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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A" title="فيلم تلفزيوني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيلم تلفزيوني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilme" title="Telefilme – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Telefilme" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="টেলিভিশন চলচ্চিত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেলিভিশন চলচ্চিত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Тэлевізійны фільм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлевізійны фільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Тэлефільм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэлефільм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_skinwel" title="Film skinwel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Film skinwel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilm" title="Telefilm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telefilm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizn%C3%AD_film" title="Televizní film – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Televizní film" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernsehfilm" title="Fernsehfilm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fernsehfilm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilme" title="Telefilme – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Telefilme" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilm" title="Telefilm – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telefilm" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85" title="تله‌فیلم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تله‌فیلم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9film" title="Téléfilm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Téléfilm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefyzjefilm" title="Telefyzjefilm – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Telefyzjefilm" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilme" title="Telefilme – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telefilme" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Телекино – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Телекино" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%94%EB%A0%88%EB%B9%84%EC%A0%84_%EC%98%81%ED%99%94" title="텔레비전 영화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="텔레비전 영화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizijski_film" title="Televizijski film – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Televizijski film" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_televisi" title="Film televisi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Film televisi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B3nvarpsmynd" title="Sjónvarpsmynd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sjónvarpsmynd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiction_televisiva#Non_seriale" title="Fiction televisiva – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fiction televisiva" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94" title="סרט טלוויזיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרט טלוויזיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Телефильм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Телефильм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Телефильм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Телефильм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisiefilm" title="Televisiefilm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Televisiefilm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tillevisiefilm" title="Tillevisiefilm – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Tillevisiefilm" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E6%98%A0%E7%94%BB" title="テレビ映画 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレビ映画" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-film" title="TV-film – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="TV-film" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilm" title="Telefilm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Telefilm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_telewizyjny" title="Film telewizyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Film telewizyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telefilme" title="Telefilme – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telefilme" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_de_televiziune" title="Film de televiziune – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Film de televiziune" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Телефильм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Телефильм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_movie" title="Television movie – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Television movie" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telev%C3%ADzny_film" title="Televízny film – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Televízny film" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%84%DB%95%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C" title="فیلمی تەلەڤیزیۆنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیلمی تەلەڤیزیۆنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Телевизијски филм – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телевизијски филм" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizijski_film" title="Televizijski film – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Televizijski film" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisioelokuva" title="Televisioelokuva – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Televisioelokuva" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-film" title="TV-film – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="TV-film" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Телефилм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Телефилм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televizyon_sinemas%C4%B1" title="Televizyon sineması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Televizyon sineması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC" title="Телефільм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телефільм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%85" title="ٹیلی فلم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹیلی فلم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_%E1%BA%A3nh_truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh" title="Điện ảnh truyền hình – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Điện ảnh truyền hình" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E9%9B%BB%E5%BD%B1" title="電視電影 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="電視電影" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Feature film produced for a TV network</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Telefilm" redirects here. For the Canadian government's film and television funding agency, see <a href="/wiki/Telefilm_Canada" title="Telefilm Canada">Telefilm Canada</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Movie of the week" redirects here. 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.mbox-empty-cell,.mw-parser-output .compact-ambox .hide-when-compact{display:none}</style><table class="box-Multiple_issues plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-multiple_issues compact-ambox" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_film" 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Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Television_film" title="Special:EditPage/Television film">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Television+film%22">"Television film"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Television+film%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Television+film%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Television+film%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Television+film%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Television+film%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>television film</b>, alternatively known as a <b>television movie</b>, <b>made-for-TV film/movie</b>, <b>telefilm</b>, <b>telemovie</b> or <b>TV film/movie</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature-length film</a> that is produced and originally distributed by or to a <a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">television network</a>, in contrast to theatrical films made for initial showing in <a href="/wiki/Movie_theater" title="Movie theater">movie theaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video films</a> made for initial release on home video formats. In certain cases, such films may also be referred to and shown as a <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a>, which typically indicates a film that has been divided into multiple parts or a series that contains a predetermined, limited number of episodes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_history">Origins and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_(1957)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg/220px-The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg/330px-The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg/440px-The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_%281957%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Adams_(actor)" title="Stanley Adams (actor)">Stanley Adams</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Rains" title="Claude Rains">Claude Rains</a> in the television musical <i>The Pied Piper of Hamelin</i>, 1957</figcaption></figure> <p>Precursors of "television movies" include <i>Talk Faster, Mister</i>, which aired on WABD (now <a href="/wiki/WNYW" title="WNYW">WNYW</a>) in New York City on December 18, 1944, and was produced by <a href="/wiki/RKO_Pictures" title="RKO Pictures">RKO Pictures</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and the 1957 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin_(1957_film)" title="The Pied Piper of Hamelin (1957 film)">The Pied Piper of Hamelin</a></i>, based on the poem by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Browning" title="Robert Browning">Robert Browning</a>, and starring <a href="/wiki/Van_Johnson" title="Van Johnson">Van Johnson</a>, one of the first filmed "family musicals" made directly for <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. That film was made in <a href="/wiki/Technicolor" title="Technicolor">Technicolor</a>, a first for television, which ordinarily used color processes originated by specific networks. Most "family musicals" of the time, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan_(1954_musical)" title="Peter Pan (1954 musical)">Peter Pan</a></i>, were not filmed but broadcast live and preserved on <a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">kinescope</a>, a recording of a television program made by filming the picture from a video monitor – and the only (relatively inexpensive) method of recording a television program until the invention of <a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">videotape</a>. </p><p>Many television networks were against film programming, fearing that it would loosen the network's arrangements with <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">affiliates</a> by encouraging <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">station</a> managers to make independent deals with advertisers and <a href="/wiki/Film_producer" title="Film producer">film producers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifties_Television_1992_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifties_Television_1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conversely, beginning in the 1950s episodes of American television series would be placed together and released as <a href="/wiki/Feature_film" title="Feature film">feature films</a> in overseas cinemas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Television_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Television network">Television networks</a> were in control of the most valuable <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> slots available for programming, so <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndicators</a> of independent television films had to settle for fewer <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">television markets</a> and less desirable time periods. This meant much smaller advertising revenues and license fees compared with network-supplied programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Fifties_Television_1992_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fifties_Television_1992-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "made-for-TV movie" was coined in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> in the early 1960s as an incentive for movie <a href="/wiki/Audience" title="Audience">audiences</a> to stay home and watch what was promoted as the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/First_run_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="First run (film)">first-run</a> theatrical film. Beginning in 1961 with <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_Saturday_Night_at_the_Movies" title="NBC Saturday Night at the Movies">NBC Saturday Night at the Movies</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> network showing of a television premiere of a major theatrical film release, the other networks soon copied the format, with each of the networks having several <i>[Day of the Week] Night at the Movies</i> showcases which led to a shortage of <a href="/wiki/Movie_studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Movie studio">movie studio</a> product. The first of these made-for-TV movies is generally acknowledged to be <i><a href="/wiki/See_How_They_Run_(1964_film)" title="See How They Run (1964 film)">See How They Run</a></i>, which debuted on <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> on October 7, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCMOW_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCMOW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A previous film, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Killers_(1964_film)" title="The Killers (1964 film)">The Killers</a></i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Lee_Marvin" title="Lee Marvin">Lee Marvin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, was filmed as a TV-movie, although NBC decided it was too violent for television and it was released theatrically instead.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second film to be considered a television movie, <a href="/wiki/Don_Siegel" title="Don Siegel">Don Siegel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hanged_Man_(1964_film)" title="The Hanged Man (1964 film)">The Hanged Man</a></i>, was broadcast by <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> on November 18, 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-ABCMOW_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABCMOW-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These features originally filled a 90-minute programming time slot (including <a href="/wiki/Television_commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Television commercial">commercials</a>), later expanded to two hours, and were usually broadcast as a weekly <a href="/wiki/Anthology_series" title="Anthology series">anthology</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television series</a> (for example, the <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_Movie_of_the_Week" title="ABC Movie of the Week">ABC Movie of the Week</a></i>). Many early television movies featured major stars, and some were accorded higher budgets than standard television series of the same length, including the major dramatic anthology programs which they came to replace. </p><p>In 1996, 264 made-for-TV movies were made by five of the six largest American television networks at the time (CBS, NBC, Fox, ABC, and <a href="/wiki/UPN" title="UPN">UPN</a>), averaging a 7.5 rating.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (May 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-lifetime_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifetime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2000, only 146 TV movies were made by those five networks, averaging a 5.4 rating,<sup id="cite_ref-lifetime_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifetime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the number of made-for-cable movies made annually in the U.S. doubled between 1990 and 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-lifetime_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lifetime-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In several respects, television films resemble <a href="/wiki/B_movie" title="B movie">B movies</a>, the low-budget films issued by major studios from the 1930s through the 1950s for short-term showings in movie theaters, usually as a double bill alongside a major studio release. Like made-for-TV movies, B movies were designed as a disposable product, had low production costs and featured second-tier actors.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_(1973).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg/170px-Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg/255px-Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg/340px-Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_ad_-_The_Evening_News_%281973%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2053" data-file-height="3975" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement for <i><a href="/wiki/Satan%27s_School_for_Girls_(1973_film)" title="Satan's School for Girls (1973 film)">Satan's School for Girls</a></i>, September 19, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_a_Star_World" title="Saga of a Star World">Battlestar Galactica: Saga of a Star World</a></i> premiered to an audience of over 60 million people on September 17, 1978. </p><p>The most-watched television movie of all time was <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_After" title="The Day After">The Day After</a></i>, which premiered on November 20, 1983, to an estimated audience of 100 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-WotW_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WotW-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film depicted America after a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_warfare" title="Nuclear warfare">nuclear war</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and was the subject of much controversy and discussion at the time of its release due to its graphic nature and subject matter. The <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s 1984 television film <i><a href="/wiki/Threads_(1984_film)" title="Threads (1984 film)">Threads</a></i> earned a similar reputation in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as it followed two families and workers of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Council" title="Sheffield City Council">Sheffield City Council</a> in the run up and aftermath of a nuclear war. The two are often compared on aspects such as realism. </p><p>Another popular and critically acclaimed television movie was 1971's <i><a href="/wiki/Duel_(1971_film)" title="Duel (1971 film)">Duel</a></i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Matheson" title="Richard Matheson">Richard Matheson</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Weaver" title="Dennis Weaver">Dennis Weaver</a>. Such was the quality and popularity of <i>Duel</i> that it was released to cinemas in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and had a limited theatrical release to some venues in the United States and Canada. The 1971 made-for-TV movie <i><a href="/wiki/Brian%27s_Song" title="Brian's Song">Brian's Song</a></i> was also briefly released to theatres after its success on television, and was even <a href="/wiki/Remake" title="Remake">remade</a> in 2001. In some instances, television movies of the period had more explicit content included in the versions prepared to be exhibited theatrically in Europe. Examples of this include <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Lizzie_Borden" title="The Legend of Lizzie Borden">The Legend of Lizzie Borden</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Helter_Skelter_(1976_film)" title="Helter Skelter (1976 film)">Helter Skelter</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Bel_Air" title="Prince of Bel Air">Prince of Bel Air</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spectre_(1977_film)" title="Spectre (1977 film)">Spectre</a></i>. </p><p>Many television movies released in the 1970s were a source of controversy, such as <a href="/wiki/Linda_Blair" title="Linda Blair">Linda Blair</a>'s 1974 film <i><a href="/wiki/Born_Innocent_(film)" title="Born Innocent (film)">Born Innocent</a></i> and 1975's <i><a href="/wiki/Sarah_T._-_Portrait_of_a_Teenage_Alcoholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah T. - Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic">Sarah T. - Portrait of a Teenage Alcoholic</a></i>, as well as 1976's <i><a href="/wiki/Dawn:_Portrait_of_a_Teenage_Runaway" title="Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway">Dawn: Portrait of a Teenage Runaway</a></i> and its 1977 <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alexander:_The_Other_Side_of_Dawn" title="Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn">Alexander: The Other Side of Dawn</a></i>, which were vehicles for former <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">Brady Bunch</a></i> actress <a href="/wiki/Eve_Plumb" title="Eve Plumb">Eve Plumb</a>. Another significant film was <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Montgomery" title="Elizabeth Montgomery">Elizabeth Montgomery</a>'s portrayal of a rape victim in the drama <i><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Rape" title="A Case of Rape">A Case of Rape</a></i> (1974). </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/My_Sweet_Charlie" title="My Sweet Charlie">My Sweet Charlie</a></i> (1970) with <a href="/wiki/Patty_Duke" title="Patty Duke">Patty Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Freeman_Jr." title="Al Freeman Jr.">Al Freeman Jr.</a> dealt with racial prejudice, and <i><a href="/wiki/That_Certain_Summer" title="That Certain Summer">That Certain Summer</a></i> (1972), starring <a href="/wiki/Hal_Holbrook" title="Hal Holbrook">Hal Holbrook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sheen" title="Martin Sheen">Martin Sheen</a>, although controversial, was considered the first television movie to approach the subject of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> in a non-threatening manner. <i><a href="/wiki/If_These_Walls_Could_Talk" title="If These Walls Could Talk">If These Walls Could Talk</a></i>, a film which deals with <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> in three different decades (the 1950s, the 1970s and the 1990s) became a huge success, and was <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a>'s highest rated film on record. </p><p>If a network orders a two-hour <a href="/wiki/Television_pilot" title="Television pilot">television pilot</a> for a proposed show, it will usually broadcast it as a television movie to recoup some of the costs even if the network chooses to not order the show to series.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often a successful series may spawn a television movie <a href="/wiki/Sequel" title="Sequel">sequel</a> after ending its run. For example, <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5:_The_Gathering" title="Babylon 5: The Gathering">Babylon 5: The Gathering</a></i> launched the <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> series <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> and is considered to be distinct from the show's regular run of one-hour episodes. <i>Babylon 5</i> also has several made-for-TV movie sequels set within the same fictional continuity. The 2003 remake of <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> began as a two-part <a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">miniseries</a> that later continued as a weekly television program. Another example is the <a href="/wiki/Showtime_(TV_network)" title="Showtime (TV network)">Showtime</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/Sabrina_the_Teenage_Witch_(film)" title="Sabrina the Teenage Witch (film)">Sabrina, the Teenage Witch</a></i>, which launched the <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcom</a> of the same name that originally aired on ABC, and used the same actress (<a href="/wiki/Melissa_Joan_Hart" title="Melissa Joan Hart">Melissa Joan Hart</a>) for the lead role in both. The term "TV movie" is also frequently used as vehicles for "reunions" of long-departed series, as in <i><a href="/wiki/Return_to_Mayberry" title="Return to Mayberry">Return to Mayberry</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/A_Very_Brady_Christmas" title="A Very Brady Christmas">A Very Brady Christmas</a></i>. They can also be a spin-off from a TV series including <i><a href="/wiki/The_Incredible_Hulk_Returns" title="The Incredible Hulk Returns">The Incredible Hulk Returns</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_the_Incredible_Hulk" title="The Trial of the Incredible Hulk">The Trial of the Incredible Hulk</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_Incredible_Hulk" title="The Death of the Incredible Hulk">The Death of the Incredible Hulk</a></i>. </p><p>Occasionally, television movies are used as sequels to successful theatrical films. For example, only the <a href="/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_(1961_film)" title="The Parent Trap (1961 film)">first film</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_series" class="mw-redirect" title="The Parent Trap series"><i>The Parent Trap</i> series</a> was released theatrically. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Parent_Trap_II" title="The Parent Trap II">The Parent Trap II</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parent_Trap_III" title="Parent Trap III">III</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Parent_Trap:_Hawaiian_Honeymoon" title="Parent Trap: Hawaiian Honeymoon">Hawaiian Honeymoon</a></i> were produced for television, and similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Run#Sequels" title="Midnight Run"><i>Midnight Run</i> sequels</a> have all been released as made-for-TV movies despite <a href="/wiki/Midnight_Run" title="Midnight Run">the first</a> having a strong run in theaters. These types of films may be, and more commonly are, released <a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">direct-to-video</a>; there have been some films, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard:_The_Beginning" title="The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning">The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning</a></i> (a prequel to the film version of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dukes_of_Hazzard_(film)" title="The Dukes of Hazzard (film)">The Dukes of Hazzard</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/James_A._Michener%27s_Texas" title="James A. Michener's Texas">James A. Michener's Texas</a></i>, which have been released near simultaneously on DVD and on television, but have never been released in theatres. </p><p>Made-for-TV movie musicals have also become popular. One prime example is the <a href="/wiki/High_School_Musical_(film_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Musical (film series)"><i>High School Musical</i> series</a>, which aired its first two films on the <a href="/wiki/Disney_Channel" title="Disney Channel">Disney Channel</a>. The first television movie was so successful that a sequel was produced, <i><a href="/wiki/High_School_Musical_2" title="High School Musical 2">High School Musical 2</a></i>, that debuted in August 2007 to 17.2 million viewers (this made it the highest-rated non-sports program in the history of basic cable and the highest-rated made-for-cable movie premiere on record).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the popularity of the first two films, the second <i>HSM</i> sequel, <i><a href="/wiki/High_School_Musical_3:_Senior_Year" title="High School Musical 3: Senior Year">High School Musical 3: Senior Year</a></i>, was released as a theatrical film in 2008 instead of airing on Disney Channel; <i>High School Musical 3</i> became one of the highest-grossing movie musicals. </p><p>Television movies traditionally were often broadcast by the major networks during <a href="/wiki/Sweeps_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweeps period">sweeps</a> season. Such offerings now are very rare; as <a href="/wiki/Ken_Tucker" title="Ken Tucker">Ken Tucker</a> noted while reviewing the <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Stone_novels#Television_adaptations" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesse Stone novels">Jesse Stone</a> <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> television movies, "broadcast networks aren't investing in made-for-TV movies anymore".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The slack has been taken up by cable networks such as <a href="/wiki/Hallmark_Channel" title="Hallmark Channel">Hallmark Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syfy" title="Syfy">Syfy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifetime (TV network)">Lifetime</a> and HBO, with productions such as <i><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin_(film)" title="Temple Grandin (film)">Temple Grandin</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Recount_(film)" title="Recount (film)">Recount</a></i>, often utilizing top creative talent. </p><p>High-calibre limited programming which would have been formerly scheduled solely as a two-hour film or miniseries also has been re-adapted to the newer "limited series" format over a period of weeks (rather than the consecutive days usually defined by a miniseries) where a conclusion is assured; an example of such would be <i><a href="/wiki/The_People_v._O._J._Simpson:_American_Crime_Story" title="The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story">The People v. O. J. Simpson: American Crime Story</a></i>, and these are most often seen on cable networks and streaming services such as <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_and_quality">Production and quality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production and quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 1991 <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a></i> article, television critic John J. O'Connor wrote that "few artifacts of popular culture invite more condescension than the made-for-television movie".<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Network-made television movies in the United States have tended to be inexpensively-produced and perceived to be of low quality.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Stylistically, these films often resemble single episodes of dramatic television series. Often, television films are made to "cash in" on the interest centering on stories currently prominent in the news, as the films based on the "Long Island Lolita" scandal involving <a href="/wiki/Joey_Buttafuoco" title="Joey Buttafuoco">Joey Buttafuoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amy_Fisher" title="Amy Fisher">Amy Fisher</a> were in 1993. </p><p>The stories are written to reach periodic semi-<a href="/wiki/Cliffhanger" title="Cliffhanger">cliffhangers</a> coinciding with the network-scheduled times for the insertion of <a href="/wiki/Commercials" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercials">commercials</a>, and are further managed to fill, but not exceed, the fixed running times allotted by the network to each movie "series". In the case of films made for cable channels, they may rely on common, repetitive tropes (Hallmark Channel, for example, is notorious for its formulaic holiday romances, while Lifetime movies are well known for their common use of <a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">damsel in distress</a> storylines). The movies tend to rely on smaller casts, one such exception being those produced for <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">premium cable</a>, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Candelabra" title="Behind the Candelabra">Behind the Candelabra</a></i> (which featured established film actors <a href="/wiki/Michael_Douglas" title="Michael Douglas">Michael Douglas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Damon" title="Matt Damon">Matt Damon</a> in the lead roles) and a limited range of scene settings and camera setups. Even Spielberg's <i>Duel</i>, while having decent production values, features a very small cast (apart from Dennis Weaver, all other actors appearing in the film play smaller roles) and mostly outdoor shooting locations in the desert. </p><p>The movies typically employ smaller crews, and rarely feature expensive <a href="/wiki/Special_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Special effects">special effects</a>. Although a film's expenses would be lessened by filming using <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a>, as the movies were contracted by television studios, these films were required to be shot on 35 mm <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>. Various techniques are often employed to "pad" television movies with low budgets and underdeveloped scripts, such as <a href="/wiki/Music_video" title="Music video">music video</a>-style montages, flashbacks, or repeated footage, and extended periods of dramatic <a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">slow motion</a> footage. However, the less expensive digital 24p video format has made some quality improvements on the television movie market. </p><p>Part of the reason for the lower budgets comes from the lack of revenue streams from them; whereas a theatrical film can make money from ticket sales, <a href="/wiki/Ancillary_market" title="Ancillary market">ancillary markets</a>, and syndication, most television films lacked those revenue streams, and the films are seldom <a href="/wiki/Rerun" title="Rerun">rerun</a>. Raconteur <a href="/wiki/Jean_Shepherd" title="Jean Shepherd">Jean Shepherd</a> produced several television films in the 1970s and 1980s before realizing that the proceeds from his first theatrical film, <i><a href="/wiki/A_Christmas_Story" title="A Christmas Story">A Christmas Story</a></i> (released in 1983), far exceeded anything he had ever done in television.<sup id="cite_ref-Sharbutt_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharbutt-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nonetheless, notable exceptions exist of high production quality and well-known casts and crews that even earned awards, such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Fleece" title="The Diamond Fleece">The Diamond Fleece</a></i>, a 1992 <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canadian</a> TV film directed by <a href="/wiki/Al_Waxman" title="Al Waxman">Al Waxman</a> and starring <a href="/wiki/Ben_Cross" title="Ben Cross">Ben Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kate_Nelligan" title="Kate Nelligan">Kate Nelligan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dennehy" title="Brian Dennehy">Brian Dennehy</a>. It earned Nelligan the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Gemini_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Gemini Award">Gemini Award</a> for "Best Performance by an Actress in a Leading Role in a Dramatic Program or Mini-Series".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movie-length_episodes_of_television_shows">Movie-length episodes of television shows</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Movie-length episodes of television shows"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Occasionally, a long-running television series is used as the basis for television movies that air during the show's run (as opposed to the above-mentioned "reunion specials"). Typically, such movies employ a filmed <a href="/wiki/Single-camera_setup" title="Single-camera setup">single-camera setup</a> even if the television series is videotaped using a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a>, but are written to be easily broken up into individual 30- or 60-minute episodes for <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_syndication" title="Broadcast syndication">syndication</a>. Many such movies relocate the cast of the show to an exotic overseas setting. However, although they may be advertised as movies, they are really simply extended episodes of television shows, such as the pilots and the finales of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Next_Generation" title="Star Trek: The Next Generation">Star Trek: The Next Generation</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Deep_Space_Nine" title="Star Trek: Deep Space Nine">Star Trek: Deep Space Nine</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i>. Most of these are made and shown during <a href="/wiki/Sweeps_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweeps period">sweeps period</a> in order to attract a large television audience and boost <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">viewership</a> for a show. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Crossover_(fiction)" title="Crossover (fiction)">Crossover</a> episodes containing a number of episodes of the characters of individual series interacting with characters across different shows (as has been done with the <i><a href="/wiki/CSI_(franchise)" title="CSI (franchise)">CSI</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/NCIS_(franchise)" title="NCIS (franchise)">NCIS</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_(franchise)" title="Chicago (franchise)">Chicago</a></i> franchises, along with between <i><a href="/wiki/Murder,_She_Wrote" title="Murder, She Wrote">Murder, She Wrote</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Magnum,_P.I." title="Magnum, P.I.">Magnum, P.I.</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scandal_(American_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandal (American TV series)">Scandal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/How_to_Get_Away_with_Murder" title="How to Get Away with Murder">How to Get Away with Murder</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ally_McBeal" title="Ally McBeal">Ally McBeal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Practice" title="The Practice">The Practice</a></i>) also play as films, encouraging tune-in among all the series crossed over to effectively create a multiple-hour plot that plays as a film when watched as a whole. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct-to-video" title="Direct-to-video">Direct-to-video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_adaptation" title="Film adaptation">Film adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_films_produced_for_American_Broadcasting_Company" title="List of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company">List of television films produced for American Broadcasting Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniseries" title="Miniseries">Miniseries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">Soap opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">Telenovela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9roman" title="Téléroman">Téléroman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_play" title="Television play">Television play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_pilot" title="Television pilot">Television pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_special" title="Television special">Television special</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-run_series" title="Limited-run series">Limited-run series</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fifties_Television_1992-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fifties_Television_1992_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fifties_Television_1992_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fifties Television: The Industry and Its Critics</i>, William Boddy, University of Illinois Press, 1992, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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(August 22, 2013). Page xviii. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IVCFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20">The ABC Movie of the Week: Big Movies for the Small Screen</a>. Scarecrow Press. Accessed on December 31, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.combustiblecelluloid.com/classic/killersr.shtml">Combustible Celluloid.com, "Hemingway-esque", review by Jeffrey M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99&rft.aulast=Justin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihao-series.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharbutt-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sharbutt_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharbutt1988" class="citation news cs1">Sharbutt, Jay (August 6, 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-08-06-ca-7133-story.html">"Jean Shepherd's Midwest in 'Haven of Bliss'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Jean+Shepherd%27s+Midwest+in+%27Haven+of+Bliss%27&rft.date=1988-08-06&rft.aulast=Sharbutt&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1988-08-06-ca-7133-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATelevision+film" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/humancargo/stars_nelligan.html">Human Cargo</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC.ca</a></i>. Accessed April 29, 2008.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Television_film&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marill, Alvin H. <i>Movies Made for Television, 1964–2004</i>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-5174-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-5174-1">0-8108-5174-1</a>. (Vol. 1: 1964–1979; Vol. 2: 1980–1989; Vol. 3: 1990–1999; Vol. 4: 2000–2004; Vol. 5: Indexes.)</li> <li>Marill, Alvin H. <i>Movies Made for Television, 2005–2009</i>. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8108-7658-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8108-7658-2">0-8108-7658-2</a>.</li> <li>Marill, Alvin H. <i>Main Title: Big Pictures on the Small Screen: Made-for-TV Movies and Anthology Dramas</i>. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Publishers, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-99283-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-99283-7">0-275-99283-7</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1005331/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4154054-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Made-for-TV movies"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2002000136">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="televizní filmy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph904222&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech 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