Past_-_Summary_M.Berenbaum.pdf">Facing Our Past</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105130202/http://past.bghelsinki.org/past-bhc/uploads/2012/09/04_Facing_Our_Past_-_Summary_M.Berenbaum.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-01-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Helsinki Group, Bulgaria</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jewishvirtuallibrary-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jewishvirtuallibrary_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/bulgaria.html">"The Virtual Jewish History Tour Bulgaria"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour+Bulgaria&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2Fbulgaria.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0005_0_04761.html">"Encyclopedia Judaica: Cuomotini, Greece"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Virtual_Library" title="Jewish Virtual Library">Jewish Virtual Library</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+Judaica%3A+Cuomotini%2C+Greece&rft.btitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0005_0_04761.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorov, Tzvetan (2001). The Fragility of Goodness, p. 35</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Todorov, Tzvetan (2001). The Fragility of Goodness, p. 79</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Ruling n° 70</i>, Council of Ministers, protocol 74, 21.05.1943.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barzohar01-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barzohar01_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar-Zohar2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bar-Zohar" title="Michael Bar-Zohar">Bar-Zohar, Michael</a> (2001-07-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pR0BAAAACAAJ"><i>Beyond Hitler's Grasp: The Heroic Rescue of Bulgaria's Jews</i></a>. Adams Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781580625418" title="Special:BookSources/9781580625418"><bdi>9781580625418</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Hitler%27s+Grasp%3A+The+Heroic+Rescue+of+Bulgaria%27s+Jews&rft.pub=Adams+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2001-07-04&rft.isbn=9781580625418&rft.aulast=Bar-Zohar&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpR0BAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tzvetan03-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tzvetan03_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodorov2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tzvetan_Todorov" title="Tzvetan Todorov">Todorov, Tzvetan</a> (2001). <i>The Fragility of Goodness: Why Bulgaria's Jews Survived the Holocaust</i>. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11564-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-11564-1"><bdi>978-0-691-11564-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fragility+of+Goodness%3A+Why+Bulgaria%27s+Jews+Survived+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-11564-1&rft.aulast=Todorov&rft.aufirst=Tzvetan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alfassa-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alfassa_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfassa2011" class="citation book cs1">Alfassa, Shelomo (August 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312061152/http://www.alfassa.com/bulgaria_holocaust_book.html"><i>Shameful Behavior: Bulgaria and the Holocaust</i></a>. p. 108. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-257-95257-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-257-95257-1"><bdi>978-1-257-95257-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2156-0390">2156-0390</a>. Archived from the original on March 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shameful+Behavior%3A+Bulgaria+and+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=108&rft.date=2011-08-17&rft.issn=2156-0390&rft.isbn=978-1-257-95257-1&rft.aulast=Alfassa&rft.aufirst=Shelomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alfassa.com%2Fbulgaria_holocaust_book.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cbsi08-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cbsi08_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610101442/http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton58/download/st04_04.xls">"Immigrants by period of immigration, country of birth and last country of residence"</a> (in Hebrew and English). The Central Bureau of Statistics (Israel). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton58/download/st04_04.xls">the original</a> on 2011-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Immigrants+by+period+of+immigration%2C+country+of+birth+and+last+country+of+residence&rft.pub=The+Central+Bureau+of+Statistics+%28Israel%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbs.gov.il%2Fshnaton58%2Fdownload%2Fst04_04.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_I._Klein2023" class="citation news cs1">David I. Klein (15 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jta.org/2023/03/15/global/bulgarian-jews-skipped-an-official-ceremony-marking-80-years-since-their-rescue-from-the-nazis-why">"Bulgarian Jews skipped an official ceremony marking 80 years since their rescue from the Nazis. Why?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Telegraphic_Agency" title="Jewish Telegraphic Agency">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+Jews+skipped+an+official+ceremony+marking+80+years+since+their+rescue+from+the+Nazis.+Why%3F&rft.date=2023-03-15&rft.au=David+I.+Klein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jta.org%2F2023%2F03%2F15%2Fglobal%2Fbulgarian-jews-skipped-an-official-ceremony-marking-80-years-since-their-rescue-from-the-nazis-why&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wjp10-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wjp10_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman_Institute" class="citation web cs1">Berman Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg">"World Jewish Population, 2010"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Connecticut" title="University of Connecticut">University of Connecticut</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Jewish+Population%2C+2010&rft.pub=University+of+Connecticut&rft.au=Berman+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3ARv2hLhme008J%3Awww.jewishdatabank.org%2FReports%2FWorld_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf%2Bworld%2Bjewish%2Bpopulation%2B2010%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To%26sig%3DAHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBen-Yakov1990" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ben-Yakov, Avraham (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/263">"Encyclopedia of the Holocaust"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_the_Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust">Encyclopaedia of the Holocaust</a></i>. Vol. 1. New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4/page/263">263–272</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-896090-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-896090-4"><bdi>0-02-896090-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+Holocaust&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=263-272&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-02-896090-4&rft.aulast=Ben-Yakov&rft.aufirst=Avraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofho0000unse_l4l4%2Fpage%2F263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span> (map, illus.)</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanov, Pavel (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol22/iss6/2/">"Bulgarians and Jews throughout History"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>22</b> (6). Newberg, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a>: 1–11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4781">1069-4781</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=Bulgarians+and+Jews+throughout+History&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1-11&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=1069-4781&rft.aulast=Stefanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Free%2Fvol22%2Fiss6%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefanov2006" class="citation journal cs1">Stefanov, Pavel (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol26/iss2/2">"The Bulgarian Orthodox Church and the Holocaust: Addressing Common Misconceptions"</a>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>26</b> (2). Newberg, Oregon: <a href="/wiki/George_Fox_University" title="George Fox University">George Fox University</a>: 10–19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1069-4781">1069-4781</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Bulgarian+Orthodox+Church+and+the+Holocaust%3A+Addressing+Common+Misconceptions&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=1069-4781&rft.aulast=Stefanov&rft.aufirst=Pavel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.georgefox.edu%2Free%2Fvol26%2Fiss2%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrankovaGeorgieff2011" class="citation book cs1">Trankova, Dimana; Georgieff, Anthony (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110908140444/http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria/"><i>A Guide to Jewish Bulgaria</i></a>. Sofia: Vagabond Media. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-92306-3-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-92306-3-5"><bdi>978-954-92306-3-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vagabond.bg/jewishbulgaria">the original</a> on 2011-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Guide+to+Jewish+Bulgaria&rft.place=Sofia&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Vagabond+Media&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-954-92306-3-5&rft.aulast=Trankova&rft.aufirst=Dimana&rft.au=Georgieff%2C+Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vagabond.bg%2Fjewishbulgaria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAladjem_BloomfieldComforty2021" class="citation book cs1">Aladjem Bloomfield, Martha; Comforty, Jacky (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781793632913/The-Stolen-Narrative-of-the-Bulgarian-Jews-and-the-Holocaust"><i>The Stolen Narrative of the Bulgarian Jews and the Holocaust</i></a>. Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-3291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7936-3291-3"><bdi>978-1-7936-3291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stolen+Narrative+of+the+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+Holocaust&rft.place=Maryland&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-7936-3291-3&rft.aulast=Aladjem+Bloomfield&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft.au=Comforty%2C+Jacky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frowman.com%2FISBN%2F9781793632913%2FThe-Stolen-Narrative-of-the-Bulgarian-Jews-and-the-Holocaust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComforty2001" class="citation web cs1">Comforty, Jacky (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoptimists.com">"The Optimists: A film about the Rescue of the Bulgarian Jews during the Holocaust"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Optimists%3A+A+film+about+the+Rescue+of+the+Bulgarian+Jews+during+the+Holocaust&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Comforty&rft.aufirst=Jacky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theoptimists.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span> <i>See also the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theoptimists.com/resources/">resources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324092145/http://theoptimists.com/resources/">Archived</a> 2016-03-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> page on the same website.</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChary1972" class="citation book cs1">Chary, Frederick B. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianjewsfin0000char"><i>The Bulgarian Jews and the Final Solution, 1940-1944</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pittsburgh_Press" title="University of Pittsburgh Press">University of Pittsburgh Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianjewsfin0000char/page/45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822932512" title="Special:BookSources/9780822932512"><bdi>9780822932512</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bulgarian+Jews+and+the+Final+Solution%2C+1940-1944&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=9780822932512&rft.aulast=Chary&rft.aufirst=Frederick+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulgarianjewsfin0000char&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>L. Ivanov. <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Essential_History_of_Bulgaria_in_Seven_Pages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages">Essential History of Bulgaria in Seven Pages</a></i>. Sofia, 2007.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:History_of_Judaism_in_Bulgaria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:History of Judaism in Bulgaria">History of Judaism in Bulgaria</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.osaarchivum.org/catalog/xZRprXEz#findingaids">"Records of the Open Media Research Institute (OMRI): Bulgarian Subject Files - Social Issues: Minorities: Jews"</a>. <i>osaarchivum.org</i>. Budapest: <a href="/wiki/Blinken_Open_Society_Archives" title="Blinken Open Society Archives">Blinken Open Society Archives</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=osaarchivum.org&rft.atitle=Records+of+the+Open+Media+Research+Institute+%28OMRI%29%3A+Bulgarian+Subject+Files+-+Social+Issues%3A+Minorities%3A+Jews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.osaarchivum.org%2Fcatalog%2FxZRprXEz%23findingaids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Empty Boxcars (2011) Documentary on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt2153626/">IMDb</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Czodj7ZDxw">Video</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfassa" class="citation web cs1">Alfassa, Shelomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/12340342/clarifying-70-years-of-whitewashing-and-shelomo-alfassa">"Clarifying 70 Years of Whitewashing and Inaccuracies: The Bulgarian Government and its Interaction with Jews During the Holocaust"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Clarifying+70+Years+of+Whitewashing+and+Inaccuracies%3A+The+Bulgarian+Government+and+its+Interaction+with+Jews+During+the+Holocaust&rft.aulast=Alfassa&rft.aufirst=Shelomo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yumpu.com%2Fen%2Fdocument%2Fview%2F12340342%2Fclarifying-70-years-of-whitewashing-and-shelomo-alfassa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archives.bg/jews/">"Saving the Jews of Bulgaria"</a> (in Bulgarian). Bulgarian State Archives Agency<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Saving+the+Jews+of+Bulgaria&rft.pub=Bulgarian+State+Archives+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.bg%2Fjews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Bulgaria" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Bulgaria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Bulgaria">Ethnic groups in Bulgaria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>according to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://censusresults.nsi.bg/Census/Reports/2/2/R7.aspx">2011 census data</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Bulgaria" title="Bulgarians in Bulgaria">Bulgarians</a></b> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5,664,624)</span></li></ul> <ul><li>minorities: <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Turks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(588,318)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Bulgaria" title="Romani people in Bulgaria">Romani</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(325,343)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Bulgaria" title="Russians in Bulgaria">Russians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9,978)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Bulgaria" title="Armenians in Bulgaria">Armenians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6,552)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Vlachs</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Aromanians in Bulgaria">Aromanians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Bulgaria" title="Romanians in Bulgaria">Romanians</a>; 3,684 "Vlachs", 891 Romanians)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarakatsani" title="Sarakatsani">Sarakatsani</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2,556)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainians in Bulgaria">Ukrainians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1,789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Macedonians_in_Bulgaria" title="Ethnic Macedonians in Bulgaria">Macedonians</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1,654)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Bulgaria" title="Greeks in Bulgaria">Greeks</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1,379)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1,162)</span></li> <li>Others <span style="font-size:85%;">(19,659)</span></li> <li>Does not self-identify <span style="font-size:85%;">(53,391)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Template talk:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic_Jews_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sephardic Jews topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sephardi_Jewish_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardi Jewish</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Origins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sepharad" title="Sepharad">Sepharad</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alhambra_Decree" title="Alhambra Decree">Alhambra Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_and_Muslims_by_Manuel_I_of_Portugal" title="Persecution of Jews and Muslims by Manuel I of Portugal">Expulsion from Portugal</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Converso" title="Converso">Conversos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degredado" title="Degredado">Degredados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lan%C3%A7ados" title="Lançados">Lançados</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megorashim" title="Megorashim">Megorashim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_Jews" title="Maghrebi Jews">Maghrebi Jews</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Christian" title="New Christian">New Christian</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Dispersion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Sephardim" title="Eastern Sephardim">Eastern Mediterranean</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik_Synagogue" title="Dubrovnik Synagogue">Ragusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_Synagogue" title="Split Synagogue">Splicani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Alexandria" title="History of the Jews in Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Rhodes" title="History of the Jews in Rhodes">Rhodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thessaloniki" title="History of the Jews in Thessaloniki">Thessalonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Hungary" title="Sephardic Jews in Hungary">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monastir" title="History of the Jews in Monastir">Monastir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_Romania" title="Sephardic Jews in Romania">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Istanbul" title="History of the Jews in Istanbul">Istanbulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_%C4%B0zmir" title="History of the Jews in İzmir">Symirniote</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_African_Sephardim" title="North African Sephardim">North Africa</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jews" title="Moroccan Jews">Moroccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan#Jewish_presence" title="Tétouan">Tetuani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">Western Europe and overseas</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colonial_America" title="History of the Jews in Colonial America">American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Antwerp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Antwerp (page does not exist)">Antwerp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="Sephardic Jews in the Netherlands">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Aruba" title="History of the Jews in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="History of the Jews in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_arrival_in_New_Amsterdam" title="Jewish arrival in New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Marranos_in_England" title="History of the Marranos in England">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_and_Portuguese_Jews#History" title="Spanish and Portuguese Jews">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Jewish_community_in_Hamburg" title="Portuguese Jewish community in Hamburg">Hamburger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews_in_India" title="Sephardic Jews in India">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paradesi_Jews" title="Paradesi Jews">Paradesi Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews#Sephardi_Jews_in_Italy" title="Italian Jews">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Livorno" title="History of the Jews in Livorno">Livornese</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Crypto-Sephardim</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazonian_Jews" title="Amazonian Jews">Amazonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belmonte" title="History of the Jews in Belmonte">Belmonte Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xuetas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Antisemitism in the Arab world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_Arab_and_Muslim_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries">Jewish exodus from Arab and Muslim countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Portuguese" title="Judaeo-Portuguese">Judaeo-Portuguese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haketia" title="Haketia">Haketia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetuani_Ladino" title="Tetuani Ladino">Tetuani Ladino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagitto" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagitto">Bagitto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Religion and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Sephardic_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the Sephardic Jews">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_music" title="Sephardic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_law_and_customs" title="Sephardic law and customs">Rite and customs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sephardi_chief_rabbis_of_the_Land_of_Israel" title="List of Sephardi chief rabbis of the Land of Israel">Sephardi chief rabbi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Haredim" title="Sephardic Haredim">Haredim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panthers_(Israel)" title="Black Panthers (Israel)">Black Panthers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shas" title="Shas">Shas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardim_and_Oriental_Communities" title="Sephardim and Oriental Communities">Sephardim and Oriental Communities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major communal organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Sephardi_Federation" title="American Sephardi Federation">American Sephardi Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Community_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Community Council">Sephardi Community Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Sephardi_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Sephardi Federation (page does not exist)">World Sephardi Federation</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:הפדרציה הספרדית העולמית">he</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caracas_Center_of_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Caracas Center of Sephardic Studies</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_Estudios_Sefard%C3%ADes_de_Caracas" class="extiw" title="es:Centro de Estudios Sefardíes de Caracas">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Foundation_for_the_Advancement_of_Sephardic_Studies_and_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture (page does not exist)">Foundation for the Advancement of Sephardic Studies and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Sephardic_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute for Sephardic Studies (page does not exist)">Institute for Sephardic Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Philosephardism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philosephardism (page does not exist)">Philosephardism</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosefardismo" class="extiw" title="es:Filosefardismo">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sephardization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sephardization (page does not exist)">Sephardization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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