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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9_ve_Finsku" title="Židé ve Finsku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé ve Finsku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_los_jud%C3%ADos_en_Finlandia" title="Historia de los judíos en Finlandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de los judíos en Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Finlande" title="Histoire des Juifs en Finlande – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Juifs en Finlande" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storia_degli_ebrei_in_Finlandia" title="Storia degli ebrei in Finlandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Storia degli ebrei in Finlandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%93" title="יהדות פינלנד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות פינלנד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Finland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Finnish Jews<br />Suomen juutalaiset<br />Finländska judar<br />יהודים פיניים</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:EU-Finland_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-EU-Finland_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> (dark green) and its location in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (light green)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">1,650<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> (80% of the Finnish Jewish community), <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a> (13%), <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a> (3%)<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, German, Russian<sup id="cite_ref-aboutlang_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutlang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Judaism</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>: notably <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Jews">Ukrainian Jews</a>, and others </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>history of the Jews in Finland</b> goes back to the late 18th century. Many of the first Jews to arrive were nineteenth-century Russian soldiers (known as <a href="/wiki/Cantonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonists">cantonists</a>) who stayed in Finland after their military service ended.<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two synagogues in active use today in Finland were built by Jewish congregations in Helsinki and Turku in 1906 and 1912, respectively. The <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Synagogue" title="Vyborg Synagogue">Vyborg Synagogue</a> (built 1910–1911) was destroyed by Russian air bombings on 30 November 1939, the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, Finland is home to around 1,800 Jews, of which 1,400 live in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Helsinki" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Helsinki">Greater Helsinki</a> area and 200 in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> are the most common <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongues</a> of Jews in Finland, and many also speak <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>, German, Russian or <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew Language">Hebrew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-aboutlang_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aboutlang-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since data collection began in 2008, incidents of <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> have been on the rise in Finland.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-antisem_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-antisem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The number of incidents are likely under-reported, as Finland does not have a systematic method for recording specific forms of hate speech that incite violence or hatred.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-fundamentalrights_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-fundamentalrights-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history,_1700–1917"><span id="Early_history.2C_1700.E2.80.931917"></span>Early history, 1700–1917</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history, 1700–1917"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg/220px-Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg/330px-Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg/440px-Haminahautausmaajuutalaisosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Graves of the Jewish soldiers who served in the army of the Russian Empire, located next to the Eastern Orthodox cemetery in Hamina.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jew</a> said to have settled on Finnish soil was Jacob Weikam (later Veikkanen), who in 1782 began living in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hamina" title="Hamina">Hamina</a>, then under Russian rule.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> During that time, most of Finland was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Kingdom of Sweden</a>, which only allowed Jews to reside in three towns – all of which fell outside the boundaries of modern-day Finland. In 1809, Finland became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">autonomous Grand Duchy</a>, but the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Judereglementet" title="Judereglementet">Judereglementet</a> laws remained in effect, meaning Jews were still unable to settle in Finnish territory.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg/220px-Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg/330px-Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg/440px-Juutalaiset_matkalla_Suomeen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2473" data-file-height="1802" /></a><figcaption>An 1897 cartoon warning against a flood of Jewish immigration if discriminatory laws were repealed.</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite these legal difficulties, during the period of Finnish <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> from 1809 to 1917, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a> established themselves in the country as tradesmen and craftsmen. The Jews who inhabited Finland were mostly former soldiers from the Imperial Russian army. These <a href="/wiki/Cantonist" title="Cantonist">cantonists</a> were forced into the Russian army in childhood and were required to serve at least 25 years. After their term expired, however, they gained the right to remain in Finland regardless of Finnish bans on Jewish settlement. It was only after Finland <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Finnish Declaration of Independence">declared independence</a> in 1917 that Jews were granted full rights as <a href="/wiki/Finnish_citizen" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish citizen">Finnish citizens</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Naftali_Amsterdam" title="Naftali Amsterdam">Naftali Zvi Amsterdam</a>, one of the foremost disciples of Rabbi Yisrael Salanter and the Mussar Movement, served as chief rabbi of Helsinki under Rabbi Yisrael's instruction from 1867 to 1875.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jewish youths in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a> founded the sports association <a href="/wiki/IK_Stj%C3%A4rnan" class="mw-redirect" title="IK Stjärnan">IK Stjärnan</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Makkabi_Helsinki" title="Makkabi Helsinki">Makkabi Helsinki</a>) in 1906, making it the oldest still-operating Jewish sports club in the world with an uninterrupted history.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg/220px-Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg/330px-Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg/440px-Field-synagoga-Finland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>A Finnish field synagogue with soldiers at the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Finland's involvement in World War II began during the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> (30 November 1939 – 13 March 1940), the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s invasion of Finland. Finnish Jews <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_Finnish_Karelia" title="Evacuation of Finnish Karelia">evacuated Finnish Karelia</a> alongside other locals.<sup id="cite_ref-ufb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Synagogue" title="Vyborg Synagogue">Vyborg Synagogue</a> was destroyed by <a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_in_the_Winter_War" title="Aerial warfare in the Winter War">air bombings</a> within the first few days of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-bh.org.il_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bh.org.il-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finland resumed fighting the Soviet Union in the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (1941 – 1944), whose onset was timed to coincide with Germany's launch of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>. This resulted in Finland fighting alongside <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> Germany. 327 Finnish Jews fought for Finland during the war, including 242 rank-and-file soldiers, 52 <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a>, 18 officers, and 15 medical officers. 21 Jews served in the women's auxiliary <a href="/wiki/Lotta_Sv%C3%A4rd" title="Lotta Svärd">Lotta Svärd</a>. In total, 15 Finnish Jews were killed in action in the Winter War, and eight were killed in the Continuation War.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Finland's wartime operations were supported by substantial numbers of German forces, the Finnish front had a field synagogue operating in the presence of Nazi troops. Jewish soldiers were granted leave on Saturdays and Jewish holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-Kendall2014_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kendall2014-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nationalpost_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finnish Jewish soldiers later participated in the <a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland War</a> against Germany.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In November 1942, eight <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Austrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Austrian">Jewish Austrian</a> refugees (along with 19 others) were deported to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> after the head of the Finnish police agreed to turn them over. Seven of the Jews were murdered immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to author <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gilbert" title="Martin Gilbert">Martin Gilbert</a>, these eight were: Georg Kollman; Frans Olof Kollman; Frans Kollman's mother; Hans Eduard Szubilski; Henrich Huppert; Kurt Huppert; Hans Robert Martin Korn, who had been a volunteer in the Winter War; and an unknown individual.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Finnish media reported the news, it caused a national scandal, and ministers resigned in protest.<sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After protests by Lutheran ministers, an Archbishop, and the Social Democratic Party, no more foreign Jewish refugees were deported from Finland. In 2000, Finnish Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Lipponen" title="Paavo Lipponen">Paavo Lipponen</a> issued an official apology for the extradition of the eight Jewish refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-Vuonokari2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vuonokari2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Approximately 500 Jewish <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> arrived in Finland during World War II, although about 350 moved on to other countries, including about 160 who were transferred to neutral Sweden for safety reasons on the direct orders of Finnish Army commander Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 40 of the remaining Jewish refugees were forced into compulsory labor service in <a href="/wiki/Salla" title="Salla">Salla</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a> in March 1942. The refugees were moved to <a href="/wiki/Kemij%C3%A4rvi" title="Kemijärvi">Kemijärvi</a> in June and eventually to <a href="/wiki/Suursaari" class="mw-redirect" title="Suursaari">Suursaari</a> Island in the Gulf of Finland. Although <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> visited Finland twice to try to persuade the authorities to hand over the Jewish population, he was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, an exchange of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> (POWs) took place between Finland and Germany. Approximately 2,600–2,800 Soviet POWs of various nationalities then held by Finland were exchanged for 2,100 Soviet POWs of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finns" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Finns">Baltic Finn</a> nationalities (Finnish, Karelian, Ingrian, or Estonian) held by Germany, who might have volunteered in the Finnish army. About 2,000 of the POWs handed over by Finland joined the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. Among the rest, there were about 500 people (mainly Soviet political officers) who were considered politically dangerous in Finland. This latter group most likely perished in concentration camps or were executed following guidelines set by the <a href="/wiki/Commissar_Order" title="Commissar Order">Commissar Order</a>. 47 Jews appear on the list of those extradited, although religion was not a determining factor in extradition.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jews with <a href="/wiki/Finnish_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish citizenship">Finnish citizenship</a> were protected during the war. Late in the conflict, Germany's ambassador to Helsinki <a href="/wiki/Wipert_von_Bl%C3%BCcher" title="Wipert von Blücher">Wipert von Blücher</a> concluded in a report to <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> that Finns would not endanger their citizens of Jewish origin in any situation.<sup id="cite_ref-Suomi1944_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suomi1944-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II,_Helsinki,_Finland_(5164322092).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg/220px-Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg/330px-Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg/440px-Memorial_ceremony_for_Jewish_soldiers_who_fell_in_World_War_II%2C_Helsinki%2C_Finland_%285164322092%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Memorial ceremony for Jewish soldiers who fell in World War II, Helsinki, Finland</figcaption></figure> <p>Three Finnish Jews were offered the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Cross" title="Iron Cross">Iron Cross</a> for their wartime service: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Skurnik" title="Leo Skurnik">Leo Skurnik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salomon_Klass" title="Salomon Klass">Salomon Klass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dina_Poljakoff" title="Dina Poljakoff">Dina Poljakoff</a>. Major Leo Skurnik, a district medical officer in the Finnish Army, organized an evacuation of a German field hospital when it came under Soviet shelling. More than 600 patients, including SS soldiers, were evacuated. Captain Salomon Klass, also of the Finnish Army, led a Finnish unit that rescued a German company from encirclement by the Soviets. Dina Poljakoff, a member of Lotta Svärd, the Finnish women's auxiliary service, was a nursing assistant who helped tend to German wounded and came to be greatly admired by her patients. All three refused the award.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-quarterly_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nationalpost_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalpost-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> </p><p>The then-President of <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Mannerheim">Marshal Mannerheim</a>, attended the memorial service for fallen Finnish Jews at the <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Synagogue" title="Helsinki Synagogue">Helsinki Synagogue</a> on 6 December 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Today">Today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85bo_synagoga,_den_27_juni_2007,_bild_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/220px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/330px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg/440px-%C3%85bo_synagoga%2C_den_27_juni_2007%2C_bild_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The synagogue of <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a>, about 28 Finnish Jews, mostly Finnish Army veterans, fought for the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">State of Israel</a>. After Israel's establishment, Finland had a high rate of immigration to Israel (known as "<i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">aliyah</a></i>"), which led to a shrinking Jewish population. The community was partly revitalized when some Soviet Jews immigrated to Finland following the collapse of the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-ufb_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ufb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020, the number of Jews in Finland was approximately 1,800, of whom 1,400 lived in Helsinki, about 200 in <a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>, and about 50 in <a href="/wiki/Tampere" title="Tampere">Tampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews are well integrated into Finnish society and are represented in nearly all sectors. Most Finnish Jews are corporate employees or self-employed professionals.<sup id="cite_ref-jch-history_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Finnish Jews speak <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, German, Russian, and <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> are also spoken in the community. The Jews, like Finland's other traditional minorities as well as immigrant groups, are represented on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Advisory_Board_for_Ethnic_Relations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advisory Board for Ethnic Relations (page does not exist)">Advisory Board for Ethnic Relations</a>. </p><p>There are two synagogues still standing in Finland: <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Synagogue" title="Helsinki Synagogue">one in Helsinki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turku_Synagogue" title="Turku Synagogue">one in Turku</a>. Helsinki also has a <a href="/wiki/Jewish_day_school" title="Jewish day school">Jewish day school</a>, which serves about 110 students (many of whom are the children of Israelis working in Finland); and a <a href="/wiki/Chabad_Lubavitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Chabad Lubavitch">Chabad Lubavitch</a> rabbi is based in the city. </p><p>Tampere previously had an organized Jewish community, but it stopped functioning in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other two cities continue to run their community organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also some Reform Jewish movements in Finland today.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antisemitism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="float: right;"> <tbody><tr> <td><table class="wikitable" style="float:none; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto"> <tbody><tr style="background:#eee" align="center"><td><b>Antisemitic incident figures, 2008–2013<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b></td></tr> <tr style="background:#ffffff" align="center"> <td><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_it0me4twdfzqlefx0ncbzwfreahbl4n"></map><img usemap="#timeline_it0me4twdfzqlefx0ncbzwfreahbl4n" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/timeline/it0me4twdfzqlefx0ncbzwfreahbl4n.png" /></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Historically, <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> hate crimes have been rare, and the Jewish community has been relatively safe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, there have been some antisemitic crimes reported in the last decade;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Relative_time_references" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="Clarify the applicable timeframe so that it is unambiguous when read at a later date. (January 2021)">timeframe?</span></a></i>]</sup> the most common types include <a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">defamation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criminal_threatening" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal threatening">verbal threats</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Property_damage" title="Property damage">damage to property</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, <a href="/wiki/Ben_Zyskowicz" title="Ben Zyskowicz">Ben Zyskowicz</a>, the first Finnish Jewish parliamentarian, was assaulted by a man shouting antisemitic slurs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four years later, a few campaign advertisements containing Zyskowicz's picture were sprayed with swastikas in Helsinki.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023, Zyskowicz was attacked by a man who shouted insults about <a href="/wiki/Finland-NATO_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Finland-NATO relations">NATO</a>, Jews and immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015 the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a> published its annual overview of data on antisemitism available in the European Union, including information from a report by the <a href="/wiki/Police_College_of_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Police College of Finland">Police College of Finland</a>. The semi-frequent report covers religiously motivated hate crimes, including antisemitic crimes. The most recently-documented data is from 2013, when most of the incidents (six out of eleven) concerned verbal threats or harassments.<sup id="cite_ref-eu-antisem_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eu-antisem-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2024, the <a href="/wiki/European_Jewish_Congress" title="European Jewish Congress">European Jewish Congress</a> prepared a report titled “Experiences and Views of Antisemitism in Finland – A Report on Discrimination and Hate Crime Targeting Jews" to investigate the rising levels of antisemitism in Finland. The survey respondents consisted of persons over the age of 16 who live in Finland and identify as Jewish. The report was prepared by researchers at the Polin Institute in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/%C3%85bo_Akademi_University" title="Åbo Akademi University">Åbo Akademi University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Ministry_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Ministry of Justice">Finnish Ministry of Justice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the report, over 80% of respondents believed that antisemitism has increased in the past 5 years, while over 70% of respondents stated that Finnish people blame Jewish people for the actions of the Israeli government.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finnish Jews">List of Finnish Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Finland–Israel relations">Finland–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish culture">Finnish culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Katz" title="Elias Katz">Elias Katz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Synagogue" title="Vyborg Synagogue">Vyborg Synagogue</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-jch-history-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jch-history_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jchelsinki.fi/en/node/220609">"Short History of Finnish Jewry"</a>. Jewish Community of Helsinki<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Short+History+of+Finnish+Jewry&rft.pub=Jewish+Community+of+Helsinki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jchelsinki.fi%2Fen%2Fnode%2F220609&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aboutlang-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aboutlang_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-aboutlang_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnö2020" class="citation web cs1">Arnö, Kaj (2 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://projektfredrika.fi/de-linguis-iudaeorum-finlandiae/">"About language and the Jews of Finland"</a>. Projekt Fredrika r.f<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+language+and+the+Jews+of+Finland&rft.pub=Projekt+Fredrika+r.f.&rft.date=2020-11-02&rft.aulast=Arn%C3%B6&rft.aufirst=Kaj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprojektfredrika.fi%2Fde-linguis-iudaeorum-finlandiae%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-antisem-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eu-antisem_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu-antisem_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/antisemitism-overview-2011-2021">"Antisemitism: Overview of antisemitic incidents recorded in the European Union 2011–2021"</a>. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 3 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antisemitism%3A+Overview+of+antisemitic+incidents+recorded+in+the+European+Union+2011%E2%80%932021&rft.pub=European+Union+Agency+for+Fundamental+Rights&rft.date=2022-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffra.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fpublication%2F2022%2Fantisemitism-overview-2011-2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eu-fundamentalrights-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eu-fundamentalrights_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2022/fundamental-rights-report-2022">"Fundamental Rights Report 2022, p. 87-88"</a>. European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights. 8 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Helsingin juutalaisen urheiluseuran historia</i></a>. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. 2016. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-222-705-8"><bdi>978-952-222-705-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Finland&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Ffinland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon,_John2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Simon, John (2017). <i>Mahdoton sota: Kun suomenjuutalaiset taistelivat natsi-Saksan rinnalla</i> [<i>The Impossible War: When Finnish Jews Fought Alongside with the Nazi Germany</i>] (in Finnish). Translated by Antero Helasvuo. Helsinki: Siltala. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-234-473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-234-473-1"><bdi>978-952-234-473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mahdoton+sota%3A+Kun+suomenjuutalaiset+taistelivat+natsi-Saksan+rinnalla&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.pub=Siltala&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-952-234-473-1&rft.au=Simon%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2019" class="citation book cs1">Simon, John B. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFyiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA183"><i>Strangers in a Stranger Land: How One Country's Jews Fought an Unwinnable War alongside Nazi Troops... and Survived</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 183. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-44-7702-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-44-7702-7"><bdi>978-951-44-7702-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strangers+in+a+Stranger+Land%3A+How+One+Country%27s+Jews+Fought+an+Unwinnable+War+alongside+Nazi+Troops...+and+Survived&rft.pages=183&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-951-44-7702-7&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMFyiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kendall2014-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kendall2014_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKendall2014" class="citation news cs1">Kendall, Paul (9 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/museums/10682975/The-Jews-who-fought-for-Hitler-We-did-not-help-the-Germans.-We-had-a-common-enemy.html">"The Jews who fought for Hitler: 'We did not help the Germans. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Post&rft.atitle=For+the+Jews+who+fought+for+Hitler%2C+discomfort+still+%E2%80%93+despite+rejecting+Nazi+Iron+Cross+for+saving+German+lives&rft.date=2014-03-11&rft.au=Paul+Kendall%2C+The+Telegraph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalpost.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Ffor-the-jews-who-fought-for-hitler-discomfort-still-despite-rejecting-nazi-iron-cross-for-saving-german-lives&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohen, William B. and Jörgen Svensson (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120712005133/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/9/1/70">Finland and the Holocaust</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i> 9(1):70–93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quarterly-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-quarterly_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107201546/http://www.jewishquarterly.org/issuearchive/article8d14.html?articleid=194">"The Jewish Quarterly"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishquarterly.org%2Fissuearchive%2Farticle8d14.html%3Farticleid%3D194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1985" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Martin (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00gilb/page/534"><i><span></span></i>The Holocaust<i><span></span></i></a></span>. Holt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/holocausthistory00gilb/page/534">534</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-062416-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-062416-9"><bdi>0-03-062416-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holocaust&rft.pages=534&rft.pub=Holt&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-03-062416-9&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fholocausthistory00gilb%2Fpage%2F534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vuonokari2003-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vuonokari2003_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVuonokari2003" class="citation web cs1">Vuonokari, Tuulikki (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214226/http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/FIN/HIST/tv-jews.html">"Jews in Finland During the Second World War"</a>. University of Tampere (Finnish Institutions Research Papers). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uta.fi/FAST/FIN/HIST/tv-jews.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jews+in+Finland+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.pub=University+of+Tampere+%28Finnish+Institutions+Research+Papers%29&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Vuonokari&rft.aufirst=Tuulikki&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uta.fi%2FFAST%2FFIN%2FHIST%2Ftv-jews.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Finland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jukka Lindstedt: Juutalaisten sotavankien luovutukset. Historiallinen aikakauskirja 2/2004: 144–165</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suomi1944-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suomi1944_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeinander2009" class="citation book cs1">Meinander, Henrik (2009). <i>Suomi 1944</i>. 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The Rescue of Finland's Jews</i>. N.Y.:Holocaust Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89604-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89604-121-2">0-89604-121-2</a>.</li> <li>Cohen, William B. & Jürgen Svensson (2001). Finland. In Walter Laqueur, ed., <i>The Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. New Haven, CT: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 204–206. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08432-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08432-3">0-300-08432-3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jchelsinki.fi">Jewish Community of Helsinki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lubavitch.fi">Chabad Lubavitch of Finland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=180888&contentlan=2&culture=en-US">What's in it for non-Christians, thisisFINLAND</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303214226/http://www15.uta.fi/FAST/FIN/HIST/tv-jews.html">Jews in Finland During the Second World War</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120311020925/http://www.jewishquarterly.org/issuearchive/article8d14.html?articleid=194">‘While Jews serve in my army I will not allow their deportation’ Jewish Quarterly</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Finland" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Finland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Finland" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Finland_15px" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Jews and Judaism in Finland</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism_in_Finland" title="Category:Antisemitism in Finland">Antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Finland" title="Category:Synagogues in Finland"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Synagogues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Synagogue" title="Helsinki Synagogue">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turku_Synagogue" title="Turku Synagogue">Turku</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Former:</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vyborg_Synagogue" title="Vyborg Synagogue">Vyborg</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jewish_people_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jewish people of Finland (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">People</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_Jews" title="Category:Finnish Jews">Finnish Jews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Finnish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Finnish Jews"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of Finnish Jews</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_synagogues_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of synagogues in Finland (page does not exist)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of synagogues</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="History of the Jews in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Finland" title="Template:Immigration to Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Finland" title="Template talk:Immigration to Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Finland" title="Immigration to Finland">Immigration to Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_the_Nordic_countries" title="Albanians in the Nordic countries">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_people_in_Finland" title="Dutch people in Finland">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonians_in_Finland" title="Estonians in Finland">Estonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Finland" title="Germans in Finland">Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians_in_Finland" title="Hungarians in Finland">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Finland" title="Italians in Finland">Italians</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Finns" title="Latvian Finns">Latvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegians_in_Finland" title="Norwegians in Finland">Norwegians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_diaspora#Finland" title="Polish diaspora">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_in_Finland" title="Portuguese in Finland">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Finland" title="Romani people in Finland">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Kale" title="Finnish Kale">Kale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Finland" title="Romanians in Finland">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Finland" title="Russians in Finland">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_sveitsil%C3%A4iset" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen sveitsiläiset">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Finland" title="Ukrainians in Finland">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/100px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/150px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/200px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Finland" title="Arabs in Finland">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqis_in_Finland" title="Iraqis in Finland">Iraqis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrians_in_Finland" title="Syrians in Finland">Syrians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Finland" title="Assyrians in Finland">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Iranians" title="Finnish Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Finland" title="Kurds in Finland">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Finland" title="Turks in Finland">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South & East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans_in_Finland" title="Afghans in Finland">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Finland" title="Chinese people in Finland">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Finland" title="Indians in Finland">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Finland">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_thaimaalaiset" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen thaimaalaiset">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Finland" title="Vietnamese people in Finland">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_Finland" title="African diaspora in Finland">Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerians_in_Finland" title="Nigerians in Finland">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Finland" title="Somalis in Finland">Somalis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_migration_to_Finland" title="Latin American migration to Finland">Latin Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chileans_in_Finland" title="Chileans in Finland">Chileans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Finnish_people_by_descent" title="Category:Finnish people by descent">Citizens of foreign descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Expatriates_in_Finland" title="Category:Expatriates in Finland">Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Immigrants_to_Finland" title="Category:Immigrants to Finland">Immigrants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naturalized_citizens_of_Finland" title="Category:Naturalized citizens of Finland">Naturalized citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Refugees_in_Finland" title="Category:Refugees in Finland">Refugees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Finland" title="Demographics of Finland">Demographics of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Finland" title="Ethnic groups in Finland">Ethnic groups in Finland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Finland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Finland" title="Template:Religion in Finland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Finland" title="Template talk:Religion in Finland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Finland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Finland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Finland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Religion in Finland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abrahamic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Finland">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Church_of_Finland" title="Adventist Church of Finland">Adventists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_in_Finland" title="Anglican Church in Finland">Anglican Church in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_Finland" title="Baptists in Finland">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Finland" title="Catholic Church in Finland">Catholic Church in Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakening_(Finnish_religious_movement)" title="Awakening (Finnish religious movement)">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laestadianism" title="Laestadianism">Laestadianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free_Church_of_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Free Church of Finland (page does not exist)">Free Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_Vapaakirkko" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen Vapaakirkko">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodist_Church_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodist Church in Finland (page does not exist)">Methodist Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suomen_Metodistikirkko" class="extiw" title="fi:Suomen Metodistikirkko">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mission_Church_in_Finland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mission Church in Finland (page does not exist)">Mission Church</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionskyrkan_i_Finland" class="extiw" title="fi:Missionskyrkan i Finland">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_of_Finland" title="Orthodox Church of Finland">Orthodox Church of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finnish_Pentecostal_Movement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finnish Pentecostal Movement (page does not exist)">Pentecostal Movement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helluntaiher%C3%A4tys_Suomessa" class="extiw" title="fi:Helluntaiherätys Suomessa">fi</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Eparchy_of_Britain_and_Scandinavia" title="Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia">Serbian Orthodox Eparchy of Britain and Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church_in_Finland" title="Russian Orthodox Church in Finland">Russian Orthodox Church in Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Finland" title="Islam in Finland">Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Finland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Finland">Bahá'í</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Finland" title="Buddhism in Finland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Finland" title="Hinduism in Finland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish neopaganism">Neopaganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karhun_kansa" title="Karhun kansa">Karhun kansa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Finland" title="Irreligion in Finland">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_in_Scandinavia" title="Theosophy in Scandinavia">Theosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output 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