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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eastern_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Eastern Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Christendom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Christendom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Western Christendom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Christendom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Washing_before_Christian_prayer_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Washing_before_Christian_prayer_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Washing before Christian prayer and worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Washing_before_Christian_prayer_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_and_menstruation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_menstruation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sex and menstruation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_menstruation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_dietary_laws_and_fasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_dietary_laws_and_fasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Christian dietary laws and fasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_dietary_laws_and_fasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_apparel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_apparel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External apparel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_apparel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Regulations regarding cleanliness in Christianity</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/220px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/330px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg/440px-Bishop_Sebouh_-_Washing_of_Feet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Sebouh_Chouldjian" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian">Bishop Sebouh Chouldjian</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Maundy_(foot_washing)" title="Maundy (foot washing)">washing the feet</a> of children.</figcaption></figure> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">denominations of Christianity</a>, there are a number of regulations involving cleanliness before <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9781611689556_p46-48-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> observing days of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as those concerning diet and apparel. The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> has many <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">rituals of purification</a> in areas ranging from the mundane private rituals of <a href="/wiki/Personal_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal hygiene">personal hygiene</a> and toilet etiquette to the complex public rituals of social etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-Riches_2000_ch._1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riches_2000_ch._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Certain Christian rules of purity have implications for bodily hygiene and observing <a href="/wiki/Cleanliness" title="Cleanliness">cleanliness</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual hygiene">sexual hygiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a> and toilet etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-E._Clark_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._Clark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> male <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> is an established practice.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Father">early Church Father</a>, it was customary for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">wash their hands</a> (<i>manulavium</i>), face (<i>capitilavium</i>) and feet (<i>pedilavium</i>) before <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>, as well as before receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Footwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwashing">footwashing</a> employed a basin of water and linen towels, done in the <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">imitation of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stutzman_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stutzman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has always placed a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warsh_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> plays a role in the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Christian rituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9781611689556_p46-48-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church also built <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathing</a> facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the Catholic popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Thurlkill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathhouse</a> were common in medieval <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> larger towns and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2019_61_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2019_61-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Christian monastic communities throughout history have emphasized cleanliness and hygiene as part of their spiritual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a> also played a prominent role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major contribution of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newell_2006_40_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newell_2006_40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and other places was better <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> of the people through <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and introducing and distributing the <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Channa_2009_284_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channa_2009_284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2015_284_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2015_284-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bible">Bible</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Bible"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> has many <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">rituals of purification</a> in areas ranging from the mundane private rituals of <a href="/wiki/Personal_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal hygiene">personal hygiene</a> and toilet etiquette to the complex public rituals of social etiquette.<sup id="cite_ref-Riches_2000_ch._1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Riches_2000_ch._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> also has many rituals of purification relating to <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Childbirth" title="Childbirth">childbirth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">sexual relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keri" title="Keri">nocturnal emission</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">unusual bodily fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tzaraath" title="Tzaraath">skin disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">death</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">animal sacrifices</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, ablution was considered a prerequisite to approaching God, whether by means of sacrifice, prayer, or entering a holy place.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Testament">Old Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Old Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent 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href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> requires immersion of the body in water as a means of purification in several circumstances, for example: </p> <dl><dd>And when the <i><a href="/wiki/Zav" title="Zav">zav</a></i> is cleansed of his issue, then he shall number to himself seven days for his cleansing, and wash his clothes; and he shall bathe his flesh in running water, and shall be clean.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>There are also references to <a href="/wiki/Hand-washing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-washing">hand-washing</a>: </p> <dl><dd>And whoever the <i>zav</i> touches, without having rinsed his hands in water, he shall wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and be unclean until the evening.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <dl><dd>I will wash my hands in innocency; so will I compass Thine altar, O LORD.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Priests were required to wash their hands and feet before service in the Temple: </p> <dl><dd>Thou shalt also make a laver of brass, and the base thereof of brass, whereat to wash; and thou shalt put it between the tent of meeting and the altar, and thou shalt put water therein. And Aaron and his sons shall wash their hands and their feet thereat; when they go into the tent of meeting, they shall wash with water, that they die not; or when they come near to the altar to minister, to cause an offering made by fire to smoke unto the LORD.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_of_Leviticus">Book of Leviticus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Book of Leviticus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Moses" title="Law of Moses">Law of Moses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG/220px-Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG/330px-Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG/440px-Museum_of_Archdiocese_in_Gniezno_-_zestaw_Led%C3%B3chowskiego_02.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A silver cup and vessels used for <a href="/wiki/Hand-washing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hand-washing">hand-washing</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>With sacrifice and priesthood established, chapters 11–15 in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Leviticus" title="Book of Leviticus">book of Leviticus</a> instruct the lay people on purity (or cleanliness). Eating certain animals produces uncleanliness, as does giving birth; certain skin diseases (but not all) are unclean, as are certain conditions affecting walls and clothing (mildew and similar conditions); and genital discharges, including female menses and male gonorrhea, are unclean. The reasoning behind the food rules are obscure; for the rest the guiding principle seems to be that all these conditions involve a loss of "life force", usually but not always blood.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ritual purity is essential for an Israelite to be able to approach Yahweh and remain part of the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Kugler,_Hartin,_p.82_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kugler,_Hartin,_p.82-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uncleanliness threatens holiness;<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapters 11–15 review the various causes of uncleanliness and describe the rituals which will restore cleanliness;<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one is to maintain cleanliness through observation of the rules on sexual behaviour, family relations, land ownership, worship, sacrifice, and observance of holy days.<sup id="cite_ref-Balentine_2002,_p.8_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balentine_2002,_p.8-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> dwells with Israel in the holy of holies. All of the priestly ritual focuses on Yahweh and the construction and maintenance of a holy space, but sin generates impurity, as do everyday events such as childbirth and <a href="/wiki/Menstruation" title="Menstruation">menstruation</a>; impurity pollutes the holy dwelling place. Failure to purify the sacred space ritually could result in God's leaving, which would be disastrous.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Testament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg/220px-Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg/330px-Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg/440px-Christ_Washing_the_Disciples%27_Feet_E10791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9672" data-file-height="6584" /></a><figcaption>Christ washing the Disciples' feet, by <a href="/wiki/Benvenuto_Tisi" title="Benvenuto Tisi">Benvenuto Tisi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, washing also occurs in reference to rites of Judaism<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> part of the action of a healing by Jesus,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the preparation of a body for burial,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the washing of nets by fishermen,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a person's personal washing of the face to appear in public,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the cleansing of an injured person's wounds,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a>'s washing of his hands as a symbolic claim of innocence<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and foot washing,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is a <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rite</a> within the Christian Churches.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pontius Pilate</a> declared himself innocent of the blood of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> by washing his hands.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act of Pilate may not, however, have been borrowed from the custom of the Jews. The same practice was common among the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>. </p><p>According to Christian tradition, the <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> carried the practice of ablution to great excess.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> refers to their ceremonial ablutions: "For the Pharisees…wash their hands 'oft'"<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or, more accurately, "with the fist" (R.V., "diligently"); or, as <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophylact of Bulgaria">Theophylact of Bulgaria</a> explains it, "up to the elbow," referring to the actual word used in the <a href="/wiki/Novum_Testamentum_Graece" title="Novum Testamentum Graece">Greek New Testament</a>, πυγμή <i>pygmē</i>, which refers to the arm from the elbow to the tips of the fingers.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Acts">Book of Acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> and other men performed ablution before entering the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple in Jerusalem</a>: "Then Paul took the men, and the next day purifying himself with them entered into the temple, to signify the accomplishment of the days of purification, until that an offering should be offered for every one of them."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christianity">Early Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/220px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/330px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/440px-Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Agkistro" title="Agkistro">Agkistro</a> Byzantine bath.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> has always placed a strong emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Warsh_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warsh-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> plays a role in the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Christian rituals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9781611689556_p46-48-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Early_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christian">Early Christian</a> clergy condemned the practice of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_bathing" title="Mixed bathing">mixed bathing</a> as practiced by the Romans, such as the pagan custom of women naked bathing in front of men; as such, the <a href="/wiki/Didascalia_Apostolorum" title="Didascalia Apostolorum">Didascalia Apostolorum</a>, an early Christian manual, enjoined Christians to bathe themselves in those facilities that were separated by sex, which contributed to hygiene and good health according to the <a href="/wiki/Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Father">Church Fathers</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gibson1903_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gibson1903-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Squatriti_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Squatriti-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Church also built <a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">public bathing</a> facilities that were separate for both sexes near monasteries and pilgrimage sites; also, the popes situated baths within church basilicas and monasteries since the Early Middle Ages.<sup id="cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mary_Thurlkill-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pope <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> urged his followers on the value of bathing as a bodily need.<sup id="cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the time of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Father">early Church Father</a>, it was customary for <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">wash their hands</a> (<i>manulavium</i>), face (<i>capitilavium</i>) and feet (<i>pedilavium</i>) before <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>, as well as before receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rite_(Christianity)" title="Rite (Christianity)">rite</a> of <a href="/wiki/Footwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwashing">footwashing</a> employed a basin of water and linen towels, done in the <a href="/wiki/Imitation_of_Christ" title="Imitation of Christ">imitation of Christ</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stutzman_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stutzman-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages">Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Christendom">Eastern Christendom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Christendom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg/220px-%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg/330px-%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg/440px-%CE%92%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%AC_%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AC_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%89_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%82_1790.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4431" data-file-height="3389" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Great <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bathhouses</a> were built in <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine centers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> offered numerous bathhouses to its citizens, but the <a href="/wiki/Baths_of_Zeuxippus" title="Baths of Zeuxippus">Baths of Zeuxippus</a> were particularly popular,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even monks and members of the clergy could be seen there. For a relatively small fee, any member of the public could gain admission to the bath complex. The Baths of Zeuxippus were also close (most probably adjacent) to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Palace_of_Constantinople" title="Great Palace of Constantinople">Great Palace</a> grounds. This suggests their great popularity, since such a significant location would have attracted many people.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baths were also close to the square of the <a href="/wiki/Augustaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustaeum">Augustaeum</a> and the basilica of <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a>. </p><p>Although Byzantine bathhouses were primarily used for public bathing, people could also exercise and enjoy a variety of recreational activities there. Attendants were paid to oversee the activities, enforcing opening and closing times and the rules of conduct. Men and women were not allowed to bathe together; they would either use separate baths, or bathe at different times of day.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath of the Upper Town</a> was one of several in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> —the 14th-century writer <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Choumnos" title="Nikephoros Choumnos">Nikephoros Choumnos</a> claims that Thessaloniki had more baths than inhabitants<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—but is the only surviving in Thessaloniki and the largest and most complete of the Byzantine baths surviving elsewhere in Greece: one in <a href="/wiki/Agkistro" title="Agkistro">Agkistro</a>, five ruined public baths—two in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Paramythia" title="Paramythia">Paramythia</a>, one in <a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Castle" title="Ioannina Castle">Ioannina Castle</a>—and one each in the monasteries of <a href="/wiki/Kaisariani_Monastery" title="Kaisariani Monastery">Kaisariani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoodochos_Pigi_Church,_Dervenosalesi" title="Zoodochos Pigi Church, Dervenosalesi">Zoodochos Pigi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Believing that on <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a> day water becomes holy and is imbued with special powers, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> cut holes in the ice of lakes and rivers, often in the shape of the cross, to bathe in the freezing water.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Christianity strongly affected the development of <a href="/wiki/Holy_wells" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy wells">holy wells</a> in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and its water are known for its <a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">healing</a> properties.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_Christendom">Western Christendom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Western Christendom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bagno_del_Papa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/220px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/330px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Bagno_del_Papa.jpg/440px-Bagno_del_Papa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption><i>Bagno del Papa</i> in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Popes" class="mw-redirect" title="Popes">popes</a> allocated to the Romans bathing through <i><a href="/wiki/Diaconia" title="Diaconia">diaconia</a></i>, or private <a href="/wiki/Lateran" title="Lateran">Lateran</a> baths, or even a myriad of monastic <a href="/wiki/Bath_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath House">bath houses</a> functioning in eighth and ninth centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The popes maintained their baths in their residences which described by scholar Paolo Squatriti as "luxurious baths", and <a href="/wiki/Bath_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Bath house">bath houses</a> including hot baths incorporated into Christian church buildings or those of monasteries, which known as "charity baths" because they served both the clerics and needy poor people.<sup id="cite_ref-ArthurAshpitel1851_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArthurAshpitel1851-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_(Detail_-_May).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG/220px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG/330px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG/440px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_-_Augsburg_-_Summer_%28Detail_-_May%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Public bathing in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany, by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Elder" title="Jörg Breu the Elder">Jörg Breu the Elder</a>, c. 1531</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Public_bathing" title="Public bathing">Public bathhouses</a> were common in medieval <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> larger towns and cities such as <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regensburg" title="Regensburg">Regensburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_2019_61_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_2019_61-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleinschmidt_2005_61_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinschmidt_2005_61-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were about twenty-six <a href="/wiki/Public_bath" class="mw-redirect" title="Public bath">public baths</a> in Paris in 1272.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinschmidt_2005_61_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinschmidt_2005_61-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Christian monastic communities throughout history have emphasized cleanliness and hygiene as part of their spiritual practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholic religious orders of the <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a>' rules contained <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> encouragement for the practice of therapeutic bathing; <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monks played a role in the development and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a> also played a prominent role in the development of the British <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1454</span> Pope <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_V" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas V">Nicholas V</a> commissioned building a <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bath</a> <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_the_Popes_in_Viterbo" title="Palace of the Popes in Viterbo">palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Viterbo" title="Viterbo">Viterbo</a>, and the construction at the <i>Bagno del Papa</i> was continued on through the reigns of several popes after Nicholas V. The Vatican accounts mention payments "for building done at the bath palace of Viterbo" during the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Calixtus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Calixtus III">Calixtus III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_II" title="Pope Paul II">Paul II</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sixtus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a>. There also is evidence Pope <a href="/wiki/Pius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Pius II">Pius II</a> was responsible for the addition of a western wing to the building.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contrary to popular belief<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> were not lost in Europe with the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soap_making" class="mw-redirect" title="Soap making">Soapmaking</a> first became an established trade during the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)" title="Dark Ages (historiography)">Dark Ages</a>". The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a> used <a href="/wiki/Scent" class="mw-redirect" title="Scent">scented</a> <a href="/wiki/Oils" class="mw-redirect" title="Oils">oils</a> (mostly from Egypt), among other alternatives. By the 15th century, the manufacture of soap in <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> had become virtually industrialized, with sources in <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 17th century the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholic</a> manufacturers purchased the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> on <a href="/wiki/Castile_soap" title="Castile soap">Castile soap</a> from the cash-strapped <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Carolinian</a> government.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg/220px-Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg/330px-Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg/440px-Salvation_Army_personal_hygiene_kits.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Collection of the <a href="/wiki/Salvation_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a> personal hygiene kits.</figcaption></figure> <p>By the mid-19th century, the English urbanised middle classes had formed an ideology of cleanliness that ranked alongside typical <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> concepts of <a href="/wiki/Moralism" title="Moralism">moralism</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, respectability and <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">social progress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a> has adopted the deployment of <a href="/wiki/Personal_hygiene" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal hygiene">personal hygiene</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by providing personal hygiene products, such as a <a href="/wiki/Toothbrush" title="Toothbrush">toothbrush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> teach its adherents the importance of personal hygiene and sanitation, and emphasize the importance of drinking clean water, <a href="/wiki/Bathing" title="Bathing">bathing</a> and clean clothes. They were also encouraged to eat clean food.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> in Africa and some of the rest of the world promotes male infant <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major contribution of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Newell_2006_40_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newell_2006_40-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other places was better <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> of the people through <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and introducing and distributing the <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soaps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dentifrice" title="Dentifrice">tooth–powder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brushes" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushes">brushes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Channa_2009_284_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Channa_2009_284-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to scholar John Thomas "cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_2015_284_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas_2015_284-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Anal_hygiene" title="Anal hygiene">use of water</a> in many <a href="/wiki/Christian_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian countries">Christian countries</a> is due in part to the biblical toilet etiquette which encourages washing after all instances of defecation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">bidet</a> is common in predominantly <a href="/wiki/Catholic_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic countries">Catholic countries</a> where water is considered essential for <a href="/wiki/Anal_cleansing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal cleansing">anal cleansing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-E._Clark_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E._Clark-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some traditionally <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> respectively, where <a href="/wiki/Bidet_shower" title="Bidet shower">bidet showers</a> are common.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Washing_before_Christian_prayer_and_worship">Washing before Christian prayer and worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Washing before Christian prayer and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution in Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">Cantharus (Christianity)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pamplona_-_Catedral,_claustro,_lavatorio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg/220px-Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg/330px-Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg/440px-Pamplona_-_Catedral%2C_claustro%2C_lavatorio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">Cantharus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pamplona_Cathedral" title="Pamplona Cathedral">Pamplona Cathedral</a> in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the time of <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_Father" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church Father">early Church Father</a>, it was customary for Christians to wash their hands (<i>manulavium</i>), face (<i>capitilavium</i>) and feet (<i>pedilavium</i>) before <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>, as well as before receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bradley2012_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley2012-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churches from the time of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> were thus built with an <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">esonarthex</a> that included a fountain known as a <a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">cantharus</a>, where Christians would wash their hands, face and feet before entering the worship space (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Exodus#30:17" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Exodus">Exodus 30:17–21</a>); they continue to be used in Orthodox Christian churches.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley2012_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley2012-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Soloviĭ68_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Soloviĭ68-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of ablutions before prayer and worship in Christianity <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">symbolizes</a> "separation from sins of the spirit and surrender to the Lord."<sup id="cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the 2nd century, Christians hung a <a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Christian cross">cross</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Direction_of_prayer" title="Direction of prayer">east wall</a> of their houses, to which they <a href="/wiki/Prostration" title="Prostration">prostrated</a> in front of, as they prayed at <a href="/wiki/Fixed_prayer_times" title="Fixed prayer times">seven fixed prayer times</a> (cf. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#119:164" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (King James)/Psalms">Psalm 119:164</a>);<sup id="cite_ref-DanielouOrigen2016_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DanielouOrigen2016-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kalleeny2020_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kalleeny2020-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Tradition" title="Apostolic Tradition">Apostolic Tradition</a> enjoined washing before these supplications to God.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before praying these <a href="/wiki/Canonical_hours" title="Canonical hours">canonical hours</a> at seven fixed prayer times in the eastward direction of prayer, Christians belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Mar_Thoma_Syrian_Church" title="Mar Thoma Syrian Church">Mar Thoma Syrian Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Protestant_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Protestant Christianity">Oriental Protestant</a> denomination, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Orthodox Church">Indian Orthodox Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, wash their hands, face and feet (cf. <a href="/wiki/Shehimo" title="Shehimo">Shehimo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agpeya" title="Agpeya">Agpeya</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Smith1909_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith1909-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Richards1908_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards1908-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Amherst1906_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amherst1906-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTC2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom">John Chrysostom</a>, a prominent Church Father of Christianity revered in the Orthodox, Nestorian, Catholic, Lutheran and Anglican traditions, taught that people should wash their hands before picking up a copy of the Bible (he enjoined women to wear a <a href="/wiki/Christian_head_covering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian head covering">headcovering</a> if they were not already veiled at home prior to touching the Bible). This is to show respect for the Bible and in the East, Christians place their copies of Scripture in a <a href="/wiki/Rehal_(book_rest)" title="Rehal (book rest)">rehal</a> to elevate its position.<sup id="cite_ref-Trader2022_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Trader2022-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox">Ethiopian Orthodox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox">Eritrean Orthodox</a>, places a heavier emphasis on Old Testament teachings, and its followers adhere to certain practices such as observeing days of <a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">ritual purification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a>, including Oriental Orthodox Christianity, as with some Western Orthodox Christian traditions, <a href="/wiki/Tradition_of_removing_shoes_in_the_home_and_houses_of_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Tradition of removing shoes in the home and houses of worship">shoes are removed</a> in order to acknowledge that one is offering prayer before a holy God.<sup id="cite_ref-Kosloski2017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kosloski2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kennedy2020_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kennedy2020-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among <a href="/wiki/Old_Ritualists" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Ritualists">Old Ritualists</a> in the Russian Christian tradition, a <a href="/wiki/Prayer_rug" title="Prayer rug">prayer rug</a> known as a <a href="/wiki/Podruchnik" title="Podruchnik">Podruchnik</a> is used to keep one's face and hands clean during prostrations, as these parts of the body are used to make the <a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_cross" title="Sign of the cross">sign of the cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basenkov2017_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basenkov2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian denominations of the <a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Schwarzenau Brethren</a> tradition practice <a href="/wiki/Footwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwashing">footwashing</a> in their regular celebrations of the <a href="/wiki/Lovefeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lovefeast">Lovefeast</a>, prior to receiving <a href="/wiki/Holy_Communion" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Communion">Holy Communion</a> and eating.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sex_and_menstruation">Sex and menstruation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sex and menstruation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christianity">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a>, the "holiness of the Church is traditionally tied scripturally with the Jerusalem Temple".<sup id="cite_ref-Tadros2015_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadros2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, believers fast after midnight and "sexual intercourse is prohibited the night before communion" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Eucharistic_discipline" title="Eucharistic discipline">Eucharistic discipline</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tadros2015_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadros2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, an Oriental Orthodox Christian denomination, men are not permitted to enter a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> the day after they have had sexual intercourse with their wives.<sup id="cite_ref-DaoudHazen1991_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaoudHazen1991-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who are ritually unclean may approach the church but are not permitted to enter it; they instead stand near the church door and <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">pray</a> during the liturgy.<sup id="cite_ref-Pedersen1999_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pedersen1999-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a> prescribes several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> for example after leaving the latrine, lavatory or bathhouse, or before prayer, or after eating a meal.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Pope Dionysius of Alexandria</a> taught that with regard to menstruating women that "not even they themselves, being faithful and pious, would dare when in this state either to approach the Holy Table or to touch the body and blood of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-Tadros2015_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadros2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Oriental Orthodox Christian women, such as those belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church" title="Coptic Orthodox Church">Coptic Orthodox Church</a>, are not permitted to receive Holy Communion while they are menstruating.<sup id="cite_ref-Tadros2015_96-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tadros2015-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a> largely views the Christian <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacrament</a> of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> as fulfilling the Israelite practice of circumcision, both being signs and seals of the covenant of grace (cf. <i><a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Clark2012_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clark2012-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Crowther1815_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crowther1815-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Florence" title="Council of Florence">Council of Florence</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a> forbade the practice of circumcision among Christians, a position also taught by the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Church</a>; Roman Catholic scholars, including John J. Dietzen, David Lang, and Edwin F. Healy, teach that "elective male infant circumcision not only violates the proper application of the time-honored principle of totality, but even fits the ethical definition of mutilation, which is gravely sinful."<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Marie2016_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie2016-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roman Catholicism generally is silent today with respect to its permissibility, though elective circumcision continues to be debated amongst theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-Slosar2003_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Slosar2003-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, circumcision is an established practice and customary in <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic Christianity">Coptic Christianity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Eritrean Orthodox Church">Eritrean Orthodox Church</a>, all of which observe it as a <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_passage" title="Rite of passage">rite of passage</a>, and males are generally required to be circumcised shortly after birth.<sup id="cite_ref-N._Stearns_2008_179_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-N._Stearns_2008_179-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainstream Christian">mainstream Christian denominations</a> do not require the practice and maintain a neutral position on it, <a href="/wiki/Circumcision" title="Circumcision">circumcision</a> is widely practiced in many <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christian countries and communities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christian_dietary_laws_and_fasting">Christian dietary laws and fasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Christian dietary laws and fasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian dietary laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fasting#Christianity" title="Fasting">Fasting § Christianity</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Christian vegetarianism</a></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christian">Oriental Orthodox Christian</a> denomination, washing one's hands is required before and after consuming food.<sup id="cite_ref-DaoudHazen1991_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DaoudHazen1991-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTC2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is followed by <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">prayer</a>, in which Christians often pray to ask God to thank him for and <a href="/wiki/Blessing#Christianity" title="Blessing">bless</a> their food before consuming it at the time of eating meals, such as breakfast.<sup id="cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOTC2020-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Pringle2006_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle2006-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wording of these mealtime prayers vary per <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Common_table_prayer" title="Common table prayer">common table prayer</a> is used by communicants of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran Churches</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_vegetarianism" title="Christian vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a> was widespread in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Church">early Church</a>, among both the clergy and laity.<sup id="cite_ref-WaltersPortmess2001_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaltersPortmess2001-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since eating meat was traditionally viewed as a luxury, many Christians may choose to practice vegetarianism as their <a href="/wiki/Lenten_sacrifice" title="Lenten sacrifice">Lenten sacrifice</a> during the penetential season of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Christian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ParkerPope2011_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ParkerPope2011-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With respect to meat consumption, in <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Christianity">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a>, in denominations such as the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Apostolic_Church" title="Armenian Apostolic Church">Armenian Apostolic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Church</a>, slaughtering animals for food is done with one strike in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">trinitarian formula</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Salamon1999_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salamon1999-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Efron2008_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Efron2008-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GrumettMuers2010_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrumettMuers2010-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Christians believe that meat consumed should not retain any blood.<sup id="cite_ref-Masri1989_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masri1989-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Geisler1989_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geisler1989-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Friday_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Friday Fast">Friday Fast</a> from meat is observed by Christians of the Catholic, Oriental Orthodox, Church of the East, Methodist, and Anglican traditions, especially during the season of Lent in the Christian calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-McKnight2010_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McKnight2010-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Synan1997_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Synan1997-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Smith2008_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith2008-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> traditions of Christianity prohibit the consumption of alcohol (cf. <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Conlin2008_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conlin2008-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand other <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denominations</a> condone moderate drinking of alcohol, including the Catholic, Lutheran, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Orthodox traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Scratchley1996_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scratchley1996-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, all Christian Churches, in view of the <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_in_the_Bible" title="Alcohol in the Bible">biblical teaching on drunkenness</a>, universally condemn drunkenness as <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sinful</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DomenicoHanley2006_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DomenicoHanley2006-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cobb2003_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cobb2003-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_apparel">External apparel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External apparel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg/220px-Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg/330px-Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg/440px-Orthodox_pilgrim.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>In many Christian denominations, women wear <a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">headcoverings</a> when praying and worshipping.<sup id="cite_ref-Flinn2014_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flinn2014-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In Christianity, members of the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a> are expected to wear a <a href="/wiki/Cross_necklace" title="Cross necklace">cross necklace</a> at all times; these are ordinarily given to believers at their <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Samaan2010_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Samaan2010-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Konstantopoulos2017_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This practice is derived from Canon 73 and Canon 82 of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Council_of_Constantinople" title="Third Council of Constantinople">Sixth Ecumenical Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-Konstantopoulos_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[A]ll the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday School">Church (Sunday) School</a> children [must] wear a cross knowing how spiritually beneficial it is for them. By wearing a cross the child is protected from evil forces, it invites the grace of the Holy Cross of Christ, it brings His Divine blessing upon the child, it gives the child a sense that he or she belongs to Christ, that he or she has a special identity, that of a Christian, it is a reminder that Christ is always with him/her, it reminds the child that Jesus died on the Cross to save him/her, that Jesus Christ is our Only Savior and the True God. By wearing a cross the child feels the love of God and gives the child hope and strength to overcome any obstacle in his or her life.<sup id="cite_ref-Konstantopoulos_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Konstantopoulos-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Christian_headcovering" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian headcovering">Christian headcovering</a> with a cloth veil was universally taught by the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bercot1992_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bercot1992-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, in many Christian denominations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox Church">Oriental Orthodox Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Ritualists" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Ritualists">Old Ritualists</a> of the Russian Christian tradition, as well in the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist Churches</a>, women wear headcoverings when <a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">praying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">worshipping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Basenkov2017_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basenkov2017-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell2010_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell2010-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In denominations of the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_holiness_movement" title="Conservative holiness movement">conservative holiness movement</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>, when in public, women are enjoined to wear clothing with sleeves extended past the elbows and "Women's hemlines are to be modestly below the knees" (cf. <a href="/wiki/Outward_holiness" title="Outward holiness">outward holiness</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-EWC2015_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EWC2015-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine Bath in Thessaloniki."><img alt="Byzantine Bath in Thessaloniki." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg/270px-Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg/405px-Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg/540px-Thessaloniki_Byzantine_baths_of_Ano_Poli_from_the_south.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6008" data-file-height="4008" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Bath_(Thessaloniki)" title="Byzantine Bath (Thessaloniki)">Byzantine Bath</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Byzantine Bath of Serjilla."><img alt="Byzantine Bath of Serjilla." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg/240px-Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg/360px-Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg/480px-Byzantine_Bath_of_Sergilla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Byzantine Bath of <a href="/wiki/Serjilla" title="Serjilla">Serjilla</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lavabo of the cloister of the Monastery of Guadalupe (Spain)."><img alt="Lavabo of the cloister of the Monastery of Guadalupe (Spain)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg/270px-PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg/405px-PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg/540px-PM_101305_E_Guadalupe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lavabo of the cloister of the <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Mary_of_Guadalupe" title="Monastery of Saint Mary of Guadalupe">Monastery of Guadalupe</a> (Spain).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chapel of the Byzantine Bath of Agkistro."><img alt="Chapel of the Byzantine Bath of Agkistro." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/240px-Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/360px-Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg/480px-Church_in_Agkistro_Byzantine_bath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chapel of the Byzantine Bath of <a href="/wiki/Agkistro" title="Agkistro">Agkistro</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 71.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 69.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ablution pool in a Russian Orthodox church."><img alt="Ablution pool in a Russian Orthodox church." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg/104px-Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg/156px-Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg/209px-Ablution_pool_in_a_RussianOrthodox_church_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1861" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ablution pool in a <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Orthodox church">Russian Orthodox church</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lavabo in the Cloister of the Monreale Cathedral (Italy)."><img alt="Lavabo in the Cloister of the Monreale Cathedral (Italy)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg/272px-Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg/408px-Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg/544px-Kreuzgang_Brunnenhof_Monreale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lavabo in the Cloister of the <a href="/wiki/Monreale_Cathedral" title="Monreale Cathedral">Monreale Cathedral</a> (Italy).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cantharus at the Monastery of Great Lavra (Greece)."><img alt="Cantharus at the Monastery of Great Lavra (Greece)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg/135px-Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg/202px-Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg/270px-Megistis_Lavras_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">Cantharus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra" title="Great Lavra">Monastery of Great Lavra</a> (Greece).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Batalha_(45793097964).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lavabo of Mosteiro da Batalha (Portugal)."><img alt="Lavabo of Mosteiro da Batalha (Portugal)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg/135px-Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg/202px-Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg/270px-Batalha_%2845793097964%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lavabo of <a href="/wiki/Batalha_Monastery" title="Batalha Monastery">Mosteiro da Batalha</a> (Portugal).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 97.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 95.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cantharus at Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius (Russia)."><img alt="Cantharus at Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius (Russia)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg/143px-Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg/215px-Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg/287px-Sergijew_Possad-16-Pavillon-Brunnenkapelle_vor_Mariae_Entschlafenskathedrale-gje.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4332" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">Cantharus</a> at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Lavra_of_St._Sergius" title="Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius">Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius</a> (Russia).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Verena of Zurzach; the patron saint of personal hygiene."><img alt="Verena of Zurzach; the patron saint of personal hygiene." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg/139px-Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg/208px-Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg/277px-Barmherzigkeit_der_Hl_Verena_1524.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1739" data-file-height="2258" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Verena_of_Zurzach" title="Verena of Zurzach">Verena of Zurzach</a>; the patron saint of personal hygiene.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Lavra_(3940484186).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cantharus at the Monastery of Great Lavra (Mount Athos)."><img alt="Cantharus at the Monastery of Great Lavra (Mount Athos)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg/135px-Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg/202px-Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg/270px-Great_Lavra_%283940484186%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cantharus_(Christianity)" title="Cantharus (Christianity)">Cantharus</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lavra" title="Great Lavra">Monastery of Great Lavra</a> (Mount Athos).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ablution_in_Christianity" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ablution in Christianity">Ablution in Christianity</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Churching_of_women" title="Churching of women">Churching of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_hygienical_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic hygienical jurisprudence">Islamic hygienical jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_health" title="Religion and health">Religion and health</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hygiene_in_Christianity&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9781611689556_p46-48-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-9781611689556_p46-48_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZ._Wahrman2016" class="citation book cs1">Z. Wahrman, Miryam (2016). <i>The Hand Book: Surviving in a Germ-Filled World</i>. University Press of New England. pp. 46–48. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781611689556" title="Special:BookSources/9781611689556"><bdi>9781611689556</bdi></a>. <q>Water plays a role in other Christian rituals as well. ... In the early days of Christianity, two to three centuries after Christ, the lavabo (Latin for "I wash myself"), a ritual handwashing vessel and bowl, was introduced as part of Church service.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hand+Book%3A+Surviving+in+a+Germ-Filled+World&rft.pages=46-48&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781611689556&rft.aulast=Z.+Wahrman&rft.aufirst=Miryam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Bulzacchelli_2006_19_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._Bulzacchelli2006" class="citation book cs1">H. Bulzacchelli, Richard (2006). <i>Judged by the Law of Freedom: A History of the Faith-works Controversy, and a Resolution in the Thought of St. Thomas Aquinas</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_America" title="University Press of America">University Press of America</a>. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761835011" title="Special:BookSources/9780761835011"><bdi>9780761835011</bdi></a>. <q>The Ethiopian and Coptic Churches distinguishes between clean and unclean meats, observes days of ritual purification, and keeps a kind of dual Sabbath on both Saturday and Sunday.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judged+by+the+Law+of+Freedom%3A+A+History+of+the+Faith-works+Controversy%2C+and+a+Resolution+in+the+Thought+of+St.+Thomas+Aquinas&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780761835011&rft.aulast=H.+Bulzacchelli&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riches_2000_ch._1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riches_2000_ch._1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riches_2000_ch._1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiches2000" class="citation book cs1">Riches, John (2000). <i>The Bible: A Very Short Introduction</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. ch. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192853431" title="Special:BookSources/978-0192853431"><bdi>978-0192853431</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=ch.+1&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0192853431&rft.aulast=Riches&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortmann2013" class="citation book cs1">Portmann, John (2013). <i>The Ethics of Sex and Alzheimer's</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 13–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135122126" title="Special:BookSources/9781135122126"><bdi>9781135122126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ethics+of+Sex+and+Alzheimer%27s&rft.pages=13-18&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781135122126&rft.aulast=Portmann&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnglerMichael2016" class="citation book cs1">Engler, Stausberg; Michael, Jackson (2016). <i>The Oxford Handbook of the Study of Religion</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 610–615. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198729570" title="Special:BookSources/9780198729570"><bdi>9780198729570</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=610-615&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780198729570&rft.aulast=Engler&rft.aufirst=Stausberg&rft.au=Michael%2C+Jackson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E._Clark-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-E._Clark_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-E._Clark_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Clark, Mary (2006). <i>Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications</i>. University of Michigan Press. p. 613. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973" title="Special:BookSources/9780721625973"><bdi>9780721625973</bdi></a>. <q>Douching is commonly practiced in Catholic countries. The bidet ... is still commonly found in France and other Catholic countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Implications&rft.pages=613&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780721625973&rft.aulast=E.+Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeMello2007" class="citation book cs1">DeMello, Margo (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of Body Adornment</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-Clio" title="ABC-Clio">ABC-Clio</a>. p. 66. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313336959" title="Special:BookSources/9780313336959"><bdi>9780313336959</bdi></a>. <q>Coptic Christians, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Eritrean Orthodox churches on the other hand, do observe the ordainment, and circumcise their sons anywhere from the first week of life to the first few years.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Body+Adornment&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=ABC-Clio&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313336959&rft.aulast=DeMello&rft.aufirst=Margo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferguson2013-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ferguson2013_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerguson2013" class="citation book cs1">Ferguson, Everett (2013). <i>Encyclopedia of Early Christianity: Second Edition</i>. Routledge. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-61158-2"><bdi>978-1-136-61158-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Early+Christianity%3A+Second+Edition&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-61158-2&rft.aulast=Ferguson&rft.aufirst=Everett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stutzman-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stutzman_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stutzman_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStutzman2011" class="citation book cs1">Stutzman, Paul Fike (1 January 2011). <i>Recovering the Love Feast: Broadening Our Eucharistic Celebrations</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7317-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-7317-6"><bdi>978-1-4982-7317-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recovering+the+Love+Feast%3A+Broadening+Our+Eucharistic+Celebrations&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2011-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-7317-6&rft.aulast=Stutzman&rft.aufirst=Paul+Fike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Warsh-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Warsh_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Warsh_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Krasnick_Warsh" title="Cheryl Krasnick Warsh">Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick</a> (2006). <i>Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective</i>. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889209121" title="Special:BookSources/9780889209121"><bdi>9780889209121</bdi></a>. <q>... From Fleming's perspective, the transition to Christianity required a good dose of personal and public hygiene ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Health+Issues+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780889209121&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Krasnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mary_Thurlkill-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mary_Thurlkill_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlkill2016" class="citation book cs1">Thurlkill, Mary (2016). <i>Sacred Scents in Early Christianity and Islam: Studies in Body and Religion</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 6–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739174531" title="Special:BookSources/978-0739174531"><bdi>978-0739174531</bdi></a>. <q>... Clement of Alexandria (d. c. 215 CE) allowed that bathing contributed to good health and hygiene ... Christian skeptics could not easily dissuade the baths' practical popularity, however; popes continued to build baths situated within church basilicas and monasteries throughout the early medieval period ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Scents+in+Early+Christianity+and+Islam%3A+Studies+in+Body+and+Religion&rft.pages=6-11&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0739174531&rft.aulast=Thurlkill&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black_2019_61-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Black_2019_61_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Black_2019_61_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2019" class="citation book cs1">Black, Winston (2019). <i>The Middle Ages: Facts and Fictions</i>. ABC-CLIO. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440862328" title="Special:BookSources/9781440862328"><bdi>9781440862328</bdi></a>. <q>Public baths were common in the larger towns and cities of Europe by the twelfth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Facts+and+Fictions&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781440862328&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Winston&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i>Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 2226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=2226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paolo_Squatriti-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paolo_Squatriti_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquatriti2002" class="citation book cs1">Squatriti, Paolo (2002). <i>Water and Society in Early Medieval Italy, AD 400–1000, Parti 400–1000</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522069" title="Special:BookSources/9780521522069"><bdi>9780521522069</bdi></a>. <q>... but baths were normally considered therapeutic until the days of Gregory the Great, who understood virtuous bathing to be bathing "on account of the needs of body" ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Italy%2C+AD+400%E2%80%931000%2C+Parti+400%E2%80%931000&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780521522069&rft.aulast=Squatriti&rft.aufirst=Paolo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASpiritualHistory-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ASpiritualHistory_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBradley2012" class="citation book cs1">Bradley, Ian (2012). <i>Water: A Spiritual History</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441167675" title="Special:BookSources/9781441167675"><bdi>9781441167675</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781441167675&rft.aulast=Bradley&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Newell_2006_40-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Newell_2006_40_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Newell_2006_40_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2006" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Stephanie (2006). <i>International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions</i>. Ohio University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821417096" title="Special:BookSources/9780821417096"><bdi>9780821417096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopaedia+of+Tribal+Religion%3A+Christianity+and+tribal+religions&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780821417096&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Channa_2009_284-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Channa_2009_284_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Channa_2009_284_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanna2009" class="citation book cs1">Channa, Subhadra (2009). <i>The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177550504" title="Special:BookSources/9788177550504"><bdi>9788177550504</bdi></a>. <q>A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth–powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forger%27s+Tale%3A+The+Search+for+Odeziaku&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788177550504&rft.aulast=Channa&rft.aufirst=Subhadra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_2015_284-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2015_284_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_2015_284_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John (2015). <i>Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity</i>. Routledge. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317413981" title="Special:BookSources/9781317413981"><bdi>9781317413981</bdi></a>. <q>cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelising+the+Nation%3A+Religion+and+the+Formation+of+Naga+Political+Identity&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317413981&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2019:10&version=nrsv">Exodus 19:10</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Exodus%2030:19–21&version=nrsv">Exodus 30:19–21</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%208:6&version=nrsv">Leviticus 8:6</a>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%208:21&version=nrsv">Numbers 8:21</a>, etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0315.htm#13">Leviticus 15:13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0315.htm#11">Leviticus 15:11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt2626.htm#6">Psalms 26:6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0230.htm#18">Exodus 30:18–20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugler, Hartin, pp. 82–83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kugler,_Hartin,_p.82-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kugler,_Hartin,_p.82_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kugler, Hartin, p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Rogerson, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balentine_2002,_p.8-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Balentine_2002,_p.8_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balentine (2002), p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gorman, pp. 10–11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2015:2&version=nrsv">(Matthew 15:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:3–4&version=nrsv">Mark 7:3–4</a>, cf. "unwashed" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2015:20&version=nrsv">Mt. 15:20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:2&version=nrsv">Mk. 7:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2011:38&version=nrsv">Lk. 11:38</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%209:7&version=nrsv">Jn. 9:7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%209:11&version=nrsv">Jn. 9:11</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%209:15&version=nrsv">Jn. 9:15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%209:37&version=nrsv">Acts 9:37</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%205:2&version=nrsv">Lk. 5:2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%206:17&version=nrsv">Matt. 6:17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2016:33&version=nrsv">Acts 16:33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:24&version=nrsv">Matt. 27:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2013:5–14&version=nrsv">Jn. 13:5–14</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%205:10&version=nrsv">1 Tim. 5:10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amnetwork.uk/resource/feetwashing-in-the-church-of-the-brethren/">"Feetwashing in the Church of the Brethren"</a>. Anabaptist Mennonite Network<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feetwashing+in+the+Church+of+the+Brethren&rft.pub=Anabaptist+Mennonite+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famnetwork.uk%2Fresource%2Ffeetwashing-in-the-church-of-the-brethren%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bromiley, Geoffrey W. <i>International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.</i> Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company; Revised edition (1979). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3781-6">0-8028-3781-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:24&version=nrsv">Matthew 27:24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2023:25&version=nrsv">Matt. 23:25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:1–5&version=nrsv">Mark 7:1–5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTheophylact_of_Bulgaria1993" class="citation cs2">Theophylact of Bulgaria, Blessed (1993), <i>The Explanation of the Holy Gospel According to St. Mark</i>, House Springs, MO: Chrysostomos Press, p. 58, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9635183-3-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9635183-3-X"><bdi>0-9635183-3-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Explanation+of+the+Holy+Gospel+According+to+St.+Mark&rft.place=House+Springs%2C+MO&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Chrysostomos+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-9635183-3-X&rft.aulast=Theophylact+of+Bulgaria&rft.aufirst=Blessed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%207:4&version=nrsv">Mark 7:4</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%206:28&version=nrsv">Leviticus 6:28</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2011:32–36&version=nrsv">Leviticus 11:32–36</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Leviticus%2015:22&version=nrsv">Leviticus 15:22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2021:26&version=nrsv">Acts 21:26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibson1903-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gibson1903_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1903" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Margaret Dunlop (1903). <i>The Didascalia Apostolorum in English</i>. C.J. Clay. pp. 9–10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Didascalia+Apostolorum+in+English&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=C.J.+Clay&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Dunlop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Squatriti-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Squatriti_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarsh2006" class="citation book cs1">Warsh, Cheryl Krasnick (2006). <i>Children's Health Issues in Historical Perspective</i>. Veronica Strong-Boag. Wilfrid Laurier Univ. Press. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780889209121" title="Special:BookSources/9780889209121"><bdi>9780889209121</bdi></a>. <q>... Thus bathing also was considered a part of good health practice. For example, Tertullian attended the baths and believed them hygienic. Clement of Alexandria, while condemning excesses, had given guidelines for Christians who wished to attend the baths ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Health+Issues+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+Univ.+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780889209121&rft.aulast=Warsh&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Krasnick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, p. 2226, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=2226&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pero Tafur <i>Travels and Adventures 1435–1439</i> Routledge, 2004. p.225</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marcus Louis Rautman <i>Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire</i>. Greenwood Press, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-32437-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-32437-9">0-313-32437-9</a> p.77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKourkoutidou-NikolaidouTourta1997" class="citation cs2">Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou, E.; Tourta, A. (1997), <i>Wandering in Byzantine Thessaloniki</i>, Kapon Editions, p. 88, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/960-7254-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/960-7254-47-3"><bdi>960-7254-47-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wandering+in+Byzantine+Thessaloniki&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Kapon+Editions&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=960-7254-47-3&rft.aulast=Kourkoutidou-Nikolaidou&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Tourta%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyrtsioti2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Myrtsioti, Giota (6 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kathimerini.gr/818088/article/politismos/polh/ena-vyzantino-loytro-800-etwn-anoigei-kai-pali">"Ενα βυζαντινό λουτρό 800 ετών ανοίγει και πάλι"</a> (in Greek). <a href="/wiki/Kathimerini" title="Kathimerini">Kathimerini</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 June</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%CE%95%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CE%B2%CF%85%CE%B6%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%8C+%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CF%81%CF%8C+800+%CE%B5%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD+%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%B9+%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9+%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B9&rft.pub=Kathimerini&rft.date=2015-06-06&rft.aulast=Myrtsioti&rft.aufirst=Giota&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kathimerini.gr%2F818088%2Farticle%2Fpolitismos%2Fpolh%2Fena-vyzantino-loytro-800-etwn-anoigei-kai-pali&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112210944/http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/moscowtravel/ss/moscowchristmasphotos_7.htm">"Epiphany in Russia – Baptism of Jesus"</a>. Goeasteurope.about.com. December 9, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goeasteurope.about.com/od/moscowtravel/ss/moscowchristmasphotos_7.htm">the original</a> on January 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Epiphany+in+Russia+%E2%80%93+Baptism+of+Jesus&rft.pub=Goeasteurope.about.com&rft.date=2011-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgoeasteurope.about.com%2Fod%2Fmoscowtravel%2Fss%2Fmoscowchristmasphotos_7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes2017" class="citation book cs1">Barnes, Philip (2017). <i>Streams of Healing Grace</i>. Walsingham Review. pp. 12–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Streams+of+Healing+Grace&rft.pages=12-13&rft.pub=Walsingham+Review&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ArthurAshpitel1851-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ArthurAshpitel1851_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshpitel1851" class="citation book cs1">Ashpitel, Arthur (1851). <i>Observations on baths and wash-houses</i>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/60239734">60239734</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/501833155">501833155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Observations+on+baths+and+wash-houses&rft.date=1851&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F501833155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F60239734%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ashpitel&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinschmidt_2005_61-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinschmidt_2005_61_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinschmidt_2005_61_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinschmidt2005" class="citation book cs1">Kleinschmidt, Harald (2005). <i>Perception and Action in Medieval Europe</i>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781843831464" title="Special:BookSources/9781843831464"><bdi>9781843831464</bdi></a>. <q>The evidence of early medieval laws that enforced punishments for the destruction of bathing houses suggests that such buildings were not rare. That they ... took a bath every week. At places in southern Europe, Roman baths remained in use or were even restored ... The Paris city scribe Nicolas Boileau noted the existence of twenty-six public baths in Paris in 1272</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perception+and+Action+in+Medieval+Europe&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781843831464&rft.aulast=Kleinschmidt&rft.aufirst=Harald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHembry1990" class="citation book cs1">Hembry, Phyllis (1990). <i>The English Spa, 1560–1815: A Social History</i>. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780838633915" title="Special:BookSources/9780838633915"><bdi>9780838633915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Spa%2C+1560%E2%80%931815%3A+A+Social+History&rft.pub=Fairleigh+Dickinson+Univ+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780838633915&rft.aulast=Hembry&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mack, 1992, 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170130223521/http://historymedren.about.com/od/dailylifesociety/a/bod_weddings.htm">"The Bad Old Days – Weddings & Hygiene"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymedren.about.com/od/dailylifesociety/a/bod_weddings.htm">the original</a> on 2017-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-08-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bad+Old+Days+%E2%80%93+Weddings+%26+Hygiene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistorymedren.about.com%2Fod%2Fdailylifesociety%2Fa%2Fbod_weddings.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vlib.us/medieval/lectures/black_death.html">The Great Famine (1315–1317) and the Black Death (1346–1351)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middle-ages.org.uk/middle-ages-hygiene.htm">Middle Ages Hygiene</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anionic and Related Lime Soap Dispersants, Raymond G. Bistline Jr., in <i>Anionic Surfactants: Organic Chemistry</i>, Helmut Stache, ed., Volume 56 of Surfactant science series, CRC Press, 1996, chapter 11, p. 632, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-9394-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-9394-3">0-8247-9394-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGregg1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Gregg" title="Pauline Gregg">Gregg, Pauline</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2v69fUCDxYC&pg=PA218"><i>King Charles I</i></a>. London: Dent. p. 218. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780460044370" title="Special:BookSources/9780460044370"><bdi>9780460044370</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9944510">9944510</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=King+Charles+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=218&rft.pub=Dent&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9944510&rft.isbn=9780460044370&rft.aulast=Gregg&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2v69fUCDxYC%26pg%3DPA218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleigh,_Bogs2002" class="citation book cs1">Eveleigh, Bogs (2002). <i>Baths and Basins: The Story of Domestic Sanitation</i>. Stroud, England: Sutton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baths+and+Basins%3A+The+Story+of+Domestic+Sanitation&rft.pub=Stroud%2C+England%3A+Sutton&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Eveleigh%2C+Bogs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salvationarmy-newyork.org/SSGNY/index.php?id=_about-history">History of The Salvation Army – Social Services of Greater New York</a>, retrieved 30 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107004550/http://www.salvationarmy-newyork.org/SSGNY/index.php?id=_about-history">Archived</a> 7 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuth_Deardorff2018" class="citation book cs1">Ruth Deardorff, Neva (2018). <i>The Promotion of the Welfare and Hygiene of Maternity and Infancy</i>. Ohio State University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191503023" title="Special:BookSources/9780191503023"><bdi>9780191503023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Promotion+of+the+Welfare+and+Hygiene+of+Maternity+and+Infancy&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9780191503023&rft.aulast=Ruth+Deardorff&rft.aufirst=Neva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hallelujahladsla00taiz_0">Hallelujah Lads and Lasses: Remaking the Salvation Army in America, 1880–1930</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/christianityinac0000gari">Christianity in Action: The History of the International Salvation Army</a> p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreaves2017" class="citation book cs1">Greaves, Ian (2017). <i>Oxford Manual of Major Incident Management</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191503023" title="Special:BookSources/9780191503023"><bdi>9780191503023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Manual+of+Major+Incident+Management&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780191503023&rft.aulast=Greaves&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsafoBerchie2016" class="citation book cs1">Asafo, Dziedzorm; Berchie, Daniel (2016). <i>The Bible, Cultural Identity, and Missions</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 78–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443892896" title="Special:BookSources/9781443892896"><bdi>9781443892896</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%2C+Cultural+Identity%2C+and+Missions&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=78-88&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781443892896&rft.aulast=Asafo&rft.aufirst=Dziedzorm&rft.au=Berchie%2C+Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrypma2008" class="citation book cs1">Grypma, Sonya (2008). <i>Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888–1947</i>. University of British Columbia Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774858212" title="Special:BookSources/9780774858212"><bdi>9780774858212</bdi></a>. <q>the Gospel of Christ was central to the "missionary" aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to "nursing" aspect of their works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Henan%3A+Canadian+Nurses+at+the+North+China+Mission%2C+1888%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780774858212&rft.aulast=Grypma&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Kedron (2011). <i>Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala</i>. Duke University Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822349587" title="Special:BookSources/9780822349587"><bdi>9780822349587</bdi></a>. <q>Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of Christian civility ...Identifying the rural poor as "The Great Unwashed," Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on health and hygiene, ... of personal hygiene" (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+City%3A+Neoliberalism%2C+Space%2C+and+Insecurity+in+Postwar+Guatemala&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780822349587&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Kedron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bauman2008" class="citation book cs1">M. Bauman, Chad (2008). <i>Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868–1947</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862761" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862761"><bdi>9780802862761</bdi></a>. <q>Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh ... The missionaries had made no secret of preaching "soap" along with "salvation,"..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Identity+and+Dalit+Religion+in+Hindu+India%2C+1868%E2%80%931947&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802862761&rft.aulast=M.+Bauman&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaral2005" class="citation book cs1">Baral, K. C. (2005). <i>Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India</i>. North Eastern Hill University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125028123" title="Special:BookSources/9788125028123"><bdi>9788125028123</bdi></a>. <q>where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Ethnography+and+Fiction%3A+Verrier+Elwin+and+the+Tribal+Question+in+India&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=North+Eastern+Hill+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788125028123&rft.aulast=Baral&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. Gelman (2011). <i>Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories</i>. Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004253612" title="Special:BookSources/9789004253612"><bdi>9789004253612</bdi></a>. <q>CLEANLINESS AND GODLINESS: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God – or rather the Protestant</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleanliness+and+Culture%3A+Indonesian+Histories&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+and+Caribbean+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004253612&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Hyaeweol (2009). <i>Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul–California Series in Korean Studies, Volume 1</i>. University of California Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520098695" title="Special:BookSources/9780520098695"><bdi>9780520098695</bdi></a>. <q>In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Mission+Encounters+in+Korea%3A+New+Women%2C+Old+Ways%3A+Seoul%E2%80%93California+Series+in+Korean+Studies%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780520098695&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hyaeweol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Clark2006" class="citation book cs1">E. Clark, Mary (2006). <i>Contemporary Biology: Concepts and Implications</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780721625973" title="Special:BookSources/9780721625973"><bdi>9780721625973</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Biology%3A+Concepts+and+Implications&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780721625973&rft.aulast=E.+Clark&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Made in Naples. Come Napoli ha civilizzato l'Europa (e come continua a farlo)</i> [<i>Made in Naples. How Naples civilised Europe (And still does it)</i>] (in Italian). Addictions-Magenes Editoriale. 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8866490395" title="Special:BookSources/978-8866490395"><bdi>978-8866490395</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Made+in+Naples.+Come+Napoli+ha+civilizzato+l%27Europa+%28e+come+continua+a+farlo%29&rft.pub=Addictions-Magenes+Editoriale&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-8866490395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.biginfinland.com/hose-always-next-every-finnish-toilet/">"Bidets in Finland"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley2012-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2012_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2012_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2012). <i>Water: A Spiritual History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>. <q>It was probably out of the Jewish rite that the practice developed among early Christians, especially in the east, of washing their hands and feet before going into church. Early Christian basilicas had a fountain for ablutions, known as cantharus or phiala, and usually placed in the centre of the atrium. They are still found in some Eastern Orthodox churches, notably at the monastery of Laura at Mount Athos, where the phiala is an imposing structure in front of the entrance covered by a dome resting on eight pillars. In several Orthodox churches today worshippers take off heir shoes and wash their feet before entering the church just as Muslims do before going into a mosque.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Soloviĭ68-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Soloviĭ68_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoloviĭ1970" class="citation book cs1">Soloviĭ, Meletiĭ M. (1970). <i>Eastern Liturgical Theology: General Introduction</i>. Ukrainian Catholic Religion and Culture Society of Etobicoke (Toronto) and Ukrainian Catholic Youth of Canada. p. 68. <q>In the Book of Exodus (30, 18–20) Aaron and his sons were required to wash before approaching the altar. Here water is used as a symbol of purification and expiation. But water is also the most common and most indispensable drink. ... So much was the practice a part of the life of the early Church, that in the period after Constantine the "cantharus", or water fountain, became a standard fixture in the courtyard before the basilica to permit the faithful to purify themselves before entering the presence of God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Liturgical+Theology%3A+General+Introduction&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Ukrainian+Catholic+Religion+and+Culture+Society+of+Etobicoke+%28Toronto%29+and+Ukrainian+Catholic+Youth+of+Canada&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Solovi%C4%AD&rft.aufirst=Meleti%C4%AD+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A History of the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom</i>. Pont. Institutum Studiorum Orientalium. 1978. p. 164. <q>In more recent times, both the Bernini fountains that grace St. Peter's Square and the holy water stoups of Roman rite churches are relics of the same phenomenon: they trace their origin to the fountains that were placed in the esonarthex of early Christian houses of worship so that the faithful could wash before entering church.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Liturgy+of+St.+John+Chrysostom&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=Pont.+Institutum+Studiorum+Orientalium&rft.date=1978&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DanielouOrigen2016-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DanielouOrigen2016_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanielou2016" class="citation book cs1">Danielou, Jean (2016). <i>Origen</i>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-9023-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4982-9023-4"><bdi>978-1-4982-9023-4</bdi></a>. <q>Peterson quotes a passage from the <i>Acts of Hipparchus and Philotheus</i>: "In Hipparchus's house there was a specially decorated room and a cross was painted on the east wall of it. There before the image of the cross, they used to pray seven times a day ... with their faces turned to the east." It is easy to see the importance of this passage when you compare it with what Origen says. The custom of turning towards the rising sun when praying had been replaced by the habit of turning towards the east wall. This we find in Origen. From the other passage we see that a cross had been painted on the wall to show which was the east. Hence the origin of the practice of hanging crucifixes on the walls of the private rooms in Christian houses. We know too that signs were put up in the Jewish synagogues to show the direction of Jerusalem, because the Jews turned that way when they said their prayers. The question of the proper way to face for prayer has always been of great importance in the East. It is worth remembering that Mohammedans pray with their faces turned towards Mecca and that one reason for the condemnation of Al Hallaj, the Mohammedan martyr, was that he refused to conform to this practice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origen&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4982-9023-4&rft.aulast=Danielou&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalleeny2020-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kalleeny2020_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKalleeny" class="citation web cs1">Kalleeny, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suscopts.org/mightyarrows/east.html">"Why We Face the EAST"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orlando,_Florida" title="Orlando, Florida">Orlando</a>: St Mary and Archangel Michael Church<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>Christians in Syria as well, in the second century, would place the cross in the direction of the East towards which people in their homes or churches prayed. The direction to which Christians prayed symbolized their souls facing God, talking with him, and sharing their spirituality with the Lord.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+We+Face+the+EAST&rft.place=Orlando&rft.pub=St+Mary+and+Archangel+Michael+Church&rft.aulast=Kalleeny&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suscopts.org%2Fmightyarrows%2Feast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHippolytus_of_Rome" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus of Rome</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stjohnsarlingtonva.org/Customer-Content/saintjohnsarlington/CMS/files/EFM/Apostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf"><i>The Apostolic Tradition of Hippolytus of Rome</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St. John's Episcopal Church. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Apostolic+Tradition+of+Hippolytus+of+Rome&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=St.+John%27s+Episcopal+Church&rft.au=Hippolytus+of+Rome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stjohnsarlingtonva.org%2FCustomer-Content%2Fsaintjohnsarlington%2FCMS%2Ffiles%2FEFM%2FApostolic_Tradition_by_Hippolytus.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith1909-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith1909_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1909" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Bertha H. (1909). "The Bath as a Religious Rite among Mohammedans". <i>Modern Sanitation</i>. <b>7</b> (1). Standard Sanitary Mfg. Co. <q>The Copts, descendants of these ancient Egyptians, although Christians, have the custom of washing their hands and faces before prayer, and some also wash their feet.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Sanitation&rft.atitle=The+Bath+as+a+Religious+Rite+among+Mohammedans&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Bertha+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards1908-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Richards1908_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1908" class="citation book cs1">Richards, William Joseph (1908). <i>The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas</i>. Bemrose. p. 98. <q>We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Christians+of+St.+Thomas%3A+Otherwise+Called+the+Syrian+Christians+of+Malabar%3A+a+Sketch+of+Their+History+and+an+Account+of+Their+Present+Condition+as+Well+as+a+Discussion+of+the+Legend+of+St.+Thomas&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=Bemrose&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=William+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amherst1906-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amherst1906_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney1906" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cecil,_2nd_Baroness_Amherst_of_Hackney" title="Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney">Mary Cecil, 2nd Baroness Amherst of Hackney</a> (1906). <i>A Sketch of Egyptian History from the Earliest Times to the Present Day</i>. Methuen. p. 399. <q>Prayers 7 times a day are enjoined, and the most strict among the Copts recite one of more of the Psalms of David each time they pray. They always wash their hands and faces before devotions, and turn to the East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Sketch+of+Egyptian+History+from+the+Earliest+Times+to+the+Present+Day&rft.pages=399&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Mary+Cecil%2C+2nd+Baroness+Amherst+of+Hackney&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EOTC2020-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EOTC2020_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.ca/prayers-church">"Prayers of the Church"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Church" title="Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church">Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2020</span>. <q>All the faithful should strive to pray seven times a day & at the following hours: Upon rising from bed in the morning & before eating & commencing any task. Wash your hands & pray standing.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prayers+of+the+Church&rft.pub=Ethiopian+Orthodox+Tewahedo+Church&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethiopianorthodoxchurch.ca%2Fprayers-church&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trader2022-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Trader2022_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrader2022" class="citation web cs1">Trader, Alexis (18 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://odosa.org/news/article-on-headcoverings">"Modesty, History, Veils, and Head-coverings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Church_in_America" title="Orthodox Church in America">Orthodox Church in America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modesty%2C+History%2C+Veils%2C+and+Head-coverings&rft.pub=Orthodox+Church+in+America&rft.date=2022-10-18&rft.aulast=Trader&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fodosa.org%2Fnews%2Farticle-on-headcoverings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Bradley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a> (2 November 2012). <i>Water: A Spiritual History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-6767-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-6767-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Water%3A+A+Spiritual+History&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012-11-02&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-6767-5&rft.au=Ian+Bradley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kosloski2017-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kosloski2017_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloski2017" class="citation web cs1">Kosloski, Philip (16 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2017/10/16/did-you-know-muslims-pray-in-a-similar-way-to-some-christians/">"Did you know Muslims pray in a similar way to some Christians?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aleteia" title="Aleteia">Aleteia</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The first argument they consider is that circumcision is tantamount to an unjustifiable form of mutilation. The second argument is that, because circumcision is not a strictly therapeutic procedure, parents are not justified in giving consent for it on behalf of their child. As ethicists for a large Catholic health system, we have encountered a third argument opposing the practice, particularly in Catholic hospitals. In short, this argument is that the practice of circumcising male neonates is a violation of the natural law as conceived within the Catholic moral tradition and Church teaching. ... We are unaware of the Catholic Church explicitly addressing the practice of circumcising male infants in any of its official teachings.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+Ethics+of+Neonatal+Male+Circumcision%3A+A+Catholic+Perspective&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=62-64&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38064474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12859824&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F152651603766436306&rft.aulast=Slosar&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft.au=D.+O%27Brien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-N._Stearns_2008_179-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-N._Stearns_2008_179_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Stearns2008" class="citation book cs1">N. Stearns, Peter (2008). <i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 179. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195176322" title="Special:BookSources/9780195176322"><bdi>9780195176322</bdi></a>. <q>Uniformly practiced by Jews, Muslims, and the members of Coptic, Ethiopian, and Eritrean Orthodox Churches, male circumcision remains prevalent in many regions of the world, particularly Africa, South and East Asia, Oceania, and Anglosphere countries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195176322&rft.aulast=N.+Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Doorn-Harder2006" class="citation journal cs1">Van Doorn-Harder, Nelly (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120244/http://www.omnilogos.com/2014/11/christianity-coptic-christianity.html">"Christianity: Coptic Christianity"</a>. <i>Worldmark Encyclopedia of Religious Practices</i>. <b>1</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnilogos.com/2014/11/christianity-coptic-christianity.html">the original</a> on 2015-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Worldmark+Encyclopedia+of+Religious+Practices&rft.atitle=Christianity%3A+Coptic+Christianity&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Van+Doorn-Harder&rft.aufirst=Nelly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnilogos.com%2F2014%2F11%2Fchristianity-coptic-christianity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Columbia_encyc_2011_circ_107-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/science/circumcision.html">"Circumcision"</a>. <i>Columbia Encyclopedia</i>. Columbia University Press. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Circumcision&rft.btitle=Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoplease.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fscience%2Fcircumcision.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGruenbaum2015" class="citation book cs1">Gruenbaum, Ellen (2015). <i>The Female Circumcision Controversy: An Anthropological Perspective</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812292510" title="Special:BookSources/9780812292510"><bdi>9780812292510</bdi></a>. <q>Christian theology generally interprets male circumcision to be an Old Testament rule that is no longer an obligation ... though in many countries (especially the United States and Sub-Saharan Africa, but not so much in Europe) it is widely practiced among Christians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Female+Circumcision+Controversy%3A+An+Anthropological+Perspective&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780812292510&rft.aulast=Gruenbaum&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunting2012" class="citation book cs1">Hunting, Katherine (2012). <i>Essential Case Studies in Public Health: Putting Public Health Into Practice</i>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781449648756" title="Special:BookSources/9781449648756"><bdi>9781449648756</bdi></a>. <q>Neonatal circumcision is the general practice among Jews, Christians, and many, but not all Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Case+Studies+in+Public+Health%3A+Putting+Public+Health+Into+Practice&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781449648756&rft.aulast=Hunting&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Wylie2015" class="citation book cs1">R. Wylie, Kevan (2015). <i>ABC of Sexual Health</i>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118665695" title="Special:BookSources/9781118665695"><bdi>9781118665695</bdi></a>. <q>Although it is mostly common and required in male newborns with Moslem or Jewish backgrounds, certain Christian-dominant countries such as the United States also practice it commonly.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ABC+of+Sexual+Health&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781118665695&rft.aulast=R.+Wylie&rft.aufirst=Kevan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Peteet2017" class="citation book cs1">R. Peteet, John (2017). <i>Spirituality and Religion Within the Culture of Medicine: From Evidence to Practice</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 97–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190272432" title="Special:BookSources/9780190272432"><bdi>9780190272432</bdi></a>. <q>male circumcision is still observed among Ethiopian and Coptic Christians, and circumcision rates are also high today in the Philippines and the US.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirituality+and+Religion+Within+the+Culture+of+Medicine%3A+From+Evidence+to+Practice&rft.pages=97-101&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780190272432&rft.aulast=R.+Peteet&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._Ellwood2008" class="citation book cs1">S. Ellwood, Robert (2008). <i>The Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781438110387" title="Special:BookSources/9781438110387"><bdi>9781438110387</bdi></a>. <q>It is obligatory among Jews, Muslims, and Coptic Christians. Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant Christians do not require circumcision. Starting in the last half of the 19th century, however, circumcision also became common among Christians in Europe and especially in North America.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781438110387&rft.aulast=S.+Ellwood&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle2006-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pringle2006_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle2009" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Phil (2009). <i>Inspired to Pray: The Art of Seeking God</i>. Gospel Light Publications. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-4811-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8307-4811-2"><bdi>978-0-8307-4811-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inspired+to+Pray%3A+The+Art+of+Seeking+God&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Gospel+Light+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8307-4811-2&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaltersPortmess2001-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaltersPortmess2001_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltersPortmess2001" class="citation book cs1">Walters, Kerry S.; Portmess, Lisa (2001). <i>Religious Vegetarianism: From Hesiod to the Dalai Lama</i>. SUNY Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791490679" title="Special:BookSources/9780791490679"><bdi>9780791490679</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Vegetarianism%3A+From+Hesiod+to+the+Dalai+Lama&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780791490679&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Kerry+S.&rft.au=Portmess%2C+Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ParkerPope2011-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ParkerPope2011_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker-Pope2011" class="citation web cs1">Parker-Pope, Tara (11 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/03/11/going-vegan-for-lent/">"Going Vegan for Lent"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Going+Vegan+for+Lent&rft.date=2011-03-11&rft.aulast=Parker-Pope&rft.aufirst=Tara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwell.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2011%2F03%2F11%2Fgoing-vegan-for-lent%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salamon1999-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salamon1999_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamon1999" class="citation book cs1">Salamon, Hagar (1999). <i>Ethiopian Jews in Christian Ethiopia</i>. University of California Press. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92301-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-92301-0"><bdi>978-0-520-92301-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Christians do "<i>Basema ab wawald wamanfas qeeus ahadu amlak</i>" [in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit one God] and then slaughter. The Jews say "<i>Baruch yitharek amlak yisrael</i>" [Blessed is the King (God) of Israel].</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethiopian+Jews+in+Christian+Ethiopia&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-520-92301-0&rft.aulast=Salamon&rft.aufirst=Hagar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Efron2008-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Efron2008_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEfron2008" class="citation book cs1">Efron, John M. (2008). <i>Medicine and the German Jews: A History</i>. Yale University Press. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13359-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13359-2"><bdi>978-0-300-13359-2</bdi></a>. <q>By contrast, the most common mode of slaughtering four-legged animals among Christians in the nineteenth century was through the deliverance of a stunning blow to the head, usually with a mallet or poleax.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medicine+and+the+German+Jews%3A+A+History&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13359-2&rft.aulast=Efron&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrumettMuers2010-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrumettMuers2010_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrumettMuers2010" class="citation book cs1">Grumett, David; Muers, Rachel (2010). <i>Theology on the Menu: Asceticism, Meat and Christian Diet</i>. Routledge. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18832-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-18832-0"><bdi>978-1-135-18832-0</bdi></a>. <q>The Armenian and other Orthodox rituals of slaughter display obvious links with <i>shechitah</i>, Jewish kosher slaughter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+on+the+Menu%3A+Asceticism%2C+Meat+and+Christian+Diet&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-135-18832-0&rft.aulast=Grumett&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Muers%2C+Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masri1989-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masri1989_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasri1989" class="citation book cs1">Masri, Basheer Ahmad (1989). <i>Animals in Islam</i>. Athene Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781870603010" title="Special:BookSources/9781870603010"><bdi>9781870603010</bdi></a>. <q>Both the Jewish and the Christian methods of slaughter fulfill the Islamic condition of bleeding the animal.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Islam&rft.pub=Athene+Trust&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781870603010&rft.aulast=Masri&rft.aufirst=Basheer+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geisler1989-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geisler1989_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisler1989" class="citation book cs1">Geisler, Norman L. (1989). <i>Christian Ethics: Contemporary Issues and Options</i>. Baker Books. p. 334. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781585580538" title="Special:BookSources/9781585580538"><bdi>9781585580538</bdi></a>. <q><i>The eating of animals is not forbidden.</i> The Scriptures do not forbid the eating and partaking of animals. This does not mean that all animals are to be eaten (Mark 7:19; Acts 11:9; 1 Tim. 4:4). It is clear in the Scriptures that we are not supposed to eat animals that are alive or with blood (Gen. 9:2–4; Deut. 12:16, 23–24).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Ethics%3A+Contemporary+Issues+and+Options&rft.pages=334&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9781585580538&rft.aulast=Geisler&rft.aufirst=Norman+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McKnight2010-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McKnight2010_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKnight2010" class="citation book cs1">McKnight, Scot (2010). <i>Fasting: The Ancient Practices</i>. Thomas Nelson. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781418576134" title="Special:BookSources/9781418576134"><bdi>9781418576134</bdi></a>. <q>John Wesley, in his <i>Journal</i>, wrote on Friday, August 17, 1739, that "many of our society met, as we had appointed, at one in the afternoon and agreed that all members of our society should obey the Church to which we belong by observing 'all Fridays in the year' as 'days of fasting and abstinence.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasting%3A+The+Ancient+Practices&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781418576134&rft.aulast=McKnight&rft.aufirst=Scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Synan1997-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Synan1997_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynan1997" class="citation book cs1">Synan, Vinson (1997). <i>The Holiness-Pentecostal Tradition: Charismatic Movements in the Twentieth Century</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802841032" title="Special:BookSources/9780802841032"><bdi>9780802841032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Holiness-Pentecostal+Tradition%3A+Charismatic+Movements+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780802841032&rft.aulast=Synan&rft.aufirst=Vinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith2008-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Smith2008_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Larry D. (September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbs.edu/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/0809_gods_revivalist.pdf">"Progressive Sanctification"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>God's Revivalist and Bible Advocate</i>. <b>120</b> (6). <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Bible_School_and_College" title="God's Bible School and College">God's Bible School and College</a>. <q>Principles which underlie our Wesleyan/holiness heritage include such commitments as unquestioned scriptural authority; classical orthodox theology; identity with the one holy and apostolic church; warmhearted evangelical experience; love perfected in sanctifying grace; careful, disciplined living; structured spiritual formation, fidelity to the means of grace; and responsible witness both in public and in private—all of which converge in holiness of heart and life, which for us Methodists will always be the "central idea of Christianity." These are bedrock essentials, and without them we shall have no heritage at all. Though we may neglect them, these principles never change. But our prudentials often do. Granted, some of these are so basic to our DNA that to give them up would be to alter the character of our movement. John Wesley, for example, believed that the prudentials of early Methodism were so necessary to guard its principles that to lose the first would be also to lose the second. His immediate followers should have listened to his caution, as should we. For throughout our history, foolish men have often imperiled our treasure by their brutal assault against the walls which our founders raised to contain them. Having said this, we must add that we have had many other prudentials less significant to our common life which have come and gone throughout our history. For instance, weekly class meetings, quarterly love feasts, and Friday fast days were once practiced universally among us, as was the appointment of circuit-riding ministers assisted by "exhorters" and "local preachers."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=God%27s+Revivalist+and+Bible+Advocate&rft.atitle=Progressive+Sanctification&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Larry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gbs.edu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F10%2F0809_gods_revivalist.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The 1928 Book of Common Prayer</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979606-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-979606-9"><bdi>978-0-19-979606-9</bdi></a>. <q>All the Fridays in the Year, except Christmas Day and the Epiphany, or any Friday which may intervene between these Feasts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+1928+Book+of+Common+Prayer&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-979606-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conlin2008-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conlin2008_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin2008" class="citation book cs1">Conlin, Joseph (2008). <i>The American Past: A Survey of American History, Enhanced Edition</i>. Cengage Learning. p. 748. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-495-56609-0"><bdi>978-0-495-56609-0</bdi></a>. <q>Protestants who called themselves "fundamentalists" (they believed in the literal truth of the Bible—Baptists, Methodists, Pentecostals) were dry.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Past%3A+A+Survey+of+American+History%2C+Enhanced+Edition&rft.pages=748&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-495-56609-0&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scratchley1996-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Scratchley1996_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScratchley1996" class="citation book cs1">Scratchley, David (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcoholismotherd00royc"><i>Alcoholism and Other Drug Problems</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/alcoholismotherd00royc/page/298">298</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82314-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-82314-0"><bdi>978-0-684-82314-0</bdi></a>. <q>Although the Jewish, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Episcopal, and Lutheran traditions generally allow moderate drinking for those who can do so, it is simply incorrect to accuse them of condoning drunkenness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alcoholism+and+Other+Drug+Problems&rft.pages=298&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-684-82314-0&rft.aulast=Scratchley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falcoholismotherd00royc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DomenicoHanley2006-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DomenicoHanley2006_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDomenicoHanley2006" class="citation book cs1">Domenico, Roy P.; Hanley, Mark Y. (2006). <i>Encyclopedia of Modern Christian Politics</i>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32362-1"><bdi>978-0-313-32362-1</bdi></a>. <q>Drunkenness was biblically condemned, and all denominations disciplined drunken members.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Christian+Politics&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32362-1&rft.aulast=Domenico&rft.aufirst=Roy+P.&rft.au=Hanley%2C+Mark+Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cobb2003-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cobb2003_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCobb2003" class="citation book cs1">Cobb, John B. (2003). <i>Progressive Christians Speak: A Different Voice on Faith and Politics</i>. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 136. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22589-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-664-22589-6"><bdi>978-0-664-22589-6</bdi></a>. <q>For most of Christian history, as in the Bible, moderate drinking of alcohol was taken for granted while drunkenness was condemned.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progressive+Christians+Speak%3A+A+Different+Voice+on+Faith+and+Politics&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Westminster+John+Knox+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-664-22589-6&rft.aulast=Cobb&rft.aufirst=John+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flinn2014-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Flinn2014_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlinn2014" class="citation book cs1">Flinn, Isabella (2014). <i>Pinpricks in the Curtain: India Through the Eyes of an Unlikely Missionary</i>. WestBow Press. p. 234. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781490834313" title="Special:BookSources/9781490834313"><bdi>9781490834313</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pinpricks+in+the+Curtain%3A+India+Through+the+Eyes+of+an+Unlikely+Missionary&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=WestBow+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781490834313&rft.aulast=Flinn&rft.aufirst=Isabella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Samaan2010-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Samaan2010_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamaan2010" class="citation web cs1">Samaan, Moses (25 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lacopts.org/story/wearing-the-cross/">"Who wears the Cross and when?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Diocese_of_Los_Angeles,_Southern_California,_and_Hawaii" title="Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii">Coptic Orthodox Diocese of Los Angeles, Southern California, and Hawaii</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+wears+the+Cross+and+when%3F&rft.pub=Coptic+Orthodox+Diocese+of+Los+Angeles%2C+Southern+California%2C+and+Hawaii&rft.date=2010-08-25&rft.aulast=Samaan&rft.aufirst=Moses&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lacopts.org%2Fstory%2Fwearing-the-cross%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstantopoulos2017-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos2017_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Konstantopoulos, George D. (18 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003060044/http://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">"All Orthodox Christians are Given a Cross Following Their Baptism to Wear for Life"</a>. St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">the original</a> on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Orthodox+Christians+are+Given+a+Cross+Following+Their+Baptism+to+Wear+for+Life&rft.pub=St.+Andrew+Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft.aulast=Konstantopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaintandrewgoc.org%2Fhome%2F2017%2F9%2F18%2Fall-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Konstantopoulos-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos_132-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Konstantopoulos_132-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantopoulos2017" class="citation web cs1">Konstantopoulos, George D. (18 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180722181804/https://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">"All Orthodox Christians are Given a Cross Following Their Baptism to Wear for Life"</a>. St. Andrew Greek Orthodox Church. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saintandrewgoc.org/home/2017/9/18/all-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life">the original</a> on 22 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Orthodox+Christians+are+Given+a+Cross+Following+Their+Baptism+to+Wear+for+Life&rft.pub=St.+Andrew+Greek+Orthodox+Church&rft.date=2017-09-18&rft.aulast=Konstantopoulos&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaintandrewgoc.org%2Fhome%2F2017%2F9%2F18%2Fall-orthodox-christians-are-given-a-cross-following-their-baptism-to-wear-for-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bercot1992-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bercot1992_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercot1992" class="citation book cs1">Bercot, David W. (1992). <i>Common Sense: A New Approach to Understanding Scripture</i>. Scroll Publishing Co. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-924722-06-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-924722-06-6"><bdi>978-0-924722-06-6</bdi></a>. <q>Hippolytus, a leader in the church in Rome around the year 200, compiled a record of the various customs and practices in that church from the generations that preceded him. His <i>Apostolic Tradition</i> contains this statement: "And let all the women have their heads covered with an opaque cloth, not with a veil of thin linen, for this is not a true covering." This written evidence of the course of performance of the early Christians is corroborated by the archaeological record. The pictures we have from the second and third centuries from the catacombs and other places depict Christian women praying with a cloth veil on their heads. So the historical record is crystal clear. It reveals that the early generation of believers understood the head covering to be a cloth veil—not long hair.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Sense%3A+A+New+Approach+to+Understanding+Scripture&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Scroll+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-924722-06-6&rft.aulast=Bercot&rft.aufirst=David+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristiandictionary.com/Veil.html">"Veil"</a>. Early Christian Dictionary<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veil&rft.pub=Early+Christian+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristiandictionary.com%2FVeil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEarle1903" class="citation book cs1">Earle, Alice Morse (1903). <i>Two Centuries of Costume in America, Vol. 2 (1620–1820)</i>. The Macmillan Company. p. 582. <q>One singular thing may be noted in this history, – that with all the vagaries of fashion, woman has never violated the Biblical law that bade her cover her head. She has never gone to church services bareheaded.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Centuries+of+Costume+in+America%2C+Vol.+2+%281620%E2%80%931820%29&rft.pages=582&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Earle&rft.aufirst=Alice+Morse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2010-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2010_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2010" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Thomas Arthur (2010). <i>Comparative Christianity: A Student's Guide to a Religion and Its Diverse Traditions</i>. Universal-Publishers. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-877-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59942-877-2"><bdi>978-1-59942-877-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Christianity%3A+A+Student%27s+Guide+to+a+Religion+and+Its+Diverse+Traditions&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Universal-Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-59942-877-2&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Arthur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EWC2015-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EWC2015_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Discipline of the Evangelical Wesleyan Church</i>. <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Wesleyan_Church" title="Evangelical Wesleyan Church">Evangelical Wesleyan Church</a>. 2015. pp. 41, 57–58.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Discipline+of+the+Evangelical+Wesleyan+Church&rft.pages=41%2C+57-58&rft.pub=Evangelical+Wesleyan+Church&rft.date=2015&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHygiene+in+Christianity" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Christianity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_footer" title="Template talk:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Christians" title="Lists of Christians">Lists of Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_by_country" title="Christianity by country">By country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_texts#Christianity" title="List of religious texts">(Scriptures)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foundations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_(congregation)" title="Church (congregation)">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Christian tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christianity" title="Timeline of Christianity">timeline</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Spread_of_Christianity" title="Spread of Christianity">spread</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early<br />Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">in Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parables_of_Jesus" title="Parables of Jesus">Parables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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