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href="#Increasing_prosperity_and_the_great_charter_(1320–1432)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Increasing_prosperity_and_the_great_charter_(1320–1432)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jagiellon_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jagiellon_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jagiellon rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jagiellon_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_culture_in_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_culture_in_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Jewish culture in Belarus</span> </div> </a> <button 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<span>Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belarusian_Jews_under_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_October_Revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_October_Revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After the October Revolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_October_Revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century_to_modern_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="تاريخ اليهود في بيلاروسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ اليهود في بيلاروسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%9E%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%96_%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Яўрэі ў Беларусі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Яўрэі ў Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D1%9E_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96" title="Жыды ў Беларусі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жыды ў Беларусі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDid%C3%A9_v_B%C4%9Blorusku" title="Židé v Bělorusku – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Židé v Bělorusku" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_Juifs_en_Bi%C3%A9lorussie" title="Histoire des Juifs en Biélorussie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des Juifs en Biélorussie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%EB%9D%BC%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="벨라루스 유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨라루스 유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidovi_u_Bjelorusiji" title="Židovi u Bjelorusiji – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Židovi u Bjelorusiji" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="יהדות בלארוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות בלארוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_de_Joden_in_Wit-Rusland" title="Geschiedenis van de Joden in Wit-Rusland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geschiedenis van de Joden in Wit-Rusland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belorussiyada_yahudiylik_dini" title="Belorussiyada yahudiylik dini – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belorussiyada yahudiylik dini" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria_dos_judeus_na_Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="História dos judeus na Bielorrússia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="História dos judeus na Bielorrússia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Евреи в Беларуси – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Евреи в Беларуси" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDidia_v_Bielorusku" title="Židia v Bielorusku – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Židia v Bielorusku" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judarnas_historia_i_Belarus" title="Judarnas historia i Belarus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Judarnas historia i Belarus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarus%27taki_Yahudilerin_tarihi" title="Belarus'taki Yahudilerin tarihi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belarus'taki Yahudilerin tarihi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1843161#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Jews in Belarus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22">"History of the Jews in Belarus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Belarusian Jews<br />יהודי בלארוס<br />Беларускія габрэі</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe-Belarus_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Europe-Belarus_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The location of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (green) in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></th><td class="infobox-data">13,705 (2019) - 70,000 (2014)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">78,859 Belarusian immigrants to Israel (in the years 1989-2013)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Jews">Ukrainian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Jews">Polish Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Judaism" title="Outline of Judaism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:180%;"><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jew_(word)" title="Jew (word)">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">Who is a Jew?</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Judaism" title="God in Judaism">God in Judaism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">names</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_principles_of_faith" title="Jewish principles of faith">Principles of faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvot</a> (<a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halakha" title="Halakha">Halakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_prayer" title="Jewish prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzedakah" title="Tzedakah">Tzedakah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_and_customs_of_the_Land_of_Israel_in_Judaism" title="Laws and customs of the Land of Israel in Judaism"><span class="wrap">Land of Israel</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">Brit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah"><span class="wrap">Bar and bat mitzvah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_marriage" title="Jewish views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_in_Judaism" title="Bereavement in Judaism">Bereavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baal_teshuva_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Baal teshuva movement">Baal teshuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_philosophy" title="Jewish philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethics" title="Jewish ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhag" title="Minhag">Customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusach_(Jewish_custom)" title="Nusach (Jewish custom)">Rites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sifrei_Kodesh" title="Sifrei Kodesh">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Tanakh</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevi%27im" title="Nevi'im">Nevi'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemara" title="Gemara">Gemara</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">Midrash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tosefta" title="Tosefta">Tosefta</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Targum" title="Targum">Targum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_Yosef_(book)" title="Beit Yosef (book)">Beit Yosef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishneh_Torah" title="Mishneh Torah">Mishneh Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arba%27ah_Turim" title="Arba'ah Turim">Tur</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shulchan_Aruch" title="Shulchan Aruch">Shulchan Aruch</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zohar" title="Zohar">Zohar</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_name_Judea" title="Timeline of the name Judea">Name "Judea"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_leadership" title="Jewish leadership">Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Modern historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population" title="Historical Jewish population">Historical population comparisons</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Tribes_of_Israel" title="Twelve Tribes of Israel">Twelve Tribes of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah"><span class="wrap">Kingdom of Judah</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Judaism" title="Jerusalem in Judaism">in Judaism</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jerusalem" title="Timeline of Jerusalem">timeline</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem"><span class="wrap">Temple in Jerusalem</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">First</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_captivity" title="Assyrian captivity"><span class="wrap">Assyrian captivity</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity"><span class="wrap">Babylonian captivity</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty"><span class="wrap">Hasmonean dynasty</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zealots" title="Zealots">Zealots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicarii" title="Sicarii">Sicarii</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">Great Revolt</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora</a></span>, <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba</a></span>)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a> and Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Judaism" title="Christianity and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Christianity and Judaism</span></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Jews_and_Christmas" title="Jews and Christmas">Jews and Christmas</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism"><span class="wrap">Hinduism and Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Islamic–Jewish</span> relations</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_European_Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="History of European Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Golden Age</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Modern era</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabbateans" title="Sabbateans">Sabbateans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_atheism" title="Jewish atheism">Jewish atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Arab–Israeli</span> conflict</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ethnic_divisions" title="Jewish ethnic divisions">Communities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Jews" title="Galician Jews">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvaks" title="Litvaks">Litvak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Teimanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel">Beta Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Gruzinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Juhurim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews" title="Romaniote Jews">Romanyotim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochin_Jews" title="Cochin Jews">Cochinim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bene_Israel" title="Bene Israel">Bene Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Jews" title="Berber Jews">Berber</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related groups</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Bnei_Anusim" title="Sephardic Bnei Anusim">Bnei Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemba_people" title="Lemba people">Lemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-Judaism" title="Crypto-Judaism">Crypto-Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrano" title="Marrano">Marranos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofiti" title="Neofiti">Neofiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueta" title="Xueta">Xueta</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_tribes_of_Arabia" title="Jewish tribes of Arabia">Mosaic Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noahidism" title="Noahidism">Noahides</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_population_by_country" title="Jewish population by country">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_by_country" title="Judaism by country">Judaism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Jews" title="Lists of Jews">Lists of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_by_country" title="Historical Jewish population by country">Historical population by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_of_Jews" title="Genetic studies of Jews">Genetic studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Palestine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Yishuv" title="Old Yishuv">Old Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yishuv" title="Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Jews" title="Israeli Jews">Israeli Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Jews" title="Palestinian Jews">Palestinian Jews</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Africa" title="History of the Jews in Africa">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Algeria" title="History of the Jews in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Angola" title="History of the Jews in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Bilad_el-Sudan" title="Jews of Bilad el-Sudan">Bilad-el-Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Botswana" title="History of the Jews in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cameroon" title="History of the Jews in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cape_Verde" title="History of the Jews in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Benin" title="History of the Jews in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Djibouti" title="History of the Jews in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ethiopia" title="History of the Jews in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eritrea" title="History of the Jews in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Eswatini" title="History of the Jews in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gabon" title="History of the Jews in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Gambia" title="History of the Jews in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ghana" title="History of the Jews in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea" title="History of the Jews in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="History of the Jews in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ivory_Coast" title="History of the Jews in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kenya" title="History of the Jews in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Libya" title="History of the Jews in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malawi" title="History of the Jews in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mali" title="History of the Jews in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mauritius" title="History of the Jews in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Moroccan_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Moroccan Jews">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mozambique" title="History of the Jews in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Namibia" title="History of the Jews in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Nigeria" title="History of the Jews in Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Igbo_Jews" title="Igbo Jews">Igbo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="History of the Jews in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sierra_Leone" title="History of the Jews in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Somalia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Africa" title="History of the Jews in South Africa"><span class="wrap">South Africa</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sudan" title="History of the Jews in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tanzania" title="History of the Jews in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tunisia" title="History of the Jews in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uganda" title="History of the Jews in Uganda">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Abayudaya" title="Abayudaya">Abayudaya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zambia" title="History of the Jews in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Zimbabwe" title="History of the Jews in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Asia</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bahrain" title="History of the Jews in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cambodia" title="History of the Jews in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_India" title="History of the Jews in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Indonesia" title="History of the Jews in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Japan" title="History of the Jews in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jordan" title="History of the Jews in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kurdistan" title="History of the Jews in Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kuwait" title="History of the Jews in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="History of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lebanon" title="History of the Jews in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mongolia" title="History of the Jews in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Myanmar" title="History of the Jews in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_in_Nepal" title="Judaism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oman" title="History of the Jews in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Pakistan" title="History of the Jews in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Qatar" title="History of the Jews in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="History of the Jews in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Korea" title="History of the Jews in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sri_Lanka" title="History of the Jews in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Syria" title="History of the Jews in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Tajikistan" title="History of the Jews in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Thailand" title="History of the Jews in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="History of the Jews in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uzbekistan" title="History of the Jews in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vietnam" title="History of the Jews in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Jews" title="Yemenite Jews">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_lands" title="History of the Jews in the Czech lands">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom"><span class="wrap">United Kingdom</span></a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Northern America</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Canada" title="History of the Jews in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_Greenland" title="Jews in Greenland">Greenland</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Jews in Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and Caribbean</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Argentina" title="History of the Jews in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bolivia" title="History of the Jews in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Chile" title="History of the Jews in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Colombia" title="History of the Jews in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cuba" title="History of the Jews in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="History of the Jews in the Dominican Republic"><span class="wrap">Dominican Republic</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ecuador" title="History of the Jews in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_El_Salvador" title="History of the Jews in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guyana" title="History of the Jews in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Haiti" title="History of the Jews in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Mexico" title="History of the Jews in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Paraguay" title="History of the Jews in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Peru" title="History of the Jews in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Puerto_Rico" title="History of the Jews in Puerto Rico"><span class="wrap">Puerto Rico</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Suriname" title="History of the Jews in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Uruguay" title="History of the Jews in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Venezuela" title="History of the Jews in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Oceania" title="History of the Jews in Oceania">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Australia" title="History of the Jews in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Fiji" title="History of the Jews in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guam" title="History of the Jews in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_New_Zealand" title="History of the Jews in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Palau" title="History of the Jews in Palau">Palau</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism"><span class="wrap">Reform</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Science" title="Jewish Science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Customs</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyan" title="Minyan">Minyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_wedding" title="Jewish wedding">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_clothing" title="Jewish religious clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niddah" title="Niddah">Niddah</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pidyon_haben" title="Pidyon haben">Pidyon haben</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shidduch" title="Shidduch">Shidduch</a></li> <li><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Zeved_habat" title="Zeved habat">Zeved habat</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Judaism" title="Conversion to Judaism"><span class="wrap">Conversion to Judaism</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliyah" title="Aliyah">Aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiloni" title="Hiloni">Hiloni</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_music" title="Jewish music">Music</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Jewish_music" title="Religious Jewish music">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Jewish_music" title="Secular Jewish music">Secular</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_art" title="Jewish art">Art</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Jewish_art" title="Ancient Jewish art">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_theatre" title="Yiddish theatre">Yiddish theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_dance" title="Jewish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_humor" title="Jewish humor">Humour</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine#Ashkenazi" title="Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_literature" title="Jewish literature">Literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_literature" title="Yiddish literature">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat_literature" title="Judeo-Tat literature">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_American_literature" title="Jewish American literature">American</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivish" title="Yeshivish">Yeshivish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Koine_Greek" title="Jewish Koine Greek">Jewish Koine Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tat" title="Judeo-Tat">Judeo-Tat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Sign_Language" title="Israeli Sign Language">Shassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judaeo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Judaeo-Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Gascon" title="Judeo-Gascon">Judeo-Gascon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Jewish_Sign_Language" title="Algerian Jewish Sign Language">Ghardaïa Sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharian_(Judeo-Tajik_dialect)" title="Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)">Bukharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knaanic_language" title="Knaanic language">Knaanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarphatic_language" title="Zarphatic language">Zarphatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Italian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Italian languages">Judeo-Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Georgian" title="Judaeo-Georgian">Judaeo-Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Aramaic_languages" title="Judeo-Aramaic languages">Judeo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic dialects">Judeo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Berber_language" title="Judeo-Berber language">Judeo-Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Malayalam" title="Judeo-Malayalam">Judeo-Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Politics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Leftism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Territorial_Organization" title="Jewish Territorial Organization">Territorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Zionists" title="General Zionists">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Zionism" title="Green Zionism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Maximalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Zionism" title="Neo-Zionism">Neo-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Zionism" title="Revisionist Zionism">Revisionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Zionism" title="Post-Zionism">Post-Zionism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jews_and_Judaism" title="Category:Jews and Judaism">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/320px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belarus" title="Culture of Belarus">Culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_literature" title="Belarusian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus" title="Music of Belarus">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Belarus" title="Cinema of Belarus">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">By regions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Russia" title="Belarusians in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_Ukraine" title="Belarusians in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian American">USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_minority_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian minority in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Australian people of Belarusian descent">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Belarusians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Belarusian_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Belarusian descent">Canada</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Belarus" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Belarus">Closely related peoples</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleszuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleszuk">Paleszuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podlashuks" title="Podlashuks">Padlašuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_minority_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish minority in Belarus">Belarusian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Lithuania" title="Poles in Lithuania">Lithuanian Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Latvia" title="Poles in Latvia">Latvian Poles</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarusian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Autocephalous_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church">Autocephalous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Catholic Church in Belarus</a> <ul><li>also <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Languages and dialects</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasianka</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> Topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belarusian_people" title="Category:Belarusian people">People from Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Belarusians">Belarusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litvin" title="Litvin">Litvins</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarusians" title="Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarusians" title="Template talk:Belarusians"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarusians"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b> history of the Jews in Belarus</b> begins as early as the 8th century. <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> lived in all parts of the lands of modern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. In 1897, the Jewish population of Belarus reached 910,900, or 14.2% of the total population.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish-Soviet War</a> (1919-1920), under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Treaty of Riga</a>, Belarus was split into Eastern Belorussia (under Soviet occupation) and Western Belorussia (under Polish occupation), <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and causing 350,000-450,000 of the Jews to be governed by Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to World War II, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> were the third largest ethnic group in Belarus and comprised more than 40% of the urban population. The population of cities such as <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pinsk" title="Pinsk">Pinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babruysk" title="Babruysk">Babruysk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a> was more than 50% Jewish. In 1926 and 1939 there were between 375,000 and 407,000 Jews in Belarus (Eastern Belorussia) or 6.7-8.2% of the total population. Following the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet annexation of Eastern Poland</a> in 1939, including Western Belorussia, Belarus would again have 1,175,000 Jews within its borders, including 275,000 Jews from Poland, Ukraine, and elsewhere. It is estimated that up to 800,000 of 900,000 — up to 90% of the Jews of Belarus —were killed during the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/2019_Belarusian_census" title="2019 Belarusian census">2019 Belarusian census</a>, there were 13,705 self-identifying Jews in Belarus, of which most are of <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a> origin.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Israeli embassy in Belarus claims to know about 30-50 thousand Belarusians with Jewish descent (as of 2017).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Jews in Belarus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Throughout several centuries the lands of modern-day Belarus were a part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. Therefore, the history of Belarusian Jews is closely related to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Lithuania">history of Jews in Lithuania</a> and historically they could be seen as a subset of <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a>. </p><p>As early as the 8th century Jews lived in parts of the lands of modern Belarus. Beginning with that period they conducted the trade between <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">Ruthenia</a>, Lithuania, and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_region" title="Baltic region">Baltic</a>, especially with <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolin_(town)" title="Wolin (town)">Julin</a> (Vineta or Wollin, in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>), and other cities on the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The origin of Belarusian Jews has been the subject of much speculation. It is believed that they were made up of two distinct streams of Jewish immigration. The older and significantly smaller of the two entered the territory that would later become the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> from the east. These early immigrants spoke Judeo-Slavic dialects which distinguished them from the later Jewish immigrants who entered the region from the Germanic lands.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the origin of these eastern Jews is not certain, historical evidence places Jewish refugees from Babylonia, Palestine, the Byzantine Empire and other Jewish refugees and settlers in the lands between the Baltic and Black Seas that would become part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The later and much larger stream of immigration originated in the 12th century and received an impetus from the persecution of the <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German Jews</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Crusaders</a>. The traditional language of the vast majority of Lithuanian Jews, Yiddish, is based largely upon the Medieval German and Hebrew spoken by the western Germanic Jewish immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The peculiar conditions that prevailed in Belarus compelled the first Jewish settlers to adopt a different mode of life from that followed by their western ethnic brethren. At that time there were no cities in the western sense of the word in Belarus, no <i><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg Rights">Magdeburg Rights</a></i> or close <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> at that time. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Increasing_prosperity_and_the_great_charter_(1320–1432)"><span id="Increasing_prosperity_and_the_great_charter_.281320.E2.80.931432.29"></span>Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Increasing prosperity and the great charter (1320–1432)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/History of the Jews in Belarus">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a> and his subjection of <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> (1320–1321) the Jewish inhabitants of these territories were induced to spread throughout the northern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. The probable importance of the southern Jews in the development of Belarus and Lithuania is indicated by their numerical prominence in Volhynia in the 13th century. According to an annalist who describes the funeral of the grand duke <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Vasilkovich" title="Vladimir Vasilkovich">Vladimir Vasilkovich</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Volodymyr-Volynskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Volodymyr-Volynskyi">Vladimir</a> (Volhynia), "the Jews wept at his funeral as at the fall of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, or when being led into the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This sympathy and the record thereof would seem to indicate that long before the event in question the Jews had enjoyed considerable prosperity and influence, and this gave them a certain standing under the new <i>régime</i>. They took an active part in the development of the new cities under the tolerant rule of duke Gediminas. </p><p>Little is known of the fortunes of the Belarusian Jews during the troublous times that followed the death of Gediminas and the accession of his grandson <a href="/wiki/Vitaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitaut">Vitaut</a> (1341). To the latter, the Jews owed a charter of privileges which was momentous in the subsequent history of the Jews of Belarus and Lithuania. The documents granting privileges first to the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> (July 1, 1388) and later to those of <a href="/wiki/Hrodna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Hrodna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Troki" class="mw-redirect" title="Troki">Troki</a> (1389), <a href="/wiki/Lutsk" title="Lutsk">Lutsk</a>, Vladimir, and other large towns are the earliest documents to recognize the Jews of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania as possessing a distinct organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The gathering together of the scattered Jewish settlers in sufficient numbers and with enough power to form such an organization and to obtain privileges from their Lithuanian rulers implies the lapse of considerable time. The Jews who dwelt in smaller towns and villages were not in need of such privileges at this time, and the mode of life, as <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Harkavy" title="Abraham Harkavy">Abraham Harkavy</a> suggests, "the comparative poverty, and the ignorance of Jewish learning among the Lithuanian Jews retarded their intercommunal organization." But powerful forces hastened this organization toward the close of the 14th century. The chief of these was probably the cooperation of the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> with their brethren in the GDL. After the death of <a href="/wiki/Casimir_III_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir III of Poland">Casimir III</a> (1370), the condition of the Polish Jews changed for the worse. The influence of the Roman Catholic clergy at the Polish court grew; <a href="/wiki/Louis_I_of_Hungary" title="Louis I of Hungary">Louis of Anjou</a> was indifferent to the welfare of his subjects, and his eagerness to convert the Jews to Christianity, together with the increased Jewish immigration from Germany, caused the Polish Jews to become apprehensive for their future.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jagiellon_rule">Jagiellon rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Jagiellon rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1569 the Kingdom Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were united. It was generally a time of prosperity and relative safety for the Jews of both countries (with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Chmielnicki_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Chmielnicki Uprising">Chmielnicki Uprising</a> in the 17th century). However, a few events, such as the expulsion of the Jews from Lithuania between 1495 and 1503 occurred just within the Grand Duchy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_culture_in_Belarus">Jewish culture in Belarus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Jewish culture in Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Items_from_the_Responsa">Items from the <i>Responsa</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Items from the Responsa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_responsa_in_Judaism" title="History of responsa in Judaism">responsa</a></i> shed an interesting light also on the life of the Lithuanian Jews and on their relations to their Christian neighbors. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Slonik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Slonik (page does not exist)">Benjamin Slonik</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Slonik" class="extiw" title="pl:Benjamin Slonik">pl</a>]</span> states in his <i>Mas'at Binyamin</i> (end of sixteenth and beginning of 17th century) that "the Christians borrow clothes and jewelry from the Jews when they go to church." <a href="/wiki/Joel_Sirkis" title="Joel Sirkis">Joel Sirkis</a> (l.c. § 79) relates that a Christian woman came to the rabbi and expressed her regret at having been unable to save the Jew Shlioma from drowning. A number of Christians had looked on indifferently while the drowning Jew was struggling in the water. They were upbraided and beaten severely by the priest, who appeared a few minutes later, for having failed to rescue the Jew.<sup id="cite_ref-li_je_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li_je-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Luria" title="Solomon Luria">Solomon Luria</a> gives an account (<i>Responsa,</i> § 20) of a quarrel that occurred in a Lithuanian community concerning a cantor whom some of the members wished to dismiss. The synagogue was closed in order to prevent him from exercising his functions, and religious services were thus discontinued for several days. The matter was thereupon carried to the local lord, who ordered the reopening of the building, saying that the house of God might not be closed, and that the cantor's claims should be decided by the learned rabbis of Lithuania. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Katz_(Jewish_writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Katz (Jewish writer) (page does not exist)">Joseph Katz</a> mentions (<i>She'erit Yosef,</i> § 70) a Jewish community which was forbidden by the local authorities to kill cattle and to sell meat—an occupation which provided a livelihood for a large portion of the Lithuanian Jews. For the period of a year following this prohibition the Jewish community was on several occasions assessed at the rate of three <i><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_gulden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian gulden">gulden</a></i> per head of cattle in order to furnish funds with which to induce the officials to grant a hearing of the case. The Jews finally reached an agreement with the town magistrates under which they were to pay forty gulden annually for the right to slaughter cattle. According to <a href="/wiki/Hillel_ben_Naphtali_Herz" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillel ben Naphtali Herz">Hillel ben Naphtali Herz</a> (<i>Bet Hillel,</i> <i>Yoreh De'ah</i>, § 157), Naphtali says the Jews of Vilna had been compelled to uncover when taking an oath in court, but later purchased from the tribunal the privilege to swear with covered head, a practise subsequently made unnecessary by a decision of one of their rabbis to the effect that an oath might be taken with uncovered head.<sup id="cite_ref-li_je_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li_je-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>responsa</i> of <a href="/wiki/Meir_Lublin" title="Meir Lublin">Meir Lublin</a> show (§ 40) that the Lithuanian communities frequently aided the <a href="/wiki/German_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="German Jews">German</a> and the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austrian</a> Jews. On the expulsion of the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>, when the Jewish inhabitants of Silz had the privilege of remaining on condition that they would pay the sum of 2,000 <i>gulden,</i> the Lithuanian communities contributed one-fifth of the amount.<sup id="cite_ref-li_je_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-li_je-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belarusian_Jews_under_the_Russian_Empire">Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Belarusian Jews under the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Polish_history_during_the_19th_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Polish history during the 19th century">Jewish Polish history during the 19th century</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia_and_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union">History of the Jews in Russia and Soviet Union</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:17.5em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical Belarusian Jewish population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">407,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">375,092</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−7.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">150,090</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−60.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">148,027</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">135,539</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−8.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">112,031</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−17.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,798</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−75.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2009</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">12,926</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−53.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,705</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+6.0%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <br /> <ul><li>Yivoencyclopedia.org <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Demoscope.ru <sup id="cite_ref-demoscope1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demoscope1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jewishdatabank.org <sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated6_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>AJCarchives.org <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pop-stat.mashke.org <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Jewish population data includes <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan Jews</a> (or Central Asian Jews), <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a> (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and <a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus_Census_(2019)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus Census (2019)">2019 Belarus Census</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland,_c._1905.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/220px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/330px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png/440px-Map_showing_percentage_of_Jews_in_the_Pale_of_Settlement_and_Congress_Poland%2C_c._1905.png 2x" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, c. 1905.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon annexation of Belarusian lands, Russian czars included the territory into the so-called <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a>, a western border region of <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a> in which the permanent residence of Jews was allowed. Though comprising only 20% of the territory of European Russia, the Pale corresponded to the historical borders of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and included much of present-day <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Lithuania">Republic of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, and parts of western <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. </p><p>By the end of the 19th century, many Belarusian Jews were part of the general flight of Jews from Eastern Europe to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a> due to conflicts and <i><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a></i> engulfing the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> of the Russian <i><a href="/wiki/Czars" class="mw-redirect" title="Czars">czars</a></i>. Millions of Jews, including tens of thousands of Jews from Belarus, emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="United States of America">United States of America</a> and South Africa. A small number also emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Mandate of Palestine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_October_Revolution">After the October Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the October Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jewish political organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a>, participated in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a> in 1918. </p><p>During the first years of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belarus#Belarusian_Soviet_Republic_and_West_Belarus" title="History of Belarus">Soviet power in Belarus</a>, in the 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> was an official language in <a href="/wiki/East_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="East Belarus">East Belarus</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yakov_Gamarnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yakov Gamarnik">Yakov Gamarnik</a>, a Ukrainian Jew, was First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Belorussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party of Belorussia">Communist Party of Belorussia</a> (i.e. the de facto head of state) from December 1928 to October 1929. However, the Soviet policy later turned against the Jews (see <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's antisemitism">Stalin's antisemitism</a></i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Belarus">Holocaust in Belarus</a></div> <p>Atrocities against the Jewish population in the German-conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of <i><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></i> (task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. Local <a href="/wiki/Anti-semite" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-semite">anti-semites</a> were encouraged to carry out their own <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>. By the end of 1941, there were more than 5,000 troops devoted to rounding up and killing Jews. The gradual industrialization of killing led to adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Reinhard" title="Operation Reinhard">Operation Reinhard</a> extermination camps: the machinery of the Holocaust. Of the Soviet Jews who were killed in the Holocaust, 246,000 Jews were Belarusian: some 66% of the total number of Belarusian Jews.<sup id="cite_ref-jsource_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsource-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_20th_century_to_modern_days">Late 20th century to modern days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late 20th century to modern days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belarus-Israel_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarus-Israel relations">Belarus-Israel relations</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jews_in_Belarus,_censuses_1959-2009.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png/300px-Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png/450px-Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Jews_in_Belarus%2C_censuses_1959-2009.png 2x" data-file-width="545" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Jewish population in Belarus (official census data)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg/330px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg/440px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Revers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, revers, <a href="/wiki/Volozhin_yeshiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Volozhin yeshiva">Volozhin yeshiva</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg/220px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg/330px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg/440px-Volojin_Yeshibot_10_rub_2010_Avers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of Belarus, 10 rubles, 2010, 925, diam. 33 mm, avers, "<a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>"</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1968, several thousand Jewish youths were arrested for Zionist activity.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the second half of the 20th century, there was a large wave of Belarusian Jews immigrating to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> (see <i><a href="/wiki/Aliyah_from_the_Soviet_Union_in_the_1970s" class="mw-redirect" title="Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s">Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s</a></i>), as well as to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 1979, there were 135,400 Jews in Belarus; a decade later, 112,000 were left. The collapse of the Soviet Union and Belarusian independence saw most of the community, along with the majority of the former Soviet Union's Jewish population, leave for Israel (see <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_immigration_to_Israel_in_the_1990s" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s">Russian immigration to Israel in the 1990s</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-jsource_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsource-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1999 census estimated that there were only 27,798 Jews left in the country, which further declined to 12,926 in 2009 and marginally rose to 13,705 in 2019, although oddly in that year, 10,269 men but only 3,436 women identified as Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, local Jewish organizations put the number at 50,000 in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About half of the country's Jews live in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. National Jewish organizations, local cultural groups, religious schools, charitable organizations, and organizations for war veterans and Holocaust survivors have been formed.<sup id="cite_ref-jsource_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsource-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the mass immigration of the 1990s, there has been some continuous immigration to Israel. In 2002, 974 Belarusians moved to Israel, and between 2003 and 2005, 4,854 followed suit.<sup id="cite_ref-jsource_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jsource-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2007, Belarusian president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>, known for his <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> rule, was accused of making <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitic</a> comments; addressing the "miserable state of the city of <a href="/wiki/Babruysk" title="Babruysk">Babruysk</a>" on a live broadcast on state radio, he stated: "This is a Jewish city, and the Jews are not concerned for the place they live in. They have turned Babruysk into a <a href="/wiki/Pigsty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigsty">pigsty</a>. Look at Israel — I was there and saw it myself... I call on Jews who have money to come back to Babruysk."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> sent a letter to the Belarusian ambassador to the US, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Khvostov" title="Mikhail Khvostov">Mikhail Khvostov</a>, addressing Lukashenko's comments with a strong request to retract them, and the comments also caused a negative reaction from Israel. From having made up about half of the city's population in 1939, in 1999 there were only about 1,000 Jews left in Babruysk.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Belarusian_protests" title="2020–2021 Belarusian protests">Belarusian protests in 2020 and 2021</a>, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 69 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Belarus joined the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russo-Ukrainian war</a> in 2022, Jewish immigration from Belarus increased by 229 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/32px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/48px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/64px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Belarus" title="Portal:Belarus">Belarus portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_Jews" title="List of Belarusian Jews">List of Belarusian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history_in_Lithuania_and_Belarus" title="Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus">Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">History of the Jews in Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">History of the Jews during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavriil_of_Belostok" class="mw-redirect" title="Gavriil of Belostok">Gavriil of Belostok</a>, case of <a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">blood libel</a> in Belarusian lands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Belarus–Israel relations">Belarus–Israel relations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615538">Israel to sign a visa-waiver program with internationally ostracized Belarus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150827092202/http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/1.615538">Archived</a> 27 August 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By JTA | Sep. 13, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164718/http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls">"Archived copy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jafi.org.il/NR/rdonlyres/19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F/0/FSU_8907.xls">the original</a> on 19 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jafi.org.il%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F19B50BA8-1B87-4E80-AEAD-3343EF57203F%2F0%2FFSU_8907.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">"YIVO | Belarus"</a>. <i>yivoencyclopedia.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706092050/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yivoencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=YIVO+%7C+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fyivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FBelarus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf">"Belarus"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Yad Vashem Shoah Resource Center, The International School for Holocaust Studies</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160620113433/https://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/documents/GenBack/Belarus.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yad+Vashem+Shoah+Resource+Center%2C+The+International+School+for+Holocaust+Studies&rft.atitle=Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yadvashem.org%2Funtoldstories%2Fdocuments%2FGenBack%2FBelarus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html">"Newsletters - Tools - Belarus SIG - JewishGen.org"</a>. <i>www.jewishgen.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429202017/https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletters/misc/DemographicProfile/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishgen.org&rft.atitle=Newsletters+-+Tools+-+Belarus+SIG+-+JewishGen.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishgen.org%2FBelarus%2Fnewsletters%2Fmisc%2FDemographicProfile%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudling2013" class="citation book cs1">Rudling, Per Anders (2013). Himka, John-Paul; Michlic, Joanna Beata (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ya7RMPN9-ZsC&q=800%2C000"><i>Invisible Genocide. The Holocaust in Belarus</i></a>. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">60–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0803246478" title="Special:BookSources/978-0803246478"><bdi>978-0803246478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invisible+Genocide.+The+Holocaust+in+Belarus&rft.place=Lincoln&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E60-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0803246478&rft.aulast=Rudling&rft.aufirst=Per+Anders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYa7RMPN9-ZsC%26q%3D800%252C000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-21-2660663676_x.htm">"Belarus marks ghetto's destruction 65 years on"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. Associated Press. 21 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403013414/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2008-10-21-2660663676_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Belarus+marks+ghetto%27s+destruction+65+years+on&rft.date=2008-10-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2008-10-21-2660663676_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/belarus-virtual-jewish-history-tour">"Belarus Virtual Jewish History Tour"</a>. <i>www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128130407/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/belarus-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.atitle=Belarus+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fbelarus-virtual-jewish-history-tour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163803/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php">Archived</a> July 6, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harshav, Benjamin (1999). <i>The Meaning of Yiddish</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. p. 6. "From the fourteenth and certainly by the sixteenth century, the center of European Jewry had shifted to Poland, then ... comprising the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (including today's Byelorussia), Crown Poland, Galicia, the Ukraine and stretching, at times, from the Baltic to the Black Sea, from the approaches to Berlin to a short distance from Moscow."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/article/20170216/1487251473-posol-izrailya-ot-zakrytiya-posolstva-v-minske-otkazalis-iz-za-osobyh">Israeli Ambassador: the closure of the embassy in Minsk was refused due to special relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180422064805/https://naviny.by/article/20170216/1487251473-posol-izrailya-ot-zakrytiya-posolstva-v-minske-otkazalis-iz-za-osobyh">Archived</a> 22 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Alexey ALEXANDROV / 02/16/2017 / 16:24 / Politics</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eurojewcong.org/communities/belarus/">"Belarus"</a>. <i>European Jewish Congress</i>. 3 May 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926153308/https://eurojewcong.org/communities/belarus/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Jewish+Congress&rft.atitle=Belarus&rft.date=2021-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feurojewcong.org%2Fcommunities%2Fbelarus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted in: Rosenthal, Herman (1904). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xlpLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA119&lpg=PA119">Lithuania</a>." <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. Ed. Isidor Singer. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 118-130; here: p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-li_je-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-li_je_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-li_je_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-li_je_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studylight.org/encyclopedias/eng/tje/l/lithuania.html">"Lithuania"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">"YIVO | Belarus"</a>. Yivoencyclopedia.org. 23 October 1943. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706092050/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YIVO+%26%23124%3B+Belarus&rft.pub=Yivoencyclopedia.org&rft.date=1943-10-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yivoencyclopedia.org%2Farticle.aspx%2FBelarus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demoscope1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-demoscope1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173257/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6">"Приложение Демоскопа Weekly"</a>. Demoscope.ru. 15 January 2013. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0+Weekly&rft.pub=Demoscope.ru&rft.date=2013-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemoscope.ru%2Fweekly%2Fssp%2Fcensus_types.php%3Fct%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg">"Powered by Google Docs"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120621140000/https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Powered+by+Google+Docs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.google.com%2Fviewer%3Fa%3Dv%26q%3Dcache%3ARv2hLhme008J%3Awww.jewishdatabank.org%2FReports%2FWorld_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf%2Bworld%2Bjewish%2Bpopulation%2B2010%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To%26sig%3DAHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613163956/http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf">"Year book"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.ajcarchives.org</i>. 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ajcarchives.org&rft.atitle=Year+book&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2F2002_13_WJP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm">"Ethnic composition of Belarus 2009"</a>. Pop-stat.mashke.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20160114090822/http://pop-stat.mashke.org/belarus-ethnic2009.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+composition+of+Belarus+2009&rft.pub=Pop-stat.mashke.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpop-stat.mashke.org%2Fbelarus-ethnic2009.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_since_World_War_I">YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213404/https://yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_since_World_War_I">Archived</a> 22 January 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_17854/">"2019 Belarus Census"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210116053720/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_17854/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2019+Belarus+Census&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_17854%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jsource-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jsource_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsource_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsource_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jsource_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Belarus.html">"Belarus: Virtual Jewish History Tour"</a>. Jewishvirtuallibrary.org. 25 April 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051029193416/https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Belarus.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft.pub=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org&rft.date=1991-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FBelarus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170326004740/https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/minsk">"The Jewish Community of Minsk"</a>. The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbs.bh.org.il/place/minsk">the original</a> on 26 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Community+of+Minsk&rft.pub=The+Museum+of+the+Jewish+People+at+Beit+Hatfutsot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdbs.bh.org.il%2Fplace%2Fminsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Census data cited in: Zeltser, Arkadi (July 15, 2010). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">Belarus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100706092050/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Belarus">Archived</a> 6 July 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <i>YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe</i>. Retrieved 2016-06-07.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Friedman, Alexander (2009). "Jews in Belarus." In: Mark Avrum Ehrlich (Ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of the Jewish Diaspora: Origins, Experiences, and Culture. Volume 1: Themes and Phenomena of the Jewish Diaspora</i>. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 946-953; here: p. 952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071020040806/http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html">"Belarus president attacks Jews - Israel News, Ynetnews"</a>. 20 October 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3461548,00.html">the original</a> on 20 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+president+attacks+Jews+-+Israel+News%2C+Ynetnews&rft.date=2007-10-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ynetnews.com%2Farticles%2F0%2C7340%2CL-3461548%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181002103123/http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php">"Jewish Heritage Research Group in Belarus"</a>. 2 October 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jhrgbelarus.org/AboutBelarus_articles.php">the original</a> on 2 October 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jewish+Heritage+Research+Group+in+Belarus&rft.date=2018-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jhrgbelarus.org%2FAboutBelarus_articles.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/">"Aliyah to Israel Increased by 31% in 2021 | The Jewish Agency"</a>. <i>www.jewishagency.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220302182119/https://www.jewishagency.org/aliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jewishagency.org&rft.atitle=Aliyah+to+Israel+Increased+by+31%25+in+2021+%7C+The+Jewish+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishagency.org%2Faliyah-to-israel-increased-by-31-in-2021%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/aliyah/article-734334">"2023 sees 434% increase in aliyah from the former Soviet Union"</a>. <i>The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%7C+JPost.com&rft.atitle=2023+sees+434%25+increase+in+aliyah+from+the+former+Soviet+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Faliyah%2Farticle-734334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamushkoCommittee_for_Archives_and_Records_Management2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Adamushko, Vladimir I.; Committee for Archives and Records Management (July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/B&L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf"><i>Committee for Archives and Records Management, Republic of Belarus = Комитет по архивам и делопроизводству</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Committee+for+Archives+and+Records+Management%2C+Republic+of+Belarus+%3D+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2002-07&rft.aulast=Adamushko&rft.aufirst=Vladimir+I.&rft.au=Committee+for+Archives+and+Records+Management&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FB%26L-Acknowl-Adamushko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatrakovaNational_Historical_Archives_of_Belarus_in_Grodno2001" class="citation book cs1">Batrakova, Karina P.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelB.pdf"><i>National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Grodno&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Batrakova&rft.aufirst=Karina+P.&rft.au=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Grodno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FArchBelB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatrakovaNational_Historical_Archives_of_Belarus_in_Grodno2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Batrakova, Karina Petrovna; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknowl-Bel-B.pdf"><i>National Historical Archives of Belarus in Grodno = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Гродно</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Grodno+%3D+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Batrakova&rft.aufirst=Karina+Petrovna&rft.au=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Grodno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FAcknowl-Bel-B.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolubovichNational_Historical_Archives_of_Belarus_in_Minsk2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Golubovich, Alla; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/Acknow-Bel-A.pdf"><i>National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk = Национального исторического архива Беларуси, Mинск</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in English and Russian). Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Minsk+%3D+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%2C+M%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2001-11&rft.aulast=Golubovich&rft.aufirst=Alla&rft.au=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Minsk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FAcknow-Bel-A.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolubovichNational_Historical_Archives_of_Belarus_in_Minsk2002" class="citation book cs1">Golubovich, Alla K.; National Historical Archives of Belarus in Minsk (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelA.pdf"><i>Sources for the Genealogy of Belorussian Jews</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sources+for+the+Genealogy+of+Belorussian+Jews&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Golubovich&rft.aufirst=Alla+K.&rft.au=National+Historical+Archives+of+Belarus+in+Minsk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FArchBelA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuninaGrodno_Oblast_State_Archives2002" class="citation book cs1">Yunina, Larisa Ivanova; Grodno Oblast State Archives (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/webart/ArchBelC.pdf"><i>Grodno Oblast State Archives</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grodno+Oblast+State+Archives&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Yunina&rft.aufirst=Larisa+Ivanova&rft.au=Grodno+Oblast+State+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Fwebart%2FArchBelC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybchonok2002" class="citation book cs1">Rybchonok, Sergey A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtrfoundation.org/rybchonok-1.shtml"><i>Jewish Census in the Russian Empire and General Compulsory Military Service</i></a>. Secaucus, NJ: Miriam Weiner Routes to Roots Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Census+in+the+Russian+Empire+and+General+Compulsory+Military+Service&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Miriam+Weiner+Routes+to+Roots+Foundation&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rybchonok&rft.aufirst=Sergey+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rtrfoundation.org%2Frybchonok-1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWexler1973" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/journals/bela/3/1/article-p41_2.xml">"Jewish, Tatar and Karaite communal dialects and their Importance for Byelorussian Historical Linguistics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Journal_of_Belarusian_Studies" title="The Journal of Belarusian Studies">The Journal of Byelorussian Studies</a></i>. <b>III</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>54<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Byelorussian+Studies&rft.atitle=Jewish%2C+Tatar+and+Karaite+communal+dialects+and+their+Importance+for+Byelorussian+Historical+Linguistics&rft.volume=III&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Wexler&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fjournals%2Fbela%2F3%2F1%2Farticle-p41_2.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+the+Jews+in+Belarus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Belarus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in Belarusian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901155934/http://arche.by/by/16/30/775/?st-full_text=all">Андрэй Шуман. Ашкеназскія габрэі як адзін з карэнных народаў Беларусі</a> (Andrew Schumann. <i>Ashkenazi Jews as one of the indigenous people of Belarus</i>)</li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090916035001/http://3dway.org/node/4106">Иудейская Беларусь: из прошлого в настоящее</a>, <i>Interview with Jakau Hutman (Yakov Gutman) chairman of the World Association of Belarusian Jewry</i>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810201408/http://3szlach.livejournal.com/34549.html">English Translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.souz.co.il/clubs/club.html?Club_ID=1">Union of Belarusian expatriates to Israel</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.covenant.idc.ac.il/en/vol1/issue2/simon-schaler.html">Antisemitism in Twenty-First Century Europe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.graves.by">Belarusian Cemetery Index</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/newsletter/AltmanReview.htm">Holocaust of the Soviet Jewry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/belarus/newsletter/DemographicProfile.htm">A Demographic Profile of the Jews in Belorussia, 1939–1959</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111024205536/http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/">Shtetlinks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brit-hadasha.org/">Brit Hadasha</a> - Messianic Jewish Congregation in Minsk.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadyisroel.com/">Jewish Outreach in Belarus. Travel Services and Record Searches</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/country/Belarus">Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Belarus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lidamemorialsociety.org/">Recollections of Those Rescued by the Bielski Partisans and Survived the Holocaust from Lida, Belarus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426202501/http://www.lidamemorialsociety.org/">Archived</a> 26 April 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lida_Memorial_Society_Homepage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lida Memorial Society Homepage (page does not exist)">Lida Memorial Society Homepage</a> Stories and Pictures</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belarusdigest.com/story/jewish-belarus-24955/">Jewish Belarus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170801153843/http://belarusdigest.com/story/jewish-belarus-24955/">Archived</a> 1 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/">Belarus SIG</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output 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colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_Belarusian_history" title="Template:Jewish Belarusian history"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_Belarusian_history" title="Template talk:Jewish Belarusian history"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_Belarusian_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish Belarusian history"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_History_of_Jews_and_Judaism_in_Belarus_15px&#124;National_emblem1180" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></a></span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">History of Jews and Judaism in Belarus</span></a>  <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_(2020%E2%80%93present).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="National emblem"><img alt="National emblem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Belarus_%282020%E2%80%93present%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="601" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_groups_in_Belarus" title="Category:Jewish groups in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Judaism_in_Belarus" title="Category:Orthodox Judaism in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Orthodox</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Misnagdim" title="Misnagdim">Misnagdim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musar_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Musar Movement">Musar Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism_in_Lithuania" title="Hasidic Judaism in Lithuania">Hasidim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chabad" title="Chabad">Chabad-Lubavitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karlin-Stolin_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Karlin-Stolin (Hasidic dynasty)">Karlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lechovitch_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Lechovitch (Hasidic dynasty)">Lechovitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koidanov_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Koidanov (Hasidic dynasty)">Koidanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_(Hasidic_dynasty)" title="Slonim (Hasidic dynasty)">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Chaykl_of_Amdur" title="Chaim Chaykl of Amdur">Amdur</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah#Spread" title="Haskalah">Haskalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Jewish_Labour_Bund" title="General Jewish Labour Bund">General Jewish Labour Bund</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Zionist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Union_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Union (Poalei Zion)">Komverband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Communist_Party_(Poalei_Zion)" title="Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)">Jewish Communist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashomer_Hatzair" title="Hashomer Hatzair">Hashomer Hatzair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarbut" title="Tarbut">Tarbut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Synagogues_in_Belarus" title="Category:Synagogues in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Synagogues</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Grodno)" title="Great Synagogue (Grodno)">Great Synagogue (Grodno)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_synagogues_in_Belarus" title="Category:Former synagogues in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Former</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Choral_Synagogue_(Brest)" title="Choral Synagogue (Brest)">Choral Synagogue (Brest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choral_synagogue_(Vitebsk)" title="Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)">Choral synagogue (Vitebsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Synagogue,_Minsk" title="Cold Synagogue, Minsk">Cold Synagogue, Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Synagogue,_Mogilev" title="Cold Synagogue, Mogilev">Cold Synagogue, Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_Synagogue" title="Slonim Synagogue">Slonim Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wo%C5%82pa_Synagogue" title="Wołpa Synagogue">Wołpa Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaniomanskaja_Synagogue" title="Zaniomanskaja Synagogue">Zaniomanskaja Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_yeshivos_in_Europe_(before_World_War_II)" title="List of yeshivos in Europe (before World War II)"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Yeshivas</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_Ohel_Torah-Baranovich" title="Yeshiva Ohel Torah-Baranovich">Baranovich Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Yeshiva" title="Grodno Yeshiva">Grodno Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshivas_Knesses_Beis_Yitzchak-Kaminetz" title="Yeshivas Knesses Beis Yitzchak-Kaminetz">Kaminetz Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Yeshiva_(Belarus)" title="Mir Yeshiva (Belarus)">Mir Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novardok_Yeshiva" title="Novardok Yeshiva">Novardok Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radin_Yeshiva" title="Radin Yeshiva">Radin Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk-Kletsk_Yeshiva" title="Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva">Slutsk-Kletsk Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volozhin_Yeshiva" title="Volozhin Yeshiva">Volozhin Yeshiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomchei_Tmimim" title="Tomchei Tmimim">Tomchei Tmimim − Lubavitch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">The Holocaust</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_ghettos_in_Nazi-occupied_Belarus" title="Category:Jewish ghettos in Nazi-occupied Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Ghettos</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Ghetto" title="Brześć Ghetto">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_Ghetto" title="Dzyatlava Ghetto">Dzyatlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobryn#World_War_II_and_recent_times" title="Kobryn">Kobryn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Lakhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raka%C5%AD_Ghetto" title="Rakaŭ Ghetto">Rakaŭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pi%C5%84sk_Ghetto" title="Pińsk Ghetto">Pinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto" title="Słonim Ghetto">Slonim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_concentration_camps_in_Belarus" title="Category:Nazi concentration camps in Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Concentration camps</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davidovka_concentration_camp" title="Davidovka concentration camp">Davidovka concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koldichevo" title="Koldichevo">Koldichevo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Extermination sites and massacres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronna_G%C3%B3ra" title="Bronna Góra">Bronna Góra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_massacre" title="Dzyatlava massacre">Dzyatlava massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maly_Trostenets" title="Maly Trostenets">Maly Trostenets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Slutsk affair">Slutsk affair</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;;width:1%">Resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielski_partisans" title="Bielski partisans">Bielski partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81achwa_Ghetto#Uprising_and_massacre" title="Łachwa Ghetto">Łachwa Ghetto uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82onim_Ghetto#The_revolt" title="Słonim Ghetto">Słonim Ghetto Jewish revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto#Resistance" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto resistance organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_Ghetto#Partisan_resistance_activities" title="Dzyatlava Ghetto">Zhetler Battalion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background:#9BB4EB;color:white;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history_in_Lithuania_and_Belarus" title="Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Timeline of Jewish history in Lithuania and Belarus</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belarusian_Jews" title="List of Belarusian Jews"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">List of Belarusian Jews</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe134" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Template talk:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jews_and_Judaism_in_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jews and Judaism in Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe134" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Europe" title="History of the Jews in Europe">History of the Jews in Europe </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Albania" title="History of the Jews in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Andorra" title="History of the Jews in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Belgium" title="History of the Jews in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="History of the Jews in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Bulgaria" title="History of the Jews in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Croatia" title="History of the Jews in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Denmark" title="History of the Jews in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Finland" title="History of the Jews in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_France" title="History of the Jews in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Germany" title="History of the Jews in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Hungary" title="History of the Jews in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iceland" title="History of the Jews in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kazakhstan" title="History of the Jews in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Latvia" title="History of the Jews in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Liechtenstein" title="History of the Jews in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Lithuania" title="History of the Jews in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Luxembourg" title="History of the Jews in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malta" title="History of the Jews in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Moldova" title="History of the Jews in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Monaco" title="History of the Jews in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Montenegro" title="History of the Jews in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Netherlands" title="History of the Jews in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_North_Macedonia" title="History of the Jews in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Norway" title="History of the Jews in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Poland" title="History of the Jews in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Portugal" title="History of the Jews in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_San_Marino" title="History of the Jews in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovakia" title="History of the Jews in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Slovenia" title="History of the Jews in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Spain" title="History of the Jews in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Sweden" title="History of the Jews in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Switzerland" title="History of the Jews in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Ukraine" title="History of the Jews in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the Jews in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_England" title="History of the Jews in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Jews in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kosovo" title="History of the Jews in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="History of the Jews in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_South_Ossetia" title="History of the Jews in South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Transnistria" title="History of the Jews in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Jews in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Guernsey" title="History of the Jews in Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="History of the Jews in the Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jersey" title="History of the Jews in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Jews_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="History of the Jews in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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