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searchaux" style="display:none">Film or video production principally using only one camera</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Singlecamera-diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Singlecamera-diagram.svg/220px-Singlecamera-diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Singlecamera-diagram.svg/330px-Singlecamera-diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Singlecamera-diagram.svg/440px-Singlecamera-diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a single-camera setup</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmaking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Television production">television production</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_production" title="Video production">video production</a>, the <b>single-camera setup</b> or <b>single-camera mode of production</b> (also known as <b>portable single crew</b>, <b>portable single camera</b> or <b>single-cam</b>) is a method in which all of the various shots and camera angles are taken using the same camera. </p><p>The single-camera setup originally developed during the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hollywood_cinema" title="Classical Hollywood cinema">Classical Hollywood cinema</a> in the 1910s and has remained the standard mode of production for cinema. In television production, both single-camera and <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera</a> methods are commonly used. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-camera_setup&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this setup, all of the various shots and camera angles are taken using the same camera, or multiple cameras pointed in one direction, which are moved and reset to get a new angle.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a scene cuts back and forth between actor A and actor B, the director will first point the camera toward A and run part or all of the scene from this angle, then move the camera to point at B, relight, and then run the scene through from this angle. Choices can then be made during the <a href="/wiki/Post-production" title="Post-production">post-production</a> editing process for when in the scene to use each shot, and when to cut back and forth between the two (or usually more than two) angles. This also then allows parts of the scene to be removed if it is felt that the scene is too long. In practice, sometimes two cameras shooting from the same angle are used: one to capture a <a href="/wiki/Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">medium shot</a>, the other a <a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">close-up</a> during the same take. </p><p>By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a> consists of multiple cameras arranged to capture all of the different camera angles of the scene simultaneously, and the set must be lit to accommodate all camera setups concurrently. Multi-camera production generally results in faster but less versatile videography, whereas the single-camera setup is more time-consuming but gives the director more control over each shot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-camera_setup&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike film producers, who almost always opt for single-camera shooting, television producers need to make a distinct decision to shoot in either single-camera or multiple-camera mode. </p><p>Single-camera is mostly reserved for <a href="/wiki/Prime_time" title="Prime time">prime time</a> dramas, <a href="/wiki/Television_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Television movie">made-for-TV movies</a>, music videos and <a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">commercial advertisements</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk_show" title="Talk show">talk shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_show" title="Game show">game shows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reality_television" title="Reality television">reality television</a> series, and <a href="/wiki/Sitcom" title="Sitcom">sitcoms</a> usually use the multiple-camera setup. </p><p>Multiple-camera shooting is the only way that an ensemble of actors presenting a single performance before a live audience can be recorded from multiple perspectives. Also for standard, dialogue-driven domestic situation comedies, the multi-camera technique, which is cheaper and takes less production time, is typically used. Situation comedies may be shot in either multiple- or single-camera modes. It may be deemed preferable to use the single-camera technique especially if specific camera angles and camera movements for a feature film-like visual style are considered crucial to the success of the production, and if visual effects are to be frequently used. </p><p>Though multi-camera was the norm for U.S. sitcoms during the 1950s (beginning with <i><a href="/wiki/I_Love_Lucy" title="I Love Lucy">I Love Lucy</a></i>), the 1960s saw increased technical standards in situation comedies, which came to have larger casts and used a greater number of different locations in episodes. Several comedy series of the era also made use of feature film techniques. To this end, many comedies of this period, including <i><a href="/wiki/Leave_It_to_Beaver" title="Leave It to Beaver">Leave It to Beaver</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Andy_Griffith_Show" title="The Andy Griffith Show">The Andy Griffith Show</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Brady_Bunch" title="The Brady Bunch">The Brady Bunch</a></i>, used the single-camera technique. Apart from giving the shows a feature film style, this technique was better suited to the visual effects frequently used in these shows, such as magical appearances and disappearances and lookalike doubles in which the regular actors played a dual role. These effects were created using editing and <a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">optical printing</a> techniques, and would have been difficult had the shows been shot using a multi-camera setup. </p><p>In the case of <i><a href="/wiki/Get_Smart" title="Get Smart">Get Smart</a></i>, the single-camera technique also allowed the series to present fast-paced and tightly edited fight and action sequences reminiscent of the spy dramas that it parodied. Single-camera comedies were also prevalent into the early 1970s. With its large cast, varied locations, and seriocomic tone, the TV series <i><a href="/wiki/M*A*S*H_(TV_series)" title="M*A*S*H (TV series)">M*A*S*H</a></i> was shot using single-camera style. <i><a href="/wiki/Happy_Days" title="Happy Days">Happy Days</a></i> began in 1974 as a single-camera series, before switching to the multi-camera setup in its second season. However, the success of <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i> (which was taped with multiple cameras live in front of a studio audience, very much like a stage play) and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lear" title="Norman Lear">Norman Lear</a>'s subsequent sitcom productions led to a renewed interest by sitcom producers in the multi-camera technique; by the latter part of the 1970s, most sitcoms again employed the multi-camera format. </p><p>By the mid-1970s, with domestic situation comedies in vogue, the multi-camera shooting style for sitcoms came to dominate and would continue to do so through the 1980s and 1990s, although the single-camera format was still seen in television series classified as <a href="/wiki/Comedy-drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Comedy-drama">comedy-drama</a> or "dramedy". It was also used in rare exceptions with series such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Young_Indiana_Jones_Chronicles" title="The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles">The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles</a></i>, which was an <a href="/wiki/Adventure_fiction" title="Adventure fiction">adventure</a> series. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Television_(2000s%E2%80%93present)" title="Golden Age of Television (2000s–present)">early 21st-century Golden Age of Television</a> saw a resurgence in the use of single-camera in sitcoms, such as in <i><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_in_the_Middle" title="Malcolm in the Middle">Malcolm in the Middle</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Curb_Your_Enthusiasm" title="Curb Your Enthusiasm">Curb Your Enthusiasm</a>,</i> <a href="/wiki/Arrested_Development_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrested Development (TV series)"><i>Arrested Development</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Always_Sunny_in_Philadelphia" title="It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia">It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia</a></i>, <i> <a href="/wiki/Community_(TV_series)" title="Community (TV series)">Community</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parks_and_Recreation" title="Parks and Recreation">Parks and Recreation</a>,</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Modern_Family" title="Modern Family">Modern Family</a>.</i> Unlike single-camera sitcoms of the past, nearly all contemporary comedies shot in this manner are produced without a <a href="/wiki/Laugh_track" title="Laugh track">laugh track</a>. </p><p>The 2021 series <i><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Can_F**k_Himself" title="Kevin Can F**k Himself">Kevin Can F**k Himself</a></i> explores the contrast between single-camera and <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera</a> television, blending both a multi-camera family sitcom format when lead character Allison is with her husband Kevin and a single-camera format when she is on her own.<sup id="cite_ref-chaney_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaney-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-camera_setup&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hand-held_camera" title="Hand-held camera">Hand-held camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-camera_situation_comedies" title="List of single-camera situation comedies">List of single-camera situation comedies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapeless_camcorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeless camcorder">Tapeless camcorder</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Single-camera_setup&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiyamoto2016" class="citation web cs1">Miyamoto, Ken (June 21, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screencraft.org/2016/06/21/differences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts/">"Single-Camera vs. Multi-Camera TV Sitcom Scripts: What's the Difference?"</a>. <i>ScreenCraft</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScreenCraft&rft.atitle=Single-Camera+vs.+Multi-Camera+TV+Sitcom+Scripts%3A+What%27s+the+Difference%3F&rft.date=2016-06-21&rft.aulast=Miyamoto&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreencraft.org%2F2016%2F06%2F21%2Fdifferences-single-camera-multi-camera-tv-pilot-scripts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPicone2014" class="citation web cs1">Picone, Jack (September 24, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyfa.edu/student-resources/evolution-sitcom-part-2/">"The Evolution Of The Sitcom: The Age of the Single Camera"</a>. <i>New York Film Academy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Film+Academy&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+Of+The+Sitcom%3A+The+Age+of+the+Single+Camera&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Picone&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nyfa.edu%2Fstudent-resources%2Fevolution-sitcom-part-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASingle-camera+setup" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaney-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chaney_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jen Chaney, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vulture.com/article/review-kevin-can-f-k-himself-annie-murphy-series-amc.html">"Kevin Can F**k Himself Effectively F**ks With TV Convention"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Vulture_(website)" title="Vulture (website)">Vulture</a></i>, June 14, 2021.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cinematic_techniques" title="Template talk:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cinematic techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cinematic_techniques" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques" title="Cinematic techniques">Cinematic techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Lighting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Background_light" title="Background light">Background</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameo_lighting" title="Cameo lighting">Cameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fill_light" title="Fill light">Fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting_instrument#Floodlights" title="Stage lighting instrument">Flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-key_lighting" title="High-key lighting">High-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_light" title="Key light">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-key_lighting" title="Low-key lighting">Low-key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_lighting" title="Mood lighting">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembrandt_lighting" title="Rembrandt lighting">Rembrandt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">Stage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft light">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Diegetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_techniques#Non-diegetic_sound" title="Cinematic techniques">Non-diegetic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narrative" title="Narrative">Narration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_effect" title="Sound effect">Sound effects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Shot_(filmmaking)" title="Shot (filmmaking)">Shooting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Field size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wide_shot" title="Wide shot">Wide / Long / Full</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_shot" title="American shot">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium_shot" title="Medium shot">Medium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close-up" title="Close-up">Close-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian shot">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_shot" title="Two shot">Two shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera placement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">Perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-the-shoulder_shot" title="Over-the-shoulder shot">Over-the-shoulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_view_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Point of view shot">Point-of-view <span style="font-size:85%;">(POV)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shot/reverse_shot" title="Shot/reverse shot">Reverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trunk_shot" title="Trunk shot">Trunk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Single</a> / <a href="/wiki/Multiple-camera_setup" title="Multiple-camera setup">multiple-camera setup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Camera_angle" title="Camera angle">Camera angle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_shot" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerial shot">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-angle_shot" title="High-angle shot">High-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird%27s-eye_view" title="Bird's-eye view">Bird's-eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crane_shot" title="Crane shot">Crane shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jib_(camera)" title="Jib (camera)">Jib shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-angle_shot" title="Low-angle shot">Low-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worm%27s-eye_view" title="Worm's-eye view">Worm's-eye view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_angle" title="Dutch angle">Dutch angle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Camera movement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchained_camera_technique" title="Unchained camera technique">Unchained camera technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilt_(camera)" title="Tilt (camera)">Tilting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whip_pan" title="Whip pan">Whip pan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand-held_camera" title="Hand-held camera">Hand-held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaky_camera" title="Shaky camera">Shaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracking_shot" title="Tracking shot">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_dolly" title="Camera dolly">Dolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steadicam" title="Steadicam">Steadicam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SnorriCam" title="SnorriCam">SnorriCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walk_and_talk" title="Walk and talk">Walk and talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Follow_shot" title="Follow shot">Follow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Lens effects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Focus_(optics)" title="Focus (optics)">Focus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racking_focus" class="mw-redirect" title="Racking focus">Racking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shallow_focus" title="Shallow focus">Shallow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_focus" title="Deep focus">Deep</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zooming_(filmmaking)" title="Zooming (filmmaking)">Zooming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Establishing_shot" title="Establishing shot">Establishing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_shot" title="Master shot">Master shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B-roll" title="B-roll">B-roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeze-frame_shot" title="Freeze-frame shot">Freeze-frame shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_take" title="Long take">Long take</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_film" title="One-shot film">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insert_(filmmaking)" title="Insert (filmmaking)">Insert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Special_effects" title="Template:Special effects"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Special_effects" title="Template talk:Special effects"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Special_effects" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Special effects"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Special_effects" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">Special effects</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Practical_effect" title="Practical effect">Practical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_rigging" title="Aerial rigging">Aerial rigging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wire-flying" title="Wire-flying">wire-flying</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_bladder_effect" title="Air bladder effect">Air bladder effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animatronics" title="Animatronics">Animatronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_hit_squib" title="Bullet hit squib">Bullet hit squib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costumed_character" class="mw-redirect" title="Costumed character">Costumed character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creature_suit" title="Creature suit">Creature suit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead-character_costume" title="Dead-character costume">Dead-character costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_effect" title="Miniature effect">Miniature effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanging_miniature" title="Hanging miniature">hanging</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetic_makeup" title="Prosthetic makeup">Prosthetic makeup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">Puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">Pyrotechnics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_mask" title="Rubber mask">Rubber mask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matte_painting" title="Matte painting">Matte painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_glass" title="Sugar glass">Sugar glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_blood" title="Theatrical blood">Theatrical blood</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/In-camera_effect" title="In-camera effect">In-camera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bipack" title="Bipack">Bipacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolly_zoom" title="Dolly zoom">Dolly zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_perspective" title="Forced perspective">Forced perspective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_projection" class="mw-redirect" title="Front projection">Front projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighting_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighting effects">Lighting effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rear_projection" title="Rear projection">Rear projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_motion" title="Reverse motion">Reverse motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%BCfftan_process" title="Schüfftan process">Schüfftan process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shutter_(photography)" title="Shutter (photography)">Shutter effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit-scan" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit-scan">Slit-scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilted_plane_focus" title="Tilted plane focus">Tilted plane focus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-lapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-lapse">Time-lapse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fast_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast motion">Fast motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_ramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed ramping">Speed ramping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_motion" title="Stop motion">Stop motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:5.0em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_effects" title="Visual effects">Visual</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullet_time" title="Bullet time">Bullet time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chroma_key" title="Chroma key">Chroma key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compositing" title="Compositing">Compositing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Digital_compositing" title="Digital compositing">digital</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer-generated_imagery" title="Computer-generated imagery">Computer-generated imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_motion" title="Go motion">Go motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Introvision" title="Introvision">Introvision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_moving" title="Match moving">Match moving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_printer" title="Optical printer">Optical printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smallgantics" class="mw-redirect" title="Smallgantics">Smallgantics</a></li> <li><a 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