CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE HTML> <html class="page_article article_glossaire composition_glossaire ltr en no-js" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://www.concurrences.com/"> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/(function(H){H.className=H.className.replace(/\bno-js\b/,'js')})(document.documentElement);/*]]>*/</script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Refusal to deal - Concurrences</title> <meta name="description" content="The practice of refusing or denying supply of a product to a purchaser, usually a retailer or wholesaler. The practice may be adopted in order to force a retailer to engage in resale price…" /> <style type='text/css'>img.adapt-img{max-width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper {display:inline-block;max-width:100%;position:relative;background-position:center;background-size:cover;background-repeat:no-repeat;line-height:1px;overflow:hidden}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}.adapt-img-wrapper.loading:not(.loaded){background-size: cover;}@media (min-width:320.5px){.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop{display:block}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop::before{content:'';display:block;height:0;width:100%;}.adapt-img-wrapper.intrinsic-desktop img{position:absolute;left:0;top:0;width:100%;height:auto;}}.adapt-img-background{width:100%;height:0}@media print{html .adapt-img-wrapper{background:none}}</style> <script type='text/javascript'>/*<![CDATA[*/var adaptImgDocLength=120753;adaptImgAsyncStyles="picture.adapt-img-wrapper{background-size:0;}";adaptImgLazy=false;(function(){function d(a){var b=document.documentElement;b.className=b.className+" "+a}function f(a){var b=window.onload;window.onload="function"!=typeof window.onload?a:function(){b&&b();a()}}document.createElement("picture");adaptImgLazy&&d("lazy");var a=!1;if("undefined"!==typeof window.performance)a=window.performance.timing,a=(a=~~(adaptImgDocLength/(a.responseEnd-a.connectStart)))&&50>a;else{var c=navigator.connection||navigator.mozConnection||navigator.webkitConnection;"undefined"!==typeof c&& (a=3==c.type||4==c.type||/^[23]g$/.test(c.type))}a&&d("aislow");var e=function(){var a=document.createElement("style");a.type="text/css";a.innerHTML=adaptImgAsyncStyles;var b=document.getElementsByTagName("style")[0];b.parentNode.insertBefore(a,b);window.matchMedia||window.onbeforeprint||beforePrint()};"undefined"!==typeof jQuery?jQuery(function(){jQuery(window).on('load',e)}):f(e)})();/*]]>*/</script>  <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal" /> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="fr" href="https://www.concurrences.com/fr/dictionnaire/refus-de-vente" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="https://www.concurrences.com/squelettes/img/logo/favicon/favicon.svg" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="32x32" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/38/eb53752304d66f157aaf81b9ef6dd6.ico" /> <link rel="icon" type="image/x-icon" sizes="48x48" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/2b/0d54d963c60e773622ff95e0b4c182.ico" /> <link rel="alternate icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/b8/42ed8c8a24f31e702c68b2aa6f69ba.png" /> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-gd2/05/6ca8b6d4c932f8e13bf741535dd98e.png" /> <script type="text/javascript"> var _paq = window._paq || []; /* tracker methods like "setCustomDimension" should be called before "trackPageView" */ _paq.push(['trackPageView']); _paq.push(['enableLinkTracking']); (function() { var u="https://matomo.concurrences.com/"; _paq.push(['setTrackerUrl', u+'matomo.php']); _paq.push(['setSiteId', '1']); var d=document, g=d.createElement('script'), s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; g.type='text/javascript'; g.async=true; g.defer=true; g.src=u+'matomo.js'; s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <meta name="generator" content="SPIP 4.3.6" /> <meta name="bingbot" content="nocache" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="Subscribe to the whole site" href="en/page/backend/" /> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"> <link rel='stylesheet' href='local/cache-css/711518be0950de3f132f173c7288d383.css?1739949178' type='text/css' /> <script>window.MathJaxLib='https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-chtml.js';window.MathJax={ startup: { elements: ['.spip-math'] }, tex: { inlineMath: [['$', '$']] }, svg: { fontCache: 'global' } };</script><script type='text/javascript'>var var_zajax_content='content';</script><script> var mediabox_settings={"auto_detect":true,"ns":"box","tt_img":true,"sel_g":"#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/jpeg'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/png'],#documents_portfolio a[type='image\/gif']","sel_c":".mediabox","str_ssStart":"Slideshow","str_ssStop":"Stop","str_cur":"{current}\/{total}","str_prev":"Previous","str_next":"Next","str_close":"Close","str_loading":"Loading\u2026","str_petc":"Press \u2019Esc\u2019 to close","str_dialTitDef":"Dialogue box","str_dialTitMed":"Media display","splash_url":"","lity":{"skin":"_simple-dark","maxWidth":"90%","maxHeight":"90%","minWidth":"400px","minHeight":"","slideshow_speed":"2500","opacite":"0.8","defaultCaptionState":"expanded"}}; </script>  <style>p.spip-math {margin:1em 0;text-align: center}</style> <script type='text/javascript' src='local/cache-js/9b1ba158db77f2905b22acf5bd21a29e.js?1738764942'></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> window.spipConfig ??= {}; spipConfig.select2 ??= {}; spipConfig.select2.selector ??= ''; </script><script src="https://cdn.nuclia.cloud/nuclia-chat-widget.umd.js"></script><link rel="alternate" type="application/json+oembed" href="https://www.concurrences.com/oembed.api/?format=json&url=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Frefusal-to-deal" /> <script>var error_on_ajaxform='Ooops. An unexpected error prevented to submit the form. You can try again.';</script>   <link rel="schema.DC" href="https://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="https://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" /> <meta name="DC.Type" content="Text" /> <meta name="DC.Language" content="en" /> <meta name="DC.Date" content="2025-02-20" /> <meta name="DC.Identifier" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta name="DC.Publisher" content="Concurrences" /> <meta name="DC.Source" content="https://www.concurrences.com" /> <meta name="DC.Creator" content="Concurrences" />  <meta property="og:rich_attachment" content="true" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Concurrences" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_EN" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-vignettes/L1200xH630/32d5536871f72e482cc0559b3f9d5b-33c3f.svg" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="630" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/svg" />  <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:dnt" content="on" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.concurrences.com/en/page/404/" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.concurrences.com/local/cache-vignettes/L506xH253/178bf079271dc733d5ba66887c3978-7eaa8.svg?1737454771" /> </head> <body> <div class="page" id="page"> <header id="header" class="page-header" data-idc-header-sticky role="banner"> <section id="header-main" class="page-header__main"> <div id="header-logo" class="page-header__logo"> <a rel="start home" href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/" title="Home"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences.svg?1734617112' alt='Concurrences' width='2000' height='800' /> </a> </div> <nav id="header-aside1" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_1"> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_bluesky" href="https://bsky.app/profile/concurrences.bsky.social" title="Visit our Bluesky page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_bluesky-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Bluesky (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> <span class="lang"> <a href='//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#' title='Passer à la version française' onclick='window.location.href='https://www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=switch_lang&var_lang=fr&redirect=%2F%2Fen%2Fdictionary%2Frefusal-to-deal';'>Fr</a> | <strong class="on active">En</strong> </span> <span class="about"> <a href="en/institute" title="About Concurrences"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_info" aria-hidden></em> <span class="about__label">About</span></a> </span> </nav> <nav id="header-aside2" class="page-header__aside page-header__aside_2"> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger btn_sm" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> <a href="en/page/subscribe/" class="tem newsletter"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_mail" aria-hidden></em> <span>Newsletter</span></a> <a href="en/page/login/" class="item popin link-popin-login"><em class="idc-icon idc-icon_log-in" aria-hidden></em> <span>Sign in</span></a> <a href="en/page/cart/" class="item"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_shopping-cart" aria-hidden></em> <span>Cart</span> </a> <button class="item search hide" onclick="jQuery('#header-search').toggleClass('visible');return false;"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_search" aria-hidden></em> </button> </nav> </section> <section id="header-nav" class="page-header__nav"> <nav class="navbar navbar-responsive"> <div class="menu-conteneur navbar-inner container-fluid"> <a class="btn btn-navbar navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".nav-collapse-main"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></a> <div class="nav-collapse navbar-collapse nav-collapse-main collapse"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items navbar-nav nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul></div></div> </nav> </section> <section id="header-search" class="page-header__search searchbar"> <hr> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_ai"> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> </div> <div class="searchbar-item searchbar-item_search"> <div class="searchbar-inner"> <div class="formulaire_spip formulaire_recherche form-search"> <form action="en/page/recherche/#" method="get"><div> <label for="recherche" class="over offscreen">Search:</label> <div class="input-append input-group input-group-text-search"> <input type="text" class="search text search-query form-control" name="recherche" id="recherche" accesskey="4" autocapitalize="off" autocorrect="off" placeholder="Type your search…"/> <span class="btn-group input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-primary" > <i class="picto picto-search"></i> <span>Search</span> </button> </span> </div> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </section> </header> <nav class="breadcrumb-wrapper" id="breadcrumb-wrapper" role="navigation"> <div class="container"> <ul class="breadcrumb"> <li><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/">Home</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li><a href="en/dictionary/">Dictionary</a><span class="divider"> > </span></li> <li class="active"><span class="on active">Refusal to deal</span></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <div class="central" id="central"> <div class="banner-top" id="banner-top"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-haut" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyB2aWV3Qm94PSIwIDAgMzAwMCAxNjAiIHhtbG5zPSJodHRwOi8vd3d3LnczLm9yZy8yMDAwL3N2ZyIgeG1sbnM6eGxpbms9Imh0dHA6Ly93d3cudzMub3JnLzE5OTkveGxpbmsiPgo8ZmlsdGVyIGlkPSJibHVyIj48ZmVHYXVzc2lhbkJsdXIgc3RkRGV2aWF0aW9uPSIzMCAzMCIgLz48L2ZpbHRlcj4KPGltYWdlIGZpbHRlcj0idXJsKCNibHVyKSIgd2lkdGg9IjMwMDAiIGhlaWdodD0iMTYwIiB4bGluazpocmVmPSJkYXRhOmltYWdlL3dlYnA7YmFzZTY0LFVrbEdSczRBQUFCWFJVSlFWbEE0SU1JQUFBQVFCZ0NkQVNwd0FBWUFQcFUrblVvbG95S2hxVGdKbUxBU2lXVUF5Wm44QXRpSWYvUFlYdURRS0hRc3hPcC82aEpvSCtGbU05ci9Oc0FBL3ZLcDd6OUtOM0V6cVBIdDliQkxVYXhEN2RCRUZiS3BIRUVZNitxeGxXQm0yWDJHOGx5NU9EamgxZGxqck9mTXZFZ2h4THUrVEhlN0krcUhxUXpEbWsrNk85VUZja3F0UDBZYjlZQTY2M3BaaEVWbnVuOXNRRWdnS0xMVVllSml4UU9KREdOYThuek93WWpmeEtxT3FLT1Bzd2JpMjh5dVJPSDQ2STFMcXdpLzhOdnZYZ0FBQUE9PSIgcHJlc2VydmVBc3BlY3RSYXRpbz0ibm9uZSIvPjwvc3ZnPg==)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="wrapper" id="wrapper"> <div class="container"> <main class="content primary" id="content" role="main"> <article class="relative-content"> <div class="menu-glossaire-wrapper sticky-top" id="menu-definition"><ul class="nav menu-glossaire menu-nb-4"><li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-auteur'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#auteur" data-target="#auteur"><span class="picto-round picto-auteur"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-auteur.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='19' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Author Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-institution'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#institution" data-target="#institution"><span class="picto-round picto-institution"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-institution.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='18' height='16' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Institution Definition</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-references'><a class="btn btn-link" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#references" data-target="#references"><span class="picto-round picto-references"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-references.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='15' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">References</span></a></li> <li class='mav-item menu-glossaire-item menu-glossaire-item-index'><button class="btn btn-link collapsed" role="button" data-target="#index" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="index"><span class="picto-round picto-index"><img src='squelettes/img/picto-glossaire-index.svg?1619777159' alt='' width='20' height='18' /></span><span class="menu-glossaire-item-label">Table of contents</span></button></li></ul></div> <header class="section section_primary section_cols section_cartouche"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="cartouche cartouche_glossaire"> <h1 class="cartouche__heading" id="start"> <span class="start-mire"></span> <span class="crayon article-titre-85417 ">Refusal to deal</span> </h1> </div> </div> </header> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="auteur"> <span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-106266 apercu surlignable"><p>Refuse to deal with customers or suppliers by an undertaking with a dominant position can be considered as act of abuse when it prevents or threaten competitors on the market to enhance or preserve their market power. The rationale to justify this refusal is evaluated in a case-by-case basis.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-106266 texte surlignable"><p>Refuse to deal is not per se illegal since undertakings have in principle the freedom to choose their economic partners. However, under exceptional circumstances, competition laws in the EU and the US (i.e., article 102 TFUE and Section 2 of the Sherman Act) impose undertakings with a dominant position a duty to deal with competitors or customers to preserve competition on the market and avoid act of monopolization that harm consumer welfare.</p> <p>Under Article 102 of the TFUE, refusal to deal as an act of abuse of a dominance position involves two markets in one of which an undertaking with a dominant position creates or threatens to impose restrictions to competition in the other market unjustifiably. Regarding this conduct, in the United Brands Case (1978), the Court of Justice determined that the justification for the refusal to contract by a company with a dominant position cannot be the mere protection of their own interests when the purpose of the conduct is to reinforce and abuse a dominant position (paragraph 189). Likewise, they pointed out that a dominant supplier cannot stop supplying its long-standing customers without justification (paragraph 182).</p> <p>In relation to the justifications in the commercial relations between the dominant company and non-competitors, in the BBI / B & H Case (1987), the Commission pointed out that in those cases in which the interests of a dominant company are threatened by the association of a buyer with a competitor or with a potential competitor of said manufacturing company, the latter may take measures commensurate with the threat, but this does not enable the dominant producer to<br class='autobr' /> withdraw supplies immediately or to retaliate against the buyer. Thus, the dominant company can even review the commercial relations with the buyer and can terminate their relationship giving adequate notice (paragraph 19).</p> <p>Regarding the relationships of the dominant company with competitors or potential competitors, in the Commercial Solvents Case (1974), the Court of Justice interpreted Article 102 indicating that the company that has a dominant position in the market of “raw materials” incurs in an abuse of dominance practice when, with the aim of reserving them for its own production of derivative products, it refuses to supply to a buyer who is also a producer of said derivative products, generating the risk of eliminating all competition from this buyer's side. Later, in Telemarketing Case (1985), The Court of Justice pointed out that this rule also applies to a company that occupies a dominant position in the market of an "essential service" for the activities of another company in another market, even when it is different from that of the dominant company (paragraph 26). In these cases, the refusal must also have an objective justification in technical or commercial needs related to the service of the dominant company.</p> <p>Otherwise, when the reservation is given to eliminate the competition of third parties, such behavior will be prohibited as a practice of abuse of a dominant position by article 86 (currently 102 TFEU).</p> <p>An important case in which the discussion on the doctrine of "essential facilities" was<br class='autobr' /> introduced and from which the criterion of the requisiteness of the means of production was developed in greater depth occurred with the Bronner Case (1998). A first outstanding aspect of this ruling is that the Court of Justice expressly indicates the criteria to be evaluated in order to determine the existence of an abuse of dominance position (paragraph 41): (i) the refusal may eliminate all jurisdiction in the market by the applicant, (ii) there is no objective justification and (iii) indispensable service for the person requesting the dominant company. Likewise, it also points out that the analysis of requisiteness assumes that there is no “real or potential<br class='autobr' /> alternative” to the service being requested. Moreover, when analyzing whether the distribution service in question ("national newspaper distribution system") was indispensable, the Court of Justice found that in the case this had not been proven because there were other modalities under which the service could be provided (for example, distribution by mail and sale in shops and kiosks) and there were no technical, financial or legal obstacles to creating a new distribution system alone or in collaboration with other competitors.</p> <p>Furthermore, the position finally adopted by the Court of Justice was largely based on the Opinion of the General Counsel Mr. Jacobs who pointed out that the application of the essential facilities doctrine or the refusal to sell goods or services could be justified when a dominant company has complete dominance in the linked market. Therefore, it is not enough that a company's control over a facility gives it a competitive advantage (paragraph 65). Likewise, it pointed out that, although the duplication of the facility can be a barrier to entry, the existence of abuse requires demonstrating that the level of investment required to replicate the distribution system at the national level of the dominant company would be such that it could disincentive to a competing company to enter the market (paragraph 68).</p> <p>Now, a matter that it is necessary to point out that the Court has specified that the<br class='autobr' /> aforementioned “elimination of all competition” as the effect of the refusal constituting an abusive practice is proven once it has demonstrated that in adjacent or downstream markets there are no substitutes for the means of production to which they do not have access. It is not necessary to wait for the effective and total elimination of the competition.</p> <p>In comparison to US Competition Law, under Art. 102 TFEU, the EU requires a lower standard of liability for a refusal to deal to be considered anticompetitive. On the one hand, in the case of the EU, market power alone may be sufficient to be compelled to contract if competition in the market is excluded. In contrast, under Section 2 of the Sherman Act of the US, a higher standard is required. While in the case of the EU, a high market share can be considered evidence of the existence of a dominant position, in the USA other factors are also considered, such as the ease of entry of competitors into the market. Furthermore, regarding the “exclusory effects” of the anticompetitive conduct, in the EU this is related to the “indispensability” of the facility and the effects that the refusal to access to this facility may have on competition. In the case of the US, case law has required an unjustified change in a course of dealing and qualified anticompetitive effects of profit sacrifice or clear harm to consumer welfare.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-106266 reference"><p>Case C-7/97, Oscar Bronner vs. Mediaprint, [1998] ECR I-7791. (“Bronner”)</p> <p>Case 87/500/EEC: Commission Decision of 29 July 1987 relating to a proceeding under Article 86 of the EEC (“BBI/B&H“)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/October-1985/the-eu-court-of-justice-holds-that-an-undertaking-in-a-dominant-position-in">Case 311/84, Centre belge d’études de marché - Télémarketing (CBEM) v SA Compagnie luxembourgeoise de télédiffusion (CLT) and Information publicité Benelux (IPB), [1985] ECR 3261 (“Telemarketing”)</a></p> <p>Case C-27/76, United Brands vs Commission [1978] ECR 207, [1978] 1 CMLR 429 (“United Brands”)</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-1974/the-eu-court-of-justice-upholds-the-commission-s-decision-and-rules-that-a">Joined Cases C-6-7/73, Istituto Chemioterapico Italiano S.p.A. and Commercial Solvents Corporation v Commission of the European Communities, [1974] ECR 223. (“Commercial Solvents”)</a></p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-106266 jurisprudence"><p>Hou, Liyang, Refusal to Deal within EU Competition Law (June 11, 2010). Available at SSRN: <a href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1623784" class="spip_url spip_out auto" rel="nofollow external">https://ssrn.com/abstract=1623784</a> or <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1623784" class="spip_url spip_out auto" rel="nofollow external">http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1623784</a>.</p> <p>International Competition Network (2010). Report on the Analysis of Refusal to Deal with a Rival Under Unilateral Conduct Laws.</p> <p>OCDE (2007). Refusals to deal. DAF/COMP (2007)46.</p> <p>(Dario Morales and Camila Chamorro - Díez Canseco associates - have also helped in the preparation of the definition above).</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Authors</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/ldiezcanseco-dclegal-pe" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/auton113480-3c5a7.png?1711359359) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Luis Jose Diez Canseco Núñez</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">DiezCanseco (Lima)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Peru</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>19204</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/robert-venero-peralta" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/68592677_2370504579943901_4199290388311179264_n_copy-12998.jpg?1711359359) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Robert Venero Peralta</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">DiezCanseco (Lima)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>19166</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/auteurs/jose-gonzales-cucho" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/43138804_10156009043177736_4549422873969688576_n-8e11b.jpg?1711359359) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">José Carlos Gonzales Cucho</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Díez Canseco (Lima)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Peru</span> <span class="articles"><em>4</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>19166</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Luis Jose Diez Canseco Núñez, Robert Venero Peralta, José Carlos Gonzales Cucho, </span> <span class="entry-title">Refusal to deal </span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 85417</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">18387</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-85417 texte surlignable"><p>The practice of refusing or denying supply of a product to a purchaser, usually a retailer or wholesaler. The practice may be adopted in order to force a retailer to engage in resale price maintenance (RPM), i.e., not to discount the product in question, or to support an <i>exclusive dealing</i> arrangement with other purchasers or to sell the product only to a specific class of customers or geographic region. Refusal to deal/sell may also arise if the purchaser is a bad credit risk, does not carry sufficient inventory or provide adequate sales service, product advertising and display, etc. The competitive effects of refusal to deal/sell generally have to be weighed on a case-by-case basis. <strong>© <a href="IMG/pdf/oecd_-_glossary_of_industrial_organisation_economics_and_competition_law.pdf?39924/61543ab059ef02f25a5b58d7b8b4636a8fe2232efa57c3b86700b24cdb1da9ca" class="spip_in" type='application/pdf'>OECD</a></strong></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1olW9uyjRN6Zl22jyyCGDh6IiANaYMpegGMOCPK/zL5OYYTzQOLU66RQSs8rC5lh/Hw62G1DmWp51iZU5gRCBmoUFKYL9IYQWeLtQGyl68JkH5qkP6ErQhvCO1v1htKM9JNdBbJ+MRLB2Pi94VYi+M6HZfQHcIiKqQnAI4n1cSTxnCTbcovg0Jg2+zv82uHkeJ158EEWI7tW0O6i/YObPbN7zNu/jJzxalkTgAOlYqSjNiXRW16k0oNgsLi4Xa4k0dARewQ/zitvSnlsGJXdI35qcqC12lD1EQvckYXuqnkGvsh4Y2iOT5KyvBWaFCia1u1Cu/gZuvTdg2bWkGbeV3TJk+JzBy4VH' data-origin="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/january-2025/the-romanian-competition-authority-conducts-dawn-raids-at-the-premises-of-a" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority conducts dawn raids at the premises of a company operating in the liquefied petroleum gas port operating services market under suspicion of abusing its dominant position <em>(Octogon Gas & Logistics)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2025-01-14T23:00:00Z">15 January 2025</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123409 introduction entry-content"> <p>Competition Council has Launched an Investigation into the LPG Port Operating Services Market* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council has initiated an investigation into a possible abuse of dominant position by the company Octogon Gas & Logistics SRL in the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) port operating (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/new-caledonia-competition-authority-noumea">New Caledonian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-new-caledonian-competition-authority-sanctions-2-companies-for-exclusive" rel="bookmark">The New Caledonian Competition Authority sanctions 2 companies for exclusive import practices in the telecommunications network equipment sector <em>(Intelia / Ericsson)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-23T23:00:00Z">24 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123021 introduction entry-content"> <p>Authority sanctions exclusive import agreement in telecommunications network equipment sector* <br class='autobr' /> In December 2023, the Authority took action ex officio to examine practices likely to infringe the ban on exclusive import agreements, introduced by the country’s law No. 2014-7 of 14 February 2014. (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Competition-Commission-of-India">Indian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-indian-competition-authority-issues-a-cease-and-desist-order-against-the" rel="bookmark">The Indian Competition Authority issues a cease and desist order against the national table tennis federation for exclusionary conduct <em>(TTFI)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-12T23:00:00Z">13 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-123431 introduction entry-content"> <p>CCI issues cease and desist order against the Table Tennis Federation of India and its affiliate bodies <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission of India (CCI) passed an order dated 12.12.2024 under the provisions of Section 27 of the Competition Act, 2002 (Act) against The Suburban Table Tennis Association (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/polish-competition-authority">Polish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2024/the-polish-competition-authority-launches-an-investigation-into-a-power-company" rel="bookmark">The Polish Competition Authority launches an investigation into a power company over suspicion the company abused its dominant position by providing preferential access to related companies <em>(Enea Group)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-12-01T23:00:00Z">2 December 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122338 introduction entry-content"> <p>Enea Group – preliminary investigation and searches* The President of UOKiK has launched a preliminary investigation into suspected application of anti-competitive practices by Enea Group. UOKiK employees carried out searches in three business entities of the Enea capital group. The signals (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/romanian-competition-authority">Romanian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/november-2024/the-romanian-competition-authority-conducts-a-dawn-raid-at-a-public-hydrology" rel="bookmark">The Romanian Competition Authority conducts a dawn raid at a public hydrology research institute as part of an abuse of dominance investigation <em>(National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-11-27T23:00:00Z">28 November 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-122174 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE COMPETITION COUNCIL INVESTIGATES THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER MANAGEMENT FOR ABUSE OF DOMINANT POSITION* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Council carried out an unannounced inspection at the headquarters of the National Institute of Hydrology and Water Management (NIHWM) as part of the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1QhWtpyjR6PNYVq5LpWlup6hSO9X42iHesmKzA+34PwOdOkF5Okjxin9hbGWM1kwjUK4ywJ4ybawnmnobJykWlpgAANswHCmBJBkkyZ8LL54BtPpHMGMhmwh3/nWtPzJ/JHbtmK2TWzTgpgDiEMoIhkFrDT4+WLAwTPGDW4f6UJ7Wq/50mel/W42W8L7J+58MIUdwIUSL/1a1P7D/bOLMfdiTNu8zkXxjV3z4oCNBTfwQjxbjRmx005hw6xjPiYYRrxsw/gMfSOmL/PV9hjZgyqSBuiAGNsa7AoknYWSiXgFtB59NUreRpKs1sr8fFjeOxt+3dDTuhy+ISloSiq89xNXV' data-origin="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/theodore-l-banks">Theodore Banks</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2021/livres/distribution-law-antitrust-principles-and-practice-ed-3-richard-whish-and-david" rel="bookmark">Distribution Law: Antitrust Principles and Practice (ed.3), Theodore BANKS</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114797 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thomas-k-cheng-20736">Thomas K. Cheng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2022/livres/the-patent-competition-interface-in-developing-countries-thomas-k-cheng" rel="bookmark">The Patent-Competition Interface in Developing Countries, Thomas K. CHENG</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-114892 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Robert-O-Donoghue">Robert O’Donoghue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/Jorge-Padilla">Jorge Padilla</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2020/livres/law-and-economics-of-article-102-tfeu-robert-o-donoghue-and-jorge-padilla" rel="bookmark">Law and Economics of Article 102 TFEU (ed.3), Robert O’DONOGHUE and Jorge PADILLA</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102270 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charlotte-breuvart">Charlotte Breuvart</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/yannis-schluter">Yannis Schlüter</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2019/pratiques/disrupting-the-traditional-value-chain-how-online-platforms-challenge-en" rel="bookmark">Disrupting the traditional value chain: How online platforms challenge competition rules on vertical restraints and RPM</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-89921 introduction entry-content"> <p>According to a recent Eurobarometer survey, almost half of SMEs in the EU use online marketplaces to sell their products or services. At the same time, many merchants report to have experienced resale price restrictions when selling online. Since online RPM is a widespread concern in online (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liyang-hou">Liyang Hou</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2013/livres/competition-law-and-regulation-in-the-eu-electronic-communications-sector-a" rel="bookmark">Competition Law and Regulation in the EU Electronic Communications Sector: A Comparative Legal Approach, Liyang HOU</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-104859 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0CibzSGDh7VjCx1MC627mMKC64Pz7xjBO2GMLzh8xORdAHwpMA8eW2/vg7kFrWZGANUaJVxIZg97Xo0MNW4Sl9YnQfSgIJLEl2QkfvpbjFxvufrnhXI+bMdwjjk36Fc2dzLuWraKCjfnzc1MAGj6x+2Xz2ouN2+SuFFqPJZaw+8NMR5sOyw6r+MNIavh2AQAMtd+nuMk1AXt9rlgaycEPoqJD6onFyJ64NUo2vTdI12lop5Yr39m/21gzQ82TjlWxzxENWWz+e+xVurC8V6LGeOJ8E3Nio1mmjyOyIEVQxD+veTDRJhf2Y6k/3Klmdm4diCOQv0J25kyt0PX' data-origin="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/fabian-hoffmann">Fabian Hoffmann</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/james-kress">James Kress</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/patrick-hofkens">Patrick Hofkens</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/makan-delrahim">Makan Delrahim</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jay-jurata">Jay Jurata</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gunnar-niels">Gunnar Niels</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/ip-antitrust-hot-issues-inaugural-online-edition-2-seps-component-level-100171" rel="bookmark">IP & Antitrust - #2 SEPs: Component-Level Licensing & Refusals to Deal</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-06-16T13:30:00Z">16 June 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-100171 introduction entry-content"><p>2nd Webinar of the 1st « IP & Antitrust: Hot Issues » Conference organised by Concurrences, in partnership with Baker Botts, Oxera and Orrick. Keynote speech by <a href="en/auteurs/makan-delrahim" class="spip_in">Makan Delrahim</a> (Former Assistant Attorney General, US DOJ | Professor, University of Pennsylvania). Panel with <a href="en/auteurs/fabian-hoffmann" class="spip_in">Fabian Hoffmann</a> (Judge, German Federal Court of Justice), <a href="en/authors/jay-jurata" class="spip_in">Jay Jurata</a> (Partner, Orrick), <a href="en/authors/james-kress" class="spip_in">James Kress</a> (Partner, Baker Botts), <a href="en/authors/patrick-hofkens" class="spip_in">Patrick Hofkens</a> (Director - IPR Policy, Ericsson) and <a href="en/authors/gunnar-niels" class="spip_in">Gunnar Niels</a> (Partner, Oxera).</p></div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/sylvain-justier">Sylvain Justier</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/thibaud-verge">Thibaud Vergé</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/umberto-berkani">Umberto Berkani</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/les-strategies-d-eviction-non-tarifaires-refus-et-discriminations-a-l-acces-83012-en" rel="bookmark">Les stratégies d’éviction non tarifaires : refus et discriminations à l’accès, exclusivité </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-02-09T11:00:00Z">9 February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83012 introduction entry-content"><p>Law & Economics Workshop with Frédéric Jenny (OECD), in partnership with the Autorité de la concurrence, Magenta and Charles River Associate.</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yX1RhK9uyjRgDOlVxk/OJFMasZ4X+iqkcVXYcEIBdhrWZv8TSmuWXChmITIIstJWo5d3EQ4EslJCO4IjLEXWhhIZxUt/Ln4PMfUXx5afGX0MVuFlSmoCEnCkBD0Wn9i0J6dTNrFQwM4ulQyRhRfVL4cKoukVx1k6MDr3nxLY/wooQ28LDhUZN/HKweAY2BNXYxtF0N/IGRFH/nRgi52TVHUBehJORwTJOwcxI1q6H9ZU93qqialwt53YRkPrq8wbocRrxswbLq/NCqAkxJpCnx8EQzPZrjNplAguXB0knvTS81/StHVazRUl9A8sIWPvUTZrODTaF9j7j7V5mgBLaNGXUXdsg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/friso-bostoen">Friso Bostoen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/all-books/abuse-of-platform-power-leveraging-conduct-in-digital-markets-under-eu" rel="bookmark">Abuse of Platform Power - Leveraging Conduct in Digital Markets under EU Competition Law and Beyond</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-06T22:00:00Z">7 July 2023</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-112864 introduction entry-content"> <p>Online platforms play a crucial role in today’s economy by serving as intermediaries between consumers and suppliers. The economics governing their business model pushes them to first pursue growth over profits and later integrate vertically—a dynamic that has resulted in expansive digital (…)</p> </div> </article></div> </div> <h3 class="">Chapters</h3> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lzkxX6rF5omUSEbNxysds58EEV6gRQHP2DVTAIr0O3GR96T9q7Yn5Yiy7Ntf+j55K51YuVntG7mxEK97u9baSt8Hpk0l9KYnP864DJcHLPWHy9mpvDGt+ZsJT6jZ6JDfWsbm5AeYHsIzj/R+FRh4dHKRB7KZR6m7IeQAsWaKoRSUW/Bac/4TLk9NbUg/rkfMinO5b0/Qn1AVttSm8SzvUStzvoL3pXP96LTvZ/TQm3GwuJLMermCOiGFmwo/XrTZQxjygCP0IhG6H48lnnDl5h+cRYYSryn+lZSK5k7U/C0KjinkZHyel4AjumIyyl894rbxGtme0QbpkwUvU' data-origin="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/gregory-p-luib">Gregory P. Luib</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marion-provost-75425">Marion Provost</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/pharmaceutical-antitrust-an-analysis-of-us-and-eu-law-1444#id=117182" rel="bookmark">Pharmaceutical Antitrust - An Analysis of US and EU Law <small>Chapter 5 - Unilateral Conduct</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-11-28T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">29 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Pharmaceutical Antitrust – An Analysis of US and EU Law257 CHAPTER V Unilateral Conduct Gregory Luib and Marion Provost * * The authors would like to thank Pénélope Agosta, Lucas Leroy, and Kaitlyn Marasi for the very valuable help and contribution to this chapter. Unilateral Conduct (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/friso-bostoen">Friso Bostoen</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/abuse-of-platform-power-leveraging-conduct-in-digital-markets-under-eu-1354#id=111335" rel="bookmark">Abuse of Platform Power - Leveraging Conduct in Digital Markets under EU Competition Law and Beyond <small>Margin Squeeze</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2023-07-06T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">7 </span><span class="m">Jul</span></span><span class="y"> 2023</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">F. Bostoen —Abuse of Platform Power 173 MARGIN SQUEEZE In discussions of leveraging conduct, one form of abuse often remains underdiscussed – or even undiscussed: margin squeeze. One can only speculate as to the reasons for its obscurity. The fact that the US judiciary does not accept margin (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/betul-bas-62351">Betül Baş</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/ceren-durak">Ceren Durak</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/turkish-competition-law-884#id=73073" rel="bookmark">Turkish Competition Law <small>Chapter 7 - Abuse of Dominance – Exclusionary Practices</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-11-23T23:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">24 </span><span class="m">Nov</span></span><span class="y"> 2021</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">Turkish Competition Law – Gönenç Gürkaynak205 Chapter 7 Abuse of Dominance – Exclusionary Practices Gönenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Betül Baş Çömlekçi * and Ceren Durak ** This chapter will mainly dwell upon (i) concept of abuse; (ii) concept of anti-competitive effect; (iii) objective (…)</div> </article> </div> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/carlos-mena-labarthe">Carlos Mena Labarthe</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/livre/antitrust-in-emerging-and-developing-countries-featuring-africa-brazil-china#id=41661" rel="bookmark">Antitrust in Emerging and Developing Countries: Featuring Africa, Brazil, China, India, Mexico - Conference Papers 2nd Edition <small>Implementing Effective Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Mexico</small></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-05-31T22:00:00Z"><span class="dm"><span class="d">1 </span><span class="m">Jun</span></span><span class="y"> 2016</span></time></p> <div class="introduction entry-content">ANTITRUST IN EMERGING AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | 2015 EDITION 85 Implementing Effective Competition Law in the Pharmaceutical Industry in Mexico CARLOS MENA-LABARTHE * cmena@cofece.mx Head of the Investigative Authority Comisión Federal de Competencia Económica Abstract In the case of Mexico, (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">v</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/variable-costs">Variable costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Vertical-agreement">Vertical agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/vertical-restraints-or-restrictions">Vertical restraints (or restrictions)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="w"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">w</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/White-clause">White clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/withdrawal-of-the-benefit-of-a-block-exemption">Withdrawal (of the benefit of a block exemption)</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article> <script type="text/javascript"> jQuery(function(){ // hack on appelle 1 scrollspy sur body et 1 sur window pour pas les melanger jQuery(window).scrollspy({ target: '#menu-definition', offset: 130 }); jQuery('body').scrollspy({ target: '#definition-index', offset: 130 }); jQuery(document).scrollspy({ target: '#related-index', offset: 130 }); // Affichage de l'index var $btn_index = jQuery('[data-target="#index"]'); var $index = jQuery('#index'); $btn_index.on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var me = jQuery(this); if (me.is('.collapsed')) { $btn_index.removeClass('in'); me.addClass('in'); var $container = $index.closest('.relative-content'); var y = me.offset().top - $container.offset().top + me.outerHeight(); var picto = me.find('.picto-round'); if (!picto.length) { picto = me; } var h = jQuery(window).height() - ($container.offset().top + y - jQuery(window).scrollTop()) - 25; y = Math.round(y); h = Math.round(h); $index.css({top:y+'px',maxHeight:h+'px'}); var x = picto.offset().left - $container.offset().left + picto.outerWidth() / 2 + 20; $index.find('.arrow-top').css({left:x+'px'}); me.removeClass('collapsed'); $index.collapse('show'); jQuery('body').addClass('index-visible'); } else { $index.collapse('hide'); } return false; }) $index.on('shown.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('shown.bs.collapse'); }); $index.on('hidden.bs.collapse', function() { // console.log('hidden.bs.collapse'); $btn_index.addClass('collapsed'); jQuery('body').removeClass('index-visible') }); $index.find('.close').on('click', function() { $index.collapse('hide'); }); $index.on('click', 'a.lettre', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); var anchor = jQuery(this).data('anchor'); jQuery('.glossaire-index', $index).scrollTo(anchor, {duration: 500,axis: 'y'}); return false; }).find('a.lettre').off('click'); // Menu général sticky // var topHeight = 50; // jQuery('.menu-glossaire-wrapper').each(function() { // var me = jQuery(this); // var offset = me.offset(); // me.affix({offset: {top:offset.top - topHeight}}); // topHeight += 50; // }); // Scroll auto vers ancre if (window.location.hash) { // console.log('ScrollTo '+window.location.hash); // setTimeout(function(){jQuery('[data-target="'+window.location.hash+'"]').click()},200); } }); </script> </main> <aside class="aside secondary" id="aside"> </aside> <aside class="extra secondary" id="extra"> </aside> </div> </div> <footer class="banner-bottom" id="banner-bottom"> <div class="container"> <div class="banners clearfix format-full position-bas" data-interval="5000"> <div class="banners-inner" role="listbox" style="padding-bottom: 5.33%"> <div class="item active"> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/all-books/competition-law-dictionary"><picture class="adapt-img-wrapper c2427556636 png" style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> <source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371448 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368867 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734370986 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368267 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734369642 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 2), (min-resolution: 2dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/640/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1280w, local/adapt-img/960/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1920w, local/adapt-img/1440/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734382422 2880w, local/adapt-img/3000/20x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 6000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734381062 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368575 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734427645 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368454 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734440872 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734422958 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734371607 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368901 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png@.webp?1734368721 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734' alt='Competition Law Dictionary' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734407208 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734440872 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734422790 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-new-4.png?1734369734 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <footer class="footer" id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-4"> <div class="adresse small"> <img src='squelettes/img/logo/concurrences-crop.svg?1734617112' alt='Concurrences' class='logo-concurrences' width='1680' height='408' /> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-6 col-md-8"> <div class="adresse small"> <p>19 avenue Jean Aicard<br class='autobr' /> 75011 Paris, France </p> <p>106 West 32nd Street, Suite 149<br class='autobr' /> New York, NY, 10001, USA </p> <p>Camden Gateway, 349 Royal College St,<br class='autobr' /> London NW1 9QS, UK </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-2 col-xs-3 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="menu small"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-6"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/bulletin/" class="menu-items__lien">Bulletin</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/review/" class="menu-items__lien">Review</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_menu"> <a href="en/events/" class="menu-items__lien">Events</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique"> <a href="en/all-books/" class="menu-items__lien">Books</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="col-sm-6"><ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav nav-list"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item_badge on active"> <a href="en/dictionary/" class="menu-items__lien">Dictionary <small>Free</small></a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/podcasts" class="menu-items__lien">Podcasts</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_lien"> <a href="https://awards.concurrences.com" class="menu-items__lien">Awards</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_rubrique item-primary"> <a href="en/abonnements/" class="menu-items__lien">Subscriptions</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-4 col-xs-6 col-sm-offset-1"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="links small"> <ul class="menu-liste menu-items nav" data-depth="0"> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_page-speciale plan"> <a href="en/page/sitemap/" class="menu-items__lien">Site map</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/institute" class="menu-items__lien">Concurrences</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-use-63" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Use</a> </li> <li class="menu-entree item menu-items__item menu-items__item_objet menu-items__item_article"> <a href="en/terms-of-sale" class="menu-items__lien">Terms of Sale</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-6 w450"> <div class="tools small"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="en/page/subscriptions/"><i class="picto picto-footer-abonnements"></i> Subscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="en/page/contact/" class="popin"><i class="picto picto-footer-contact"></i> Contact</a></li> <li> <a href="en/page/subscribe/"><i class="picto picto-footer-newsletter"></i> Newsletter</a> </li> <li><a href="https://calendly.com/concurrences/30min" rel="external" target="blank">Request a demo</a></li> </ul> <span class="social social_links"> <a class="social__icon social__icon_bluesky" href="https://bsky.app/profile/concurrences.bsky.social" title="Visit our Bluesky page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_bluesky-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Bluesky (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/institute-of-competition-law-icl-institut-de-droit-de-la-concurrence-idc-" title="Visit our Linkedin page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_linkedin-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Linkedin (opens a new window)</span> </a> <a class="social__icon social__icon_youtube" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/ConcurrencesReview" title="Visit our Youtube page" target="_blank" rel="external noopener noreferrer"> <em class="idc-icon idc-icon_youtube-fill" aria-hidden></em> <span class="visually-hidden">Youtube (opens a new window)</span> </a> </span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="btn btn_primary btn_nuclia btn_nuclia_trigger btn_nuclia_trigger_float btn_lg" onclick="if(jQuery.modalbox){ jQuery.modalbox( 'en/page/ai/?var_zajax=content&sidebar=1', { sideBar: 'end', type: 'ajax', onOpen: (el) => { el.target.setAttribute('id', 'ask__sidebar') } } ) return false }" > <span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-ask idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> <span class="btn__label visually-hidden">Concurrences Ai</span><span class="idc-icon idc-icon_ai-suffixe idc-icon_size-lg" aria-hidden></span> </button> </div> </footer> </div>  <script type="text/javascript"> (function() { var w=window,d=document,r="",g=d.createElement('script'),s=d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; try{r=w.top.document.referrer}catch(Y){if(w.parent){try{r=w.parent.document.referrer}catch(X){r=""}}}if(r===""){r=d.referrer} g.type='text/javascript';g.defer=true;g.async=true;g.src="//www.concurrences.com/spip.php?action=statsjs&c=YToyOntzOjExOiJpZF9ydWJyaXF1ZSI7czozOiIxNjEiO3M6MTA6ImlkX2FydGljbGUiO3M6NToiODU0MTciO30="+"&r="+btoa(r);s.parentNode.insertBefore(g,s); })(); </script></body></html>