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href="#Christian_denominational_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christian denominational views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christian_denominational_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christian denominational views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christian_denominational_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rite_of_confirmation_in_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rite_of_confirmation_in_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Rite of confirmation in the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rite_of_confirmation_in_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects_of_confirmation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects_of_confirmation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Effects of confirmation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects_of_confirmation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eastern Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lutheran_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lutheran_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lutheran Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lutheran_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglican_Communion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglican_Communion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Anglican Communion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglican_Communion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodist_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Methodist Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presbyterian,_Congregationalist_and_Continental_Reformed_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presbyterian,_Congregationalist_and_Continental_Reformed_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Continental Reformed Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Presbyterian,_Congregationalist_and_Continental_Reformed_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irvingian_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irvingian_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Irvingian Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irvingian_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Protestant_Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Protestant_Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>United Protestant Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Protestant_Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confirmation_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confirmation_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Confirmation name</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confirmation_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Repetition_of_the_sacrament_or_rite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Repetition_of_the_sacrament_or_rite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Repetition of the sacrament or rite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Repetition_of_the_sacrament_or_rite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analogous_ceremonies_in_non-Christian_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analogous_ceremonies_in_non-Christian_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Analogous ceremonies in non-Christian practice</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analogous_ceremonies_in_non-Christian_practice-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Analogous ceremonies in non-Christian practice subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Analogous_ceremonies_in_non-Christian_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_confirmations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_confirmations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Secular confirmations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_confirmations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Confirmation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">54 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormsel" title="Vormsel – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vormsel" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmation" title="Konfirmation – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Konfirmation" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="سر الميرون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سر الميرون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%98%DC%AA%DC%98%DC%A2" title="ܡܘܪܘܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܘܪܘܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmasiya" title="Konfirmasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Konfirmasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Мірапамазаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мірапамазаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kouzoumenn" title="Kouzoumenn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kouzoumenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmaci%C3%B3" title="Confirmació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Confirmació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%C5%99mov%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Biřmování – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biřmování" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmation" title="Konfirmation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Konfirmation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmation" title="Konfirmation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Konfirmation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leer" title="Leer – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leer" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmaci%C3%B3n" title="Confirmación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confirmación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmacio" title="Konfirmacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konfirmacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sendotza" title="Sendotza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sendotza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AF_(%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%AA)" title="تأیید (مسیحیت) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تأیید (مسیحیت)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confirmation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3ineart%C3%BA" title="Cóineartú – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cóineartú" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%AC%EC%A7%84%EC%84%B1%EC%82%AC" title="견진성사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="견진성사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%B4_(%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4)" title="Դրոշմ (խորհուրդ) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դրոշմ (խորհուրդ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveta_potvrda" title="Sveta potvrda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveta potvrda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguatan" title="Penguatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penguatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferming" title="Ferming – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferming" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confermazione" title="Confermazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confermazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94" title="קונפירמציה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קונפירמציה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%83" title="Қасиетті май жағу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасиетті май жағу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipaimara" title="Kipaimara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipaimara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmatio" title="Confirmatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Confirmatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutvirtinimo_sakramentas" title="Sutvirtinimo sakramentas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sutvirtinimo sakramentas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6rmsel" title="Vörmsel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vörmsel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cresma" title="Cresma – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Cresma" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirm%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Konfirmáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Konfirmáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Миропомазание – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Миропомазание" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4nfirmasi%C3%B4na" title="Kônfirmasiôna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kônfirmasiôna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥൈര്യലേപനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥൈര്യലേപനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="تثبيت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تثبيت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormsel" title="Vormsel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vormsel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A0%85%E4%BF%A1" title="堅信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="堅信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmasjon" title="Konfirmasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Konfirmasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfirmasjon" title="Konfirmasjon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Konfirmasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bierzmowanie" title="Bierzmowanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bierzmowanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir_(tain%C4%83)" title="Mir (taină) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Mir (taină)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мированя – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мированя" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Миропомазание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миропомазание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_(Christianity)" title="Confirmation (Christianity) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Confirmation (Christianity)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sviatos%C5%A5_birmovania" title="Sviatosť birmovania – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sviatosť birmovania" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birma" title="Birma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Birma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Christian religious practice</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Confirmation (disambiguation)">Confirmation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg/170px-Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/88/Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg/255px-Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/88/Confirmation_in_the_lutheran_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="310" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">stained glass</a> representation of a Lutheran confirmation. An <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elder</a> lays hands on the confirmand.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Christian denominations that practice <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a>, <b>confirmation</b> is seen as the sealing of the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">covenant</a> created in baptism. Those being confirmed are known as <b>confirmands</b>. For adults, it is an <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/affirmation" class="extiw" title="wikt:affirmation">affirmation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">belief</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ceremony typically involves <a href="/wiki/Laying_on_of_hands" title="Laying on of hands">laying on of hands</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> views confirmation as a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a>. The sacrament is called <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>. In the East it takes place immediately after <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>; in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">West</a>, when a child reaches the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_reason_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of reason (canon law)">age of reason</a> or early adolescence, or in the case of adult baptism immediately afterwards in the same ceremony. Among those Christians who practise teenage confirmation, the practice may be perceived, secondarily, as a <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_age" title="Coming of age">coming of age</a> <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> traditions, confirmation is a <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rite</a> that often includes a <a href="/wiki/Profession_of_faith" title="Profession of faith">profession of faith</a> by an already baptized person. Confirmation is required by Lutherans, Anglicans and other traditional Protestant denominations for full membership in the respective church.<sup id="cite_ref-LB1921_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LB1921-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dada2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dada2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Catholic theology, by contrast, it is the sacrament of baptism that confers membership, while "reception of the sacrament of Confirmation is necessary for the completion of baptismal <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">grace</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Catholic and Methodist denominations teach that in confirmation, the Holy Spirit strengthens a baptized individual for their faith journey.<sup id="cite_ref-MCGB2014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCGB2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cavadini2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavadini2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Confirmation is not practised in <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anabaptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptists">Anabaptist</a> and other groups that teach <a href="/wiki/Believer%27s_baptism" title="Believer's baptism">believer's baptism</a>. Thus, the sacrament or rite of confirmation is administered to those being received from those aforementioned groups, in addition to those converts from non-Christian religions. </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) does not practise infant baptism, but individuals can be baptized after they reach 8 years old (the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_accountability" title="Age of accountability">age of accountability</a>). <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Confirmation in the LDS Church</a> occurs shortly following baptism, which is not considered complete or fully efficacious until confirmation is received.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is an analogous ceremony also called confirmation in <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> organizations also offer <a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">secular coming-of-age ceremonies</a> as an alternative to Christian confirmation, while <a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalists</a> have a similar <a href="/wiki/Coming_of_Age_(Unitarian_Universalism)" title="Coming of Age (Unitarian Universalism)">Coming of Age ceremony</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scriptural_foundation">Scriptural foundation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scriptural foundation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The roots of confirmation are found in the Church of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> chapter 14, Christ speaks of the coming of the Holy Spirit on the Apostles (John 14:15–26).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, after his <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a>, Jesus breathed upon them and they received the Holy Spirit (John 20:22),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a process completed on the day of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> (Acts 2:1–4).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Christianity, this Pentecostal outpouring of the Spirit was held as the sign of <a href="/wiki/Messianic_Age" title="Messianic Age">the messianic age</a> foretold by the prophets (cf. Ezekiel 36:25–27;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joel 3:1–2).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its arrival was proclaimed by the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Apostle Peter</a>. Filled with the Holy Spirit, the apostles began to proclaim "the mighty works of God" (Acts 2:11; Cf. 2:17–18).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After this point, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> records the apostles bestowing the Holy Spirit upon others through the laying on of hands. </p><p>Three texts make it certain that a laying on of hands for the imparting of the Spirit – performed after the <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">water-bath</a> and as a complement to this bath – existed already in the earliest apostolic times. These texts are Acts 8:4–20<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 19:1–7,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hebrews 6:1–6.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> 8:14–17, different ministers are named for the two actions. It is not <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">deacon Philip</a>, the baptiser, but only the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> who were able to impart the <a href="/wiki/Pneuma" title="Pneuma">pneuma</a> through the laying on of hands: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Now when the <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">apostles</a> in Jerusalem heard that <a href="/wiki/Samaria" title="Samaria">Samaria</a> had accepted the word of God, they sent them <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apostle_John" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostle John">John</a>, who went down and prayed for them, that they might receive the holy Spirit, for it had not yet fallen upon any of them; they had only been baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus. Then they laid hands on them and they received the holy Spirit.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Acts 8:14–17</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Further on in the text, connection between the gift of the Holy Spirit and the gesture of laying on of hands appears even more clearly. Acts 8:18–19 introduces the request of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon the Magician</a> in the following way: "When Simon saw that the Spirit was given through the laying on of the apostles' hands". In Acts 19, baptism of the disciples is mentioned in quite general terms, without the minister being identified. Referring to 1 Corinthians 1:17,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it can be presumed that Paul left the action of baptising to others. However, Acts 19:6<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> then expressly states that it was Apostle Paul who laid his hands upon the newly baptised.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hebrews 6:1–6 distinguishes "the teaching about baptisms" from the teaching about "the laying on of hands". The difference may be understood in the light of the two passages in Acts 8 and 19.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_denominational_views">Christian denominational views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christian denominational views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation in the Catholic Church</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firmung_1679.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firmung_1679.jpg/220px-Firmung_1679.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firmung_1679.jpg/330px-Firmung_1679.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Firmung_1679.jpg/440px-Firmung_1679.jpg 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption>German wood cut depicting confirmation service (1679)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the teaching of the Catholic Church, confirmation, known also as <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">chrismation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of the seven <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments (Catholic Church)">sacraments</a> instituted by Christ for the conferral of sanctifying grace and the strengthening of the union between the individual and God. </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a></i> in paragraphs 1302–1303, states: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is evident from its celebration that the effect of the sacrament of Confirmation is the special outpouring of the Holy Spirit as once granted to the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">apostles</a> on the day of <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a>. </p><p>From this fact, Confirmation brings an increase and deepening of baptismal grace: </p> <ul><li>it roots us more deeply in the divine filiation which makes us cry, "Abba! Father!" (Romans 8:15);</li> <li>it unites us more firmly to Christ;</li> <li>it increases the gifts of the Holy Spirit in us;</li> <li>it renders our bond with the Church more perfect;</li> <li>it gives us a special strength of the Holy Spirit to spread and defend the faith by word and action as true witnesses of Christ, to confess the name of Christ boldly, and never to be ashamed of the Cross:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote" style="font-size:inherit;"><p>Recall then that you have received the spiritual seal, the spirit of wisdom and understanding, the spirit of right judgment and courage, the spirit of knowledge and reverence, the spirit of holy fear in God's presence. Guard what you have received. God the Father has marked you with his sign; Christ the Lord has confirmed you and has placed his pledge, the Spirit, in your hearts.</p></blockquote> <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Catechism of the Catholic Church, paragraphs 1302–1303<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>In the Roman Catholic Church, the sacrament is customarily conferred only on persons old enough to understand it, and the ordinary minister of confirmation is a <a href="/wiki/Bishop" title="Bishop">bishop</a>. "If necessity so requires", the diocesan bishop may grant specified <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priests</a> the faculty to administer the sacrament, although normally he is to administer it himself or ensure that it is conferred by another bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-intratext1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intratext1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the law itself confers the same faculty on the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[W]ithin the confines of their jurisdiction, those who in law are equivalent to a diocesan Bishop (for example, a <a href="/wiki/Vicar_apostolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vicar apostolic">vicar apostolic</a>); </p><p>in respect of the person to be confirmed, the priest who by virtue of his office or by mandate of the diocesan Bishop baptises an adult or admits a baptised adult into full communion with the Catholic Church; </p><p> in respect of those in danger of death, the parish priest or indeed any priest.<sup id="cite_ref-intratext1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intratext1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"According to the ancient practice maintained in the Roman liturgy, an adult is not to be baptized unless he receives Confirmation immediately afterward, provided no serious obstacles exist."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Administration of the two sacraments, one immediately after the other, to adults is normally done by the bishop of the diocese (generally at the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>) since "the baptism of adults, at least of those who have completed their fourteenth year, is to be referred to the Bishop, so that he himself may confer it if he judges this appropriate"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, if the bishop does not confer the baptism, then it devolves on the priest whose office it then is to confer both sacraments, since, "in addition to the bishop, the law gives the faculty to confirm to the following,<span class="nowrap"> </span>... priests who, in virtue of an office which they lawfully hold, baptize an adult or a child old enough for catechesis or receive a validly baptized adult into full communion with the Church."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a>, the usual minister of this sacrament is the parish priest, using olive oil consecrated by a bishop (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a>) and administering the sacrament immediately after baptism. This corresponds exactly to the practice of the early Church, when at first those receiving baptism were mainly adults, and of the non-Latin Catholic Eastern Churches. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The practice of the Eastern Churches gives greater emphasis to the unity of Christian initiation. That of the Latin Church more clearly expresses the communion of the new Christian with the bishop as guarantor and servant of the unity, catholicity and apostolicity of his Church, and hence the connection with the apostolic origins of Christ's Church.<sup id="cite_ref-vatican1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vatican1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rite_of_confirmation_in_the_West">Rite of confirmation in the West</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rite of confirmation in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main reason why the West separated the sacrament of confirmation from that of baptism was to re-establish direct contact between the person being initiated with the bishops. In the Early Church, the bishop administered all three sacraments of initiation (baptism, confirmation and Eucharist), assisted by the priests and deacons and, where they existed, by deaconesses for women's baptism. The post-baptismal chrismation in particular was reserved to the bishop. When adults no longer formed the majority of those being baptized, this chrismation was delayed until the bishop could confer it. Until the 12th century, priests often continued to confer confirmation before giving Communion to very young children.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Lateran_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Lateran Council">Fourth Lateran Council</a>, Communion, which continued to be given only after confirmation, was to be administered only on reaching the age of reason. Some time after the 13th century, the age of confirmation and Communion began to be delayed further, from seven, to twelve and to fifteen.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 18th century, in France the sequence of sacraments of initiation was changed. Bishops started to impart confirmation only after the first Eucharistic communion. The reason was no longer the busy calendar of the bishop, but the bishop's will to give adequate instruction to the youth. The practice lasted until Pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo XIII">Leo XIII</a> in 1897 asked to restore the primary order and to celebrate confirmation back at the age of reason, a change that lasted less than two decades. In 1910, his successor, Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius X">Pius X</a>, showing concern for the easy access to the Eucharist for children, in his Letter <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quam Singulari</i></span> lowered the age of first communion to seven. That was the origin of the widespread custom in parishes to organise the First Communion for children at <span class="cleanup-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">2nd grade and confirmation in middle or high school</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="what ages are meant? Grades and types of school will vary widely between countries (November 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-SAM_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1917 Code of Canon Law, while recommending that confirmation be delayed until about seven years of age, allowed it be given at an earlier age.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only on 30 June 1932 was official permission given to change the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation: the Sacred Congregation for the Sacraments then allowed, where necessary, that confirmation be administered <em>after</em> <a href="/wiki/First_Communion" title="First Communion">first Holy Communion</a>. This novelty, originally seen as exceptional, became more and more the accepted practice. Thus, in the mid-20th century, confirmation began to be seen as an occasion for professing personal commitment to the faith on the part of someone approaching adulthood. </p><p>However, the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1308) warns: "Although Confirmation is sometimes called the 'sacrament of Christian maturity,' we must not confuse adult faith with the adult age of natural growth, nor forget that the baptismal grace is a grace of free, unmerited election and does not need 'ratification' to become effective."<sup id="cite_ref-usccb1_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usccb1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">canonical</a> age for confirmation in the Latin Church Catholic Church, the present <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 Code of Canon Law</a>, which maintains unaltered the rule in the 1917 Code, lays down that the <a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">sacrament</a> is to be conferred on the faithful at about the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_reason_(canon_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Age of reason (canon law)">age of discretion</a> (generally taken to be about 7), unless the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">episcopal conference</a> has decided on a different age, or there is a danger of death or, in the judgement of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_minister" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic minister">minister</a>, a grave reason suggests otherwise (canon 891 of the Code of Canon Law). The Code prescribes the age of discretion also for the sacraments of Reconciliation<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and first Holy Communion.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some places the setting of a later age, e.g. mid-teens in the United States, 11 or 12 in Ireland and early teens in Britain, has been abandoned in recent decades in favor of restoring the traditional order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SAM_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAM-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even where a later age has been set, a bishop may not refuse to confer the sacrament on younger children who request it, provided they are baptized, have the use of reason, are suitably instructed and are properly disposed and able to renew the baptismal promises.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Effects_of_confirmation">Effects of confirmation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Effects of confirmation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholics</a> teach that, like baptism, confirmation <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">marks the recipient permanently</a>, making it impossible to receive the sacrament twice. It accepts as valid a confirmation conferred within churches, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>, whose <a href="/wiki/Holy_Orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Orders">Holy Orders</a> it sees as valid through the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> of their bishops. But it considers it necessary to administer the sacrament of confirmation, in its view for the only time, to Protestants who are admitted to full <a href="/wiki/Communion_(Christian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Communion (Christian)">communion</a> with the Catholic Church. </p><p>One of the effects of the sacrament is that "it gives us a special strength of the Holy Spirit to spread and defend the faith by word and action as true witnesses of Christ, to confess the name of Christ boldly, and never to be ashamed of the Cross".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usccb1_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usccb1-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect was described by the Council of Trent as making the confirmed person "a soldier of Christ".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same passage of the <i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i> also mentions, as an effect of confirmation, that "it renders our bond with the Church more perfect". This mention stresses the importance of participation in the Christian community. </p><p>The "soldier of Christ" imagery was used, as far back as 350, by St Cyril of Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this connection, the touch on the cheek that the bishop gave while saying "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Pax tecum</i></span>" (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Peace be with you</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) to the person he had just confirmed was interpreted in the Roman Pontifical as a slap, a reminder to be brave in spreading and defending the faith: "<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Deinde leviter eum in maxilla caedit, dicens: Pax tecum</i></span>" (<span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">Then he strikes him lightly on the cheek, saying: Peace be with you</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>). When, in application of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>'s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the confirmation rite was revised in 1971, mention of this gesture was omitted. However, the French and Italian translations, indicating that the bishop should accompany the words "Peace be with you" with "a friendly gesture" (French text) or "the sign of peace" (Italian text), explicitly allow a gesture such as the touch on the cheek, to which they restore its original meaning. This is in accord with the Introduction to the rite of confirmation, 17, which indicates that the episcopal conference may decide "to introduce a different manner for the minister to give the sign of peace after the anointing, either to each individual or to all the newly confirmed together". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tradition">Tradition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some regions it is customary for the person being confirmed to choose the name of a saint, which they adopt as their confirmation name. The saint whose name is taken is henceforth considered to be a <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Churches">Eastern Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Eastern Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chrismation" title="Chrismation">Chrismation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg/220px-Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg/330px-Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg/440px-Baptism_at_a_Georgian_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Chrismation of a newly baptized infant at a <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgian Orthodox church">Georgian Orthodox church</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic churches</a> refer to this sacrament (or, more properly, <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mystery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mystery">Sacred Mystery</a>) as chrismation, a term which western rite Catholics also use; for instance, in Italian the term is <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">cresima</i></span>. Eastern Christians link chrismation closely with the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_mysteries#Eastern_Christianity" title="Sacred mysteries">sacred mystery</a> of baptism, conferring it immediately after baptism, which is normally on <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infants</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">sacred tradition</a> of the Orthodox Church teaches that the Apostles themselves established the practice of anointing with <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a> (consecrated oil) in place of the laying on of hands when bestowing the sacrament. As the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">converts</a> grew, it became physically impossible for the apostles to lay hands upon each of the newly baptized. So the Apostles laid hands upon a vessel of oil, bestowing the Holy Spirit upon it, which was then distributed to all of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">presbyters</a> (priests) for their use when they baptized.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same chrism is in use to this day, never being completely depleted but newly <a href="/wiki/Consecrated" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrated">consecrated</a> chrism only being added to it as needed (this consecration traditionally is performed only by the <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">primates</a> of certain <a href="/wiki/Autocephaly" title="Autocephaly">autocephalous churches</a> on <a href="/wiki/Great_Thursday" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Thursday">Great Thursday</a>) and it is believed that chrism in use today contains some small amount of the original chrism made by the apostles. </p><p>When Catholics and traditional Protestants, such as Lutherans, Anglicans and Methodists, convert to Orthodoxy, they are often admitted by chrismation, without baptism; but, since this is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Economy_(Eastern_Orthodoxy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy (Eastern Orthodoxy)">local episcopal discretion</a>, a bishop may require all converts to be admitted by baptism if he deems it necessary. Depending upon the form of the original baptism, some Protestants must be baptized upon conversion to Orthodoxy. A common practice is that those persons who have been previously baptized by triple immersion in the name of the Trinity do not need to be baptized. However, requirements will differ from jurisdiction to jurisdiction and some traditional Orthodox jurisdictions prefer to baptize all converts. When a person is received into the church, whether by baptism or chrismation, they will often take the name of a saint, who will become their <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a>. Thenceforward, the <a href="/wiki/Feast_day" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast day">feast day</a> of that saint will be celebrated as the convert's <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name day</a>, which in traditional Orthodox cultures is celebrated in lieu of one's birthday. </p><p>The Orthodox rite of chrismation takes place immediately after baptism and clothing the "newly illumined" (i.e., newly baptized) in their <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_robe" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptismal robe">baptismal robe</a>. The priest makes the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chrism" title="Chrism">chrism</a> (also referred to as <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>) on the brow, eyes, nostrils, lips, both ears, breast, hands and feet of the newly illumined, saying with each <a href="/wiki/Anointing" title="Anointing">anointing</a>: "The seal of the gift of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit" title="Holy Spirit">Holy Spirit</a>. Amen." Then the priest will place his <a href="/wiki/Epitrachelion" title="Epitrachelion">epitrachelion</a> (stole) over the newly illumined and leads them and their <a href="/wiki/Godparents" class="mw-redirect" title="Godparents">sponsors</a> in a procession, circling three times around the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_Book" title="Gospel Book">Gospel Book</a>, while the choir chants each time: "As many as have been baptized into Christ have put on Christ. Alleluia" (Galatians 3:27).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reason the Eastern Churches perform chrismation immediately after baptism is so that the newly baptized may receive Holy Communion, which is commonly given to infants as well as adults. </p><p>An individual may be <a href="/wiki/Emergency_baptism" title="Emergency baptism">baptized <i>in extremis</i></a> (in a life-threatening emergency) by any baptized member of the church; however, only a priest or bishop may perform the mystery of chrismation. If someone who has been baptized <i>in extremis</i> survives, the priest then performs the chrismation. </p><p>The Catholic Church does not confirm converts to Catholicism who have been chrismated in a non-Catholic Eastern church, considering that the sacrament has been validly conferred and <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">may not be repeated</a>. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> the sacrament may be conferred more than once and it is customary to receive returning or repentant apostates by repeating chrismation.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When discussing confirmation, <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) uses the term <i>ordinance</i> owing to their origins in a Protestant environment, but the actual doctrine describing their ordinances and their effects is sacramental.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Church ordinances are understood as administering grace and must be conducted by properly ordained clergy members<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession_(LDS_Church)" title="Apostolic succession (LDS Church)">apostolic succession</a> reaching back through Peter to Christ, although the line of authority differs from Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baptism by water is understood as representing the death of the old person and their resurrection from that death into a new life in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through baptism by water, sin, and guilt are washed away as the old sinner dies and the new child of Christ emerges. Confirmation is understood as being the baptism by fire wherein the Holy Spirit enters into the individual, purges them of the effects of the sin from their previous life (the guilt and culpability of which were already washed away), and introduces them into the church as a new person in Christ. Through confirmation, the individual receives the <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Latter_Day_Saints)" title="Confirmation (Latter Day Saints)">Gift of the Holy Ghost</a>, granting the individual the permanent companionship of the Holy Ghost as long as the person does not wilfully drive him away through sin.<sup id="cite_ref-Archived_copy2_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy2-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ceremony is significantly simpler than in Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches and is performed by an ordained clergyman as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Lays his hands upon the individual's head and states the person's full name.</li> <li>States that the ordinance is performed by the authority of the <a href="/wiki/Melchizedek_Priesthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Melchizedek Priesthood">Melchizedek Priesthood</a>.</li> <li>Confirms the person a member of the LDS Church.</li> <li>Bestows the gift of the Holy Ghost by saying, "Receive the Holy Ghost."</li> <li>Gives a <a href="/wiki/Priesthood_blessing" title="Priesthood blessing">priesthood blessing</a> as the Spirit directs.</li> <li>Closes in the name of Jesus Christ.</li></ol> <p>Other actions typically associated with confirmation in Catholicism or Eastern Orthodoxy, such as the reception of a Christian name, anointing of body parts with chrism, and the clothing of the confirmant in a <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_dress" title="Confirmation dress">white garment or chiton</a> are conducted separately as part of a ceremony called the <a href="/wiki/Initiatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiatory">Initiatory</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheran_Churches">Lutheran Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lutheran Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg/220px-Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg/330px-Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg/440px-Konfirmation_Ystad-2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1111" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Confirmation in St. Mary's Church, <a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> 2011.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">Confirmation (Lutheran Church)</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> confirmation is a public profession of faith prepared for by long and careful instruction. In English, it is called "affirmation of baptism", and is a mature and public profession of the faith which "marks the completion of the congregation's program of confirmation ministry".<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> also uses for Lutheran confirmation a different word (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Konfirmation</i></span>) from the word used for the sacramental rite of the Catholic Church (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Firmung</i></span>). </p><p>Lutheran churches do not treat confirmation as a dominical sacrament of the Gospel, considering that only <a href="/wiki/Baptism#Refmormation" title="Baptism">Baptism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eucharist in the Lutheran Church">Eucharist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">Confession and Absolution</a> can be regarded as such. Some popular Sundays for this to occur are <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reformation_Sunday" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformation Sunday">Reformation Sunday</a> (last Sunday in October). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anglican_Communion">Anglican Communion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Anglican Communion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg/220px-Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg/330px-Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg/440px-Anglican_confirmation_in_Helsinki.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Hamid" title="David Hamid">David Hamid</a>, suffragan bishop in Europe, administering an Anglican Confirmation at the <a href="/wiki/Mikael_Agricola_Church" title="Mikael Agricola Church">Mikael Agricola Church</a> in Helsinki</figcaption></figure> <p>Article 25 of the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a> lists confirmation among those rites "commonly called Sacraments" which are "not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel" (a term referring to the dominical sacraments, i.e. baptism and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Eucharist" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Eucharist">Holy Eucharist</a>), because they were not directly instituted by Christ with a specific matter and form, and they are not generally necessary to salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language of the Articles has led some to deny that confirmation and the other rites are sacraments at all. Others maintain that "commonly called Sacraments" does not mean "wrongly called Sacraments". </p><p>Many Anglicans, especially <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholics</a>, count the rite as one of seven sacraments. While most provinces of the Anglican Communion do not make provision for ministers other than bishops to administer confirmation, <a href="/wiki/Presbyters" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyters">presbyters</a> can be authorized to do so in certain South Asian provinces, which are <a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">united churches</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the American <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a> recognizes that "those who have previously made a mature public commitment in another Church may be received by the laying on of hands by a Bishop of this Church, rather than confirmed."<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, at its General Convention in 2015 a resolution advancing presbyteral confirmation was referred to committee for further review.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"[T]he renewal of the baptismal vows, which is part of the Anglican Confirmation service, is in no way necessary to Confirmation and can be done more than once.<span class="nowrap"> </span>... When Confirmation is given early, candidates may be asked to make a fresh renewal of vows when they approach adult life at about eighteen."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1662 <i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1662)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1662)">Book of Common Prayer</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> employs the phrase "ratify and confirm" with respect to these vows which has led to the common conception of confirmation as the renewal of baptismal vows. While such a view closely aligns to the doctrine of confirmation held by <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a>, the dominant Anglican position is perhaps better evidenced in the attempt to replace "ratify and confirm" with "ratify and confess" in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer_(1928,_England)" title="Book of Common Prayer (1928, England)">proposed 1928 prayer book</a>, which was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> 14 June of that year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodist_Churches">Methodist Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Methodist Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist Church">Methodist Church</a> confirmation is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Religion_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Articles of Religion (Methodist)">Articles of Religion</a> as one those "Commonly called Sacraments but not to be counted for Sacraments of the Gospel",<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thompson2010_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson2010-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bicknell2008_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bicknell2008-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Anglican_sacraments" title="Anglican sacraments">five lesser sacraments</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Blunt1891_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blunt1891-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Methodist Worship Book</i> declares that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Confirmation, those who have been baptized declare their faith in Christ and are Strengthened by the Holy Spirit for continuing discipleship. Confirmation reminds us that we are baptized and that God continues to be at work in our lives: we respond by affirming that we belong to Christ and to the whole People of God. At a Service of Confirmation, baptized Christians are also received into membership of the Methodist Church and take their place as such in a local congregation.<sup id="cite_ref-MCGB2014_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MCGB2014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Baptism and Confirmation, The Methodist Church in Britain</cite></div></blockquote> <p><i>By Water and Spirit</i>, an official United Methodist publication, states that "it should be emphasized that Confirmation is what the Holy Spirit does. Confirmation is a divine action, the work of the Spirit empowering a person 'born through water and the Spirit' to 'live as a faithful disciple of Jesus Christ'."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Methodist theologian <a href="/wiki/John_William_Fletcher" title="John William Fletcher">John William Fletcher</a> saw confirmation as a <a href="/wiki/Means_of_grace" title="Means of grace">means of grace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2002_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, confirmation is the individual's first public affirmation of the grace of God in baptism and the acknowledgment of the <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">acceptance of that grace by faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those baptized as infants, it often occurs when youth enter their 6th through 8th grade years, but it may occur earlier or later.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For youth and adults who are joining the Church, "those who are baptized are also confirmed, remembering that our ritual reflects the ancient unity of baptism, confirmation (laying on of hands with prayer), and Eucharist."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Candidates to be confirmed, known as confirmands, take a class which covers Christian doctrine, theology, Methodist Church history, stewardship, basic Bible study and other topics.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Holy Spirit strengthens the believer in confirmation, in Methodist theology, it is though <a href="/wiki/Entire_sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Entire sanctification">entire sanctification</a> that a believer is <a href="/wiki/Baptism_with_the_Holy_Spirit#Methodism_(inclusive_of_the_holiness_movement)" title="Baptism with the Holy Spirit">baptized (filled) with the Holy Spirit</a>, thus being made perfect in love and wholly devoted to God, cleansed of original sin (the carnal nature), and empowered to accomplish all to which they are called.<sup id="cite_ref-UMC2012_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UMC2012-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PHC2000_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PHC2000-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Fletcher saw the attainment of entire sanctification as being the goal of the vows made at the ordinance of confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2002_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a> laid emphasis "upon a personal, non-ceremonial experience of sanctifying grace" and this second work of grace—entire sanctification—distinguishes Methodism.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood2002_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood2002-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presbyterian,_Congregationalist_and_Continental_Reformed_Churches"><span id="Presbyterian.2C_Congregationalist_and_Continental_Reformed_Churches"></span>Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Continental Reformed Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Presbyterian, Congregationalist and Continental Reformed Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_America" title="Presbyterian Church in America">Presbyterian Church in America</a> process of confirmation is not necessarily public, and depends on the congregation as to the nature of confirmation. In practice, many churches require and offer classes for Confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(U.S.A.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)">Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.)</a> confirmation process is a profession of faith that "seeks to provide youth with a foundational understanding of our faith, tradition and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> practices".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Irvingian_Churches">Irvingian Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Irvingian Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>, the largest of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingian</a> denominations, Confirmation is a rite that "strengthens the confirmands in their endeavour to keep their vow to profess Jesus Christ in word and deed".<sup id="cite_ref-NAC_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation is celebrated within the Divine Service and in it, confirmands take the following vow:<sup id="cite_ref-NAC_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I renounce Satan and all his work and ways, and surrender myself to You, O triune God, Father, Son, and Holy Spirit, in belief, obedience, and the earnest resolution to remain faithful to You until my end. Amen.</p></blockquote> <p>Following the recitation of the vow, "young Christians receive the confirmation blessing, which is dispensed upon them through laying on of hands".<sup id="cite_ref-NAC_80-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NAC-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Protestant_Churches">United Protestant Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Protestant Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/United_Protestant_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="United Protestant Church">United Protestant Churches</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_North_India" title="Church of North India">Church of North India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Pakistan" title="Church of Pakistan">Church of Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_South_India" title="Church of South India">Church of South India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniting_Church_in_Australia" title="Uniting Church in Australia">Uniting Church in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_Japan" title="United Church of Christ in Japan">United Church of Christ in Japan</a>, confirmation is a <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">rite</a> that is "understood as a Christian person assuming the responsibilities of the promises made at baptism."<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confirmation_name">Confirmation name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Confirmation name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many countries, it is customary for a person being confirmed in some dioceses of Catholic Church and in parts of Lutheranism and Anglicanism to adopt a new name, generally the name of a <a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_names" title="List of biblical names">biblical character</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, thus securing an additional <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> as protector and guide.<sup id="cite_ref-Roy2022_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roy2022-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is not mentioned in the official <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_book" title="Liturgical book">liturgical book</a> of the rite of confirmation and is not in use in Spanish and French-speaking lands, nor in Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands or the Philippines. Although some insist on the custom,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is discouraged by others and in any case is only a secondary aspect of confirmation.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As indicated by the different senses of the word <i>christening</i>, baptism and the giving of a personal name have traditionally been linked. At confirmation, in which the intervention of a godparent strengthens a resemblance with baptism, it became customary to take a new name, as was also the custom on other occasions, in particular that of religious profession. King <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III of France</a> (1551–1589) was christened Edouard Alexandre in 1551, but at confirmation received the name Henri, by which he afterwards reigned. Today usually no great use is made of the confirmation name, although some treat it as an additional <a href="/wiki/Middle_name" title="Middle name">middle name</a>. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire" title="A Song of Ice and Fire">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i> author <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> was born George Raymond Martin, but added his confirmation name Richard as a second middle name. However, even after the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, the legal system of that country admitted the lawfulness of using one's confirmation name in, for instance, purchasing land.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Repetition_of_the_sacrament_or_rite">Repetition of the sacrament or rite</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Repetition of the sacrament or rite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Catholic Church sees confirmation as one of the three sacraments that no one can receive more than once (see <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_character" title="Sacramental character">sacramental character</a>). It recognizes as already confirmed those who enter the Catholic Church after receiving the sacrament, even as babies, in the churches of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, but it confers the sacrament (in its view, for the first and only time) on those who enter the Catholic Church after being confirmed in <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> churches, seeing these churches as lacking properly <a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">ordained</a> ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Lutheran Churches, those individuals who received the sacrament of baptism according to the Trinitarian formula in a non-Lutheran church are <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_(Lutheran_Church)" title="Confirmation (Lutheran Church)">confirmed</a> as Lutherans, ordinarily during the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Vigil" title="Easter Vigil">Easter Vigil</a>—the first liturgy of Eastertide.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rite of confirmation is preceded by a period of catechetical instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Finch1988_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finch1988-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Anglican Communion, a person who was previously confirmed in another denomination by a bishop or priest recognized as validly ordained is "received" rather than confirmed again. Some dioceses of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America">Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America</a> recognize non-episcopal Confirmations as well and these individuals are received into the Anglican Communion rather than re-confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other dioceses, confirmations of those Christian denominations are recognized if they have a valid apostolic succession in the eyes of the Anglican Communion (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in America">Evangelical Lutheran Church in America</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eastern Orthodox churches occasionally practise what is seen by other Christians as "re-Chrismation", in that they usually chrismate/confirm – and sometimes rebaptize – a convert, even one previously confirmed in other churches. The justification is that the new Chrismation (or baptism) is the only valid one, the earlier one being administered outside of the Church and hence being little more than a symbol. The Eastern Orthodox will also chrismate an <a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">apostate</a> from the Orthodox Church who repents and re-enters communion. According to some interpretations, the Eastern churches therefore view confirmation/Chrismation as a repeatable sacrament. According to others, the rite is understood as "part of a process of reconciliation, rather than as a reiteration of post-baptismal chrismation".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analogous_ceremonies_in_non-Christian_practice">Analogous ceremonies in non-Christian practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Analogous ceremonies in non-Christian practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Confirmation" title="Special:EditPage/Confirmation">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg/170px-Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg/255px-Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg/340px-Jewish_Confirmation_c1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2218" data-file-height="2870" /></a><figcaption>Jewish confirmation <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1800s <a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a> developed a separate ceremony, called confirmation, loosely modeled on Christian confirmation ceremonies. This occurred because, at the time, Reform Jews believed that it was inappropriate for <a href="/wiki/Bar_and_bat_mitzvah" title="Bar and bat mitzvah">bar/bat mitzvah</a>-age children to be considered mature enough to understand what it means to be religious. It was held that children of this age were not responsible enough to understand what it means to observe religious practices. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Jacobson" title="Israel Jacobson">Israel Jacobson</a> developed the confirmation ceremony to replace bar/bat mitzvah. Originally this ceremony was for 13-year-old boys.<sup id="cite_ref-Jacobson_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jacobson-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In later decades, the Reform movement modified this view, and now much of Reform Judaism in the United States encourages children to celebrate becoming bar/bat mitzvah at the traditional age, and then has the confirmation at the later age as a sign of a more advanced completion of their Jewish studies. </p><p>Today, many Reform Jewish congregations hold confirmation ceremonies as a way of marking the biblical festival of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> and the decision of young adults to embrace Jewish study in their lives and reaffirm their commitment to the <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a>. The confirmands represent "the <a href="/wiki/First_Fruits#In_ancient_Israel" title="First Fruits">first fruits</a> of each year's harvest. They represent the hope and promise of tomorrow."<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Confirmation is typically held in <a href="/wiki/Tenth_grade" title="Tenth grade">tenth grade</a> after a year of study, but some synagogues celebrate it in other years of <a href="/wiki/High_school" class="mw-redirect" title="High school">high school</a>. </p><p>Confirmation, in the context of Reform Judaism, was mentioned officially for the first time in an ordinance issued by the Jewish consistory of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> at Cassel in 1810. There it was made the duty of the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> "to prepare the young for confirmation, and personally to conduct the ceremony." At first only boys were confirmed, on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Sabbath</a> ("Shabbat") that they celebrated becoming <a href="/wiki/Bar_Mitzvah" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Mitzvah">Bar Mitzvah</a>; the ceremony was performed at the home or in the schoolroom. In Berlin, Jewish girls were confirmed for the first time in 1817, in Hamburg in 1818. </p><p>Confirmation was at first excluded from the synagogue, because, like every innovation, it met with stern opposition from more traditional rabbis. Gradually, however, it found more favor; Hebrew school classes were confirmed together, and confirmation gradually became a solemn celebration at the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a>. In 1822 the first class of boys and girls was confirmed at the Hamburg Temple, and in 1831 Rabbi Samuel Egers, a prominent traditional rabbi of his time, began to confirm boys and girls at the synagogue of Brunswick. While in the beginning some Shabbat, frequently during <a href="/wiki/Chanukah" class="mw-redirect" title="Chanukah">Chanukah</a> or <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a>, was selected for confirmation, it became increasingly customary, following the example of Egers, to perform the ceremony during the biblical festival of <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a> ("Feast of Weeks"). It was felt that Shavuot was well suited for the rite, as it celebrated the occasion when the Israelites on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinai" title="Mount Sinai">Mount Sinai</a> declared their intention to accept the yoke of <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">God's Law</a>, so those of every new generation should follow the ancient example and declare their willingness to be faithful to the <a href="/wiki/Sinaitic_covenant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinaitic covenant">Sinaitic covenant</a> transmitted by their ancestors. </p><p>Confirmation was introduced in Denmark as early as 1817, in Hamburg in 1818, and in Hessen and Saxony in 1835. The Prussian government, which showed itself hostile to the Reform movement, prohibited it as late as 1836, as did Bavaria as late as 1838. It soon made its way, however, into all progressive congregations of Germany. In 1841 it was introduced in France, first in Bordeaux and Marseilles, then in Strasburg and Paris, under the name <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">initiation religieuse</i></span>. The first Israelitish synod in 1869 at Leipsic adopted a report on religious education, the 13th section of which contains an elaborate opinion on confirmation, recommending the same to all Jewish congregations. In America, the annual confirmation of boys and girls was first resolved upon by the congregation of Temple Emanu-El of New York in 1847. The ceremony soon gained so firm a foothold in America that soon there was no progressive Jewish congregation in which it did not occur during <a href="/wiki/Shavuot" title="Shavuot">Shavuot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_confirmations">Secular confirmations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Secular confirmations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Secular_coming-of-age_ceremony" title="Secular coming-of-age ceremony">Secular coming-of-age ceremony</a></div> <p>Several secular, mainly <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Humanist</a>, organizations direct <a href="/wiki/Civil_confirmation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil confirmation">civil confirmations</a> for older children, as a statement of their <a href="/wiki/Life_stance" title="Life stance">life stance</a> that is an alternative to traditional religious ceremonies for children of that age. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Atheist_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist state">atheist regimes</a> have as a matter of policy fostered the replacement of Christian rituals such as confirmation with non-religious ones. In the historically Protestant <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">German Democratic Republic</a> (East Germany), for example, "the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Jugendweihe" title="Jugendweihe">Jugendweihe</a></i></span> (youth dedication) gradually supplanted the Christian practice of Confirmation."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A concept that first appeared in 1852, the <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Jugendweihe</i></span> is described as "a solemn initiation marking the transition from youth to adulthood that was developed in opposition to Protestant and Catholic Churches' Confirmation."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/31px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/47px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/62px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">Rite of passage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though the author of Acts was likely an admirer of Paul, scholarly consensus is that the author "does not share Paul's own view of himself as an apostle; his own theology is considerably different from Paul's on key points and does not represent Paul's own views accurately";<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it is also posited that the author of Acts did not have access to any of <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles" title="Authorship of the Pauline epistles">Paul's authentic letters</a>, such as 1 Corinthians, which is widely considered to have been written by Paul himself,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus explaining the discrepancy between views.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3S.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText - III. The Effects of Confirmation"</a>. <i>The Holy See</i>. 1303. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135757/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3S.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText+-+III.+The+Effects+of+Confirmation&rft.pages=1303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P3S.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429080059/https://episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/confirmation/https://sites.google.com/a/stpaulcatholic.net/parish/sacraments/theology-of-confirmation">"Glossary"</a>. <i>Episcopal Church</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/a/stpaulcatholic.net/parish/sacraments/theology-of-confirmation">the original</a> on 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Episcopal+Church&rft.atitle=Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.google.com%2Fa%2Fstpaulcatholic.net%2Fparish%2Fsacraments%2Ftheology-of-confirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310153727/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week446/belief.html">"Belief & Practice: Confirmation"</a>. <i>Religion & Ethics NewsWeekly</i>. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. 13 July 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wnet/religionandethics/week446/belief.html">the original</a> on 10 March 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Ethics+NewsWeekly&rft.atitle=Belief+%26+Practice%3A+Confirmation&rft.date=2001-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwnet%2Freligionandethics%2Fweek446%2Fbelief.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LB1921-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LB1921_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Lutheran World Almanac and Annual Encyclopedia for 1921</i>. Lutheran Bureau. 1921. p. 68. <q>In this connection it should be stated that as it is the custom of the Lutheran Church to receive into full membership only those who have been confirmed</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lutheran+World+Almanac+and+Annual+Encyclopedia+for+1921&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Lutheran+Bureau&rft.date=1921&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dada2014-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dada2014_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDada2014" class="citation book cs1">Dada, Adelowo, E. (2014). <i>Perspectives in Religious Studies: Volume II</i>. HEBN Publishers. p. 209. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9780814465" title="Special:BookSources/978-9780814465"><bdi>978-9780814465</bdi></a>. <q>Confirmation in the Anglican Communion is the laying on of hands (of the Bishop) upon those who are baptised and have come to years of discretion. In this case, it involves those baptised both at infancy and adulthood. It is the attainment of this status, among other conditions, that determines, in the Anglican Church, full membership of the Church and eligibility to be admitted to the Lord's Table, and to enjoy certain rights of the Church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perspectives+in+Religious+Studies%3A+Volume+II&rft.pages=209&rft.pub=HEBN+Publishers&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-9780814465&rft.aulast=Dada&rft.aufirst=Adelowo%2C+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/India/CSI_Confirmation.html">"Order of Service for the Reception of Baptized Persons into the Full Membership of the Church commonly called Conformation"</a>. Society of Archbishop Justus. 1950. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170624120128/http://justus.anglican.org/resources/bcp/India/CSI_Confirmation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+of+Service+for+the+Reception+of+Baptized+Persons+into+the+Full+Membership+of+the+Church+commonly+called+Conformation&rft.pub=Society+of+Archbishop+Justus&rft.date=1950&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjustus.anglican.org%2Fresources%2Fbcp%2FIndia%2FCSI_Confirmation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609042345/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3N.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P3N.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MCGB2014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MCGB2014_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MCGB2014_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707201151/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation">"Baptism and Confirmation"</a>. The Methodist Church in Britain. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation">the original</a> on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Confirmation&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2Fbaptisms-weddings-and-funerals%2Fbaptism-and-confirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavadini2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavadini2018_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavadini2018" class="citation web cs1">Cavadini, John C. (17 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catholicphilly.com/2018/01/catholic-spirituality/confirmation-strengthens-our-identity-as-children-of-god/">"Confirmation strengthens our identity as children of God"</a>. Catholic Philly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210127081036/https://catholicphilly.com/2018/01/catholic-spirituality/confirmation-strengthens-our-identity-as-children-of-god/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation+strengthens+our+identity+as+children+of+God&rft.pub=Catholic+Philly&rft.date=2018-07-17&rft.aulast=Cavadini&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatholicphilly.com%2F2018%2F01%2Fcatholic-spirituality%2Fconfirmation-strengthens-our-identity-as-children-of-god%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131128/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Confirmation">"Confirmation – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Confirmation">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FConfirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2014:15–26&version=nrsv">John 14:15–26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2020:22&version=nrsv">John 20:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:1–4&version=nrsv">Acts 2:1–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Ezekiel%2036:25–27&version=nrsv">Ezekiel 36:25–27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Joel%203:1–2&version=nrsv">Joel 3:1–2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:11&version=nrsv">Acts 2:11</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%202:17–18&version=nrsv">Acts 2:17–18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%208:4–20&version=nrsv">Acts 8:4–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2019:1–7&version=nrsv">Acts 19:1–7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Hebrews%206:1–6&version=nrsv">Hebrews 6:1–6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%201:17&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 1:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2019:6&version=nrsv">Acts 19:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoring2012" class="citation book cs1">Boring, M. Eugene (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=leFrgkyEtusC&pg=PA556"><i>An Introduction to the New Testament: History, Literature, Theology</i></a>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 590. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25592-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-25592-3"><bdi>978-0-664-25592-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+New+Testament%3A+History%2C+Literature%2C+Theology&rft.pages=590&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-664-25592-3&rft.aulast=Boring&rft.aufirst=M.+Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DleFrgkyEtusC%26pg%3DPA556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWall2002" class="citation book cs1">Wall, Robert (2002). <i>New Interpreter's Bible</i>. Vol. X. Abingdon Press. p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Interpreter%27s+Bible&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Neunheuser_OSB1964" class="citation book cs1">B. Neunheuser OSB (1964). <i>Baptism and Confirmation</i>. The Herder History of Dogma. Freiburg – London: Herder – Burns & Oates. pp. 42–52.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Confirmation&rft.place=Freiburg+%E2%80%93+London&rft.series=The+Herder+History+of+Dogma&rft.pages=42-52&rft.pub=Herder+%E2%80%93+Burns+%26+Oates&rft.date=1964&rft.au=B.+Neunheuser+OSB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vatican1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vatican1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3Q.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText"</a>. <i>vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171012102259/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3Q.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 12 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vatican.va&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P3Q.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3S.HTM">"Catechism of the Catholic Church – IntraText - III. The Effects of Confirmation"</a>. <i>The Holy See</i>. Paragraphs 1302–1303. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210917135757/https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P3S.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 17 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Holy+See&rft.atitle=Catechism+of+the+Catholic+Church+%E2%80%93+IntraText+-+III.+The+Effects+of+Confirmation&rft.pages=Paragraphs+1302-1303&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2FENG0015%2F__P3S.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intratext1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intratext1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intratext1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171208064642/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P31.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P31.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Christian Initiation of Adults</i>, 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2V.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171113214345/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P2V.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P2V.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rite of Confirmation, 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Minnerath, "L'ordine dei Sacramenti dell'iniziazione", in <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i>, 23 May 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=21K7EEXAivMC&pg=PA91">Kay Lynn Isca, <i>Catholic Etiquette</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> (Our Sunday Visitor 1997 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87973-590-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87973-590-2">0-87973-590-2</a>), p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SAM-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SAM_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SAM_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_J._Aquila" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Samuel J. Aquila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180924182933/http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/sacinitiat.htm">"Confirmation as a Sacrament of Initiation"</a>. <i>L'Osservatore Romano</i>. 2012 (14), 4 April: 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/sacinitiat.HTM">the original</a> on 24 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Osservatore+Romano&rft.atitle=Confirmation+as+a+Sacrament+of+Initiation&rft.volume=2012+%2814%29%2C+4+April&rft.pages=5&rft.au=Samuel+J.+Aquila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FBISHOPS%2Fsacinitiat.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P2G.HTM">"CIC 1917: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>www.intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930035241/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P2G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.intratext.com&rft.atitle=CIC+1917%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FLAT0813%2F_P2G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-usccb1-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usccb1_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usccb1_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt1sect2.htm">"Catechism"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080802202711/http://www.usccb.org/catechism/text/pt1sect2.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=Catechism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fcatechism%2Ftext%2Fpt1sect2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3G.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229102833/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3G.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P3G.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P38.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text – IntraText CT"</a>. <i>intratext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210905100605/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P38.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+%E2%80%93+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P38.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/ordsacinit.htm">"The Restored Order of Sacraments of Initiation"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140201211703/http://www.ewtn.com/library/BISHOPS/ordsacinit.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=The+Restored+Order+of+Sacraments+of+Initiation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FBISHOPS%2Fordsacinit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=24839">Confirmation before communion, Liverpool decides</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411202541/http://www.cathnews.com/article.aspx?aeid=24839">Archived</a> 11 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interchurchfamilies.org/journal/firs_com.shtm">Interchurch Families</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111003045214/http://www.interchurchfamilies.org/journal/firs_com.shtm">Archived</a> 3 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_Divine_Worship_and_the_Discipline_of_the_Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments">Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments</a> published in its 1999 bulletin, pages 537–540</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Catechism of the Catholic Church</i>, 1303.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tsacr-c.htm">"THE CATECHISM OF TRENT: The Sacraments – Confirmation"</a>. <i>cin.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220828093758/http://www.cin.org/users/james/ebooks/master/trent/tsacr-c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 28 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cin.org&rft.atitle=THE+CATECHISM+OF+TRENT%3A+The+Sacraments+%E2%80%93+Confirmation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cin.org%2Fusers%2Fjames%2Febooks%2Fmaster%2Ftrent%2Ftsacr-c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan" class="citation web cs1">Sullivan, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/CATECHSM/CONFIRM1.HTM">"Sacrament of Confirmation (What is it all about?)"</a>. <i>EWTN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605043057/http://www.ewtn.com/library/CATECHSM/CONFIRM1.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EWTN&rft.atitle=Sacrament+of+Confirmation+%28What+is+it+all+about%3F%29&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FCATECHSM%2FCONFIRM1.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">"Sacrosanctum concilium"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080221180735/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Sacrosanctum+concilium&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_const_19631204_sacrosanctum-concilium_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomazansky1973" class="citation book cs1">Pomazansky, <a href="/wiki/Protopresbyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Protopresbyter">Protopresbyter</a> Michael (1973). <i>Orthodox Dogmatic Theology</i>. Platina, California: Saint Herman of Alaska Brotherhood (published 1984). p. 272. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84-051294">84-051294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Dogmatic+Theology&rft.place=Platina%2C+California&rft.pages=272&rft.pub=Saint+Herman+of+Alaska+Brotherhood&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84-051294&rft.aulast=Pomazansky&rft.aufirst=Protopresbyter+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Galatians#3:27" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Galatians">Galatians 3:27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goarch.org/library">"Learn about the Orthodox Christian Faith – Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America – Orthodox Church"</a>. <i>Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119113153/http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7101">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft.atitle=Learn+about+the+Orthodox+Christian+Faith+%E2%80%93+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America+%E2%80%93+Orthodox+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Flibrary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orthodox.net/articles/baptism.html">"Eastern Orthodox Christian Baptism – explanation, service, scriptures"</a>. <i>www.orthodox.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230511173150/https://www.orthodox.net/articles/baptism.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.orthodox.net&rft.atitle=Eastern+Orthodox+Christian+Baptism+%E2%80%93+explanation%2C+service%2C+scriptures&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orthodox.net%2Farticles%2Fbaptism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012144/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Ordinances">"Ordinances – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Ordinances">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordinances+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FOrdinances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012117/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Administration_of_Ordinances#Administration_of_Ordinances">"Ordinances – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Administration_of_Ordinances#Administration_of_Ordinances">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ordinances+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FAdministration_of_Ordinances%23Administration_of_Ordinances&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012128/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Priesthood">"Priesthood – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Priesthood">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Priesthood+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FPriesthood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117011939/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Authority">"Authority – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Authority">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Authority+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FAuthority&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117012139/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Baptism">"Baptism – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Baptism">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FBaptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archived_copy2-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Archived_copy2_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131128/http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Confirmation">"Confirmation – the Encyclopedia of Mormonism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eom.byu.edu/index.php/Confirmation">the original</a> on 17 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation+%E2%80%93+the+Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feom.byu.edu%2Findex.php%2FConfirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/duties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b/priesthood-and-church-government/lesson-5-performing-priesthood-ordinances?lang=eng">"Lesson 5: Performing Priesthood Ordinances"</a>. churchofjesuschrist.org. 7 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191123145045/https://www.churchofjesuschrist.org/study/manual/duties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b/priesthood-and-church-government/lesson-5-performing-priesthood-ordinances?lang=eng">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lesson+5%3A+Performing+Priesthood+Ordinances&rft.pub=churchofjesuschrist.org&rft.date=2011-01-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fmanual%2Fduties-and-blessings-of-the-priesthood-basic-manual-for-priesthood-holders-part-b%2Fpriesthood-and-church-government%2Flesson-5-performing-priesthood-ordinances%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Book_of_Worship" title="Lutheran Book of Worship">Lutheran Book of Worship</a> – <i>Ministers Desk Edition</i>, p.324</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100429054944/http://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">"The 39 Articles"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anglicansonline.org/basics/thirty-nine_articles.html">the original</a> on 29 April 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+39+Articles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanglicansonline.org%2Fbasics%2Fthirty-nine_articles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csimichigan.org/PDF/CONFIRMATION.pdf">"e.g. The Church of South India, Book of Common Worship (2004)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508133936/http://www.csimichigan.org/PDF/CONFIRMATION.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=e.g.+The+Church+of+South+India%2C+Book+of+Common+Worship+%282004%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csimichigan.org%2FPDF%2FCONFIRMATION.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/documents/2015_candc.pdf">"Canons of the General Convention 2015, Title I, Canon 17, Section 1(c)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180110184220/https://www.episcopalchurch.org/files/documents/2015_candc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canons+of+the+General+Convention+2015%2C+Title+I%2C+Canon+17%2C+Section+1%28c%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F2015_candc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://extranet.generalconvention.org/staff/files/download/15664">"Journal of the 78th General Convention, 371"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161017051212/https://extranet.generalconvention.org/staff/files/download/15664">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+78th+General+Convention%2C+371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fextranet.generalconvention.org%2Fstaff%2Ffiles%2Fdownload%2F15664&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katapi.org.uk/ChristianFaith/LVI.htm">"The Christian Faith: Ch 56- Confirmation"</a>. <i>katapi.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160602044430/http://www.katapi.org.uk/ChristianFaith/LVI.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=katapi.org.uk&rft.atitle=The+Christian+Faith%3A+Ch+56-+Confirmation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.katapi.org.uk%2FChristianFaith%2FLVI.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170707201151/http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation">"Baptism and Confirmation"</a>. The Methodist Church in Britain. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.methodist.org.uk/who-we-are/baptisms-weddings-and-funerals/baptism-and-confirmation">the original</a> on 7 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>There is no obvious difference in understanding, for example, between the Methodist Church and the Church of England about Confirmation itself.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Baptism+and+Confirmation&rft.pub=The+Methodist+Church+in+Britain&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.methodist.org.uk%2Fwho-we-are%2Fbaptisms-weddings-and-funerals%2Fbaptism-and-confirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruitt2013" class="citation web cs1">Pruitt, Kenneth (22 November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428000914/http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">"Where The Line Is Drawn: Ordination and Sexual Orientation in the UMC"</a>. Rethink Bishop. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rethinkbishop.com/tag/the-united-methodist-church/">the original</a> on 28 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>Sacraments for the UMC include both Baptism and Eucharist. The Roman Catholic and Orthodox traditions count five more, which many Protestants, including the UMC, acknowledge as sacramental: Confession/Absolution, Holy Matrimony, Confirmation/Chrismation, Holy Orders/Ordination, and Anointing/Unction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+The+Line+Is+Drawn%3A+Ordination+and+Sexual+Orientation+in+the+UMC&rft.pub=Rethink+Bishop&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft.aulast=Pruitt&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frethinkbishop.com%2Ftag%2Fthe-united-methodist-church%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson2010-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson2010_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson2010" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, Andrew C. (1 October 2010). <i>Generation Rising: A Future with Hope for The United Methodist Church</i>. Abingdon Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781426731242" title="Special:BookSources/9781426731242"><bdi>9781426731242</bdi></a>. <q>Meanwhile, we can also say that confirmation is sacramental: it is a means of grace (if not an actual sacrament) in which God has been known to show up – and thus it has importance for both our justification and sanctification.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Generation+Rising%3A+A+Future+with+Hope+for+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Abingdon+Press&rft.date=2010-10-01&rft.isbn=9781426731242&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bicknell2008-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bicknell2008_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBicknell2008" class="citation book cs1">Bicknell, E. J. (1 January 2008). <i>A Theological Introduction to the Thirty-Nine Articles of the Church of England, Third Edition</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556356827" title="Special:BookSources/9781556356827"><bdi>9781556356827</bdi></a>. <q>Then it proceeds <i>Those five, commonly called Sacraments, that is to say Confirmation, Penance, Orders, Matrimony, and Extreme Unction, are not to be counted for the Sacraments of the Gospel.</i> We notice that the Article does not deny to them the name sacraments. 'Commonly called' is not in the language of the Prayer-Book necessarily derogatory. We find, <i>e.g.</i> 'The Nativity of our Lord, or the Birth-day of Christ, commonly called "Christmas day".' All that the Article insists is that these rites are not to be counted equal to the other two.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Theological+Introduction+to+the+Thirty-Nine+Articles+of+the+Church+of+England%2C+Third+Edition&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.isbn=9781556356827&rft.aulast=Bicknell&rft.aufirst=E.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blunt1891-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blunt1891_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlunt1891" class="citation book cs1">Blunt, John Henry (1891). <i>Dictionary of Doctrinal and Historical Theology</i>. Longmans, Green & Co. p. 670.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Doctrinal+and+Historical+Theology&rft.pages=670&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+%26+Co.&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Blunt&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/by-water-and-the-spirit-a-united-methodist-understanding-of-baptism">"By Water and the Spirit: A United Methodist Understanding of Baptism"</a>. <i>The Book of Resolutions of The United Methodist Church</i>. The United Methodist Church. 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191020223017/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/by-water-and-the-spirit-a-united-methodist-understanding-of-baptism">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Book+of+Resolutions+of+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.atitle=By+Water+and+the+Spirit%3A+A+United+Methodist+Understanding+of+Baptism&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fby-water-and-the-spirit-a-united-methodist-understanding-of-baptism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood2002-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2002_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2002_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood2002_70-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2002" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Laurence W. (23 September 2002). <i>The Meaning of Pentecost in Early Methodism</i>. Scarecrow Press. p. 339. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461673200" title="Special:BookSources/9781461673200"><bdi>9781461673200</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Meaning+of+Pentecost+in+Early+Methodism&rft.pages=339&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2002-09-23&rft.isbn=9781461673200&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Laurence+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Anglican-Methodist Covenant</i>. Church House Publishing. 2001. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781858522180" title="Special:BookSources/9781858522180"><bdi>9781858522180</bdi></a>. <q>Fundamentally, however, as our liturgies show, confirmation is regarded by both churches as a means of grace within the total process of Christian initiation. For both churches, confirmation includes the reaffirmation of the baptismal promises by the candidate, accompanied by the prayer with the laying on of hands that God will strengthen the candidate in his or her discipleship through the work of the Holy Spirit.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Anglican-Methodist+Covenant&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Church+House+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781858522180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>We Believe</i>. Bristol House. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1885224064" title="Special:BookSources/978-1885224064"><bdi>978-1885224064</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Believe&rft.pub=Bristol+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1885224064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1360">"At what age are children confirmed?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120224143638/http://archives.umc.org/interior.asp?ptid=1&mid=1360">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=At+what+age+are+children+confirmed%3F&rft.pub=United+Methodist+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.umc.org%2Finterior.asp%3Fptid%3D1%26mid%3D1360&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/what-is-the-appropriate-age-for-baptism-and-for-confirmation">"What Is the Appropriate Age for Baptism and for Confirmation?"</a>. The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church. 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190404124018/https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/resources/what-is-the-appropriate-age-for-baptism-and-for-confirmation">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>What if a youth or adult has not been baptized? Can he or she be part of the "confirmation preparation"? Yes, the unbaptized can share in the same experiences. By <i>Water and the Spirit</i> puts it this way: Youth who were not baptized as infants share in the same period of preparation for profession of Christian faith. For them, it is nurture for baptism, for becoming members of the Church, and for confirmation. Those who are baptized are also confirmed, remembering that our ritual reflects the ancient unity of baptism, confirmation (laying on of hands with prayer), and Eucharist. "The ritual of the baptismal covenant included in The United Methodist Hymnal makes clear that the first and primary confirming act of the Holy Spirit is in connection with and immediately follows baptism." (By Water and the Spirit)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Is+the+Appropriate+Age+for+Baptism+and+for+Confirmation%3F&rft.pub=The+General+Board+of+Discipleship+of+The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.umcdiscipleship.org%2Fresources%2Fwhat-is-the-appropriate-age-for-baptism-and-for-confirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517120611/http://www.bristolhouseltd.com/we-believe-student/"><i>We Believe</i></a>. Bristol House. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bristolhouseltd.com/we-believe-student/">the original</a> on 17 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>. <q>Confirmation classes provide a great opportunity to give students a broad view of basic Christian beliefs including the characteristics of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit; the importance and nature of the Bible; the need to trust in Jesus Christ for salvation; and the significance of the church. We Believe Student includes these topics as well as general church history and the responsibilities of discipleship and church membership. It offers students a basic but thorough understanding of what it means to be a Christian in the United Methodist tradition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Believe&rft.pub=Bristol+House&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bristolhouseltd.com%2Fwe-believe-student%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UMC2012-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UMC2012_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement">"Guidelines: The UMC and the Charismatic Movement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church">The United Methodist Church</a>. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190731112659/http://www.umc.org/what-we-believe/guidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2019</span>. <q>The Methodists were also first to coin the phrase baptism of the Holy Spirit as applied to a second and sanctifying grace (experience) of God. (Cf. John Fletcher of Madeley, Methodism's earliest formal theologian.) The Methodists meant by their "baptism" something different from the Pentecostals, but the view that this is an experience of grace separate from and after salvation was the same.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines%3A+The+UMC+and+the+Charismatic+Movement&rft.pub=The+United+Methodist+Church&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umc.org%2Fwhat-we-believe%2Fguidelines-the-umc-and-the-charismatic-movement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PHC2000-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PHC2000_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm">"Doctrine"</a>. Pilgrim Holiness Church of New York, Inc. 15 December 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180502115615/http://www.pilgrimholinesschurch.org/doctrine.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Doctrine&rft.pub=Pilgrim+Holiness+Church+of+New+York%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2000-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pilgrimholinesschurch.org%2Fdoctrine.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/16653/is-confirmation-part-of-the-presbyterian-church-in-america-pca-doctrine">"Is confirmation part of the Presbyterian Church in America (PCA) doctrine?"</a>. <i>christianity.stackexchange.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171007120616/https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/16653/is-confirmation-part-of-the-presbyterian-church-in-america-pca-doctrine">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=christianity.stackexchange.com&rft.atitle=Is+confirmation+part+of+the+Presbyterian+Church+in+America+%28PCA%29+doctrine%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchristianity.stackexchange.com%2Fquestions%2F16653%2Fis-confirmation-part-of-the-presbyterian-church-in-america-pca-doctrine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607034942/http://www.pcusa.org/resource/we-believe-professing-our-faith-confirmation-curri/">"Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) – Resources – We Believe – Professing Our Faith: A Confirmation Curriculum Sample Package"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcusa.org/resource/we-believe-professing-our-faith-confirmation-curri/">the original</a> on 7 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Presbyterian+Church+%28U.S.A.%29+%E2%80%93+Resources+%E2%80%93+We+Believe+%E2%80%93+Professing+Our+Faith%3A+A+Confirmation+Curriculum+Sample+Package&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcusa.org%2Fresource%2Fwe-believe-professing-our-faith-confirmation-curri%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NAC-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NAC_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAC_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NAC_80-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&id=b02f8881-fb9e-4ffd-abd7-8bee0e4368ff">"The Catechism of the New Apostolic Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Apostolic_Church" title="New Apostolic Church">New Apostolic Church</a>. 18 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210527021659/https://nak.org/en/abouttheNAC/catechism?_ld=1&id=b02f8881-fb9e-4ffd-abd7-8bee0e4368ff">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Catechism+of+the+New+Apostolic+Church&rft.pub=New+Apostolic+Church&rft.date=2020-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnak.org%2Fen%2FabouttheNAC%2Fcatechism%3F_ld%3D1%26id%3Db02f8881-fb9e-4ffd-abd7-8bee0e4368ff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://united-church.ca/sites/default/files/handbook_sacraments-elders.pdf">"Sacraments Elders"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Canada" title="United Church of Canada">United Church of Canada</a>. 2020. p. 13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125204541/https://united-church.ca/sites/default/files/handbook_sacraments-elders.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 25 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sacraments+Elders&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=United+Church+of+Canada&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funited-church.ca%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fhandbook_sacraments-elders.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roy2022-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roy2022_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2021" class="citation web cs1">Roy, Steven (11 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.resurrection-woodbury.org/answers-on-questions/often-asked-what-is-lutheran-confirmation-teacher-called.html#Is_your_confirmation_name_a_legal_name">"Often asked: What Is Lutheran Confirmation Teacher Called?"</a>. Resurrection Lutheran Church of Woodbury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215081118/https://www.resurrection-woodbury.org/answers-on-questions/often-asked-what-is-lutheran-confirmation-teacher-called.html#Is_your_confirmation_name_a_legal_name">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Often+asked%3A+What+Is+Lutheran+Confirmation+Teacher+Called%3F&rft.pub=Resurrection+Lutheran+Church+of+Woodbury&rft.date=2021-05-11&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.resurrection-woodbury.org%2Fanswers-on-questions%2Foften-asked-what-is-lutheran-confirmation-teacher-called.html%23Is_your_confirmation_name_a_legal_name&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMercadante2008" class="citation book cs1">Mercadante, Fred T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YL7ksPR0IPMC&pg=PA149"><i>Senior High Ministry that Works!: A Parish-based Initiation Model</i></a>. Twenty-Third Publications. Appendix L. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58595-704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58595-704-0"><bdi>978-1-58595-704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Senior+High+Ministry+that+Works%21%3A+A+Parish-based+Initiation+Model&rft.pages=Appendix+L&rft.pub=Twenty-Third+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-58595-704-0&rft.aulast=Mercadante&rft.aufirst=Fred+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYL7ksPR0IPMC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Philippart, <i>Clip Notes for Church Bulletins</i>, Volume 2 (Liturgy Training Publications 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-275-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56854-275-1">978-1-56854-275-1</a>) Copyright 2001 Archdiocese of Chicago Liturgy Training Publications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10673c.htm">"Herbert Thurston, "Christian Names" in <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> 1911. Retrieved 26 July 2011"</a>. Newadvent.org. 1 October 1911. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190105013459/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10673c.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Herbert+Thurston%2C+%22Christian+Names%22+in+The+Catholic+Encyclopedia+1911.+Retrieved+26+July+2011&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft.date=1911-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10673c.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lacatholics.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Valid-Invalid-Baptisms-.pdf">"Valid-Invalid Baptisms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Los Angeles">Archdiocese of Los Angeles</a>. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223135406/https://lacatholics.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Valid-Invalid-Baptisms-.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Valid-Invalid+Baptisms&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Los+Angeles&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flacatholics.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2FValid-Invalid-Baptisms-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.englishlutheran.org/adult-baptismconfirmation.html">"Adult Baptism & Confirmation"</a>. English Lutheran Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215082252/https://www.englishlutheran.org/adult-baptismconfirmation.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adult+Baptism+%26+Confirmation&rft.pub=English+Lutheran+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.englishlutheran.org%2Fadult-baptismconfirmation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finch1988-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Finch1988_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinch1988" class="citation web cs1">Finch, Mary (28 May 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/1988/5/28/18767101/lutheran-confirmation-allows-youths-and-adults-to-publicly-reaffirm-faith">"Lutheran Confirmation allows Youths and Adults to Publicly Reaffirm Faith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deseret_News" title="Deseret News">Deseret News</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lutheran+Confirmation+allows+Youths+and+Adults+to+Publicly+Reaffirm+Faith&rft.pub=Deseret+News&rft.date=1988-05-28&rft.aulast=Finch&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deseret.com%2F1988%2F5%2F28%2F18767101%2Flutheran-confirmation-allows-youths-and-adults-to-publicly-reaffirm-faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/confirmation">"Confirmation"</a>. Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States of America. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131617/http://www.episcopalchurch.org/library/glossary/confirmation">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>In some dioceses, those who have already made a mature Christian commitment in another denomination are recognized as members of the one holy catholic and apostolic church, and received into the fellowship of the Episcopal Church and the Anglican Communion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confirmation&rft.pub=Protestant+Episcopal+Church+in+the+United+States+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.episcopalchurch.org%2Flibrary%2Fglossary%2Fconfirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161004053900/http://www.stmatthewsmadison.org/visiting/faq/#reconfirmed">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Madison, Alabama: St. Matthew's Episcopal Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stmatthewsmadison.org/visiting/faq/#reconfirmed">the original</a> on 4 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2016</span>. <q>If, however, you have been Confirmed in either the Catholic Church or Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA), you may choose to be "received" by the bishop instead. This is because the Episcopal Church recognizes that the bishops in these churches have valid Apostolic Succession dating back to the time of the Apostles, and that Confirmations performed in these churches are considered valid.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.place=Madison%2C+Alabama&rft.pub=St.+Matthew%27s+Episcopal+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stmatthewsmadison.org%2Fvisiting%2Ffaq%2F%23reconfirmed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/documents/northamerican_4.htm">"Baptism and 'Sacramental Economy' – An Agreed Statement of The North American Orthodox-Catholic Theological Consultation – A. Inconsistencies in the Reception of Adults into Ecclesial Communion"</a>. <i>myriobiblos.gr</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210426152832/http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/documents/northamerican_4.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myriobiblos.gr&rft.atitle=Baptism+and+%27Sacramental+Economy%27+%E2%80%93+An+Agreed+Statement+of+The+North+American+Orthodox-Catholic+Theological+Consultation+%E2%80%93+A.+Inconsistencies+in+the+Reception+of+Adults+into+Ecclesial+Communion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myriobiblos.gr%2Ftexts%2Fdocuments%2Fnorthamerican_4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobson-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobson_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reformjudaism.org/what-confirmation">"What is a Confirmation?"</a>. <i>ReformJudaism.org</i>. 17 August 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310075754/https://reformjudaism.org/what-confirmation">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ReformJudaism.org&rft.atitle=What+is+a+Confirmation%3F&rft.date=2012-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freformjudaism.org%2Fwhat-confirmation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knoebel, <i>Gates of the Seasons</i>, 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4909.html">"Germany – Religion"</a>. <i>www.country-data.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070325114341/http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-4909.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.country-data.com&rft.atitle=Germany+%E2%80%93+Religion&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.country-data.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr-4909.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1847" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1847). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Art of Dying Well/Chapter 11"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Art_of_Dying_Well/Chapter_11">"On Confirmation." </a></span>. <i>The Art of Dying Well</i>. Translated by John Dalton. Richardson and Son.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Confirmation.&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Dying+Well&rft.pub=Richardson+and+Son&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConfirmation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Confirmation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425013957/http://catechumen.org.uk/confirmation/">The Rite of Confirmation Resource Site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wakingupcatholic.com/waking-up-your-faith/rcia-rite-of-christian-initiation-of-adults.html">Waking Up Catholic – RCIA and Adult Confirmation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170915082111/http://www.wakingupcatholic.com/waking-up-your-faith/rcia-rite-of-christian-initiation-of-adults.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101004114946/http://www.churchfathers.org/category/sacraments/confirmation/">Church Fathers on Confirmation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020210034722/http://americancatholic.org/Features/Sacraments/Confirmation.asp">Catholic Sacrament of Confirmation – Initiation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070328055159/http://www.hp-h.com/p/stnics/confirmation/">Information and Forum for Roman Catholics About to Receive0 Confirmation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04215b.htm"><i>Catholic Encyclopedia</i> – Catholic teaching on Confirmation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060629124157/http://www.tserkovnost.org/catechism_filaret/catechism_filaret-2.html"><i>Catechism of Filaret</i>, 307–314 – Eastern Orthodox teaching on Confirmation/Unction with Chrism/Chrismation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.katapi.org.uk/ChristianFaith/LVI.htm">Anglican teaching on Confirmation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewfaq.org/barmitz.htm/">Judaism 101: Bar Mitzvah, Bat Mitzvah, and Confirmation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-confirmation/">My Jewish Learning: Jewish Confirmation</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a 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